Spatial and temporal distribution and bioinsecticides control of olive leaf moth in an olive orchard in Southwest of Paraná, Brazil / Distribuição espacial e temporal e controle com bioinseticidas da lagarta-da-oliveira em um pomar da região Sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil

We verified the spatial and temporal distribution of the olive leaf moth (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) in a new potential region for olive cultivation and evaluated the bioinsecticides effectiveness to control this pest. The experimental orchard composed by Koroneiki and Arbequina cultivars was planted in Pato Branco, Southwest region of Paraná, Brazil. In the field, larvae counts were performed weekly on 25 plants of each cultivar, for 12 months, to verify the spatial and temporal distribution. Furthermore, in laboratory conditions, second instar larvae of P. forficifera were fed with olive leaves treated with Azadirachta indica oil, Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, and the effectiveness in the larvae mortality was used to compare four bioinsecticides and control. The P. forficifera larvae occurred mainly during the three summer months, had a host preference for the 'Arbequina' (68.9% of total larvae) and occurred at random distribution patterns throughout the orchard. The A. indica oil and B. thuringiensis both caused almost 100% larvae mortality under laboratory conditions.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal da lagarta-da-oliveira (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) em uma nova região com potencial de cultivo de oliveira e avaliar a eficiência de controle desta praga com bioinseticidas. O pomar experimental com as cultivares Koroneiki e Arbequina foi implantado em Pato Branco, região Sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. No pomar foram realizadas contagens semanais de lagartas em 25 plantas de cada cultivar, durante 12 meses, para verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal. Além disso, em condições de laboratório, larvas de segundo instar foram submetidas à alimentação com folhas de oliveira tratadas com óleo de neem (Azadirachta indica), Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae e Beauveria bassiana, e a efetividade de mortalidade das larvas foi utilizada para comparação entre os quatro bioinseticidas e a testemunha. As lagartas de P. forficifera ocorreram concentradas durante os três meses de verão, tiveram preferência hospedeira pela cultivar Arbequina (68,9% do total de larvas registradas), e ocorreram em padrão de distribuição aleatório ao longo do pomar. A aplicação de óleo de neem (A. indica) ou de B. thuringiensis causaram quase 100% de mortalidade das larvas em condições de laboratório.

Use of microstructural characteristics of pollen and pistil to identify olive cultivars in Southern Brazil

The olive crop has a large diversity in cultivars around the world, whose identification have been based on leaf, stem or fruit traits. However, these traits may be influenced by the environment, which has led to the misidentification of cultivars. The variability of the pistil and pollen structure under electron scanning and light microscopy were studied using the cultivars 'Arbequina', 'Arbosana', 'Frantoio', 'Koroneiki', 'Manzanilla de Sevilla' and 'Picual', cultivated in Southern Brazil. The aim was to find unique patterns for their identification. This type of study has not been carried out in the conditions of Southern Brazil, where the identification of commercial cultivars sometimes is complex and confusing. There were significant differences in the variables, showing uniformity within each cultivar in different locations. The principal component analysis indicated a separation of cultivars according to similarities or micromorphological differences in the pollen wall, area of the lumen and the structural elements of the tectum. For the analysis of the pistil, the separation was even clearer, each cultivar individually forming a cluster, using as characters the length of the style in contrast to the length, width and area of the stigma. This evidenced little variation among individuals within the same cultivar. The information provided can contribute to the individual identification of very close olive tree cultivars in the conditions of Southern Brazil.(AU)

Colonization of Greek olive cultivars' root system by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus: root morphology, growth, and mineral nutrition of olive plants

Rooted leafy cuttings of three Greek olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (Koroneiki, Kothreiki and Chondrolia Chalkidikis) were grown for six months in three soil types, in an experimental greenhouse, in order to investigate: i) if their root system was colonized by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AMF) genus and, ii) if genotypic differences concerning growth and mineral nutrition of olive plants existed. Gigaspora sp. colonized the root system of the three cultivars studied, while Glomus sp. colonized only the root system of 'Koroneiki'. Furthermore, in most cases root colonization by AMF differed among cultivars and soil types. The maximum root colonization, in all soils, was found in 'Chondrolia Chalkidikis'. In the three soils studied, the ratio shoot dry weight (SDW)/ root dry weight (RDW) was higher in 'Chondrolia Chalkidikis' than in the other two cultivars. Furthermore, root system morphology of the three olive cultivars was completely different, irrespectively of soil type. Leaf Mn, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K and P concentrations, as well as total per plant nutrient content and nutrient use efficiency, differed among cultivars under the same soil conditions. These differences concerning root morphology, SDW/RDW, as well as nutrient uptake and use efficiency, could be possibly ascribed to the differential AMF colonization by Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp.

Colonization of Greek olive cultivars' root system by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus: root morphology, growth, and mineral nutrition of olive plants

Rooted leafy cuttings of three Greek olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (Koroneiki, Kothreiki and Chondrolia Chalkidikis) were grown for six months in three soil types, in an experimental greenhouse, in order to investigate: i) if their root system was colonized by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AMF) genus and, ii) if genotypic differences concerning growth and mineral nutrition of olive plants existed. Gigaspora sp. colonized the root system of the three cultivars studied, while Glomus sp. colonized only the root system of 'Koroneiki'. Furthermore, in most cases root colonization by AMF differed among cultivars and soil types. The maximum root colonization, in all soils, was found in 'Chondrolia Chalkidikis'. In the three soils studied, the ratio shoot dry weight (SDW)/ root dry weight (RDW) was higher in 'Chondrolia Chalkidikis' than in the other two cultivars. Furthermore, root system morphology of the three olive cultivars was completely different, irrespectively of soil type. Leaf Mn, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K and P concentrations, as well as total per plant nutrient content and nutrient use efficiency, differed among cultivars under the same soil conditions. These differences concerning root morphology, SDW/RDW, as well as nutrient uptake and use efficiency, could be possibly ascribed to the differential AMF colonization by Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp.

Caracterização e potencial de uso para ruminantes da torta de oliva in natura e ensilada

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar bromatologicamente a torta de oliva in natura de duas cultivares de Oleoa europaea (cv. Arbequina e cv. Koroneiki) num primeiro momento. As tortas eram provenientes da extração de azeite em duas plantas de extração (Fazenda Guarda Velha/ Azeites Batalha e Verde Louro Azeites) localizadas nos municípios de Pinheiro Machado e Canguçu, respectivamente, na região sul do Brasil. A torta do cultivar Arbequina foi avaliada em dois tempos de estocagem após sua obtenção na indústria (0 e 48 horas). Objetivou-se avaliar sua composição química, valor nutritivo, bem como, características fermentativas, bromatológicas, de digestibilidade, presença de compostos fenólicos e conservação após estocagem, a fim de determinar sua viabilidade de uso na dieta de ruminantes. Num segundo experimento, foi avaliada a conservação da torta de oliva do cultivar Arbequina na forma de silagem, essa sem ou com adição de milho grão moído com aditivo, sendo o processo de ensilagem feito igualmente em dois tempos pós extração de azeite (no dia da extração e 48 horas depois), avaliando os produtos resultantes no que se refere a suas características fermentativas, composição química, valor nutritivo e a eficiência do processo em conservar suas características originais. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo 2 tratamentos no primeiro trabalho (in natura e após 48h de armazenagem), e 6 no segundo, com quatro repetições cada. Os valores encontrados para as diferentes cultivares (Arbequina e Koroneiki) não foram avaliados estatisticamente uma vez que, nesse caso, o objetivo foi unicamente o de caracterização do coproduto. O alto teor de extrato etéreo presente na torta de oliva viabiliza sua utilização como fonte de energia, podendo servir ainda como importante fonte de compostos fenólicos interessantes do ponto de vista nutracêutico, tanto para a para saúde animal, como humana. A ensilagem demonstrou ser uma alternativa para conservação e manutenção das características importantes da torta de oliva considerando os teores de lipídeos, fenóis totais e taninos totais. Mais estudos são necessários para caracterizar essas frações e avaliar os benefícios da inclusão desse produto na dieta de ruminantes.

The objective of the present work was to description bromatologically the in natura olive cake of two cultivars of Oleoa europaea (cv. Arbequina and cv. Koroneiki) at first. The olive cake were obtained from the extraction of olive oil in two extraction plants (Guarda Velha Farm / Olive Oil Battle and Green Olive Oil) located in the municipalities of Pinheiro Machado and Canguçu, respectively, in the southern region of Brazil. The Arbequina cultivar cake was evaluated in two storage times after being obtained in the industry (0 and 48 hours). The objective of this study was to evaluate its chemical composition, nutritive value, as well as fermentative, bromatological, digestibility, presence of phenolic compounds and storage after storage, in order to determine its viability in the ruminant diet. In a second experiment, it was evaluated the conservation of the olive tart of the cultivar Arbequina in the form of silage, with or without addition of milled grain corn with additive, the silage process being done also in two times after extraction of olive oil (on the day of extraction and 48 hours later), evaluating the resulting products in terms of their fermentative characteristics, chemical composition, nutritional value and the efficiency of the process in conserving its original characteristics. The design was completely randomized, being 2 treatments in the first work (in natura and after 48h of storage), and 6 in the second, with four repetitions each. The values found for the different cultivars (Arbequina and Koroneiki) were not statistically evaluated since, in this case, the objective was solely to characterize the co-product. The high content of ethereal extract present in the olive cake makes its use as an energy source, and it can serve as an important source of phenolic compounds interesting from the nutraceutical point of view, both for animal and human health. Silage has been shown to be an alternative for the conservation and maintenance of the important characteristics of olive cake considering the lipid, total phenol and total tannin contents. More studies are needed to characterize these fractions and to evaluate the benefits of including this product in the ruminant diet.