Biology of Glyphepomis dubia Campos & Souza, 2016 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and the parasitoids Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 and Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) on rice / Biologia de Glyphepomis dubia Campos & Souza, 2016 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) e dos parasitoides Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 e Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858 (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) em arroz

Abstract The life cycle of stink bug, Glyphepomis dubia and the development of two egg parasitoids (Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis) were studied at the Federal University of Maranhão, at 26 ± 2oC, relative humidity (RH) of 60 ± 10% and 12h photophase. Individuals used in the study were collected from seven rice fields located around the municipality of Arari, Maranhão, Brazil, and maintained in greenhouse and laboratory for the life cycle studies. From egg to adult, G. dubia took 35.2 days to complete the life cycle. The oviposition period was 37 days, with egg masses of about 12 eggs each and viability of 93.1%. Longevity was 53 and 65 days for females and males, respectively. The egg parasitoids Te. podisi and Tr. basalis parasitized and developed in G. dubia eggs; however, the biological characteristics of Tr. basalis were affected. Emergence of the parasitoids was higher for Te. podisi (83.5%) compared to the records for Tr. basalis (50.4%). Therefore, G. dubia may potentially achieve a pest status and Te. podisi is a promising biological control agent for G. dubia management in Brazil due to its higher longevity and better reproductive parameters.

Resumo O ciclo de vida do percevejo, Glyphepomis dubia e a biologia de dois parasitoides de ovos (Telenomus podisi e Trissolcus basalis) foram estudados na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, a 26 ± 2oC, umidade relativa (UR) de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Sete indivíduos de G. dubia foram coletados em lavoura de arroz localizada no município de Arari, Maranhão, Brasil e mantidos em casa de vegetação e laboratório para estudos de ciclo de vida. Do ovo ao adulto, G. dubia levou 35.2 dias para completar o ciclo de vida. O período de oviposição foi de 37 dias com massas de ovos com cerca de 12 ovos/massa e viabilidade de 93.1%. A longevidade foi de 53 e 65 dias, respectivamente, para fêmeas e machos. Os parasitoides de ovos, Te. podisi e Tr. basalis parasitaram e se desenvolveram em ovos de G. dubia, no entanto as características biológicas de Tr. basalis foi afetada. A emergência dos parasitoides foi maior para Te. podisi (83.5%) em comparação com o registrado para Tr. basalis (50.4%). Portanto, G. dubia poderá apresentar potencial para atingir o status de praga e Te. podisi é um promissor agente de controle biológico para ser utilizado no manejo de G. dubia no Brasil, pois apresentou maior longevidade e os melhores parâmetros reprodutivos.

Prediction of Egg Weight from External Egg Traits of Guinea Fowl Using Multiple Linear Regression and Regression Tree Methods

The study was done to predict egg weight from the external traits of the Guinea fowl egg using the statistical methods of multiple linear regression (MLR) and regression tree analysis (RTA). A total of 110 eggs from a flock of 23-week-old Guinea fowl were evaluated. Egg weight (EW) and external traits: eggshell weight (ESW), egg polar diameter (EPD), egg equatorial diameter (EED), egg shape index (ESI), and egg surface area (ESA) were measured. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression equations using the MLR were obtained; additionally, a RTA was done using the CHAID algorithm with the SPSS software (IBM ver. 22). EW presented positive correlations (p 59.03 cm2 and a polar diameter > 5.10 cm. The proposed statistical methods can be used to reliably predict the egg weight of Guinea fowl.

Prediction of Egg Weight from External Egg Traits of Guinea Fowl Using Multiple Linear Regression and Regression Tree Methods

The study was done to predict egg weight from the external traits of the Guinea fowl egg using the statistical methods of multiple linear regression (MLR) and regression tree analysis (RTA). A total of 110 eggs from a flock of 23-week-old Guinea fowl were evaluated. Egg weight (EW) and external traits: eggshell weight (ESW), egg polar diameter (EPD), egg equatorial diameter (EED), egg shape index (ESI), and egg surface area (ESA) were measured. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression equations using the MLR were obtained; additionally, a RTA was done using the CHAID algorithm with the SPSS software (IBM ver. 22). EW presented positive correlations (p<0.0001) with ESA (r = 0.72), EPD (r = 0.65), and EED (r = 0.49). EW can be predicted through MLR using ESA as a predictor variable (R2 = 72%). Predictive accuracy improves when adding EPD and EED traits to the model (R2 = 75%). The RTA built a diagram using ESA, EED, and EPD as significant independent variables; of these, the most important variable was ESA (F = 50,295, df1 = 4, and df2 = 105; Adj. p<0.000) and the variation explained for EW was 74%. Likewise, the RTA showed that the highest egg weight (41.818 g) is obtained from eggs with a surface area > 59.03 cm2 and a polar diameter > 5.10 cm. The proposed statistical methods can be used to reliably predict the egg weight of Guinea fowl.(AU)

Effect of Egg Weight and Patio Strategies on Hatching Traits and Subsequent Performance of the Broilers

Objectives of the present study were to assess the hatchery based interventions and their impact on hatching traits and subsequent performance of broilers. In total, 3000 eggs of Hubbard broiler breeders were equally divided into Small (50-55 g), Medium (56-61 g) and Large (62-70 g) eggs. The eggs from each category were distributed into 20 trays each containing 50 eggs. Each tray was considered as a replicate. At the end of the 18th day of incubation, the eggs of each weight category were divided into four different patio strategies i.e. P0, P3, P5 and P7 where feed and water were provided to the chicks for 0, 3, 5 and 7 days in the hatcher followed by conventional rearing. Data were collected for hatch window, hatching traits, growth, physical asymmetry, welfare and blood profile in broilers. Statistical analysis showed that the smaller eggs had significantly (P 0.05) shorter hatch window compared to larger and medium eggs. Hatching traits were significantly (p 0.05) better in medium eggs but the embryonic mortalities did not differ (p>0.05). The post-hatch performance was significantly (p 0.05) better in P3 birds from medium eggs. Physical asymmetry and scores of feather and gait were not affected by both treatments (p>0.05). Blood profile was also significantly (p 0.05) better in P3 birds from medium-size eggs. It was recommended that the eggs of 56-61g should be selected for better hatchability and the chicks should be provided with feed and water within the hatcher for at-least three days for optimum performance on rearing facility.(AU)

Effect of Egg Weight and Patio Strategies on Hatching Traits and Subsequent Performance of the Broilers

Objectives of the present study were to assess the hatchery based interventions and their impact on hatching traits and subsequent performance of broilers. In total, 3000 eggs of Hubbard broiler breeders were equally divided into Small (50-55 g), Medium (56-61 g) and Large (62-70 g) eggs. The eggs from each category were distributed into 20 trays each containing 50 eggs. Each tray was considered as a replicate. At the end of the 18th day of incubation, the eggs of each weight category were divided into four different patio strategies i.e. P0, P3, P5 and P7 where feed and water were provided to the chicks for 0, 3, 5 and 7 days in the hatcher followed by conventional rearing. Data were collected for hatch window, hatching traits, growth, physical asymmetry, welfare and blood profile in broilers. Statistical analysis showed that the smaller eggs had significantly (P 0.05) shorter hatch window compared to larger and medium eggs. Hatching traits were significantly (p 0.05) better in medium eggs but the embryonic mortalities did not differ (p>0.05). The post-hatch performance was significantly (p 0.05) better in P3 birds from medium eggs. Physical asymmetry and scores of feather and gait were not affected by both treatments (p>0.05). Blood profile was also significantly (p 0.05) better in P3 birds from medium-size eggs. It was recommended that the eggs of 56-61g should be selected for better hatchability and the chicks should be provided with feed and water within the hatcher for at-least three days for optimum performance on rearing facility.

Total electrolyte balance for laying hens / Balanço eletrolítico total para galinhas poedeiras

This study was done to determine the best value of the total electrolyte balance (BET) concerning the variables of performance and egg quality of the laying hens. We investigated 240 Hy-Line Brown laying hens, of 30 to 46 weeks of age, adopting the completely randomized experimental design, which included five treatments (1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 μeq / kg), 8 repetitions and 6 birds per unit. The performance and quality of the birds eggs were evaluated in the different treatments. The results were subjected to the analysis of variance and, wherever significant effect was noted, the regression equations were estimated, taking into account the electrolyte balance (μeq / kg) as a concomitant variable, applying the SAS statistical program (2001). The consumption, production, and feed conversion variables by dozen eggs, final bird weight, egg density, yolk color, Haugh Unit, albumen weight, shell weight, and egg weight, were found to be unaffected by the experimental BET values. The values of the feed conversion per egg mass, yolk weight and uniformity were affected by the different BETs. The electrolyte balance values showing minimum feed conversion, higher yolk weight, and better uniformity were, respectively, BET = 1400, 1330, and 1250 in μeq / kg of loads at the different temperatures. From the regression equations, the value indicated was BET=1390 for the 30- to 46-week-old laying hens. The electrolyte balance of the diet was found to affect the laying hens in terms of performance and egg quality.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o melhor valor de balanço eletrolítico total (BET) para as variáveis de desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 240 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem HyLine Brown, durante o período de 30 a 46 semanas de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 e 2000 μeq/kg), oito repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos das aves com os diferentes tratamentos. Foi realizada análise de variância e, no caso de efeito significativo, foram estimadas equações de regressão considerando como variável concomitante o balanço eletrolítico (μeq/kg), usando o programa estatístico SAS (2001). As variáveis de consumo, produção, conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos, peso final das aves, densidade do ovo, coloração da gema, Unidade Haugh, peso do albúmen, peso da casca e peso do ovo, não foram afetados pelos BET experimentais. Os valores de conversão alimentar por massa de ovos, peso de gema e uniformidade foram influenciados pelos diferentes BET. Os valores de balanço eletrolítico que propiciaram conversão alimentar mínima, melhor peso de gema e melhor uniformidade foram, respectivamente: BET=1400, BET = 1330 e BET = 1250 em μeq/kg de cargas nas rações. Conforme as equações de regressão indica-se o valor de BET de 1390 para poedeiras de 30 a 46 semanas de idade. O balanço eletrolítico da dieta afeta o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras.(AU)

Lentivirus vectors fail to deliver transgenes into bovine zygotes after co-incubation with sperm during in vitro fertilization / [Lentivírus falham na entrega de transgenes em zigotos bovinos após coincubação com espermatozoide, durante fertilização in vitro]

As vantagens dos animais transgênicos têm sido demonstradas em diferentes aplicações, entretanto muitas metodologias usadas para gerar animais geneticamente modificados (GM) apresentam baixas taxas de eficiência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a entrega dos vetores lentivirais (VLs) em zigotos durante a fertilização in vitro (FIV), para gerar embriões GM, com o gene da proteína verde fluorescente (GFP) ou do fator IX de coagulação humana (FIX). Vetores lentivirais com os genes GFP (pLGW-GFP-LV) ou FIX (pLWE2-FIX-LV) foram utilizados na FIV ou na cultura de embriões in vitro (CIV). A coincubação de pLWE2-FIX-LV com espermatozoides e complexos oócitos-células do cumulus (COCs) durante a FIV diminuiu (P<0,05) as taxas de clivagem e de blastocistos, enquanto com pLGW-GFP-LV diminuiu (P<0,05) a taxa de blastocisto quando se comparou ao controle sem VL. A coincubação de pLWE2-FIX-LV e pLGW-GFP-LV com presumíveis zigotos durante a CIV não afetou (P>0,05) o desenvolvimento embrionário. A expressão da proteína GFP não foi detectada em embriões após a coincubação de FIV ou CIV, embora as células do cumulus expressassem a proteína até o dia oito de cultivo in vitro. Reações em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) não detectaram os genes GFP ou FIX em embriões, mas ambos foram detectados em células do cumulus. Assim, a coincubação de VL com espermatozoide bovino e COCs não é eficaz para produzir embriões geneticamente modificados por meio de FIV.(AU)

Effects of Phytase Inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets During Early Lay on their Fecal and Egg Characteristics

This study investigated the effects of phytase inclusion in broiler breeder diets on fecal and egg characteristics. A total of 48 female broiler breeders were evaluated in this study from 21 to 31 weeks of age. The dietary treatments were fed from 30 to 31 wks of age, and included a Positive Control (PosCon) diet, containing 3.0% calcium and 0.50% available phosphorus (AvP); a Negative Control (NegCon) diet, with 3.0% calcium and 0.25% AvP; Negative Control diet + 275 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+275), and Negative control diet + 550 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+550). Egg, yolk, albumin, and eggshell weight, albumin height, and eggshell thickness were measured. Fecal parameters included fecal moisture, liquid portion, and mineral content. After 14 d on the experimental diets during the onset of lay, the NegCon+550 diet increased (p 0.01) fecal moisture content. In general, hens fed the highest enzyme level (NegCon+550) excreted fewer (p 0.05) divalent and trivalent cations, which included Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Fecal Na and K levels were not affected by dietary treatments. The NegCon+550 diet increased fecal P when compared with the NegCon and the NegCon+275 diets. The NegCon+550 and PosCon diets exhibited similar fecal P. No significant effects on egg characteristics were observed. It was concluded that during early lay, various signs of fecal changes would probably be observed at phytase dosages above approximately 500 FTU/kg characterized by increased fecal moisture content and excretion of P in broiler breeders.(AU)

Effects of Phytase Inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets During Early Lay on their Fecal and Egg Characteristics

This study investigated the effects of phytase inclusion in broiler breeder diets on fecal and egg characteristics. A total of 48 female broiler breeders were evaluated in this study from 21 to 31 weeks of age. The dietary treatments were fed from 30 to 31 wks of age, and included a Positive Control (PosCon) diet, containing 3.0% calcium and 0.50% available phosphorus (AvP); a Negative Control (NegCon) diet, with 3.0% calcium and 0.25% AvP; Negative Control diet + 275 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+275), and Negative control diet + 550 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+550). Egg, yolk, albumin, and eggshell weight, albumin height, and eggshell thickness were measured. Fecal parameters included fecal moisture, liquid portion, and mineral content. After 14 d on the experimental diets during the onset of lay, the NegCon+550 diet increased (p 0.01) fecal moisture content. In general, hens fed the highest enzyme level (NegCon+550) excreted fewer (p 0.05) divalent and trivalent cations, which included Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Fecal Na and K levels were not affected by dietary treatments. The NegCon+550 diet increased fecal P when compared with the NegCon and the NegCon+275 diets. The NegCon+550 and PosCon diets exhibited similar fecal P. No significant effects on egg characteristics were observed. It was concluded that during early lay, various signs of fecal changes would probably be observed at phytase dosages above approximately 500 FTU/kg characterized by increased fecal moisture content and excretion of P in broiler breeders.

Behavior and reproduction of belida fish (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas1769) in different stocking density and nurtured with different types offeed

Belida fish (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) is one of Indonesia's endemic fish that has high economic value so that the catch is so high and has begun to decline in population from nature. The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior and reproduction of belida fish that nurtured with stocking density and different types of feed. This study was conducted from April to June 2018 in the Fish hatchery and Breeding Laboratory of Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Riau University. The design used is a randomized complete design with stocking density treatment consisting of 5, 10, and 15 tail/m³ and type of feed consisting of pellet + vitamin E feed and trash fish feed (dumbo catfish cubs). The results showed that the best treatment was in the stocking density of 5 tail/m³ and trash fish feed (dumbo catfish cubs) showed aggressive fish behavior in chasing the feed given, resulting in reproductive value consisting of the fish number of gonad maturity (TKG IV) as many as 5 fishes, gonado somatic index value of 0.58%, the fecundity of 6,053 eggs, egg diameter of 2.49 mm and semen volume of 0.045ml.(AU)

Behavior and reproduction of belida fish (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas1769) in different stocking density and nurtured with different types offeed

Belida fish (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) is one of Indonesia's endemic fish that has high economic value so that the catch is so high and has begun to decline in population from nature. The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior and reproduction of belida fish that nurtured with stocking density and different types of feed. This study was conducted from April to June 2018 in the Fish hatchery and Breeding Laboratory of Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Riau University. The design used is a randomized complete design with stocking density treatment consisting of 5, 10, and 15 tail/m³ and type of feed consisting of pellet + vitamin E feed and trash fish feed (dumbo catfish cubs). The results showed that the best treatment was in the stocking density of 5 tail/m³ and trash fish feed (dumbo catfish cubs) showed aggressive fish behavior in chasing the feed given, resulting in reproductive value consisting of the fish number of gonad maturity (TKG IV) as many as 5 fishes, gonado somatic index value of 0.58%, the fecundity of 6,053 eggs, egg diameter of 2.49 mm and semen volume of 0.045ml.

Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation Levels in Diets for Laying Hens from 28 to 44 Weeks of Age

This study aimed to examine the impact of levels of dietary supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens. Three hundred Hy-Line White W-36 laying hens were evaluated from 28 to 44 weeks of age. The birds were allotted to one of six treatments in a randomized block design with 10 replicates with five birds each. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated in four 28-day periods. A corn and soybean meal-based basal diet was formulated so as to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals, with the exception of fat-soluble vitamins. The treatments consisted of dietary supplementation with 0%, 33.3%, 66.7%, 100.0%, 133.3% or 166.7% of fat-soluble vitamins (100% supplementation consisted of 7500 IU, 2000 IU, 10 IU and 1.8 mg of vitamins A, D3, E and K per kilogram of diet, respectively). Eggshell weight, shell thickness, shell strength, feed intake, egg weight, feed conversion per egg mass and feed conversion per dozen eggs showed a quadratic response (p0.05) to the treatments, whereas egg mass responded linearly. Optimal results were obtained at an average fat-soluble vitamin supplementation level of 109%, which corresponds to 8175 IU of vitamin A, 2180 IU of vitamin D3, 10.9 IU of vitamin E and 1.96 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet.(AU)

Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation Levels in Diets for Laying Hens from 28 to 44 Weeks of Age

This study aimed to examine the impact of levels of dietary supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens. Three hundred Hy-Line White W-36 laying hens were evaluated from 28 to 44 weeks of age. The birds were allotted to one of six treatments in a randomized block design with 10 replicates with five birds each. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated in four 28-day periods. A corn and soybean meal-based basal diet was formulated so as to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals, with the exception of fat-soluble vitamins. The treatments consisted of dietary supplementation with 0%, 33.3%, 66.7%, 100.0%, 133.3% or 166.7% of fat-soluble vitamins (100% supplementation consisted of 7500 IU, 2000 IU, 10 IU and 1.8 mg of vitamins A, D3, E and K per kilogram of diet, respectively). Eggshell weight, shell thickness, shell strength, feed intake, egg weight, feed conversion per egg mass and feed conversion per dozen eggs showed a quadratic response (p0.05) to the treatments, whereas egg mass responded linearly. Optimal results were obtained at an average fat-soluble vitamin supplementation level of 109%, which corresponds to 8175 IU of vitamin A, 2180 IU of vitamin D3, 10.9 IU of vitamin E and 1.96 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet.

Erasing gametes to write blastocysts: metabolism as the new player in epigenetic reprogramming

Understanding preimplantation embryonic development is crucial for the improvement of assisted reproductive technologies and animal production. To achieve this goal, it is important to consider that gametes and embryos are highly susceptible to environmental changes. Beyond the metabolic adaptation, the dynamic status imposed during follicular growth and early embryogenesis may create marks that will guide the molecular regulation during prenatal development, and consequently impact the offspring phenotype. In this context, metaboloepigenetics has gained attention, as it investigates the crosstalk between metabolism and molecular control, i.e., how substrates generated by metabolic pathways may also act as players of epigenetic modifications. In this review, we present the main metabolic and epigenetic events of pre-implantation development, and how these systems connect to open possibilities for targeted manipulation of reproductive technologies and animal production systems.

Erasing gametes to write blastocysts: metabolism as the new player in epigenetic reprogramming

Understanding preimplantation embryonic development is crucial for the improvement of assisted reproductive technologies and animal production. To achieve this goal, it is important to consider that gametes and embryos are highly susceptible to environmental changes. Beyond the metabolic adaptation, the dynamic status imposed during follicular growth and early embryogenesis may create marks that will guide the molecular regulation during prenatal development, and consequently impact the offspring phenotype. In this context, metaboloepigenetics has gained attention, as it investigates the crosstalk between metabolism and molecular control, i.e., how substrates generated by metabolic pathways may also act as players of epigenetic modifications. In this review, we present the main metabolic and epigenetic events of pre-implantation development, and how these systems connect to open possibilities for targeted manipulation of reproductive technologies and animal production systems.(AU)

Evaluation of runs of homozygosity and genomic inbreeding in Holstein cattle from Colombia / Evaluación de tramos de homocigosidad y consanguinidad genómica en bovinos Holstein de Colombia

Traditional selection programs for dairy cattle, based on quantitative principles, have worked well and allowed strong selection processes in the world over many decades. The objectives of this work were to estimate linkage disequilibrium (LD) levels at varying SNPs densities, to evaluate the effective population size of Holstein cattle, to characterize runs of homozygosity (ROH) distribution through Holstein cattle from Nariño and, to estimate and compare inbreeding coefficient (F) based on genomic markers information, runs of homozygosity (FROH), genomic relationship matrix (FGRM), and excess of homozygous (FSNP). After quality control, the dataset used was composed of 606 Holstein animals and 22200 SNP markers. PLINK program was used to identify LD, Ne, ROH segment and FROH and FSNP, FGRM was calculated with BLUPF90 family of programs. The average of r2 in all chromosomes was 0.011, the highest r2 was found in BTA3 (0.0323), and the lowest in BTA12 (0.0039). 533 ROH segments were identified in 319 animals; findings obtained in this study suggest that on average 0,28% of Holstein genome is autozygous. Total length of ROH was composed mostly of small segments (ROH1-4Mb and ROH4-8Mb). These segments accounted for approximately 96%, while larger ROH (ROH>8Mb) were 3.37% of all ROH detected. Inbreeding averages FROH, FSNP and FGRM methodologies were 0.28%, 3.11% and 3.36% respectively. The Pearson's correlation among these different F values was: 0.49 (FROH-FSNP), 0.25 (FROH-FGRM), 0.22 (FSNP-FGRM). The distribution of ROH shared regions identified on 19 autosome chromosomes, cover a relevant number of genes inside these ROH. Our result evidenced lowest LD extension levels compared with other [...].

Los programas de selección tradicionales para ganado lechero, basados en principios cuantitativos, han funcionado bien y han permitido grandes procesos de selección en el mundo durante muchas décadas. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron estimar los niveles de desequilibrio de ligamiento (LD) en diferentes densidades de SNPs, evaluar el tamaño efectivo de la población de ganado Holstein, caracterizar tramos de homocigosidad (ROH) distribuidas a través de ganado Holstein de Nariño y, estimar y comparar coeficiente de consanguinidad (F) basado en información de marcadores genómicos, tramos de homocigosidad (FROH), matriz de relación genómica (FGRM) y exceso de SNP homocigotos (FSNP). Después del control de calidad, el conjunto de datos utilizado estaba compuesto por 606 animales Holstein y 22200 marcadores SNP. Se utilizó el programa PLINK para identificar LD, Ne, segmentos de ROH, FROH y FSNP, FGRM se calculó con la familia de programas BLUPF90. El promedio de r2 en todos los cromosomas fue de 0.011, el r2 más alto se encontró en BTA3 (0.0323) y el más bajo en BTA12 (0.0039). Se identificaron 533 segmentos de ROH en 319 animales; los hallazgos obtenidos en este estudio sugieren que, en promedio, el 0,28% del genoma de Holstein es autocigoto. La longitud total de ROH se compuso principalmente de pequeños segmentos (ROH1-4Mb y ROH4-8Mb). Estos segmentos representaron aproximadamente el 96%, mientras que los ROH más grandes (ROH > 8Mb) representaron el 3.37% de todos los ROH detectados. Los promedios de consanguinidad de las metodologías FROH, FSNP y FGRM fueron 0.28%, 3.11% y 3.36% respectivamente. La correlación de Pearson entre estos diferentes valores de F fue: 0.49 (FROH-FSNP), 0.25 (FROH-FGRM), 0.22 (FSNP-FGRM). La distribución de las regiones compartidas de ROH identificadas en 19 cromosomas autosómicos cubre un número importante de genes dentro de estos ROH. Nuestro resultado evidenció niveles más bajos de extensión de LD [...].

Dietary Lactic Acid Bacteria Modulate Yolk Components and Cholesterol Metabolism by Hmgr Pathway in Laying Hens

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on egg production, yolk components, cholesterol metabolism, and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in hens. Four treatment diets included a control and LAB added at 3 × 105 (low), 3 × 107 (medium), or 3 × 109 (high) cfu/kg. The treatment LAB contained equal amounts of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Enterococcus faecium. Results showed that high LAB increased (p 0.05) laying rate, egg mass, and yolk phospholipid, but decreased (p 0.05) yolk triglyceride and phosvitin. Diets with LAB decreased (p 0.05) yolk and serum cholesterol content, and serum bile acid by 9.3 to 39.9%. In liver, high LAB downregulated (p 0.05) mRNA expression of serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit (PRKAA1, 2), and protein phosphatase catalytic subunits (PPP2CA, PPP2CB and PPP3CA) by 49.5 to 175.4%. In mucosa, high LAB downregulated (p 0.05) PRKAA1 and HMGR by 68.2 and 69.6%, respectively; but upregulated (p 0.05) PPP2CA and PPP2CB by 51.2 and 45%, respectively. Linear decreasing (p0.035) responses to LAB doses were found on cholesterol, phosvitin, bile acid, and hepatic gene expressions, and quadratic (p0.006) effects on yolk cholesterol and hepatic STK11. It is concluded that probiotic LAB can improve yolk components and decrease hepatic cholesterol synthesis by regulating HMGR pathway in hens.(AU)

Evaluation of runs of homozygosity and genomic inbreeding in Holstein cattle from Colombia / Evaluación de tramos de homocigosidad y consanguinidad genómica en bovinos Holstein de Colombia

Traditional selection programs for dairy cattle, based on quantitative principles, have worked well and allowed strong selection processes in the world over many decades. The objectives of this work were to estimate linkage disequilibrium (LD) levels at varying SNPs densities, to evaluate the effective population size of Holstein cattle, to characterize runs of homozygosity (ROH) distribution through Holstein cattle from Nariño and, to estimate and compare inbreeding coefficient (F) based on genomic markers information, runs of homozygosity (FROH), genomic relationship matrix (FGRM), and excess of homozygous (FSNP). After quality control, the dataset used was composed of 606 Holstein animals and 22200 SNP markers. PLINK program was used to identify LD, Ne, ROH segment and FROH and FSNP, FGRM was calculated with BLUPF90 family of programs. The average of r2 in all chromosomes was 0.011, the highest r2 was found in BTA3 (0.0323), and the lowest in BTA12 (0.0039). 533 ROH segments were identified in 319 animals; findings obtained in this study suggest that on average 0,28% of Holstein genome is autozygous. Total length of ROH was composed mostly of small segments (ROH1-4Mb and ROH4-8Mb). These segments accounted for approximately 96%, while larger ROH (ROH>8Mb) were 3.37% of all ROH detected. Inbreeding averages FROH, FSNP and FGRM methodologies were 0.28%, 3.11% and 3.36% respectively. The Pearson's correlation among these different F values was: 0.49 (FROH-FSNP), 0.25 (FROH-FGRM), 0.22 (FSNP-FGRM). The distribution of ROH shared regions identified on 19 autosome chromosomes, cover a relevant number of genes inside these ROH. Our result evidenced lowest LD extension levels compared with other [...].(AU)

Los programas de selección tradicionales para ganado lechero, basados en principios cuantitativos, han funcionado bien y han permitido grandes procesos de selección en el mundo durante muchas décadas. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron estimar los niveles de desequilibrio de ligamiento (LD) en diferentes densidades de SNPs, evaluar el tamaño efectivo de la población de ganado Holstein, caracterizar tramos de homocigosidad (ROH) distribuidas a través de ganado Holstein de Nariño y, estimar y comparar coeficiente de consanguinidad (F) basado en información de marcadores genómicos, tramos de homocigosidad (FROH), matriz de relación genómica (FGRM) y exceso de SNP homocigotos (FSNP). Después del control de calidad, el conjunto de datos utilizado estaba compuesto por 606 animales Holstein y 22200 marcadores SNP. Se utilizó el programa PLINK para identificar LD, Ne, segmentos de ROH, FROH y FSNP, FGRM se calculó con la familia de programas BLUPF90. El promedio de r2 en todos los cromosomas fue de 0.011, el r2 más alto se encontró en BTA3 (0.0323) y el más bajo en BTA12 (0.0039). Se identificaron 533 segmentos de ROH en 319 animales; los hallazgos obtenidos en este estudio sugieren que, en promedio, el 0,28% del genoma de Holstein es autocigoto. La longitud total de ROH se compuso principalmente de pequeños segmentos (ROH1-4Mb y ROH4-8Mb). Estos segmentos representaron aproximadamente el 96%, mientras que los ROH más grandes (ROH > 8Mb) representaron el 3.37% de todos los ROH detectados. Los promedios de consanguinidad de las metodologías FROH, FSNP y FGRM fueron 0.28%, 3.11% y 3.36% respectivamente. La correlación de Pearson entre estos diferentes valores de F fue: 0.49 (FROH-FSNP), 0.25 (FROH-FGRM), 0.22 (FSNP-FGRM). La distribución de las regiones compartidas de ROH identificadas en 19 cromosomas autosómicos cubre un número importante de genes dentro de estos ROH. Nuestro resultado evidenció niveles más bajos de extensión de LD [...].(AU)

Dietary Lactic Acid Bacteria Modulate Yolk Components and Cholesterol Metabolism by Hmgr Pathway in Laying Hens

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on egg production, yolk components, cholesterol metabolism, and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in hens. Four treatment diets included a control and LAB added at 3 × 105 (low), 3 × 107 (medium), or 3 × 109 (high) cfu/kg. The treatment LAB contained equal amounts of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Enterococcus faecium. Results showed that high LAB increased (p 0.05) laying rate, egg mass, and yolk phospholipid, but decreased (p 0.05) yolk triglyceride and phosvitin. Diets with LAB decreased (p 0.05) yolk and serum cholesterol content, and serum bile acid by 9.3 to 39.9%. In liver, high LAB downregulated (p 0.05) mRNA expression of serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit (PRKAA1, 2), and protein phosphatase catalytic subunits (PPP2CA, PPP2CB and PPP3CA) by 49.5 to 175.4%. In mucosa, high LAB downregulated (p 0.05) PRKAA1 and HMGR by 68.2 and 69.6%, respectively; but upregulated (p 0.05) PPP2CA and PPP2CB by 51.2 and 45%, respectively. Linear decreasing (p0.035) responses to LAB doses were found on cholesterol, phosvitin, bile acid, and hepatic gene expressions, and quadratic (p0.006) effects on yolk cholesterol and hepatic STK11. It is concluded that probiotic LAB can improve yolk components and decrease hepatic cholesterol synthesis by regulating HMGR pathway in hens.

Efeito do hipotireoidismo materno na expressão espaço-temporal de mediadores imunológicos e população de células natural killers na decídua e na glândula metrial de ratas / Effect of maternal hypothyroidism on the spatiotemporal expression of immunological mediators and population of Natural Killers cells in decidua and metrial gland of rats

Estudou-se o efeito do hipotireoidismo materno na expressão espaço-temporal de mediadores imunológicos e na população de células natural killers (NK) na decídua e na glândula metrial de ratas durante a gestação. Avaliou-se a detecção imunoistoquímica de interferon γ (IFNγ), do fator inibidor de migração (MIF), da interleucina 15 (IL15), do óxido nítrico sintase induzível (iNOS), a marcação com lectina DBA para evidenciação das células NK uterinas DBA+ e a expressão gênica de Ifnγ e Nos2. O hipotireoidismo aumentou o iNOS aos sete dias, a IL15 e o MIF aos 10 e 12 dias, o IFNγ e o MIF aos 14 DG e a expressão dos transcritos gênicos para iNos aos 12 e 19 dias e para Ifnγ aos 14 DG. O hipotireoidismo reduziu a imunomarcação de MIF e lectina DBA aos sete dias, lectina DBA aos 10 e 14 DG, IFNγ aos 12 dias, e a expressão de Ifnγ aos 10 e 19 DG e de iNOS aos 12, 14 e 19 DG, bem como reduziu seus transcritos gênicos aos 10 e 14 DG. Conclui-se que o hipotireoidismo compromete o perfil imunológico na interface materno-fetal ao longo da gestação, particularmente por reduzir o fator anti-inflamatório iNOS e a população de células uNK DBA+.(AU)

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal hypothyroidism on the spatiotemporal expression of immunological mediators and population of Natural Killers cells in decidua and metrial gland of rats. Interferon gamma (IFNγ), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), interleukin 15 (IL15), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and DBA-Lectin labeling for evidence of uNK DBA+ cells in decidua and genetic expression of Ifnγ and iNos by real-time RT-PCR were evaluated. Hypothyroidism increased protein expression of iNOS at 7 days, IL15 and MIF at 10 and 12 days, IFNγ and MIF at 14 DG in the decidua and/or metrial gland and the gene transcripts for iNOS at 12 and 19 days and for Inf at 14 DG. In addition, hypothyroidism reduced the protein expression of MIF and DBA-Lectin at 7 days, DBA-Lectin at 10 and 14 DG, IFNγ at 12 days, and the gene transcript to Ifnγ at 10 and 19 DGs. Hypothyroidism also reduced the protein expression of iNOS at 12, 14 and 19 DG and reduced its gene transcripts at 10 and 14 DGs. It is concluded that hypothyroidism compromises the immunology profile at the maternal-fetal interface throughout pregnancy, particularly by reducing the anti-inflammatory factor iNOS and population of uNK DBA+ cells.(AU)