Phylogenetic classification of feline immunodeficiency virus

Background: The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is responsible for a retroviral disease that affects domestic and wild cats worldwide, causing Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (FAIDS). FIV is a lentivirus from the family Retroviridae and its genome has 3 main structural genes: gag, pol and env. Phylogenetic studies have classified FIV into 7 subtypes according to the diversity among strains from the World, mainly in the env gene. Epidemiological analyses have demonstrated the high predominance of FIV-A and FIV-B. This in silico study aimed to perform a phylogenetic analysis to study FIV diversity worldwide. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 60 whole genome sequences (WGS) and 122 FIV env gene sequences were included in 2 datasets, which were aligned using MAFFT version 7. Recombination among genomes and/or env genes was analyzed with RDP5 software. Phylogenetic analyses with both datasets were performed, after removing the recombinant sequences, by the W-IQ-TREE and constructed and edited by the FigTree. A total of 12 recombination events involving 19 WGS were detected. In addition, 27 recombination events involving 49 sequences were observed in the env gene. A high rate of recombinants was observed inter-subtypes (A/B and B/D) and intra-subtypes (A/A). All recombinants were removed from the subsequent phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenies demonstrated 6 distinct main clades, 5 from domestic cats (A, B, C, E, U) and 1 from wild cat sequences (W) in the WGS, as well as in the specific env gene analyses. Most clustered with subtype B sequences. In the WGS analysis, clade B had a prevalence of 65.9% Brazilian sequences (27/41) and 2.4% Japanese sequences (1/41). In the env gene analyses, clade B showed a prevalence of 43.8% of Brazilian sequences (32/73) and 20.5% of USA sequences (15/73). The results of both analyses also confirm the FIV-wide geographical distribution around the world. In the phylogenetic analyses carried out with WGS, sequences from China (1/41; 2.4%), Colombia (1/41; 2.4%) and the USA (1/41; 2.4%) were identified in clade A; sequence from Canada in clade C (1/41; 2.4%); sequence from Botswana belonged to clade E (1/41; 2.4%); sequences from Brazil clustered into clade U (2/41; 5% - data not yet published); and sequences belonging to the clade W were from Canada (1/41; 2.4%) and the USA (5/41; 12.3%). Specific env gene phylogenetic analyses showed sequences from Colombia (1/73; 1.4%), France (2/73; 2.7%), the Netherlands (3/73; 4.1%), Switzerland (2/73; 2.7%), USA (6/73; 8.3%), belonging to clade A; sequence from Canada belonging to clade C (1/73; 1.4%); sequences from Brazil belonging to clade U (2/73; 5% - data not yet published); and sequences belonging to clade W from the USA (6/73; 8.3%). Discussion: The results presented here demonstrate that FIV has a rapid viral evolution due to recombination and mutation events, more specifically in the env gene, which is highly variable. Currently, this retrovirus is classified into 7 subtypes (A, B, C, D, E, F and U-NZenv) according to their high genomic diversity. It also highlighted the importance of in silico sequence and phylogeny studies to demonstrate evolutionary processes. This was the first study to address the WGS FIV diversity with a phylogenetic approach.

Cuidados médicos-veterinários para com felino deficiente e FAIDS+ adotado: relato de caso / Veterinary medical care for disabled feline adopted and FAIDS+: case report

O presente trabalho relata o caso de um felino deficiente visual, vítima do abandono - que estava alojado em um abrigo ­ e foi adotado. O felino é um macho, castrado, deficiente visual, de 4 kg adotado em uma ONG, que ao ser escolhido para a adoção foi testado para FIV/FELV, apresentando resultado positivo para FIV e negativo para FELV. Ao longo de quatro anos, com seus adotantes, manifestou diversas afecções relacionadas à retrovirose, tais como dermatofitose, complexo gengivite estomatite felino e outros sinais secundários a FIV. Houve sempre muita compaixão dos tutores para com o felino. A convivência do felino com os familiares e demais animais sempre foi agradável e trouxe muitos momentos de felicidade, e o fato do animal ser FAIDS+ nunca afetou, negativamente, a relação com todos que passaram a conviver com ele.(AU)

This work reports the case of a blind feline, victim of abandonment - who was housed in a shelter - and was adopted. The cat is a male, castrated, blind, 4 kg adopted in an ONG, which when chosen for adoption was tested for FIV/FELV, showing positive results for FIV and negative for FELV. Over four years with her adopters, he manifested several conditions related to retroviruses, such as dermatophytosis, feline stomatitis gingivitis complex and other signs secondary to FIV. There was always a lot of compassion from the tutors towards the feline. The feline's coexistence with family members and other animals was always pleasant and brought many moments of happiness, and the fact that the animal was FAIDS+ never negatively affected the relationship with everyone who started living with it.(AU)

Serological survey of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in shelter-housed cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus, Brazil / Inquérito sorológico para Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii em um abrigo de gatos infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina, Brasil

Felines play a leading role in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection, but there is scarce information about the epidemiology of Neospora caninum, particularly in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats. Cats seropositive to T. gondii do not usually show symptoms unless they are immunosuppressed, such as FIV-infected cats. The same relationship remains poorly known for N. caninum, although it has been associated with neurological disorders in HIV-infected people. Since FIV-infected cats are prone to develop encephalitis of unknown etiology, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of specific antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum in a shelter for stray cats naturally infected with FIV. A total of 104 serum samples from cats living in a shelter, located in São Paulo city (Brazil), was assessed for T. gondii and N. caninum specific antibody by indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT). Of the 104 cats, 25 (24%) were infected with FIV and, aside from these, 8 (32%) had antibodies against T. gondii (titers from 16 to 128). Only 1 (4%) of the FIV-infected cats had antibodies against N. caninum, which was the first record of coinfection. Among the FIV-naïve cats, 11 (14%) were positive for T. gondii(titers from 16 to 256) and only 1 (1.2%) had antibodies against N. caninum. Serologically positive reactions to T. gondii and N. caninum were not correlated with age or sex (p>0.05), and there was no correlation between FIV and the occurrence of anti-T. gondii or anti-N. caninum antibodies (p>0.05). Further studies encompassing larger cat populations from different origins and locations are essential to clarify the prevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies in FIV-positive cats.(AU)

Os felinos têm um papel importante na epidemiologia da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii, mas pouco se sabe sobre a epidemiologia da infecção por Neospora caninum em gatos, particularmente em gatos infectados com o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV). Gatos soropositivos para Toxoplasma gondii geralmente não apresentam sintomas a não ser que estejam imunossuprimidos, como gatos infectados com FIV. A mesma relação ainda é pouco conhecida para N. caninum, embora tenha sido associada a distúrbios neurológicos em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV. Considerando que gatos infectados com FIV são propensos a desenvolver encefalite de etiologia desconhecida, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de anticorpos específicos para T. gondii e N. caninum em gatos infectados com FIV. Um total de 104 amostras de soro de gatos residentes em um abrigo na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, foram avaliadas para a presença de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Dos 104 gatos, 25 (24%) estavam infectados com FIV e destes 8, (32%) tinham anticorpos contra T. gondii (titulação entre 16 e 128). Apenas 1 (4%) dos gatos infectados com FIV apresentava anticorpos contra N. caninum, sendo este o primeiro registro dessa coinfecção. Entre os gatos não infectados com FIV, 11 (14%) foram positivos para T. gondii (titulação entre 16 e 256) e apenas 1 (1,2%) tinha anticorpos contra N. caninum. A reação sorologicamente positiva para T. gondii e N. caninum não foi correlacionada com a idade ou sexo (p> 0,05), nem houve correlação entre FIV e ocorrência de anticorpos para T. gondii ou N. caninum(p> 0,05). Estudos subsequentes abrangendo populações maiores de gatos de diferentes origens e locais são essenciais para esclarecer a prevalência de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum em animais acometidos por FIV.(AU)

Molecular docking studies and evaluation of the antiretroviral activity and cytotoxicity of the species Lafoensia pacari Saint-Hilaire / Estudos de docking molecular e avaliação da atividade antirretroviral e citotoxicidade da espécie Lafoensia pacari Saint-Hilaire

Interest in antiviral plant species has grown exponentially and some have been reported to have anti-HIV properties. This research aims to perform the bio-guided phytochemical fractionation by antiretroviral activity of Lafoensia pacari stem barks. This in vitro experimental study involved the preparation of plant material, obtention of ethanolic extract, fractionation, purification, identification and quantification of fractions, acid-base extraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, HIV-1 RT inhibition test and molecular docking studies. From the bio-guided fractionation by the antiretroviral activity there was a higher activity in the acetanolic subfractions, highlighting the acetate subfraction - neutrals with 60.98% of RT inhibition and ellagic acid with 88.61% of RT inhibition and absence of cytotoxicity. The macrophage lineage cytotoxicity assay showed that the chloroform fraction was more toxic than the acetate fraction. The analysis of the J-resolved spectrum in the aromatic region showed a singlet at 7.48 and 6.93 ppm which was identified as ellagic acid and gallic acid, respectively. The 5TIQ enzyme obtained better affinity parameter with the ellagic acid ligand, which was confirmed by the HSQC-1H-13C spectra. Gallic acid was also favorable to form interaction with the 5TIQ enzyme, being confirmed through the HSQC-1H-13C spectrum. From the PreADMET evaluation it was found that ellagic acid is a promising molecule for its RT inhibition activity and pharmacokinetic and toxicity parameters.

O interesse por espécies vegetais com ação antiviral tem crescido exponencialmente e algumas tem sido relatadas como possuídoras de propriedades anti-HIV. Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar o fracionamento fitoquímico biodirecionado pela atividade antirretroviral das cascas do caule da espécie Lafoensia pacari. Trata-se de um estudo experimental in vitro e a metodologia envolve preparo do material vegetal, obtenção do extrato etanólico, fracionamento, purificação, identificação e quantificação das frações, extração ácido-base, ressonância magnética nuclear, teste de inibição da TR do HIV-1 e estudos de docking molecular. A partir do fracionamento biodirecionado pela atividade antirretroviral verificou-se uma maior atividade nas subfrações acetanólica. Com destaque para a subfração acetanólica neutros com 60,98% de inibição de TR e o ácido elágico com 88,61% de inibição de TR e ausência de citotoxicidade. Verificou-se com o teste de citotoxicidade em linhagem de macrófagos que a fração clorofórmica foi mais tóxica que a fração acetanólica. A análise do espectro J-resolvido na região aromática apresentou um simpleto em 7.48 e 6.93 ppm que foram identificados como ácido elágico e ácido gálico respectivamente. A enzima 5TIQ obteve melhor parâmetro de afinidade com o ligante ácido elágico que foi confirmado pelos espectros HSQC-1H-13C. O ácido gálico mostrou-se também favorável a formar interação com a enzima 5TIQ, sendo confirmado através do espectro HSQC-1H-13C. Através da avaliação do PreADMET verificou-se que o ácido elágico é uma molécula promissora pela sua atividade de inibição da TR e parâmetros farmacocinéticos e de toxicidade.

Cutaneous asthenia in a domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus)

Background: Cutaneous asthenia or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is an inherited and rare disease. This infirmity is from an autosomal mutation that influences the collagen synthesis of the carrier. Thus, its skeleton, formed of fibers, is structurally defective. The disease is characterized by hyperelasticity and skin fragility, leading to lesions throughout the skin. The lesions may manifest in specific places or in a generalized way, being more frequent in the limbs, neck, and back. This disease does not have a specific treatment, only management care to avoid new traumas. Case: A 3-year-old male castrated, no defined race cat, was attended at one veterinary clinic with a history of intense itching. The rapid tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were negative. On physical examination, infestation by fleas, lesions all over the body, and skin hyperelasticity were observed. Topical treatment for ectoparasites as well as for body wounds was established. After the treatment, he returned without itching, but with the complaints of new lesions that did not heal. The patient underwent a total shearing to facilitate the treatment of the skin, and then he underwent blood tests, biochemistry, hormonal tests, and ultrasound, which showed no suggestive changes for hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus. His clinical signs, besides not matching with these diseases, also did not indicate skin fragility due to his history of age and balanced diet. The confirmation of the cutaneous asthenia syndrome was acquired through biopsy of skin fragment, in which it was observed disarray of collagen fibers, hypertrophy, and fibroblast hyperplasia, together with the rate of extensibility of the skin where the value reached the mark of 27.5%. Throughout the hospitalization, it was noted the progression of the disease with the appearance of new lesions, where there was no bleeding and they appeared even with the patient wearing padded clothes. Its progression lasted one year until the patient's euthanasia. Discussion: For the disposal of diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism as causes of the appearance of lesions by the body in the patient, he was submitted to the suppression tests with dexamethasone, in which he presented normality, in the biochemical examination it was dosed with fructosamine and glucose. The fructosamine was in the reference value, but the glucose was slightly altered, this increase may have been a result of stress at the time of blood collection. In addition to the patient not showing specific clinical signs such as polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss, these are characteristic clinical signs of the disease. For the diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, histological examination, and calculation of the skin extensibility index were used, where the results obtained confirmed the suspicion. This genetic anomaly has no treatment, being progressive, so only environmental management is done to mitigate the appearance of the lesions and provide animal welfare. This case report contributes to aggregating the scientific literature in the area of veterinary medicine since skin asthenia is a rare disease and when its extent is total it becomes even more atypical. The availability of this article will provide a vision of palliative treatment for other cases, demonstrating the progressive nature of the lesions and the methods of diagnosis.

Inflammation and kidney involvement in human viral diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, HIV, HCV and HBV

Inflammation is closely related to renal diseases. This is particularly true for renal diseases caused by infections as in viral diseases. In this review, we highlight the inflammatory mechanisms that underlie kidney dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency (HIV), hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV) infections. The pathophysiology of renal involvement in COVID-19 is complex, but kidney damage is frequent, and the prognosis is worse when it happens. Virus-like particles were demonstrated mostly in renal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes, which suggest that SARS-CoV-2 directly affects the kidneys. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, which is found in endothelial cells, to infect the human host cells. Critical patients with SARS-CoV-2-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) show an increase in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α), known as cytokine storm that favors renal dysfunction by causing intrarenal inflammation, increased vascular permeability, volume depletion, thromboembolic events in microvasculature and persistent local inflammation. Besides AKI, SARS-CoV-2 can also cause glomerular disease, as other viral infections such as in HIV, HBV and HCV. HIV-infected patients present chronic inflammation that can lead to a number of renal diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines and TNF-induced apoptosis are some of the underlying mechanisms that may explain the virus-induced renal diseases that are here reviewed.(AU)

Inflammation and kidney involvement in human viral diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, HIV, HCV and HBV

Inflammation is closely related to renal diseases. This is particularly true for renal diseases caused by infections as in viral diseases. In this review, we highlight the inflammatory mechanisms that underlie kidney dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency (HIV), hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV) infections. The pathophysiology of renal involvement in COVID-19 is complex, but kidney damage is frequent, and the prognosis is worse when it happens. Virus-like particles were demonstrated mostly in renal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes, which suggest that SARS-CoV-2 directly affects the kidneys. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, which is found in endothelial cells, to infect the human host cells. Critical patients with SARS-CoV-2-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) show an increase in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α), known as cytokine storm that favors renal dysfunction by causing intrarenal inflammation, increased vascular permeability, volume depletion, thromboembolic events in microvasculature and persistent local inflammation. Besides AKI, SARS-CoV-2 can also cause glomerular disease, as other viral infections such as in HIV, HBV and HCV. HIV-infected patients present chronic inflammation that can lead to a number of renal diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines and TNF-induced apoptosis are some of the underlying mechanisms that may explain the virus-induced renal diseases that are here reviewed.(AU)

Acquired skin fragility syndrome in a juvenile cat following a routine ovariohysterectomy

Background: Acquired skin fragility syndrome (ASFS) is a rare condition, which is characterized by spontaneous fragility of the skin and an absence of hyperextensibility. Even though the real pathogenesis of ASFS remains unknown that isreported generally with some iatrogenic causes and severe diseases. Thus, based on the clinical findings this is the firstreport of describes the case and treatment of feline acquired skin fragility syndrome following a routine ovariohysterectomy.Case: An 8-month-old domestic shorthair female cat was brought to the Siirt University Animal Health Application andResearch Center for ovariohysterectomy operation. Before the operation physical examination of the animal revealed bodytemperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, the color of mucosas, and lymph nodes were determined normally. Besides, thereis no hematological and biochemical problem detected. The cat had no previous history of several infections or systemicdisease. A routine ovariohysterectomy procedure was applied under general anesthesia and the cat was discharged onthe same day. Three days after that a spontaneously developed cutaneous laceration below the left scapular region wasdetermined by the cat owner. During the clinical examination, it was determined that the cat was sensitive to touch againstthe left scapular area. Multiple spontaneous skin tear was revealed over the left scapular region while shaving for betterinspection but did not obtain any problem with incision line. To identify the underlying cause of skin tearing, hematological and biochemical tests were done but the animal’s results were found within the normal references. Also, rapid bloodtests were performed for feline leukemia virus and immunodeficiency virus, and none of them were positive. Additionally,the skin was not hyperextensible. Although the clinicopathological abnormalities were...

Acquired skin fragility syndrome in a juvenile cat following a routine ovariohysterectomy

Background: Acquired skin fragility syndrome (ASFS) is a rare condition, which is characterized by spontaneous fragility of the skin and an absence of hyperextensibility. Even though the real pathogenesis of ASFS remains unknown that isreported generally with some iatrogenic causes and severe diseases. Thus, based on the clinical findings this is the firstreport of describes the case and treatment of feline acquired skin fragility syndrome following a routine ovariohysterectomy.Case: An 8-month-old domestic shorthair female cat was brought to the Siirt University Animal Health Application andResearch Center for ovariohysterectomy operation. Before the operation physical examination of the animal revealed bodytemperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, the color of mucosas, and lymph nodes were determined normally. Besides, thereis no hematological and biochemical problem detected. The cat had no previous history of several infections or systemicdisease. A routine ovariohysterectomy procedure was applied under general anesthesia and the cat was discharged onthe same day. Three days after that a spontaneously developed cutaneous laceration below the left scapular region wasdetermined by the cat owner. During the clinical examination, it was determined that the cat was sensitive to touch againstthe left scapular area. Multiple spontaneous skin tear was revealed over the left scapular region while shaving for betterinspection but did not obtain any problem with incision line. To identify the underlying cause of skin tearing, hematological and biochemical tests were done but the animals results were found within the normal references. Also, rapid bloodtests were performed for feline leukemia virus and immunodeficiency virus, and none of them were positive. Additionally,the skin was not hyperextensible. Although the clinicopathological abnormalities were...(AU)

Complying with the HIV test algorithm for diagnosing children aged from 1 to 18 months born to HIV–positive mothers / Cumprimento do algoritmo para o diagnóstico do HIV em crianças de 1 a 18 meses nascidas de mães HIV positivas

The evolution of the epidemic of HIV in Brazil has especially affected women, and the control of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) has been a new challenge to be faced. This study assessed the compliance with the algorithm recommended by the Ministry of Health (MH) for diagnosing the children born to HIV-positive mothers, followed-up in the Regional Central Laboratory of the Instituto Adolfo Lutz of São José do Rio Preto-X, and to evaluate the occurrence of mother-to-child transmission. This cross-sectional descriptive study collected data on the CD4+ T-cell count and viral load System for Controlling Laboratory Examinations (SISCEL) and System for Hospital Management (SIGH) from January 2009 to December 2014. In this period, 265 children were registered, being 141 (53.2%) male and 124 (46.8%) female; and only 217 (81.9%) complied with the algorithm recommended by the MH. The mean prevalence of MTCT was 5.9%. Despite the efforts exerted by the MH, the HIV algorithm noncompliance still occurs, and the vertical transmission rate is higher than 2%. These data reinforce the need to intensify the surveillance, to improve the information and the follow-up of pregnant women, and to rescue those responsible who do not strictly comply with the algorithm proposed by the MH.

A epidemia do HIV no Brasil tem afetado de maneira especial as mulheres e trouxe, como um novo desafio a ser enfrentado, o controle da transmissão vertical (TV) do HIV. O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar o cumprimento ao algoritmo preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde(MS) no diagnóstico de crianças nascidas de mães HIV positivas, acompanhadas no Centro de Laboratório Regional Instituto Adolfo Lutz de São José do Rio Preto-X, e avaliar a ocorrência de TV. Foram coletados dados do Sistema de Informação e Gestão Hospitalar (SIGH) e do Sistema de Controle de Exames Laboratoriais da Rede Nacional de Contagem de Linfócitos T CD4+ e Carga Viral (SISCEL) no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2014. Foram cadastradas265 crianças, 141 (53,2%) eram do sexo masculino e 124 (46,8%) feminino. Destas, 217 (81,9%) completaram o algoritmo preconizado pelo MS. A média da prevalência de TV foi de 5,9%. Apesar dos esforços do MS, há descumprimento no algoritmo e a taxa de TV é maior que a meta de 2%. Os dados reforçam a necessidade de intensificar a vigilância, melhorar a informação e acompanhamento de gestantes e resgate dos responsáveis que não cumprem o algoritmo do MS.

Complying with the HIV test algorithm for diagnosing children aged from 1 to 18 months born to HIV–positive mothers / Cumprimento do algoritmo para o diagnóstico do HIV em crianças de 1 a 18 meses nascidas de mães HIV positivas

The evolution of the epidemic of HIV in Brazil has especially affected women, and the control of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) has been a new challenge to be faced. This study assessed the compliance with the algorithm recommended by the Ministry of Health (MH) for diagnosing the children born to HIV-positive mothers, followed-up in the Regional Central Laboratory of the Instituto Adolfo Lutz of São José do Rio Preto-X, and to evaluate the occurrence of mother-to-child transmission. This cross-sectional descriptive study collected data on the CD4+ T-cell count and viral load System for Controlling Laboratory Examinations (SISCEL) and System for Hospital Management (SIGH) from January 2009 to December 2014. In this period, 265 children were registered, being 141 (53.2%) male and 124 (46.8%) female; and only 217 (81.9%) complied with the algorithm recommended by the MH. The mean prevalence of MTCT was 5.9%. Despite the efforts exerted by the MH, the HIV algorithm noncompliance still occurs, and the vertical transmission rate is higher than 2%. These data reinforce the need to intensify the surveillance, to improve the information and the follow-up of pregnant women, and to rescue those responsible who do not strictly comply with the algorithm proposed by the MH.(AU)

A epidemia do HIV no Brasil tem afetado de maneira especial as mulheres e trouxe, como um novo desafio a ser enfrentado, o controle da transmissão vertical (TV) do HIV. O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar o cumprimento ao algoritmo preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde(MS) no diagnóstico de crianças nascidas de mães HIV positivas, acompanhadas no Centro de Laboratório Regional Instituto Adolfo Lutz de São José do Rio Preto-X, e avaliar a ocorrência de TV. Foram coletados dados do Sistema de Informação e Gestão Hospitalar (SIGH) e do Sistema de Controle de Exames Laboratoriais da Rede Nacional de Contagem de Linfócitos T CD4+ e Carga Viral (SISCEL) no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2014. Foram cadastradas265 crianças, 141 (53,2%) eram do sexo masculino e 124 (46,8%) feminino. Destas, 217 (81,9%) completaram o algoritmo preconizado pelo MS. A média da prevalência de TV foi de 5,9%. Apesar dos esforços do MS, há descumprimento no algoritmo e a taxa de TV é maior que a meta de 2%. Os dados reforçam a necessidade de intensificar a vigilância, melhorar a informação e acompanhamento de gestantes e resgate dos responsáveis que não cumprem o algoritmo do MS.(AU)

Analysis of the potentiality haying of native forage species in semiarid region / Análise da potencialidade de fenação de espécies forrageiras nativas do semiárido

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential hay production from Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus), Hairy Woodrose (Merremia aegyptia), Malva (Sida galheirensis), Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) and Ervanço (Froelichia humboldtiana), native forage species of the semiarid region of Brazil by observing morphological components of the plant, such as the dehydration curve, crude protein loss (CPL) curve, chemical composition of plant and hay and hay degradability in situ. There were differences (P 0.05) among species on leaf, stem and inflorescence quantification with Ervanço, Hairy Woodrose, and Mucuna having a greater number of leaves. There was a linearly increasing response for the dehydration curve of the five forage plants species. Mucuna forage had the greatest hay point at 800 g kg-1 dried matter (DM) after 11.8 hours and Woodrose had a lower dehydration efficiency, which required 25 hours of sun exposure. There was no difference in CPL. Mucuna had the lowest crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, 8.4, 67.7 and 73.8 g kg DM-1 in hay in relation to the plant, respectively. Ervanço, Spiny Amaranth, Hairy Woodrose and Malva hay had more of soluble fraction a of DM of 31.0, 26.2, 22.1 and 9.7 g kg-1 DM than Mucuna, respectively. Spiny Amaranth and Malva hay had values of 335.4 and 193.2 g kg-1 DM of fraction “b” more than Ervanço hay, respectively. For fraction “a of CP, Spiny Amaranth and Hairy Woodrose hay obtained 312.6 and 227.4 g kg-1 CP more than that observed for Malva, respectively. Mucuna had betterhay potential among the forage studied in the semiarid region of Brazil.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar a potencial produção de feno das espécies forrageiras nativas da região semiárida do Brasil, Bredo (Amaranthus spinosus), Jititana (Merremia aegyptia), Malva (Sida galheirensis), Mucuna (Mucuna) e Ervanço (Froelichia humboldtiana) a partir dos componentes morfológicos da planta como a curva de desidratação, perda de proteína bruta (PPB), composição química da planta, feno e degradabilidade in situ do feno. Houve diferenças (P 0,05) entre as espécies para produção de folha, caule e quantificação da inflorescência com Ervanço, Jitirana e Mucuna apresentando um maior número de folhas. Houve aumento linear para a curva de desidratação das cinco espécies de plantas forrageiras. Mucuna apresentou maior ponto de feno de 800 g kg MS-1 depois de 11,8 horas e a Jitirana apresentou menor eficiência para desidratar, que foi após 25 horas de exposição ao sol. Não houve diferença para a perda de PB. Mucuna apresentou redução da PB, FDN e FDA apenas 8,4; 67,7 e 73,8 g kg MS-1 para o feno em relação à planta comparado com Ervanço, Bredo, Jitirana e Malva e apresentou mais fração solúvel a da MS de 31,0; 26,2; 22,1 e 9,7 g kg MS-1 que a Mucuna. O Bredo e a Malva apresentaram feno com 335,4 e 193,2 g kg MS-1 da fração b, respectivamente, maior que o feno de Ervanço. Para a fração a da PB, feno de Bredo e Jitirana apresentaram 312,6 e 227,4 g kg PB-1 mais que o feno de Malva. Mucuna apresentou o melhor potencial forrageiro entre as espécies nativasestudadas da região semiárida do Brasil.(AU)

Use of green fluorescent protein labeled non-tuberculous mycobacteria to evaluate the activity quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants and antibiotics

Although infections with NonTuberculous Mycobacteria have become less common in AIDS patients, they are important opportunistic infections after surgical procedures, likely because they are ubiquitous and not efficiently killed by many commonly used disinfectants. In Venezuela there have recently been many non-tuberculous mycobacteria soft tissue infections after minor surgical procedures, some apparently related to the use of a commercial disinfectant based on a Quaternary Ammonium Compound. We studied the activity of this and other quaternary ammonium compounds on different non-tuberculous mycobacteria by transforming the mycobacteria with a dnaA-gfp fusion and then monitoring fluorescence to gauge the capacity of different quaternary ammonium compounds to inhibit bacterial growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration varied for the different quaternary ammonium compounds, but M. chelonae and M. abscessus were consistently more resistant than M. smegmatis, and M. terrae more resistant than M. bovis BCG.(AU)

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and Leishmania sp. in domestic cats in the Midwest of Brazil / Infecção por Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina (FIV), vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) e Leishmania sp. em gatos domésticos no Centro-Oeste do Brasil

This search aimed to investigate FIV and FeLV infections in domestic cats, analysing the epidemiological profile of the disease as well as additional infection with Leishmania sp. We evaluated 88 domestic cats for the presence of FIV, FeLV and Leishmania sp. infection. Eleven (12.5%) cats were positive for FIV infection, four (4.5%) were positive for FeLV, and two were co-infected. However, none was infected with Leishmania sp. The prevalence for FIV infection was higher than FeLV, and those observed in other regions, but no factor was associated with the infection by FIV and FeLV in this study.(AU)

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar a infecção em gatos domésticos por FIV e FeLV, analisando o perfil epidemiológico destas doenças, assim como a infecção por Leishmania sp. Oitenta e oito gatos domésticos foram avaliados pesquisando a infecção por FIV, FeLV e Leishmania sp. Onze (12,5%) gatos foram positivos para infecção por FIV, quatro (4,5%) para FeLV, e dois gatos apresentaram co-infecção pelos dois vírus. Entretanto, nenhum gato doméstico apresentou infecção por Leishmania sp. A prevalência da infecção para FIV foi maior que a observada para FeLV, e que a observada em outras regiões, mas nenhum fator teve associação à infecção neste estudo.(AU)

Argon plasma versus electrofulguration in the treatment of anal and perianal condylomata acuminata in patients with acquired immunodeficiency virus

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of anal and perianal condylomata treatment using argon plasma and electrofulguration. Methods: From January 2013 to April 2014, 37 patients with anal and perianal condylomata, who had been diagnosed through proctological examination, oncotic cytology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histology, underwent treatment with argon plasma and electrofulguration. The perianal and anal regions were divided into two semicircles. Each semicircle was treated using one of the methods by means of simple randomization. Therapeutic sessions were repeated until all clinical signs of infection by HPV were eliminated. The patients were evaluated according to several variables like the genotype of HPV, HIV infection, oncological potential per genotype, oncotic cytology and histology. Results: Among all the variables studied, only immunosuppression due to HIV influenced the results, specifically when the fulguration method was used. There was no significant difference in effectiveness between argon and fulguration based on lesion relapse (p > 0.05). However, among HIV-positive patients, fulguration presented worse results, with a significant difference (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Regarding treatment of anal and perianal condylomata acuminata, comparison between applying fulguration and argon demonstrated that these methods were equivalent, but use of fulguration presented more relapses among HIV-positive patients.(AU)

Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) provenientes de um hospital universitário no Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Cryptococcosis is primarily a pulmonary mycosis, being acquired by inhalation of infective fungal propagules found in the environment. One of the main etiological agents of cryptococcosis is the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans , which has worldwide distribution and whose naturalhabitat is the feces of birds. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptococcus spp. in excreta ofColumba livia (domestic pigeon) found in the outer area of the building of Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, a reference center for the treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. During a period of ten months, a total of 40 samples of dried excreta was collected from the site's academic area and hospital. To the excreta, were added saline solution with chloramphenicol, homogenized in a vortex, cultivated in Niger seed agar and incubated at 25°C with daily observations up to seven days. The identification of the microorganism was performed by phenotypical and biochemical tests. From the 40 samples processed and analyzed, 13 (32.5%) were positive for the isolation ofCryptococcus spp., with the quantity of yeasts ranging from 20.000 to 3.000.000 CFU/g of feces. Isolation of the opportunistic fungusCryptococcus spp. at a university hospital is relevant in public health for demonstrating the exposure of individuals who frequent this site to infectant propagules.

RESUMO A criptococose é uma micose primariamente pulmonar, sendo adquirida por meio de inalação de propágulos fúngicos infectantes encontrados no ambiente. Um dos principais agentes etiológicos da criptococose é a espécie Cryptococcus neoformans , que apresenta distribuição mundial. O objetivo desse trabalho foi pesquisar a ocorrência de Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) encontradas na área externa do prédio do Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, centro de referência para o tratamento da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida na região sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Durante um período de dez meses, foi coletado um total de 40 amostras de excretas secas da área acadêmica e da área hospitalar do Hospital Universitário. As excretas foram adicionadas de solução salina com cloranfenicol, homogeneizados em vórtex, semeados em ágar Níger e incubados a 25ºC com observações diárias até sete dias. A identificação do micro-organismo foi realizada por provas fenotípicas e bioquímicas. Das 40 amostras processadas e analisadas, 13 (32,5%) foram positivas para o isolamento de Cryptococcus spp., variando de 20.000 a 3.000.000 UFC/g de fezes. O isolamento desse fungo em um ambiente hospitalar é relevante em saúde pública, pois evidencia a exposição dos indivíduos que frequentam esse local a propágulos infectantes.

Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) provenientes de um hospital universitário no Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Cryptococcosis is primarily a pulmonary mycosis, being acquired by inhalation of infective fungal propagules found in the environment. One of the main etiological agents of cryptococcosis is the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans , which has worldwide distribution and whose naturalhabitat is the feces of birds. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptococcus spp. in excreta ofColumba livia (domestic pigeon) found in the outer area of the building of Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, a reference center for the treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. During a period of ten months, a total of 40 samples of dried excreta was collected from the site's academic area and hospital. To the excreta, were added saline solution with chloramphenicol, homogenized in a vortex, cultivated in Niger seed agar and incubated at 25°C with daily observations up to seven days. The identification of the microorganism was performed by phenotypical and biochemical tests. From the 40 samples processed and analyzed, 13 (32.5%) were positive for the isolation ofCryptococcus spp., with the quantity of yeasts ranging from 20.000 to 3.000.000 CFU/g of feces. Isolation of the opportunistic fungusCryptococcus spp. at a university hospital is relevant in public health for demonstrating the exposure of individuals who frequent this site to infectant propagules.

RESUMO A criptococose é uma micose primariamente pulmonar, sendo adquirida por meio de inalação de propágulos fúngicos infectantes encontrados no ambiente. Um dos principais agentes etiológicos da criptococose é a espécie Cryptococcus neoformans , que apresenta distribuição mundial. O objetivo desse trabalho foi pesquisar a ocorrência de Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) encontradas na área externa do prédio do Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, centro de referência para o tratamento da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida na região sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Durante um período de dez meses, foi coletado um total de 40 amostras de excretas secas da área acadêmica e da área hospitalar do Hospital Universitário. As excretas foram adicionadas de solução salina com cloranfenicol, homogeneizados em vórtex, semeados em ágar Níger e incubados a 25ºC com observações diárias até sete dias. A identificação do micro-organismo foi realizada por provas fenotípicas e bioquímicas. Das 40 amostras processadas e analisadas, 13 (32,5%) foram positivas para o isolamento de Cryptococcus spp., variando de 20.000 a 3.000.000 UFC/g de fezes. O isolamento desse fungo em um ambiente hospitalar é relevante em saúde pública, pois evidencia a exposição dos indivíduos que frequentam esse local a propágulos infectantes.

Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) provenientes de um hospital universitário no Sul do Brasil / Cryptococcus spp. in excreta of Columba livia (domestic pigeons) from a university hospital in southern Brazil

A criptococose é uma micose primariamente pulmonar, sendo adquirida por meio de inalação de propágulos fúngicos infectantes encontrados no ambiente. Um dos principais agentes etiológicos da criptococose é a espécie Cryptococcus neoformans , que apresenta distribuição mundial. O objetivo desse trabalho foi pesquisar a ocorrência de Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) encontradas na área externa do prédio do Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, centro de referência para o tratamento da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida na região sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Durante um período de dez meses, foi coletado um total de 40 amostras de excretas secas da área acadêmica e da área hospitalar do Hospital Universitário. As excretas foram adicionadas de solução salina com cloranfenicol, homogeneizados em vórtex, semeados em ágar Níger e incubados a 25ºC com observações diárias até sete dias. A identificação do micro-organismo foi realizada por provas fenotípicas e bioquímicas. Das 40 amostras processadas e analisadas, 13 (32,5%) foram positivas para o isolamento de Cryptococcus spp., variando de 20.000 a 3.000.000 UFC/g de fezes. O isolamento desse fungo em um ambiente hospitalar é relevante em saúde pública, pois evidencia a exposição dos indivíduos que frequentam esse local a propágulos infectantes.(AU)

Cryptococcosis is primarily a pulmonary mycosis, being acquired by inhalation of infective fungal propagules found in the environment. One of the main etiological agents of cryptococcosis is the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans , which has worldwide distribution and whose natural habitat is the feces of birds. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptococcus spp. in excreta of Columba livia (domestic pigeon) found in the outer area of the building of Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, a reference center for the treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. During a period of ten months, a total of 40 samples of dried excreta was collected from the site's academic area and hospital. To the excreta, were added saline solution with chloramphenicol, homogenized in a vortex, cultivated in Niger seed agar and incubated at 25°C with daily observations up to seven days. The identification of the microorganism was performed by phenotypical and biochemical tests. From the 40 samples processed and analyzed, 13 (32.5%) were positive for the isolation of Cryptococcus spp., with the quantity of yeasts ranging from 20.000 to 3.000.000 CFU/g of feces. Isolation of the opportunistic fungus Cryptococcus spp. at a university hospital is relevant in public health for demonstrating the exposure of individuals who frequent this site to infectant propagules.(AU)

Cryptococcus spp. in excreta of Columba livia (domestic pigeons) from a university hospital in southern Brazil / Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) provenientes de um hospital universitário no Sul do Brasil

Cryptococcosis is primarily a pulmonary mycosis, being acquired by inhalation of infective fungal propagules found in the environment. One of the main etiological agents of cryptococcosis is the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, which has worldwide distribution and whose natural habitat is the feces of birds. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptococcus spp. in excreta of Columba livia (domestic pigeon) found in the outer area of the building of Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, a reference center for the treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. During a period of ten months, a total of 40 samples of dried excreta was collected from the sites academic area and hospital. To the excreta, were added saline solution with chloramphenicol, homogenized in a vortex, cultivated in Niger seed agar and incubated at 25C with daily observations up to seven days. The identification of the microorganism was performed by phenotypical and biochemical tests. From the 40 samples processed and analyzed, 13 (32.5%) were positive for the isolation of Cryptococcus spp., with the quantity of yeasts ranging from 20.000 to 3.000.000 CFU/g of feces. Isolation of the opportunistic fungus Cryptococcus spp. at a university hospital is relevant in public health for demonstrating the exposure of individuals who frequent this site to infectant propagules.

A criptococose é uma micose primariamente pulmonar, sendo adquirida por meio de inalação de propágulos fúngicos infectantes encontrados no ambiente. Um dos principais agentes etiológicos da criptococose é a espécie Cryptococcus neoformans, que apresenta distribuição mundial. O objetivo desse trabalho foi pesquisar a ocorrência de Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) encontradas na área externa do prédio do Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, centro de referência para o tratamento da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida na região sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Durante um período de dez meses, foi coletado um total de 40 amostras de excretas secas da área acadêmica e da área hospitalar do Hospital Universitário. As excretas foram adicionadas de solução salina com cloranfenicol, homogeneizados em vórtex, semeados em ágar Níger e incubados a 25ºC com observações diárias até sete dias. A identificação do micro-organismo foi realizada por provas fenotípicas e bioquímicas. Das 40 amostras processadas e analisadas, 13 (32,5%) foram positivas para o isolamento de Cryptococcus spp., variando de 20.000 a 3.000.000 UFC/g de fezes. O isolamento desse fungo em um ambiente hospitalar é relevante em saúde pública, pois evidencia a exposição dos indivíduos que frequentam esse local a propágulos infectantes.

Cryptococcus spp. in excreta of Columba livia (domestic pigeons) from a university hospital in southern Brazil / Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) provenientes de um hospital universitário no Sul do Brasil

Cryptococcosis is primarily a pulmonary mycosis, being acquired by inhalation of infective fungal propagules found in the environment. One of the main etiological agents of cryptococcosis is the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, which has worldwide distribution and whose natural habitat is the feces of birds. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptococcus spp. in excreta of Columba livia (domestic pigeon) found in the outer area of the building of Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, a reference center for the treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. During a period of ten months, a total of 40 samples of dried excreta was collected from the sites academic area and hospital. To the excreta, were added saline solution with chloramphenicol, homogenized in a vortex, cultivated in Niger seed agar and incubated at 25C with daily observations up to seven days. The identification of the microorganism was performed by phenotypical and biochemical tests. From the 40 samples processed and analyzed, 13 (32.5%) were positive for the isolation of Cryptococcus spp., with the quantity of yeasts ranging from 20.000 to 3.000.000 CFU/g of feces. Isolation of the opportunistic fungus Cryptococcus spp. at a university hospital is relevant in public health for demonstrating the exposure of individuals who frequent this site to infectant propagules.(AU)

A criptococose é uma micose primariamente pulmonar, sendo adquirida por meio de inalação de propágulos fúngicos infectantes encontrados no ambiente. Um dos principais agentes etiológicos da criptococose é a espécie Cryptococcus neoformans, que apresenta distribuição mundial. O objetivo desse trabalho foi pesquisar a ocorrência de Cryptococcus spp. em excretas de Columba livia (pombos domésticos) encontradas na área externa do prédio do Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Junior, centro de referência para o tratamento da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida na região sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Durante um período de dez meses, foi coletado um total de 40 amostras de excretas secas da área acadêmica e da área hospitalar do Hospital Universitário. As excretas foram adicionadas de solução salina com cloranfenicol, homogeneizados em vórtex, semeados em ágar Níger e incubados a 25ºC com observações diárias até sete dias. A identificação do micro-organismo foi realizada por provas fenotípicas e bioquímicas. Das 40 amostras processadas e analisadas, 13 (32,5%) foram positivas para o isolamento de Cryptococcus spp., variando de 20.000 a 3.000.000 UFC/g de fezes. O isolamento desse fungo em um ambiente hospitalar é relevante em saúde pública, pois evidencia a exposição dos indivíduos que frequentam esse local a propágulos infectantes.(AU)