Aspectos da hemoplasmose em búfalos: revisão bibliográfica / Aspects of hemoplasmosis in buffaloes: literature review / Aspectos de la hemoplasmosis en búfalos: revisión de la literatura

Búfalos são animais rústicos que podem ser explorados para a produção de carne ou leite. Estes animais são susceptíveis a enfermidades que também acometem outras espécies de ruminantes, principalmente os bovinos. Entretanto, acredita-se que os bubalinos sejam mais resistentes a algumas doenças, mas ainda há poucos estudos epidemiológicos abrangendo doenças infecciosas como a hemoplasmose em búfalos. A hemoplasmose é causada por micoplasmas hemotrópicos ou hemoplasmas, que são bactérias gram-negativas causadoras de anemia hemolítica em hospedeiros imunocomprometidos. Mycoplasma wenyonii e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' são as principais espécies de hemoplasmas que podem infectar búfalos. A transmissão da doença ocorre principalmente por meio de vetores artrópodes hematófagos ou por via iatrogênica. O diagnóstico de animais infectados é realizado por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Medidas de prevenção e controle são essenciais para o controle desta enfermidade nos rebanhos bubalinos.

Buffalo are rustic animals that can be exploited for meat or milk production. These animals are susceptible to diseases that also affect other species of ruminants, especially cattle. However, it is believed that buffalo are more resistant to some diseases, but there are still few epidemiological studies covering infectious diseases such as hemoplasmosis in buffaloes. Hemoplasmosis is caused by hemotropic mycoplasmas or hemoplasmas, which are gram-negative bacteria that cause hemolytic anemia in immunocompromised hosts. Mycoplasma wenyonii and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' are the main hemoplasma species that can infect buffaloes. Transmission of the disease occurs mainly via hematophagous arthropod vectors or iatrogenically. The diagnosis of infected animals is made by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Prevention and control measures are essential for the control of this disease in buffalo herds.

Los búfalos son animales rústicos que pueden ser explotados para la producción de carne o leche. Estos animales son susceptibles de contraer enfermedades que también afectan a otras especies de rumiantes, especialmente al ganado vacuno. Sin embargo, se cree que los búfalos son más resistentes a algunas enfermedades, pero todavía hay pocos estudios epidemiológicos sobre enfermedades infecciosas como la hemoplasmosis en búfalos. La hemoplasmosis está causada por micoplasmas hemotrópicos o hemoplasmas, que son bacterias gram negativas que causan anemia hemolítica en huéspedes inmunodeprimidos. Mycoplasma wenyonii y 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' son las principales especies de hemoplasma que pueden infectar a los búfalos. La transmisión de la enfermedad se produce principalmente a través de vectores artrópodos hematófagos o de forma iatrogénica. El diagnóstico de los animales infectados se realiza mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Las medidas de prevención y control son esenciales para controlar esta enfermedad en los rebaños de búfalos.

Anemia hemolítica imunomediada medicamentosa em uma cadela / Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a bitch triggered by drugs

Background: Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is characterized by an autoimmune response with production of auto-antibodies and destruction of erythrocytes resulting in anemia. Primary IMHA is referred to a condition when the cause is unknown (idiopathic), whereas secondary IMHA involves changes in red blood cells caused by the action of drugs, neoplasms, or infectious diseases. The diagnosis can be made through changes in the blood count, usually of a regenerative character, Coombs test, and autoagglutination test. The present study aimed to report a case of drug-induced hemolytic anemia, with emphasis on the clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatment, in a female dog. Case: A 9-year-old mixed-breed bitch weighing 29.6 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (HCVUFRGS) with a previous diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele that was unresponsive to clinical treatment. After laboratory tests, cholecystectomy was performed, and the procedure required conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Therapy included administration of amoxicillin, dipyrone, tramadol hydrochloride, and meloxicam. Three days after surgery, the dog presented with apathy, lethargy, hyporexia, and a pale and subicteric mucosa. The patient developed hypochromic macrocytic anemia with reticulocytosis, spherocytosis, anisocytosis, and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. The result of the autoagglutination test was positive, confirming the diagnosis. All medications were suspended, and immunosuppressive treatment with dexamethasone was included, with a subsequent switch to prednisolone. After 10 days of treatment, the patient experienced significant improvement, and therapy was discontinued. Discussion: Based on the patient's history, the cause of the IMHA was secondary to drug administration, and it is not possible to distinguish if it was due to one or a combination of drugs, as they were all started and stopped simultaneously. The patient had hypothyroidism, which may have contributed to the production of antibodies against TSH receptors, blocking the hormone's action, thereby causing tissue damage due to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the effect of cytokines. The pale and subicteric mucosa, apathy, weakness, lethargy, exercise intolerance, and dyspnea resulted from extravascular hemolysis and bilirubin released from erythrocyte rupture with a subsequent decrease in the number of red blood cells, leading to oxygen transport deficiency. The diagnosis is based on the blood count and results of autoagglutination supported by the response to immunosuppressive therapy. Anemia results in increased production and release of precursor cells from the bone marrow, accompanied by reticulocytosis and increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The treatment of IMHA consists of supportive care and immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids to ensure suppression of the immune system, preventing response against erythrocytes. Initially, tramadol hydrochloride, dipyrone, and amoxicillin with potassium clavulanate were suspended to interrupt the cause of IMHA, and administration of dexamethasone in an immunosuppressive dose was started. Therefore, it is important to include drug-induced IMHA in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with anemia after using medications. Early diagnosis, initiation of therapy, and adequate care were important factors for the recovery of the animal.

Effects of insulin on sperm cell quality in ram semen cooled at 5°C / Efeitos da insulina sobre a qualidade das células espermáticas no sêmen ovino refrigerado a 5oC

Insulin is present in the seminal plasma and is involved in sperm activities like motility and capacitation. However, the effects of insulin on the viability of cooled ram sperm are not fully understood. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of insulin addition on ram sperm maintained at 5ºC. Sperm samples were collected from six healthy, mature Santa Inês rams. The ejaculates were divided into two aliquots with (insulin group) or without (control group) insulin (3 IU mL-1) in the semen extender, and then cooled at 5°C for 48 hours. Subsequently, the sperm cells were evaluated for motility and kinetics using computer-assisted semen analysis. The samples were evaluated for acrosomal integrity by fluorescein using isothiocyanate combined with peanut agglutinin (FITC-PNA) and membrane functionality by the hypoosmotic swelling test. The semen analysis was performed after 24 or 48 hours of cooling. There was an increased percentage of progressive sperm motility (%), straightness (%), linearity (%) and beat caudal frequency (Hz) in the insulin group after 24 and 48 hours of cooling (p < 0.05). However, insulin did not affect total sperm motility, sperm velocities (VSL, VAP and VCL) (µm seg-1), acrosomal integrity and membrane functionality during cooling (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 3 IU mL-1 insulin to ram semen extender improved the quality of sperm motility after cooling.(AU)

A insulina está presente no plasma seminal e participa de atividades espermáticas, como a motilidade e capacitação. Entretanto, os efeitos da insulina sobre a viabilidade do espermatozoide ovino resfriado ainda não estão elucidadas. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de insulina sobre o espermatozoide ovino durante o tempo de armazenamento à 5º C. Amostras espermáticas de seis carneiros da raça Santa Inês foram utilizadas. Os ejaculados foram divididos em duas aliquotas, com (grupo insulina) ou sem (grupo controle) adição de insulina (3 UI mL-1) no diluidor seminal e, posteriormente, resfriados até 5oC e mantidos armazenados por 48 horas. Em seguida, os espermatozoides foram avaliados quanto a motilidade e cinética utilizando um Sistema Computadorizado de Análise de Sêmen (CASA). Adicionalmente, as amostras espermáticas foram analizadas quanto a integridade acrosomal por meio de sondas fluorescentes (FITC-PNA) e, funcionalidade de membrana pelo teste hiposmótico. As análises seminais foram realizadas após 24 ou 48 horas de resfriamento. Foram verificados aumentos de espermatozoides com motilidade progressiva (%), retilinearidade (%), linearidade (%) e frequência de batimento caudal (BCF) (Hz) no grupo insulina após 24 ou 48 horas de resfriamento (p < 0.05). Entretanto, não houve efeito da adição de insulina sobre a porcentagem de espermatozoides moveis (%) e das velocidades espermáticas (VSL, VAP e VCL) (µm seg-1), integridade acrossomal e funcionalidade de membrana durante o resfriamento (p > 0.05). Conclui-se que adição de insulina (3 UI mL-1) no diluidor seminal melhora a qualidade da motilidade espermática durante o resfriamento.(AU)

Spatial distribution of serologically reactive sheep to Leptospira spp. in the northeast region of Brazil

Considering the importance of leptospirosis in sheep farming and public health and the significance of identifying which serogroups circulate in sheep within each region, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of the most frequent serogroups causing infection by Leptospira sp. in ovine herds in the Northeast region of Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 4197 sheep from 229 herds in 7 Northeastern States. Sera were analyzed via microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The frequency of seroreactive sheep for Leptospira sp. was 14.06%. The states of Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, located in the Caatinga biome, had the highest frequencies of serologically reactive sheep, and Maranhão, in the Cerrado biome, had the lowest frequency. The most frequent serogroups were Autumnalis (19.49%), Australis (15.76%) and Serjoe (14.41%). In the states of Ceará, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, 100% of their municipalities had at least one seroreactive animal. The highest frequencies of seropositive animals were found in the municipalities of União (50%), Passagem (49.06%), Canindé (48.89%), Igaci (28.95%), Gararu (31.2%), Pirapemas (17.5%), and Angicos (16%) located in the states of Piauí, Paraíba, Ceará, Alagoas, Sergipe, Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte, respectively. The animal-level prevalence (14.06%) obtained in the present study is significant, especially considering the rustic nature of the species and the adverse conditions of the region for the infectious agent. In semi-arid conditions, it has been suggested that perhaps sheep do not seroconvert detectable titers on MAT with a cut-off point of 1:100. It is important to highlight that the ovine population in the Northeast region of Brazil is composed of mixed animals, which have been considered more resistant to infection by Leptospira spp. Also, environmental factors hostile to the survival of the infectious agent in the studied region should be taken into consideration, since they may have influenced the seropositive animal-level prevalence. A noteworthy variation was observed in agglutinin titers, which ranged from 100 to 1,600, where 80.2% of the positive samples had titers ≤ 200. It is important to highlight that more elevated titers (≥ 400) were obtained in all seven states, which may suggest an acute infection caused by a non-adapted serovar, indicating that preventive and control measures focused on possible infection sources for sheep should be adopted. Although some states showed the same serogroups as the most frequent, a variety of serogroups was observed in municipalities, which may indicate different sources of infection, whether interspecies, intraspecies, or via alternative routes of transmission in semi-arid conditions, such as venereal. This indicates that even though sheep are more resistant to infection, they become exposed due to the environment or management conditions. As such, identification, isolation, and treatment of the affected animals are alternative measures recommended for prevention and control of leptospirosis in sheep in the semi-arid region. It is evident that despite the lack of rain observed in the last decade in the Northeast region of Brazil, which prevented the formation of favorable environments for the presence of Leptospira, the infectious agent remains among the sheep, as well as other production and wild animals in the region. Some factors may be contributing to this scenario, such as the fact that sheep farming in the region is = characterized mainly by subsistence systems, where veterinary assistance and adequate sanitary management are absent, thus increasing the possibility of contact with Leptospira. (AU)

Effects of Different Mating Strategies on Productive Performance, Bird Welfare and Economic Appraisal of Broiler Breeder under Two Production Systems

Objectives of the study were to investigate influence of artificial insemination (AI) in caged and floored flock in comparison to natural mating (NM) on broiler breeders welfare, productive performance and economic appraisal. To execute this experiment, a total of 1440 pullets of Ross-308 Parent Stock along with 168 males were picked from a commercial flock and divided into three groups i.e., AIC=AI in cages, AIF=AI on floor and third was NM=NM on floor. Each group carried 480 females (HH) while 168 males were divided into 41, 48 and 58 for AIC, AIF and NM, respectively. During both phases all procedures and studied parameters were the same except the sperm dose rates which were changed during post peak. According to the results, significantly (p0.05) higher levels of serum corticosterone, glucose and cholesterol were recorded in birds of AIC and respectively as compared to birds being allowed to mate naturally. Whereas, the experimental males and females of AIF and AIC kept for AI exhibited (p0.05) higher body weight, depletion % and feed consumption particularly in post peak phase. However, among the birds subjected to AI, the birds kept in the cages had better performance (p0.05) than the birds kept in the floor. Moreover, frequency rate of insemination in females and milking of males found (p0.05) reciprocal to the depletion, feed intake and body weight during peak but particularly in post peak. Perhaps, various sperm doses remained inert to implicit any impact on studied parameters. Similarly, egg weight was neither affected by housing systems nor by mating strategies during both phases. However, various insemination and milking frequencies noticeably swayed the productive traits under this study. AI in floored flock was found ineffective even in comparison to natural mating. In conclusion, AI in cages brought forth the better productive performance and lesser male depletion, hence, can be recommended.(AU)

Effects of Different Mating Strategies on Productive Performance, Bird Welfare and Economic Appraisal of Broiler Breeder under Two Production Systems

Objectives of the study were to investigate influence of artificial insemination (AI) in caged and floored flock in comparison to natural mating (NM) on broiler breeders welfare, productive performance and economic appraisal. To execute this experiment, a total of 1440 pullets of Ross-308 Parent Stock along with 168 males were picked from a commercial flock and divided into three groups i.e., AIC=AI in cages, AIF=AI on floor and third was NM=NM on floor. Each group carried 480 females (HH) while 168 males were divided into 41, 48 and 58 for AIC, AIF and NM, respectively. During both phases all procedures and studied parameters were the same except the sperm dose rates which were changed during post peak. According to the results, significantly (p0.05) higher levels of serum corticosterone, glucose and cholesterol were recorded in birds of AIC and respectively as compared to birds being allowed to mate naturally. Whereas, the experimental males and females of AIF and AIC kept for AI exhibited (p0.05) higher body weight, depletion % and feed consumption particularly in post peak phase. However, among the birds subjected to AI, the birds kept in the cages had better performance (p0.05) than the birds kept in the floor. Moreover, frequency rate of insemination in females and milking of males found (p0.05) reciprocal to the depletion, feed intake and body weight during peak but particularly in post peak. Perhaps, various sperm doses remained inert to implicit any impact on studied parameters. Similarly, egg weight was neither affected by housing systems nor by mating strategies during both phases. However, various insemination and milking frequencies noticeably swayed the productive traits under this study. AI in floored flock was found ineffective even in comparison to natural mating. In conclusion, AI in cages brought forth the better productive performance and lesser male depletion, hence, can be recommended.

Effect of temperature – humidity index on the onset of post- partum ovarian activity and reproductive behavior in Bos indicus cows

The effect of climatic factors on ovarian activity and reproductive behavior (RB) was evaluated in 46 Bos indicus cows kept under grazing conditions. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was used as an indicator of stress and divided in alert, damage and emergency levels. Fat thickness (FAT) was taken during the last trimester of gestation (LTG) to approximately 90d postpartum (PP). At 30d PP animals received a progesterone (P4)-releasing device (CIDR) which was withdrawn 9d later. Ovarian activity was assessed by blood progesterone on days 21, 24, 27, 30, 49, 51, and 54 PP. Animals were divided into three groups, higher, and moderate RB and non-behavior. Sixty percent presented a THI >74 increasing dramatically from June to September up to >78. During LTG, animals lost 27% of their body reserves contrasting to PP where an increase of 2.6% (P=0.002) was observed. The percentages of cyclic and non-cyclic animals were 57 and 43%, respectively (P> 0.05). Seventy-two percent displayed RB and 28% were non-behavior (P<0.05). A negative correlation (r = -0.307; P = 0.038) between THI and RB, and a positive correlation (r = 0.427; P = 0.003) between the onset of ovarian activity and RB were observed. Differences in THI during the LTG (P<0.01) were observed between cyclic and non-cyclic animals. Non-behavior cows in the LTG had a higher THI (P <0.05). High levels of THI have a negative effect on the resumption of ovarian activity and RB in Bos indicus especially if high THI occurs during the last trimester of gestation.

Effect of temperature humidity index on the onset of post- partum ovarian activity and reproductive behavior in Bos indicus cows

The effect of climatic factors on ovarian activity and reproductive behavior (RB) was evaluated in 46 Bos indicus cows kept under grazing conditions. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was used as an indicator of stress and divided in alert, damage and emergency levels. Fat thickness (FAT) was taken during the last trimester of gestation (LTG) to approximately 90d postpartum (PP). At 30d PP animals received a progesterone (P4)-releasing device (CIDR) which was withdrawn 9d later. Ovarian activity was assessed by blood progesterone on days 21, 24, 27, 30, 49, 51, and 54 PP. Animals were divided into three groups, higher, and moderate RB and non-behavior. Sixty percent presented a THI >74 increasing dramatically from June to September up to >78. During LTG, animals lost 27% of their body reserves contrasting to PP where an increase of 2.6% (P=0.002) was observed. The percentages of cyclic and non-cyclic animals were 57 and 43%, respectively (P> 0.05). Seventy-two percent displayed RB and 28% were non-behavior (P<0.05). A negative correlation (r = -0.307; P = 0.038) between THI and RB, and a positive correlation (r = 0.427; P = 0.003) between the onset of ovarian activity and RB were observed. Differences in THI during the LTG (P<0.01) were observed between cyclic and non-cyclic animals. Non-behavior cows in the LTG had a higher THI (P <0.05). High levels of THI have a negative effect on the resumption of ovarian activity and RB in Bos indicus especially if high THI occurs during the last trimester of gestation.(AU)

Presence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in captive yellow-spotted river turtles (Podocnemis unifilis) in the Eastern Amazon / Presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em tracajás (Podocnemis unifilis) na Amazônia Oriental

We describe anti-Leptospira spp. agglutinin in yellow-spotted river turtles (Podocnemis unifilis)in the Amazon region. Ninety-eight serum samples from individuals housed at the Bosque Rodrigues Alves Zoobotanical Garden of Amazonia, Belém, PA, Brazil, were subject to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using 19 different Leptospira spp. antigen serogroups. Thirty-four of the 98 samples (35%) were reactive, with titers ranging from 100 to 3200, and eight 8 reactive samples (23.5%) co-agglutinated under two or more serovars.The most common serogroup was Hebdomadis (26.9%, 7/26), followed by Semaranga (23%, 6/26), Shermani (19.2%, 5/26), Djasiman (11.5%, 3/26), and Australis (7.7%, 2/26); Bataviae, Javanica, and Sejroewere represented by a single sample each (3.9%). The presence of turtles reactive to anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies implies exposure to the pathogen.(AU)

Este trabalho descreve a detecção de aglutininas anti-Leptospira spp. em tracajás (Podocnemis unifilis) na região Amazônica. Obtivemos 98 amostras de soro, as quais foram submetidas ao teste de aglutinação microscópica (MAT), utilizando 31 antígenos de diferentes sorogrupos de Leptospira spp. Das 98 amostras de soro coletadas, 35% (34/98) reagiram apresentando titulações de 100 a 3200; 23,53% dessas amostras (8/34) coaglutinaram na presença de dois ou mais sorovares. O sorogrupo mais comum foi Hebdomadis com 26,9% (7/26), seguido de Semaranga com 23% (6/26), Shermani com 19,2% (5/26), Djasiman com 11,5% (3/26), e Australis com 7,7% (2/26). Bataviae, Javanica, e Sejroe foram representados com apenas uma amostra (3,9%). A presença de tracajás reagentes a anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. implica na exposição ao patógeno.(AU)

Lectin spatial immunolocalization during in vitro capacitation in Tursiops truncatus spermatozoa

Spermatozoa interactions with the female reproductive tract and oocyte are regulated by surface molecules such as glycocalyx. The capacitation process comprises molecular and structural modifications which increase zona pellucida binding affinity. Lectins allowed us to describe glycocalyx changes during maturation, capacitation and acrosome reaction. This study had as its aim to identify lectin binding patterns using four lectins with different carbohydrate affinity in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) spermatozoa both before and after in vitro capacitation. Two semen samples from the same dolphin obtained on consecutive days were used, with four different lectin binding patterns becoming visible in both samples before and after capacitation. A highly stained equatorial segment with prolongations at the edges appeared as the most frequent pattern with Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in uncapacitated spermatozoa. However, it was homogeneously distributed over the acrosomal region after capacitation. Instead, the use of Peanut agglutinin (PNA) resulted in most spermatozoa showing high labelling in the acrosomal periphery region before capacitation and a homogeneous staining in the acrosomal region within the population of capacitated spermatozoa. Nevertheless, the most representative patterns with Concavalin A (ConA) and Aleuria aurantia agglutinin (AAA) lectins did not change before and after capacitation, labelling the acrosomal region periphery. These findings could contribute to the understanding of the reproductive biology of cetaceans and the improvement of sperm selection techniques.(AU)

Lectin spatial immunolocalization during in vitro capacitation in Tursiops truncatus spermatozoa

Spermatozoa interactions with the female reproductive tract and oocyte are regulated by surface molecules such as glycocalyx. The capacitation process comprises molecular and structural modifications which increase zona pellucida binding affinity. Lectins allowed us to describe glycocalyx changes during maturation, capacitation and acrosome reaction. This study had as its aim to identify lectin binding patterns using four lectins with different carbohydrate affinity in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) spermatozoa both before and after in vitro capacitation. Two semen samples from the same dolphin obtained on consecutive days were used, with four different lectin binding patterns becoming visible in both samples before and after capacitation. A highly stained equatorial segment with prolongations at the edges appeared as the most frequent pattern with Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in uncapacitated spermatozoa. However, it was homogeneously distributed over the acrosomal region after capacitation. Instead, the use of Peanut agglutinin (PNA) resulted in most spermatozoa showing high labelling in the acrosomal periphery region before capacitation and a homogeneous staining in the acrosomal region within the population of capacitated spermatozoa. Nevertheless, the most representative patterns with Concavalin A (ConA) and Aleuria aurantia agglutinin (AAA) lectins did not change before and after capacitation, labelling the acrosomal region periphery. These findings could contribute to the understanding of the reproductive biology of cetaceans and the improvement of sperm selection techniques.

Detection of anti-Leptospira spp. agglutinins in captive South American river turtles, Podocnemis expansa / Detecção de aglutininas anti-Leptospira spp. em tartarugas-da-Amazônia, Podocnemis expansa de cativeiro

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis transmitted by contact with infected urine or water contaminated with the agent. Searches for Leptospira spp. in reptiles are scarce although most species have contact with aquatic environments. We evaluated the presence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in Podocnemis expansa housed at the Amazonian Zoobotanical Garden, in Belém, Pará state, Brazil. We analyzed 74 serum samples through the microscopic agglutination test using 31 live antigens from different Leptospira spp. serogroups. Thirty samples (40.5%) were positive against Leptospira spp., with titrations between 100 and 3,200 for one or more serogroups. The Hebdomadis serogroup was the most prevalent, with 26 (87%) out of the 30 positive samples, followed by Djasiman, with two (7%) and Celledoni and Bataviae with one (3%) sample each. The detection of anti-Leptospira spp. agglutinins in P. expansa suggests that the aquatic environment is a transmission route for this pathogen among chelonians.(AU)

A leptospirose é uma zoonose transmitida pelo contato com urina infectada ou água contaminada com o agente. Estudos de Leptospira spp. em répteis são escassos, apesar da maioria das espécies terem contato com ambientes aquáticos. Avaliamos a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em Podocnemis expansa mantidas no Jardim Zoobotânico da Amazônia, em Belém, Pará, Brasil. Analisamos 74 amostras de soro por meio do teste de aglutinação microscópica usando 31 antígenos vivos de diferentes sorogrupos de Leptospira spp. Trinta amostras (40,5%) foram reagentes contra Leptospira spp., com titulações entre 100 e 3.200 para um ou mais sorogrupos. O sorogrupo Hebdomadis foi o mais prevalente, com 26 (87%) das 30 amostras positivas, seguido por Djasiman, com duas (7%) e Celledoni e Bataviae com uma (3%) amostra cada. A detecção de aglutininas anti-Leptospira spp. em P. expansa sugere que o ambiente aquático é uma via de transmissão para esse patógeno entre quelônios.(AU)

Anemia hemolítica imunomediada primária em cães - Revisão de literatura / Primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs - Literature review / Anemia hemolítica inmunomediada primaria en perros ­ Revisión de literatura

A anemia hemolítica imunomediada (AHIM) é o distúrbio imunológico de maior prevalência em cães. Caracteriza-se como uma hipersensibilidade do tipo II, que leva a destruição prematura de hemácias. Dentre as principais complicações, o estado de hipercoagulabilidade predispondo a coagulação intravascular disseminada e tromboembolismo pulmonar é a mais importante, sendo a causa de óbito em mais de 80% dos casos. O diagnóstico é realizado a partir da exclusão de outras causas para anemia e por meio da constatação de um ou mais desses sinais: anemia moderada a grave (hematócrito <25-35%), evidências de hemólise (hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinúria ou hiperbilirrubinemia) e presença de anticorpos na hemácia (caracterizado a partir da auto-aglutinação, esferocitose, teste de Coombs positivo ou citometria de fluxo). O tratamento é direcionado à supressão da resposta imune, sendo os corticosteroides e os imunossupressores, os fármacos de predileção.(AU)

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most prevalent immune disorder among dogs. It is characterized as type II hypersensitivity, leading to premature destruction of red blood cells. Among the main complications, hypercoagulability predisposing to disseminated intravascular coagulation and pulmonary thromboembolism is the most important, being the cause of death in more than 80% of the cases. The diagnosis is made by excluding other causes for anemia and the presence of one or more of these signs: moderate to severe anemia (hematocrit <25-35%), evidence of hemolysis (hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria or hyperbilirubinemia) and presence of antibodies in the erythrocyte (characterized by self-agglutination, spherocytosis, positive Coombs test, or flow cytometry). Treatment is directed to suppression of the immune response, with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants the drugs of predilection.(AU)

La anemia hemolítica inmunomediada (AHIM) es el disturbio inmunológico con mayor prevalencia en perros. Es definido como una hipersensibilidad tipo II, que lleva a destrucción prematura de hematíes. Dentro de las principales complicaciones, el estado de hipercoagulabilidad que predispone a coagulación intravascular diseminada y tromboembolismo pulmonar es el más importante, siendo la causa de muerte en más de 80% de los casos. El diagnóstico se realiza excluyendo otras causas de anemia y confirmando una o más de las siguientes alteraciones: anemia moderada a grave (hematocrito <25-35%), evidencias de hemolisis (hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria o hiperbilirrubinemia) y presencia de anticuerpos en hematíes (caracterizado a partir de autoaglutinación, esferocitosis, test de Coombs positivo o citometría de flujo). El tratamiento se basa en la supresión de la respuesta inmune, siendo los cortico esteroides y los inmunosupresores los fármacos de elección.(AU)

Desempenho reprodutivo de novilhas acasaladas aos 14 e 27 meses de idade submetidas a diferentes protocolos para a inseminação artificial / Reproductive performance of beef cattle heifers mated to 14 or 27 months of age subject to different protocols for artificial insemination

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de inseminação sobre o desempenho reprodutivo em 249 novilhas Britânicas e cruzas, acasaladas aos 14 e 27 meses de idade. Sessenta e duas novilhas de 27 meses foram submetidas à IATF após o tratamento OvSynch; 61 novilhas de 27 meses e 32 novilhas de 14 meses foram submetidas à IATF após o tratamento Crestar; 62 novilhas de 27 meses e 32 novilhas de 14 meses foram submetidas à inseminação artificial (IA) após detecção de estros por 7 dias, no 7º dia foi aplicado PGF2a nos animais não observados em estro postergando-se IA por mais 5 dias (grupo PGF2a). Foram avaliados o peso vivo (PIA), o escore de condição corporal (ECC), o escore de trato reprodutivo (ETR) ao início da estação reprodutiva, a taxa de concepção e a taxa de prenhez à IATF, a taxa de prenhez ao término da estação. Os tratamentos OvSynch e Crestar tiveram 100% dos animais inseminados (IATF), enquanto os grupos PGF2a-14 meses e PGF2a-27 meses tiveram, respectivamente apenas 21,9% e 43,5% dos animais inseminados, devido à ausência ou falhas na identificação de cio. Não houve diferença nas taxas de concepção entre tratamentos hormonais e idades (P>0,05), com valores respectivos de 46,5%, 56,3%, 64,7% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a e de 44,4% e 57,1%, para as idades 14 e 27 meses. A taxa de prenhez à IA (TF) foi de 46,5%, 56,3%, 23,4% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a, com superioridade significativa (P<0,05) a favor dos grupos Crestar e OvSynch. A taxa de prenhez à IA (TF) foi de 18,6% e 41,3% (P<0,01) para as idades 14 e 27 meses. A taxa de prenhez final, após o repasse com touros foi respectivamente de 93,0%, 96,9%, 90,4% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a e de 97,7% e 90,5%, para as idades 14 e 27 meses, sem diferença significativa. O ETR influenciou a taxa de prenhez após a inseminação, respectivamente de 0%, 25,6% e 48,8% para os ETR 1, 2 e 3. Os tratamentos hormonais para a IATF resultaram em maior taxa de prenhez...(AU)

The effects of three insemination protocols were evaluated on the reproductive performance in 249 British and crosses beef heifers, mated to the 14 or 27 months of age. Sixty two heifers with 27 months were submitted to FTAI after the treatment OvSynch; 61 heifers with 27 months and 32 heifers with 14 months were submitted to FTAI after the treatment to Crestar; 62 heifers with 27 months and 32 heifers with 14 months were submitted to the artificial insemination (AI) after oestrus detection for 7 days, in the 7th day PGF2a was applied in the animals without oestrus observed being postponed AI during more 5 days (PGF2a group). The live weight and body condition score (BCS), the reproductive tract score (RTS) to the beginning of mating season, the conception and the pregnancy to FTAI and the pregnancy to the end of the mating season were evaluated. The treatments OvSynch and Crestar had 100% of the inseminated animals (FTAI), while the groups PGF2a-14 months and PGF2a-27 months had respectively, only 21.9% and 43.5% of the inseminated animals, due to the absence or fails in the oestrus identification. There was no difference in the conception rates between hormonal treatments and ages (P>0.05), with respective values of 46.5%, 56.3%, 64.7% for the treatments Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a and of 44.4% and 57.1%, for the ages 14 and 27 months. The pregnancy rate to FTAI/AI it was of 46.5%, 56.3%, 23.4% for the treatments to Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a, with significant superiority (P<0.05) in favor of the groups Crestar and OvSynch. The pregnancy rate to AI (FTAI) it was of 18.6% and 41.3% (P <0,01) for the ages 14 and 27 months. The final pregnancy rate, after clean-up bulls was respectively of 93.0%, 96.9%, 90.4% for the treatments to Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a and of 97.7% and 90.5%, for the ages 14 and 27 months, without significant difference. RTS influenced the pregnancy rate after the insemination, respectively of 0%, 25,6% and 48,8% for RTS 1, 2 and 3. The hormonal...(AU)

Desempenho reprodutivo de novilhas acasaladas aos 14 e 27 meses de idade submetidas a diferentes protocolos para a inseminação artificial / Reproductive performance of beef cattle heifers mated to 14 or 27 months of age subject to different protocols for artificial insemination

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de inseminação sobre o desempenho reprodutivo em 249 novilhas Britânicas e cruzas, acasaladas aos 14 e 27 meses de idade. Sessenta e duas novilhas de 27 meses foram submetidas à IATF após o tratamento OvSynch; 61 novilhas de 27 meses e 32 novilhas de 14 meses foram submetidas à IATF após o tratamento Crestar; 62 novilhas de 27 meses e 32 novilhas de 14 meses foram submetidas à inseminação artificial (IA) após detecção de estros por 7 dias, no 7º dia foi aplicado PGF2a nos animais não observados em estro postergando-se IA por mais 5 dias (grupo PGF2a). Foram avaliados o peso vivo (PIA), o escore de condição corporal (ECC), o escore de trato reprodutivo (ETR) ao início da estação reprodutiva, a taxa de concepção e a taxa de prenhez à IATF, a taxa de prenhez ao término da estação. Os tratamentos OvSynch e Crestar tiveram 100% dos animais inseminados (IATF), enquanto os grupos PGF2a-14 meses e PGF2a-27 meses tiveram, respectivamente apenas 21,9% e 43,5% dos animais inseminados, devido à ausência ou falhas na identificação de cio. Não houve diferença nas taxas de concepção entre tratamentos hormonais e idades (P>0,05), com valores respectivos de 46,5%, 56,3%, 64,7% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a e de 44,4% e 57,1%, para as idades 14 e 27 meses. A taxa de prenhez à IA (TF) foi de 46,5%, 56,3%, 23,4% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a, com superioridade significativa (P<0,05) a favor dos grupos Crestar e OvSynch. A taxa de prenhez à IA (TF) foi de 18,6% e 41,3% (P<0,01) para as idades 14 e 27 meses. A taxa de prenhez final, após o repasse com touros foi respectivamente de 93,0%, 96,9%, 90,4% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a e de 97,7% e 90,5%, para as idades 14 e 27 meses, sem diferença significativa. O ETR influenciou a taxa de prenhez após a inseminação, respectivamente de 0%, 25,6% e 48,8% para os ETR 1, 2 e 3. Os tratamentos hormonais para a IATF resultaram em maior taxa de prenhez...

The effects of three insemination protocols were evaluated on the reproductive performance in 249 British and crosses beef heifers, mated to the 14 or 27 months of age. Sixty two heifers with 27 months were submitted to FTAI after the treatment OvSynch; 61 heifers with 27 months and 32 heifers with 14 months were submitted to FTAI after the treatment to Crestar; 62 heifers with 27 months and 32 heifers with 14 months were submitted to the artificial insemination (AI) after oestrus detection for 7 days, in the 7th day PGF2a was applied in the animals without oestrus observed being postponed AI during more 5 days (PGF2a group). The live weight and body condition score (BCS), the reproductive tract score (RTS) to the beginning of mating season, the conception and the pregnancy to FTAI and the pregnancy to the end of the mating season were evaluated. The treatments OvSynch and Crestar had 100% of the inseminated animals (FTAI), while the groups PGF2a-14 months and PGF2a-27 months had respectively, only 21.9% and 43.5% of the inseminated animals, due to the absence or fails in the oestrus identification. There was no difference in the conception rates between hormonal treatments and ages (P>0.05), with respective values of 46.5%, 56.3%, 64.7% for the treatments Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a and of 44.4% and 57.1%, for the ages 14 and 27 months. The pregnancy rate to FTAI/AI it was of 46.5%, 56.3%, 23.4% for the treatments to Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a, with significant superiority (P<0.05) in favor of the groups Crestar and OvSynch. The pregnancy rate to AI (FTAI) it was of 18.6% and 41.3% (P <0,01) for the ages 14 and 27 months. The final pregnancy rate, after clean-up bulls was respectively of 93.0%, 96.9%, 90.4% for the treatments to Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a and of 97.7% and 90.5%, for the ages 14 and 27 months, without significant difference. RTS influenced the pregnancy rate after the insemination, respectively of 0%, 25,6% and 48,8% for RTS 1, 2 and 3. The hormonal...

Negative results for anti-Leptospira sp. agglutinins in free-living Iguanas (Iguana iguana) from the Amazon region of Brazil / Resultados negativos para aglutininas anti-Leptospira sp. em iguanas de vida livre (Iguana iguana) da região amazônica do Brasil

Although, serological studies for leptospirosis in iguanas have already been performed, there is no report in the Amazon region. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Leptospira sp. in free living Iguanas-verdes (Iguana iguana) of Mangal das Garças Park, metropolitan region of Belém, Pará, Northern region of Brazil. Twenty-nine blood samples of Iguana-verde (I. iguana) were collected from Mangal das Garças Park. For the serological diagnosis of Leptospira sp. it was employed microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with 25 live antigens of Leptospira sp. as antigens. It was observed that all samples were non-reactive, suggesting no exposure to the agent.(AU)

Embora estudos sorológicos para leptospirose em iguanas já tenham sido realizados, não a relatos na região amazônica. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo pesquisar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira sp. em Iguanas-verdes (Iguana iguana) de vida livre do Parque Mangal das Garças, região metropolitana de Belém, PA, e Norte do Brasil. Foram coletadas 29 amostras de sangue de Iguana-verde (I. iguana) que frequentaram o Parque Mangal das Garças.Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por Leptospira sp. foi empregado o teste de aglutinação microscópica (MAT) com 25 antígenos vivos de Leptospira sp. como antígenos. Observou-se que todas as amostras foram não reagentes, o que sugere não exposição ao agente.(AU)

Anti-leptospirosis agglutinins in Brazilian capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

The interest in commercial use of wild animals is increasing, especially regarding raising of capybaras. Although this wild species is potentially lucrative for the production of meat, oil and leather, it is suggested as a probable reservoir of leptospires. Methods Due to the economic importance of this species and the lack of studies concerning leptospirosis, the presence of anti-leptospirosis agglutinins was assayed in 55 serum samples of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from commercial and experimental breeding flocks located in São Paulo state, Paraná state, and Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Samples were obtained through cephalic or femoral venipunction (5 to 10 mL). Microscopic agglutination test was used according to the Brazilian Health Ministry considering as cut-off titer of 100. Results Out of the 55 samples analyzed, 23 (41.82 %) tested positive. The most prevalent serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (56.52 %) in 13 samples, followed by Copenhageni in nine samples (39.13 %), Pomona in four samples (17.39 %), Djasiman and Castellonis in three samples each (13.04 %), Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Canicola, and Cynopteri in two samples each (8.7 %), and Andamana and Bratislava in one sample each (4.34 %). Conclusions These results suggest the evidence of exposure toLeptospira spp. and the need of new studies to evaluate a higher number of capybaras from different regions to better understand the importance of leptospirosis infection in these animals and verify the zoonotic role of this species as a possible source of infection to humans and other animals.(AU)

Anti-leptospirosis agglutinins in Brazilian capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

The interest in commercial use of wild animals is increasing, especially regarding raising of capybaras. Although this wild species is potentially lucrative for the production of meat, oil and leather, it is suggested as a probable reservoir of leptospires. Methods Due to the economic importance of this species and the lack of studies concerning leptospirosis, the presence of anti-leptospirosis agglutinins was assayed in 55 serum samples of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from commercial and experimental breeding flocks located in São Paulo state, Paraná state, and Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Samples were obtained through cephalic or femoral venipunction (5 to 10 mL). Microscopic agglutination test was used according to the Brazilian Health Ministry considering as cut-off titer of 100. Results Out of the 55 samples analyzed, 23 (41.82 %) tested positive. The most prevalent serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae (56.52 %) in 13 samples, followed by Copenhageni in nine samples (39.13 %), Pomona in four samples (17.39 %), Djasiman and Castellonis in three samples each (13.04 %), Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Canicola, and Cynopteri in two samples each (8.7 %), and Andamana and Bratislava in one sample each (4.34 %). Conclusions These results suggest the evidence of exposure toLeptospira spp. and the need of new studies to evaluate a higher number of capybaras from different regions to better understand the importance of leptospirosis infection in these animals and verify the zoonotic role of this species as a possible source of infection to humans and other animals.

Pesquisa de aglutininas anti-leptospiras em cães da cidade de Bom Jesus – Piauí / Anti-Leptospira agglutinins research in dogs in the city of Bom Jesus – Piauí

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease which is a major public health problem, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. This study aimed to investigate the presence of agglutinins anti-Leptospira dogs in the city of Bom Jesus, PI, using the agglutination test Microscopic Technique (SAM). Of the 106 samples, 20 (18.84%) were reactive. Of the 21 evaluated the following serovars were detected: Pyrogenes (43.47%), Canícola (39.13%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (8.69%) and Autumnalis (8.69%). It was concluded that leptospirosis is present in dogs in the city of Bom Jesus, PI, and the serovar most frequent was the Pyrogenes.

Pesquisa de aglutininas anti-leptospiras em cães da cidade de Bom Jesus Piauí / Anti-Leptospira agglutinins research in dogs in the city of Bom Jesus Piauí

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease which is a major public health problem, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. This study aimed to investigate the presence of agglutinins anti-Leptospira dogs in the city of Bom Jesus, PI, using the agglutination test Microscopic Technique (SAM). Of the 106 samples, 20 (18.84%) were reactive. Of the 21 evaluated the following serovars were detected: Pyrogenes (43.47%), Canícola (39.13%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (8.69%) and Autumnalis (8.69%). It was concluded that leptospirosis is present in dogs in the city of Bom Jesus, PI, and the serovar most frequent was the Pyrogenes.(AU)