Dynamic organization of two agroforestry systems in the semi-arid region of Paraíba and their contribution to improving the socio-economic conditions of farming families / Caracterização e organização dinâmica de dois sistemas agroflorestais no semiárido paraibano e sua contribuição para melhoria das condições socioeconômicas de famílias agricultoras

ABSTRACT: The socio-economic vulnerability of family farmers in Brazilian semi-arid regions, combined with the intense degradation of the Caatinga biome, entails the use of alternatives that allow people to remain in the countryside while recovering the environment. Are agroforestry systems (AFS), which are based on the ecological, economic, and social interactions existing in a production system, an alternative? The present study described the structure, organization, and floristic composition of two AFS and analyzed the soil fertility of the two AFSimplanted in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. This study revealed that the farmers consider the AFS to be less harmful to the environment as it provides greater protection to the soil and better-qualityfood. Thegreatest challenges wereobtaining water during drought season and the need foran extra workforce. Nevertheless, the produce from these systemswas sufficient to provide for the families. Several varieties of fruit species were found in both the AFS studied, and Malpighia emarginata (acerola) was the most predominant. The soils of the two AFS presented a practically neutral pH the and high percentage of base saturation,thereby falling under the category of eutrophic soil with high fertility, and are ideal for growingany type of crop.

RESUMO: A vulnerabilidade socioeconômica dos agricultores familiares no semiárido brasileiro aliado à intensa degradação do bioma caatinga requer o emprego de alternativas que propiciem a permanência do homem no campo, ao mesmo tempo em que recupere o meio ambiente. Os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs) que estão fundamentados nas interações ecológicas, econômicas e sociais existentes em um sistema de produção, são alternativas? O presente estudo tem como objetivos descrever a estrutura, a composição florística e a organização de dois SAFs implantados no sertão paraibano, bem como analisar a fertilidade dos solos das propriedades sob estes sistemas. Este trabalho verificou que os agricultores consideram que os SAFs proporcionam menos agressão ao meio ambiente, maior proteção ao solo e alimentação de qualidade, além da manutenção das famílias com a produção. As duas maiores dificuldades são a obtenção de água nos períodos de estiagem e mão de obra auxiliar. Nos dois SAFs estudados, há uma maior quantidade de espécies frutíferas, sendo a Malpighia emarginata (acerola) a de maior predominância. Os solos dos dois SAFs apresentam pH praticamente neutro e elevado percentual de saturação por base, sendo considerados eutróficos, com alto nível de fertilidade e ideal para o estabelecimento de agricultura.

Dynamic organization of two agroforestry systems in the semi-arid region of Paraíba and their contribution to improving the socio-economic conditions of farming families / Caracterização e organização dinâmica de dois sistemas agroflorestais no semiárido paraibano e sua contribuição para melhoria das condições socioeconômicas de famílias agricultoras

The socio-economic vulnerability of family farmers in Brazilian semi-arid regions, combined with the intense degradation of the Caatinga biome, entails the use of alternatives that allow people to remain in the countryside while recovering the environment. Are agroforestry systems (AFS), which are based on the ecological, economic, and social interactions existing in a production system, an alternative? The present study described the structure, organization, and floristic composition of two AFS and analyzed the soil fertility of the two AFSimplanted in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. This study revealed that the farmers consider the AFS to be less harmful to the environment as it provides greater protection to the soil and better-qualityfood. Thegreatest challenges wereobtaining water during drought season and the need foran extra workforce. Nevertheless, the produce from these systemswas sufficient to provide for the families. Several varieties of fruit species were found in both the AFS studied, and Malpighia emarginata (acerola) was the most predominant. The soils of the two AFS presented a practically neutral pH the and high percentage of base saturation,thereby falling under the category of eutrophic soil with high fertility, and are ideal for growingany type of crop.

A vulnerabilidade socioeconômica dos agricultores familiares no semiárido brasileiro aliado à intensa degradação do bioma caatinga requer o emprego de alternativas que propiciem a permanência do homem no campo, ao mesmo tempo em que recupere o meio ambiente. Os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs) que estão fundamentados nas interações ecológicas, econômicas e sociais existentes em um sistema de produção, são alternativas? O presente estudo tem como objetivos descrever a estrutura, a composição florística e a organização de dois SAFs implantados no sertão paraibano, bem como analisar a fertilidade dos solos das propriedades sob estes sistemas. Este trabalho verificou que os agricultores consideram que os SAFs proporcionam menos agressão ao meio ambiente, maior proteção ao solo e alimentação de qualidade, além da manutenção das famílias com a produção. As duas maiores dificuldades são a obtenção de água nos períodos de estiagem e mão de obra auxiliar. Nos dois SAFs estudados, há uma maior quantidade de espécies frutíferas, sendo a Malpighia emarginata (acerola) a de maior predominância. Os solos dos dois SAFs apresentam pH praticamente neutro e elevado percentual de saturação por base, sendo considerados eutróficos, com alto nível de fertilidade e ideal para o estabelecimento de agricultura.

Thermal modification influences the mechanical resistance of wood from forestry species / A modificação térmica influencia na resistência mecânica da madeira de espécies florestais

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of thermal modification at different temperatures and for different durations on the mechanical strength of wood of selected species from an agroforestry system. To this end, three 9-year-old (approximate age) individuals, each from four species of forest trees-Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid, and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake-were evaluated. After obtaining initial measurements, samples from the four species under went heat treatment for 2 h and 4 h and were subsequently subjected to heat using an oven at temperatures 120°C, 150°C, 180°C, and 210°C; respectively, in addition to the control. For evaluating mechanical strength, the technical standard ASTM D 143-94 was used to obtain the values of the moduli of elasticity and rupture, tension at the proportional limit, and maximum force of the subjects. It was observed that different durations and temperatures altered the mechanical strength of the wood of the four species studied. The 2 h residence time is the most recommended for conducting thermal modification. This procedure modifies the mechanical resistance of wood in a positive manner, with exposure temperatures ranging between 120 ºC and 180 ºC being the most recommended. The thermal treatment carried out for 4 h is not recommended for structural purposes because of the decrease in flexural strength.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da modificação térmica em diferentes tempos e temperaturas na resistência mecânica da madeira de espécies provenientes de um sistema agroflorestal. Para tanto, foram avaliados três indivíduos de Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla e Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, todos com nove anos de idade. Após o dimensionamento, as amostras passaram pelo processo de modificação térmica durante 2h e 4h realizado em estufa nas temperaturas de 120 °C, 150 °C, 180 °C e 210 °C, além da testemunha. Para avaliação da resistência mecânica, seguiu-se a norma técnica ASTM D 143-94, obtendo-se os valores de módulos de elasticidade e ruptura, tensão no limite proporcional e força máxima. Observou-se que os diferentes tempos e temperaturas alteram a resistência mecânica das quatro espécies estudadas. O tempo de 2 h de permanência é o mais recomendado para a realização da modificação térmica. O procedimento modifica a resistência mecânica da madeira de uma forma positiva, sendo que as temperaturas de exposição que variaram entre 120 °C e 180 ºC são as mais recomendadas. A modificação térmica realizada pelo período de 4 h não é recomendada para fins estruturais, pelo fato do decréscimo da resistência à flexão.

Coffee crops adaptation to climate change in agroforestry systems with rubber trees in southern Brazil

Adaptation to climate change is a strategy for crops to cope with the scenario of rising temperatures worldwide. In the case of Coffea arabica L., the use of agroforestry systems (AFS) with woody species is a promising practice to reduce excessive heat during the day. This study aimed to 1) evaluate air temperature changes that occur in an AFS of coffee and double alleys of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg.) and 2) carry out an analysis of future warming scenarios by comparing the cultivation of Arabic coffee in full sun and in an AFS of double alleys of rubber trees. The microclimatic variables were measured between two rows of coffee trees at 1.0 m of height from June 2016 to June 2018. The results indicate that the AFS with double alleys of rubber trees spaced 16 m apart had an average temperature reduction from 1.4 to 2.5 °C from 10h00 to 16h00. The study also simulated temperature increases of 1.7, 2.6, 3.1, and 4.8 °C from 2018 to 2099, according to scenarios predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the impact in coffee production in Paraná State, Brazil. Using the climatic generator PGECLIMA_R, simulations suggest a progressive reduction of traditional areas suitable for open-grown coffee in the state. Production conditions can be maintained through the AFS, since the systems attenuate mean temperatures by 1-2 °C. We conclude that the AFS of coffee and rubber trees contribute to coffee crop adaptations to a future warmer environment.

Thermal modification influences the mechanical resistance of wood from forestry species / A modificação térmica influencia na resistência mecânica da madeira de espécies florestais

This study evaluated the effects of thermal modification at different temperatures and for different durations on the mechanical strength of wood of selected species from an agroforestry system. To this end, three 9-year-old (approximate age) individuals, each from four species of forest trees-Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid, and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake-were evaluated. After obtaining initial measurements, samples from the four species under went heat treatment for 2 h and 4 h and were subsequently subjected to heat using an oven at temperatures 120°C, 150°C, 180°C, and 210°C; respectively, in addition to the control. For evaluating mechanical strength, the technical standard ASTM D 143-94 was used to obtain the values of the moduli of elasticity and rupture, tension at the proportional limit, and maximum force of the subjects. It was observed that different durations and temperatures altered the mechanical strength of the wood of the four species studied. The 2 h residence time is the most recommended for conducting thermal modification. This procedure modifies the mechanical resistance of wood in a positive manner, with exposure temperatures ranging between 120 ºC and 180 ºC being the most recommended. The thermal treatment carried out for 4 h is not recommended for structural purposes because of the decrease in flexural strength

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da modificação térmica em diferentes tempos e temperaturas na resistência mecânica da madeira de espécies provenientes de um sistema agroflorestal. Para tanto, foram avaliados três indivíduos de Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla e Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, todos com nove anos de idade. Após o dimensionamento, as amostras passaram pelo processo de modificação térmica durante 2h e 4h realizado em estufa nas temperaturas de 120 °C, 150 °C, 180 °C e 210 °C, além da testemunha. Para avaliação da resistência mecânica, seguiu-se a norma técnica ASTM D 143-94, obtendo-se os valores de módulos de elasticidade e ruptura, tensão no limite proporcional e força máxima. Observou-se que os diferentes tempos e temperaturas alteram a resistência mecânica das quatro espécies estudadas. O tempo de 2 h de permanência é o mais recomendado para a realização da modificação térmica. O procedimento modifica a resistência mecânica da madeira de uma forma positiva, sendo que as temperaturas de exposição que variaram entre 120 °C e 180 ºC são as mais recomendadas. A modificação térmica realizada pelo período de 4 h não é recomendada para fins estruturais, pelo fato do decréscimo da resistência à flexão.

Levantamento das espécies frutíferas em áreas de agricultura familiar no município de Santarém, Pará / Fruit species cultivated in family farms in the municipality of Santarém, Pará

As espécies frutíferas se apresentam como estratégia importante para garantia da segurança e soberania alimentar de populações tradicionais. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi estimar a riqueza e registrar as espécies frutíferas cultivadas em quintais de agricultura familiar no município de Santarém, Pará. O levantamento das espécies frutíferas foi realizado em 13 quintais das famílias visitadas, com registros de 520 indivíduos pertencentes a 39 espécies, 29gêneros e 16 famílias botânicas. Dentre os indivíduos avaliados, destacaram-se as famílias Arecaceae (6 spp.) e Myrtaceae (5 spp.). Em média, foram encontradas 14 espécies frutíferas por quintal, evidenciando que o cultivo dessas espécies está fortemente associado ao suprimento dademanda por alimentos para o consumo familiar. Das espécies frutíferas, as mais frequentes foram a Persea americana e Cocos nucifera com 100% de representatividade, seguidas pela Theobroma grandiflorum com 92%. A riqueza de espécies frutíferas encontradosnos quintais das famílias visitadas revela a importância desses ambientes na soberania e segurança alimentar e nutricional. Além disso, os quintais destacam-se pelo seu papel estratégico na introdução de árvores nas paisagens agrícolas. Diante disso, recomenda-se a execução de trabalhos futuros com foco no papel dos quintais na geração de alimentos de qualidade, visando subsidiar o fomento de políticas públicas com incentivo à produção de alimentos nesses ambientes.(AU)

Fruit species are an important strategy to guarantee food security and sovereignty for traditional populations. Therefore, the objective of this work was to estimate the richness and record the fruit species cultivated in family farms in the municipality of Santarém, Pará. The survey of fruit species was carried out in 13 homegardens of the families visited, with records of 520 individuals belonging to 39 species, 29 genera and 16 botanical families. Among the evaluated individuals, the families Arecaceae (6 spp.) and Myrtaceae (5 spp.) stood out. On average, 14 fruit species were found per yard, showing that the cultivation of these species is strongly associated with supplying the demand for food for family consumption. Of the fruit species, the most frequent were Persea americanaand Cocos nuciferawith 100% representation, followed by Theobroma grandiflorumwith 92%. The richness of fruit species found in the homegardens of the families visited revealsthe importance of these environments in food and nutrition sovereignty and security. In addition, homegardens stand out for their strategic role in introducing trees into agricultural landscapes. In view of this, it is recommended to carry out future workfocusing on the role of homegardens in the generation of quality food, aiming to subsidize the promotion of public policies to encourage the production of food in these environments.(AU)

New records and a voucher collection of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) inhabiting agroforestry systems in the colombian amazon basin

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) and copoazú (T. grandiflorum) agroecosystems represent a common source of income or many small-scale farmers in the Colombian Amazon basin. Most of these systems are set in low disturbance environments; they are considered biodiversity-friendly ecosystems inhabited by several groups of insects. In this study, we carried out a preliminary taxonomic inventory of the microhymenopteran parasitoids present in these agroforestry systems. Twenty-six localities of the Amazonian basin of Colombia were sampled using several insect collecting methods (Malaise trap, sweep net, pitfall, and rearing boxes). Collected specimens were curated and cataloged, establishing the first taxonomic voucher collection of parasitoids from the Colombian Amazon basin. We identified 767 specimens representing 64 species, 274 morphospecies, 143 genera and 20 families, 34 genera and 16 species of these being recorded for the first time in the country. The genus Gbelcia is reported for the first time from the Neotropical region. A new parasitoid-host relationship was found for Horismenus cupreus (Eulophidae) attacking larvae of Phyllocnistis sp. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), which feeds on Annona montana (Annonaceae) leaves.(AU)

The importance of the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) in cocoa farms as carriers of helminths potentially transmissible to humans and wildlife in the Southern Bahia, Brazil / A importância do cão (Canis lupus familiaris) nas fazendas de cacau como portador de helmintos potencialmente transmissíveis ao homem e à vida selvagem no sul da Bahia, Brasil

Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) can be considered an invasive species as they have been introduced by humans in different parts of the world and represent a risk to wildlife conservation. Large extensions of agroforestry systems, where cocoa is grown under the shade of native trees, contribute to wildlife conservation in southern Bahia, Brazil. However, this system can increase contact between species of the native fauna and domestic dogs, which are frequently taken to the fields by rural workers. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of domestic dogs inside cocoa agroforestry systems and the occurrence of helminths in dogs from cocoa farms near two protected areas: the Una Biological Reserve (REBIO-Una) and the Serra das Lontras National Park in Una, Bahia. We also investigated general characteristics of the dogs such as age, sex, breed, feeding frequency, vaccination, deworming and others, and evaluated possible risks of wildlife and human contamination by the domestic dog parasites. Camera traps were set up on eight cocoa agroforestry systems and three adjacent forest fragments. For parasitological investigation, fecal samples were collected from domestic dogs that lived on the eight cocoa farms. A total of 539 photos of 12 mammals were registered, of which 15% were of domestic dogs. The parasitological research was carried out with fecal samples from 32 of the 39 dogs that lived in the cocoa farms. We found one genus of cestode, Dipylidium sp. (7.7%), and five genera of nematodes, Ancylostoma sp. (80.7%), Strongyloides sp. (38.4%), Toxocara sp. (30.7%), Spirocerca sp. (15.4%) and Trichuris sp. (11.5%). Regarding animal care, all dogs were in poor body condition, 49% were fed twice a day, 90% defecated in the forest or cocoa agroforestry systems, only 33% were periodically dewormed, 64% were vaccinated against rabies in less than 12 months, and only one dog was vaccinated against other viruses. The results showed that domestic dogs share the same environment as wild animals yet lack some basic health care, increasing the possibility of parasitic transmission between domestic dogs, wildlife and humans from environmental contamination. We highlight the need for responsible pet ownership and the monitoring the health of wild animals and the human population living in this region.

Cães domésticos (Canis lupus familiaris) podem ser considerados espécies invasoras introduzidas pelo ser humano em diversos lugares do mundo, representando risco para a conservação da fauna. Grandes extensões de sistemas agroflorestais, onde o cacau é cultivado sob a sombra de árvores nativas, contribuem para a conservação da vida selvagem no sul da Bahia, Brasil. Entretanto, esse sistema pode aumentar o contato entre espécies da fauna nativa e cães domésticos, frequentemente levados para o campo por trabalhadores rurais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a presença de cães domésticos em sistemas agroflorestais de cacau e a ocorrência de helmintos em cães de fazendas de cacau nas proximidades de duas áreas protegidas: a Reserva Biológica de Una (REBIO-Una) e o Parque Nacional da Serra das Lontras, em Una, Bahia. Também foram investigadas as características gerais dos cães como idade, sexo, raça, frequência de alimentação, vacinação, vermifugação e outros, e avaliados os possíveis riscos de contaminação da vida selvagem e seres humanos por parasitas de cães domésticos. Armadilhas fotográficas foram instaladas em oito sistemas agroflorestais de cacau e três fragmentos florestais adjacentes. Para investigação parasitológica, foram coletadas amostras fecais de cães domésticos que viviam nas oito fazendas de cacau. Foram registradas 539 fotos de 12 mamíferos, onde 15% das fotos pertenciam à cães domésticos. A pesquisa parasitológica foi realizada com amostras fecais de 32 dos 39 cães que viviam nas fazendas de cacau. Encontramos um gênero de cestóide: Dipylidium sp. (7,7%), e cinco gêneros de nematóides: Ancylostoma sp. (80,7%), Strongyloides sp. (38,4%), Toxocara sp. (30,7%), Spirocerca sp. (15,4%) e Trichuris sp. (11,5%). Em relação aos cuidados com os animais, todos estavam com score corporal baixo, 49% dos cães eram alimentados duas vezes ao dia, 90% defecam na floresta ou em sistemas agroflorestais de cacau, apenas 33% foram vermifugados periodicamente, 64% vacinados contra a raiva em menos de 12 meses e apenas um cão foi vacinado contra outros vírus. Os resultados mostram que os cães domésticos compartilham o mesmo ambiente que os animais silvestres e carecem de alguns cuidados básicos de saúde, aumentando a possibilidade de trânsito parasitário entre cães domésticos, animais silvestres e humanos por contaminação ambiental. Destaca-se a necessidade de atividades de posse responsável de animais de estimação e o monitoramento da saúde dos animais silvestres e da população humana que vive nesta região.

Growth, leaf gas exchange and mycorrhizal colonization of three medicinal species submitted to different irradiance levels / Crescimento, trocas gasosas foliares e colonização micorrizica de três espécies de plantas medicinais submetidas a diferentes níveis de irradiância

This study o evaluated growth, leaf gas exchange and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi root colonization in three medicinal plant species under different irradiance intensities. Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G.Lohmann, Mikania laevigata Sch.Bip. ex Baker and Varronia curassavica Jacq. were propagated by cutting and cultivated for 120 days in artificially shaded environments using black shade-type screens, obtaining four irradiance levels: 100%, 70%, 50% and 30%. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme (three plant species and four irradiation levels) with seven replicates. The three medicinal species showed higher liquid assimilation, mass growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi root colonization rates when exposed to environments with 70% light availability. In relation to physiological responses, V. curassavica presented higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration when submitted to 70% irradiance, being able to be cultivated in more open environments with higher irradiation levels. Conversely F. chica and M. laevigata presented shade tolerance characteristics. At the initial growth phase, the results obtained can be used as indicators to recommend the ideal cultivation environment for these species in agroforestry systems.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, as trocas gasosas foliares e a colonização por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em três espécies de plantas medicinais, sob diferentes intensidades de irradiância. Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Ohmmann, Mikania laevigata Sch.Bip. ex Baker e Varronia curassavica Jacq. foram propagadas por estaquia e cultivadas por 120 dias em ambientes artificialmente sombreados, utilizando telas do tipo sombrite, em quatro níveis de irradiância, 100%, 70%, 50% e 30%. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 (três espécies de plantas e quatro níveis de irradiação) com sete repetições. As três espécies medicinais avaliadas apresentaram maiores taxas de assimilação líquida, crescimento em massa e colonização radicular por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares quando expostas a ambientes com 70% de disponibilidade de luz. Em relação às respostas fisiológicas, V. curassavica apresentou maior taxa fotossintética, condutância estomática e transpiração quando submetidas a 70% de irradiância, podendo ser cultivada em ambientes mais abertos e com maiores níveis de radiação. Por outro lado, F. chica e M. laevigata apresentaram características de plantas tolerantes à sombra. Os resultados obtidos na fase inicial de crescimento podem ser utilizados como um indicador para recomendar o ambiente de plantio dessas três espécies medicinais em sistemas agroflorestais.

Soil morphostructural characterization and coffee root distribution under agroforestry system with Hevea Brasiliensis

Land use and tillage practices may change soil structure and undermine sustainable agriculture; however, such changes are hardly identified in the short term. In this sense, agroforestry systems have been used to reduce soil degradation and promote sustainable production in coffee plantations. These areas are expected to have well-structured soils and hence improved root distribution. This study aimed to evaluate soil quality by the morphostructural and root distribution analyses comparing open-grown coffee and coffee in agroforestry systems with rubber trees for 19 years, in an Oxisol in northern Paraná State (Brazil). Treatments consisted of open-grown coffee (OG), coffee partially shaded by rubber trees (PSH), and coffee fully shaded by rubber trees (FSH). The mapping of morphostructural features and soil resistance to penetration in cultural profile walls identified changes in soil structure resulting from different tillage systems. Root distribution was better in coffee plants grown in PSH and FSH systems. At greater depths, cultural profiles of FSH and PSH showed a larger numbers of roots compared to OG. Among the three systems, PSH provided a better environment for root growth and distribution. This result could be attributed to the high biological activity and interaction between roots and aggregates in that profile. The FSH agroforestry system provided less compact morphological structures and more roots throughout the soil profile. The agroforestry systems presented fewer soil structural changes by tillage operations and lower values of soil penetration resistance. Coffee root distribution was an effective indicator of soil quality and consistent with the morphostructural characterization of cultural profile.(AU)

Soil morphostructural characterization and coffee root distribution under agroforestry system with Hevea Brasiliensis

Land use and tillage practices may change soil structure and undermine sustainable agriculture; however, such changes are hardly identified in the short term. In this sense, agroforestry systems have been used to reduce soil degradation and promote sustainable production in coffee plantations. These areas are expected to have well-structured soils and hence improved root distribution. This study aimed to evaluate soil quality by the morphostructural and root distribution analyses comparing open-grown coffee and coffee in agroforestry systems with rubber trees for 19 years, in an Oxisol in northern Paraná State (Brazil). Treatments consisted of open-grown coffee (OG), coffee partially shaded by rubber trees (PSH), and coffee fully shaded by rubber trees (FSH). The mapping of morphostructural features and soil resistance to penetration in cultural profile walls identified changes in soil structure resulting from different tillage systems. Root distribution was better in coffee plants grown in PSH and FSH systems. At greater depths, cultural profiles of FSH and PSH showed a larger numbers of roots compared to OG. Among the three systems, PSH provided a better environment for root growth and distribution. This result could be attributed to the high biological activity and interaction between roots and aggregates in that profile. The FSH agroforestry system provided less compact morphological structures and more roots throughout the soil profile. The agroforestry systems presented fewer soil structural changes by tillage operations and lower values of soil penetration resistance. Coffee root distribution was an effective indicator of soil quality and consistent with the morphostructural characterization of cultural profile.

Physico-mechanical properties of the wood of freijó, Cordia goeldiana (Boraginacea), produced in a multi-stratified agroforestry system in the southwestern Amazon / Propriedades físico-mecânicas da madeira de freijó, Cordia goeldiana (Boraginacea), produzida em sistema agroflorestal multiestratificado no sudoeste da Amazônia

Agroforestry systems (AFSs) integrate, through sustainable practices, agricultural and forest crops for the production of wood and food, providing environmental services, and conserving biodiversity. The freijó (Cordia goeldiana) has potential for cultivation in the Amazon for timber purposes, but data on the characteristics of its wood produced in AFSs are scarce. Our objective was to determine the physical-mechanical properties and suggest technological applications of freijó wood produced in a multi-stratified AFS established in the state of Rondônia, Brazil in 1996. Agricultural and forest species were established in the AFS in double rows with 5.0-m x 2.5-m spacing. Three 19-year-old freijó trees were harvested for chemical, physical (density and dimensional stability), and mechanical (compression, static bending, Janka hardness, and shear strength) characterization of the wood. The wood presented a chemical composition similar to tropical hardwoods, was moderately heavy (582.63 kg m-3), and had high dimensional stability in comparison with other consecrated woods on the market (longitudinal, radial, and tangential retraction = 0.25, 4.27, and 6.83%, respectively). The values determined for parallel (32.32 MPa) and perpendicular compression (8.02 MPa), specific strength (55.32 MPa kg-1 m-3), parallel (2373.33 N) and perpendicular Janka hardness (2326.67 N), strength to static bending (63.5 MPa), and shear (5.94 MPa) were similar to the values ​​observed in other high-density tropical woods grown in either monoculture plantations or natural forests. The wood under study is suitable for manufacture of high-value-added products, such as fine furniture, residential floors, musical instruments and structural pieces.(AU)

Os sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) integram, com práticas sustentáveis, culturas agrícolas e florestais para produção de madeira e alimentos, conservando os serviços ambientais e a biodiversidade. O freijó, Cordia goeldiana, tem potencial para cultivo na Amazônia para fins madeireiros, porém dados sobre as características de sua madeira em SAFs são escassas. Objetivou-se determinar as propriedades físico-mecânicas e aplicações tecnológicas da madeira de freijó produzida em um SAF multiestratificado estabelecido no estado de Rondônia, Brasil em 1996. No SAF, as espécies agrícolas e madeireiras foram estabelecidas em renques duplos no espaçamento 5,0 m x 2,5 m. Abateram-se três árvores de freijó com 19 anos de idade, para caracterização química, física (densidade e estabilidade dimensional) e mecânica (compressão, flexão estática, dureza Janka e cisalhamento) da madeira. A madeira de freijó apresentou composição química similar à de madeiras nobres tropicais, peso moderado (582,63 kg m-3) e estabilidade dimensional elevada em comparação com outras madeiras consagradas no mercado (retração longitudinal, radial e tangencial = 0,25, 4,27 e 6,83%, respectivamente). Os valores de resistência à compressão paralela (32,32 MPa) e perpendicular (8.02 MPa), resistência específica (55,32 MPa kg-1 m-3), dureza Janka paralela (2373,33 N) e perpendicular (2326,67 N), resistência à flexão estática (63,5 MPa) e ao cisalhamento (5,94 MPa) foram semelhantes aos valores observados em outras madeiras tropicais de alta densidade, produzidas em monocultivo e florestas naturais. A madeira em estudo é adequada para fabricação de produtos de alto valor agregado, como móveis finos, pisos residenciais, instrumentos musicais e peças estruturais.(AU)

Photosynthesis, growth, and survival in seedlings of four tropical fruit-tree species under intense radiation / Fotosíntesis, crecimiento y supervivencia en plántulas de cuatro especies de árboles frutales tropicales bajo intensa radiación

En la región amazónica, los sistemas agroforestales (SAFs) se recomiendan como una alternativa de producción sustentable para las comunidades locales. Un componente común en los SAFs amazónicos son los árboles frutales tropicales, que pueden formar parte del dosel o crecer en el sotobosque. En este trabajo, estudiamos el efecto de la radiación alta sobre la fotosíntesis, el crecimiento y la supervivencia de cuatro especies de árboles frutales amazónicos: Theobroma cacao, Eugenia stipitata, Inga edulis y Psidium guajava. Se midieron el crecimiento, fluorescencia de clorofila, intercambio de gases y pigmentos foliares en plántulas de cada especie que crecieron durante 12 meses dentro de casa-mallas en baja (8%), media (30%) y alta iluminación relativa (100%). Eugenia stipitata y T. cacao tuvieron la menor capacidad de aclimatación a la radiación solar alta, seguidas por I. edulis. En consecuencia, esas especies deben sembrarse bajo niveles de luz intermedia, para protegerlas del sol directo en las etapas iniciales de crecimiento. En contraste, las plántulas de P. guajava mostraron alta tolerancia a la elevada radiación solar, por lo que esta especie puede ser plantada bajo libre exposición solar.(AU)

In the Amazon region, agroforestry systems (AFSs) are recommended as a sustainable production alternative for local communities. A common component in Amazonian AFSs are tropical fruit trees, which can form the canopy or grow in the understory. In this study, we evaluated the effect of high radiation on photosynthesis, growth and seedling survival of four Amazonian fruit-tree species: Theobroma cacao, Eugenia stipitata, Inga edulis and Psidium guajava. Growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, and leaf pigments were measured in seedlings of each species grown for 12 months inside shade houses with low (8%), medium (30%) and high relative illumination (100%). Eugenia stipitata and T. cacao had the lowest acclimation capacity to high solar radiation, followed by I. edulis. Therefore, these species must be grown under intermediate light levels in early growth stages, to protect them from direct sunlight. In contrast, P. guajava seedlings demonstrated high tolerance to elevated radiation, therefore, this species can be planted under full sunlight.(AU)

The Chrysidoidea Wasps (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) in Conventional Coffee Crops and Agroforestry Systems in Southeastern Brazil

Abstract Agroforestry systems represent the integration of agricultural crops with native vegetation. These systems are of great importance to minimize the agricultural impact in the land through intercropping of these vegetations. Despite of the importance of Chrysidoidea as parasitoids wasps associated with different groups of insects, there is no study comparing the assemblages of these hymenopterans in conventional and agroforestry systems in southeastern Brazil. The Pontal do Paranapanema, located in the extreme west of the state of São Paulo (Brazil), has historically been occupied by coffee crops and some small areas of agroforestry systems. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the abundance and composition of Chrysidoidea wasp fauna in different conventional coffee crops and agroforestry systems located in this region. To do so, we collected in six different localities in the Pontal do Paranapanema using a Malaise trap in each locality, with collections occurring monthly between June 2011 and July 2012. A total of 3,623 Chrysidoidea specimens of three families were collected: Bethylidae, with four genera and 3,396 individuals, representing 93.73% of the total collected; Chrysididae with 11 genera and 151 individuals (4.16%), and Dryinidae with five genera and 76 individuals (2.09%). In terms of abundance, the agroforestry was responsible for most of the individuals collected (n = 2029), followed by the conventional systems with 1,406 individuals and the transitional with 188. The most abundant genera were Epyris and Dissomphalus, responsible for about 92% of the total of Chrysidoidea collected. Most of the genera of Chrysididae were collected in the conventional systems alone or in both conventional and agroforestry systems. For Bethylidae and Dryinidae, no genera were found exclusively in the conventional system. It is expected that the structural complexity of each one of the different ecosystems impact directly in the fauna of Chrysidoidea parasitoids associated.

Common opossum population density in an agroforestry system in Bolivia / Densidad de carachupas en un sistema agroforestal de Bolivia

La carachupa, Didelphis marsupialis prospera cerca de asentamientos humanos. Entender la ecología de una población puede ayudar a tomar decisiones de manejo de esta especie, especialmente en paisajes antropogénicos. Sin embargo, no existen estimaciones de la densidad de esta especie en todo su rango de distribución en Bolivia. Este estudio estimó la densidad de D. marsupialis en una comunidad agrícola, donde los sistemas agroforestales y barbechos cubren la mayoría de la tierra. Empleamos conteos en transectos lineales y usamos el programa DISTANCE para calcular la densidad. En total recorrimos 70.21 km en 143 noches de conteo y obtuvimos 38 registros de D. marsupialis. Estimamos una densidad de 0.30 individuos ha-1 (SE = 0.062; rango: 0.20 - 0.45 individuos ha-1) y una tasa de encuentro promedio de 0.54 individuos km-1. La tasa de encuentro varió entre hábitats, con valores promedio de 0.2 para bosque secundario y 0.64 para sistemas agroforestales. Nuestra estimación de densidad se encuentra cerca de los valores más bajos antes reportados para la especie en otros países. Creemos que nuestros resultados reflejan la respuesta a la disponibilidad de recursos en sistemas agroforestales y la presión de depredación en nuestro sitio de estudio.(AU)

The common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis thrives near human settlements. Understanding its ecology could help planning management decisions about this species, especially in anthropogenic landscapes. Yet, there are no density estimations for this species throughout its distribution range in Bolivia. We estimated the density of D. marsupialis in a rural agricultural community, where agroforestry plantations and fallows cover most of the land. We counted individuals in line transects and used DISTANCE software to calculate density. We covered a total of 70.21 km in 143 night counts, obtaining 38 records of D. marsupialis. We estimated a density of 0.30 individuals ha-1 (SE = 0.062; range: 0.20 - 0.45 individuals ha-1), with a mean encounter rate of 0.54 individuals km-1. Encounter rate varied between habitats, with mean values of 0.20 in secondary forests and 0.64 in agroforestry plantations. Our density estimate is near the lower range of previously reported values for the common opossum in other countries. We argue that our results may reflect the response to the availability of food resources and predation pressure in agroforestry plantations.(AU)

The Chrysidoidea Wasps (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) in Conventional Coffee Crops and Agroforestry Systems in Southeastern Brazil

Agroforestry systems represent the integration of agricultural crops with native vegetation. These systems are of great importance to minimize the agricultural impact in the land through intercropping of these vegetations. Despite of the importance of Chrysidoidea as parasitoids wasps associated with different groups of insects, there is no study comparing the assemblages of these hymenopterans in conventional and agroforestry systems in southeastern Brazil. The “Pontal do Paranapanema”, located in the extreme west of the state of São Paulo (Brazil), has historically been occupied by coffee crops and some small areas of agroforestry systems. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the abundance and composition of Chrysidoidea wasp fauna in different conventional coffee crops and agroforestry systems located in this region. To do so, we collected in six different localities in the “Pontal do Paranapanema” using a Malaise trap in each locality, with collections occurring monthly between June 2011 and July 2012. A total of 3,623 Chrysidoidea specimens of three families were collected: Bethylidae, with four genera and 3,396 individuals, representing 93.73% of the total collected; Chrysididae with 11 genera and 151 individuals (4.16%), and Dryinidae with five genera and 76 individuals (2.09%). In terms of abundance, the agroforestry was responsible for most of the individuals collected (n = 2029), followed by the conventional systems with 1,406 individuals and the transitional with 188. The most abundant genera were Epyris and Dissomphalus...

The Chrysidoidea Wasps (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) in Conventional Coffee Crops and Agroforestry Systems in Southeastern Brazil

Agroforestry systems represent the integration of agricultural crops with native vegetation. These systems are of great importance to minimize the agricultural impact in the land through intercropping of these vegetations. Despite of the importance of Chrysidoidea as parasitoids wasps associated with different groups of insects, there is no study comparing the assemblages of these hymenopterans in conventional and agroforestry systems in southeastern Brazil. The “Pontal do Paranapanema”, located in the extreme west of the state of São Paulo (Brazil), has historically been occupied by coffee crops and some small areas of agroforestry systems. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the abundance and composition of Chrysidoidea wasp fauna in different conventional coffee crops and agroforestry systems located in this region. To do so, we collected in six different localities in the “Pontal do Paranapanema” using a Malaise trap in each locality, with collections occurring monthly between June 2011 and July 2012. A total of 3,623 Chrysidoidea specimens of three families were collected: Bethylidae, with four genera and 3,396 individuals, representing 93.73% of the total collected; Chrysididae with 11 genera and 151 individuals (4.16%), and Dryinidae with five genera and 76 individuals (2.09%). In terms of abundance, the agroforestry was responsible for most of the individuals collected (n = 2029), followed by the conventional systems with 1,406 individuals and the transitional with 188. The most abundant genera were Epyris and Dissomphalus...(AU)

Efeito do fogo na vegetação espontânea em sistema agroflorestal, Pará, Brasil / Effect of fire in weeds of agroforestry system, Pará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fogo na estrutura, composição florística e diversidade da vegetação espontânea em um sistema agroflorestal com dois tipos de preparo da área: com e sem queima. O sistema agroflorestal foi composto pelas espécies: paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum), açaí (Euterpe oleracea) e cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum). Para a amostragem da flora da vegetação espontânea, utilizou-se um gabarito de madeira de 0,25 m2, lançado, aleatoriamente, 20 vezes em cada área avaliada. Foram calculadas a diversidade de espécies (Índice de diversidade de Shannon) e taxa de cobertura da  vegetação espontânea. As espécies inventariadas foram coletadas e enviadas para identificação nos herbários da região. A diversidade de espécies não diferiu estatisticamente nos dois tratamentos. Porém, a maior taxa de cobertura de vegetação espontânea foi observada na área preparada com o uso do fogo. A composição florística da vegetação espontânea apresentou somente 32,3% de similaridade entre as duas áreas. A espécie que apresentou maior importância na flora emergente em ambas as áreas foi Myrciaria tenella (DC.) O. Berg. O fogo influenciou na composição florística e na taxa de cobertura da vegetação espontânea nas áreas avaliadas.(AU)

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of fire on the structure, floristic composition, and diversity of weeds in an agroforestry system with two types of preparation of the area: with and without burning. The agroforestry system was composed of the species: Schizolobium amazonicum, Euterpeoleracea, and Theobroma grandiflorum. For the sampling of the vegetation of the weeds, a wooden template of 0.25 m2 was used, randomly launched 20 times in each area assessed. The diversity of species (Shannon Diversity Index) and vegetation cover rate were calculated. The inventoried species were collected and sent for identification in the herbariums of the region. The diversity of species did not differ statistically in the two treatments. However, the highest rate of spontaneous vegetation cover was observed in the area prepared with the use of fire. The floristic composition of the spontaneous vegetationpresented only 32.3% of similarity between the two areas. The species that showed major importance in the emergent flora in both areas was Myrciaria tenella. Fire influenced the floristic composition and vegetation cover rate in the assessed areas.(AU)

Efeito do fogo na vegetação espontânea em sistema agroflorestal, Pará, Brasil / Effect of fire in weeds of agroforestry system, Pará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fogo na estrutura, composição florística e diversidade da vegetação espontânea em um sistema agroflorestal com dois tipos de preparo da área: com e sem queima. O sistema agroflorestal foi composto pelas espécies: paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum), açaí (Euterpe oleracea) e cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum). Para a amostragem da flora da vegetação espontânea, utilizou-se um gabarito de madeira de 0,25 m2, lançado, aleatoriamente, 20 vezes em cada área avaliada. Foram calculadas a diversidade de espécies (Índice de diversidade de Shannon) e taxa de cobertura da  vegetação espontânea. As espécies inventariadas foram coletadas e enviadas para identificação nos herbários da região. A diversidade de espécies não diferiu estatisticamente nos dois tratamentos. Porém, a maior taxa de cobertura de vegetação espontânea foi observada na área preparada com o uso do fogo. A composição florística da vegetação espontânea apresentou somente 32,3% de similaridade entre as duas áreas. A espécie que apresentou maior importância na flora emergente em ambas as áreas foi Myrciaria tenella (DC.) O. Berg. O fogo influenciou na composição florística e na taxa de cobertura da vegetação espontânea nas áreas avaliadas.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of fire on the structure, floristic composition, and diversity of weeds in an agroforestry system with two types of preparation of the area: with and without burning. The agroforestry system was composed of the species: Schizolobium amazonicum, Euterpeoleracea, and Theobroma grandiflorum. For the sampling of the vegetation of the weeds, a wooden template of 0.25 m2 was used, randomly launched 20 times in each area assessed. The diversity of species (Shannon Diversity Index) and vegetation cover rate were calculated. The inventoried species were collected and sent for identification in the herbariums of the region. The diversity of species did not differ statistically in the two treatments. However, the highest rate of spontaneous vegetation cover was observed in the area prepared with the use of fire. The floristic composition of the spontaneous vegetationpresented only 32.3% of similarity between the two areas. The species that showed major importance in the emergent flora in both areas was Myrciaria tenella. Fire influenced the floristic composition and vegetation cover rate in the assessed areas.

Agricultural potential and soil use based on the pedogenetic properties of soils from the cerrado-caatinga transition / Aptidão agrícola e uso do solo baseado nas propriedades pedogenéticas de solos da transição cerrado-caatinga

The sustainable use of soil requires a broad knowledge of its genesis, morphology, properties, and distribution in the landscape. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the pedogenetic attributes of representative soils from the cerrado-caatinga transition of the Gurguéia river basin to indicate their agricultural potential and limitations for the implementation of agroforestry systems. National and international soil classification systems were used to define the soil classes. The limiting factors and agricultural potential were characterized following the evaluation system of the agricultural potential of Brazilian land. In general, profiles 1, 3, 5, and 6 had a low nutrient budget and a sandy to loam texture. Profiles 2, 4, and 7 showed high clay content and nutrient budget. The soil profiles were classified as Ustic Quartzipsamments, Udic Haplusterts, Xanthic Haplustox, Arenic Kanhaplustults, Typic Haplustox, and Aridic Dystrustept based on their pedogenetic characteristics. Udic Haplusterts and Arenic Kanhaplustults soils display restrictions regarding the planting of forests owing to oxygen and soil depth limitations. The other soil classes had adequate physical properties for the implementation of agricultural systems and pastures, including good drainage and medium texture; however, they had low natural fertility, and thus require technologies for soil acidity correction and fertilization. Ustic Quartzipsamments and Ustic soils require the implementation of conservation systems, such as agroforestry, to avoid degradation.(AU)

O uso do solo de forma sustentável requer um amplo conhecimento sobre sua gênese, morfologia, propriedades e distribuição na paisagem. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa realizar a caracterização pedogenética dos solos representativos da transição cerrado-caatinga da bacia hidrográfica do rio Gurguéia a fim de indicar sua aptidão e limitações para a implantação de sistemas agroflorestais. A caracterização baseou-se no estudo morfológico e na análise química e física dos horizontes de sete perfis de solos. Os sistemas de classificação de solos nacional e internacional foram utilizados para definir as classes de solos existentes na área pesquisada. Os fatores limitantes e a aptidão agrícola dos solos foram caracterizados conforme preposto no sistema de avaliação da aptidão agrícola de terras do Brasil. De forma geral, os perfis 1, 3, 5 e 6 apresentam baixa reserva de nutrientes e textura arenosa a média. Os perfis 2, 4 e 7 possuem maiores teores de argila e maior reserva de nutriente. Diante das características pedogenéticas dos perfis, pôde-se classificar os perfis de solo como NEOSSOLO QUARTZARÊNICO Órtico latossólico; VERTISSOLO HIDROMÓRFICO Órtico típico, LATOSSOLO AMARELO Distrófico típico, ARGISSOLO AMARELO Distrófico Abrúptico, LATOSSOLO VERMELHOAMARELO Distrófico argissólico e CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Tb Eutrófico típico respectivamente. Os VERTISSOLOS e CAMBISSOLOS presentam restrições a implantação de florestas devido à restrição de oxigênio e restrição a profundidade do solo. As demais classes de solos apresentaram propriedades físicas adequadas para a implantação de sistemas agrícolas e pastagens, incluindo boa drenagem e textura média; no entanto, tinham baixa fertilidade natural e, portanto, requerem correção da acidez do solo e adubação. Os solos NEOSSOLOS e ARGISSOLOS requerem a implementação de sistemas de conservação, como as agroflorestas, para evitar sua degradação.(AU)