An anatomical training model for cerebrospinal liquid collection and myelography in embalmed dog cadavers / Modelo anatômico para treinamento de colheita de líquido cerebroespinhal e mielografia em cadáveres de cães quimicamente preparados

In research and academic activities, guidelines are essential and imperative especially on the use of animals. Alternative methods that do not bring academic or scientific harm should also be sought. This study aimed to develop a training model for the collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and myelography in the cervical and lumbar regions in cadavers of embalmed dogs, using an alcoholic solution and curing salts for fixation and conservation. The dogs were divided into 4 grups of 8 animal each and stored between 2ºC and 6ºC, for 30, 60, 90, or 120 days. Durotomy was performed to implant two urethral catheters (one in the cranial direction and another in the caudal direction to the spinal cord access site), in the subduraracnoid space. This space was fixed via manual infusion of saline solution with a 20-mL syringe to simulate the presence of the CSF and the positive pressure, while the puncture was made. Four cadavers of each group were randomly selected for the CSF puncture from the atlantooccipital joint and in the lumbar region between L5 and L6, respectively, and four were used for CSF puncture training, in which radiographic contrast (myelography) was injected in the same locations. This model was cost-effective, did not utilize toxic products, and can preserve cadavers for up to 120 days. In this novel anatomical model, a maximum of 15 students can be trained on CSF puncture, allowing cervical and lumbar myelography and at least 30 perforations per cadaver.

É essencial e imperioso ter critério quanto ao uso de animais em pesquisa e atividades de ensino e, consequentemente, buscar métodos alternativos que não causem prejuízo acadêmico ou científico. Para que não ocorra deterioração dos tecidos, a fixação e conservação de peças anatômicas e cadáveres devem ser realizadas. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, desenvolver um modelo anatômico para treinamento de colheita de líquido cerebroespinhal (LCE) e mielografia, nas regiões cervical e lombar. Os cães foram divididos em quatro grupos contendo oito animais cada e armazenados entre 2ºC e 6ºC, por 30, 60, 90 ou 120 dias. Foi realizada durotomia para implantação de duas sondas uretrais, no espaço subaracnóide. A infusão manual de solução fisiológica com seringa de 20 mL foi utilizada para simular a presença do LCE e a pressão positiva, enquanto era feita a punção. Quatro cadáveres de cada grupo foram selecionados para a punção de LCE na articulação atlantooccipital e na região lombar entre L5 e L6, e quatro foram utilizados para o treinamento da punção de LCE e injeção de contraste radiográfico (mielografia). A técnica anatômica empregada possibilitou o desenvolvimento de um modelo visando ao ensino e pesquisa da radiologia em cadáveres de cães quimicamente preparados, a custo baixo e sem utilização de produtos tóxicos, mantidos sob refrigeração por 120 dias. Com isso, um máximo de 15 alunos podem ser treinados em punção do LCR, permitindo mielografia cervical e lombar com 30 perfurações por cadáver.

Transmissible extragenital venereal tumor in impuberal canine

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is commonly observed in the external reproductive organs of sexually active canines. However, this tumor can unusually be identified in young dogs which have not reached reproductive capacity. In these latter animals, the tumor presentation is located in regions distant from the genitalia as integument and mucous membranes of body cavities. This study aimed to describe a case of TVT in a puppy dog. A seven month old female dog of the Labrador breed, had disseminated nodules in the skin and left conjunctival mucosa. Cytological examination of theproliferation was chosen, which led to the diagnosis of TVT. Since the dog showed no genital lesions, as she was impuberal,this was considered as an extragenital case. Chemotherapy protocol was established with vincristine sulfate, with completeremission of the lesion at the end of the fourth session. Later there was recurrence of the cutaneous TVT, being employedsalvage therapy with vinblastine. However there was tumor resistance to such a drug. Surgical excision of the recurrentlesion was performed. It was demonstrated that TVT may also be adapted to other tissues and affect not only dogs atreproductive age, but also those at the pre-pubertal age.

Transmissible extragenital venereal tumor in impuberal canine

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is commonly observed in the external reproductive organs of sexually active canines. However, this tumor can unusually be identified in young dogs which have not reached reproductive capacity. In these latter animals, the tumor presentation is located in regions distant from the genitalia as integument and mucous membranes of body cavities. This study aimed to describe a case of TVT in a puppy dog. A seven month old female dog of the Labrador breed, had disseminated nodules in the skin and left conjunctival mucosa. Cytological examination of theproliferation was chosen, which led to the diagnosis of TVT. Since the dog showed no genital lesions, as she was impuberal,this was considered as an extragenital case. Chemotherapy protocol was established with vincristine sulfate, with completeremission of the lesion at the end of the fourth session. Later there was recurrence of the cutaneous TVT, being employedsalvage therapy with vinblastine. However there was tumor resistance to such a drug. Surgical excision of the recurrentlesion was performed. It was demonstrated that TVT may also be adapted to other tissues and affect not only dogs atreproductive age, but also those at the pre-pubertal age.(AU)

ESTIMATIVA DA PRODUÇÃO DE CALOR E DE METANO ENTÉRICO ATRAVÉS DA TERMOGRAFIA INFRAVERMELHA POTENCIAL DE USO EM VACAS HOLANDÊS E GIROLANDO F1

O desenvolvimento de tecnologias alternativas para facilitar a mensuração da produção de calor e de metano em animais é necessário e deve trazer efeitos positivos para a indústria de produção animal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi correlacionar a temperatura em pontos anatômicos mensurados através de termografia infravermelha com a produção de calor e a emissão de metano em vacas Holandês e mestiças Holandês x Gir. Seis vacas mestiças Holandês e Gir e quatro vacas Holandês no período médio da lactação, primíparas, foram avaliadas quanto à produção de calor e à emissão de metano diárias, por calorimetria indireta, em câmaras respirométricas. A termografia foi feita nas regiões do ânus, da vulva, da costela (no lado direito), do flanco direito, do flanco esquerdo, da pata dianteira direita, do lábio superior, do masseter e do olho. As imagens termográficas foram tomadas nesses nove pontos anatômicos anteriormente citados, a cada hora, por oito horas após a alimentação da manhã, durante cinco dias. Durante todo o experimento, as vacas receberam a mesma dieta ad libitum e a produção de leite e o consumo foram registrados diariamente. O estudo compreendeu 40 dias, incluindo os dias de adaptação dos animais às câmaras respirométricas. A produção diária de metano foi associada com a termografia infravermelha do olho na hora 6 após a alimentação em vacas mestiças Holandês x Gir (r=0,85, p<0,05) e com a termografia infravermelha do olho feita na hora 5 em vacas Holandês (r=0,88, p<0,05). Além disso, a produção de calor foi correlacionada com a termografia infravermelha da pata dianteira direita uma hora após a alimentação em vacas Girolando F1 (r=0.85, p<0.05) e com a termografia infravermelha do olho cinco horas após a alimentação em vacas Holandês (r=0,90, p<0,05). Esses resultados foram posteriormente confirmados usando análise de regressão. As correlações das imagens termográficas com a produção de calor e emissão de metano foram similares entre as vacas Holandês e as vacas Girolando F1. A termografia infravermelha é efetiva na avaliação da produção de calor e da emissão de metano de vacas em lactação Holandês e Girolando F1, embora realizadas em pontos anatômicos diferentes.

The development of alternative technologies that more easily assess heat and methane production of livestock animals are needed and would have positive effects on the livestock industry. The aim of this study was to correlate skin temperature assessed through infrared thermography with heat and methane production in lactating Holstein and Holstein x Gir crossbreed cows. Six Holstein and Gir crossbred and four Holstein cows, all primiparous, at midlactation were used to evaluate daily heat production and methane emissions through indirect calorimetry in respiratory chambers. Thermographic images were taken at nine different body locations every hour during eight hours after feeding for five days. Thermographic images were taken at the following regions: anus, vulva, ribs (on the right side), left flank, right flank, right front foot, upper lip, masseter and eye. During the whole trial cows received the same diet ad libitum, milk yield and feed intake were daily recorded. Data collection lasted 40 days, including adaptation of the animals to the respiratory chambers. Daily methane emission was correlated with infrared thermography taken at the eye six hours after feeding in Holstein x Gir crossbred cows (r=0.85, p<0.05) and with infrared thermography taken at the eye five hours after feeding in Holstein cows (r=0.88, p<0.05). Also, heat production was correlated with infrared thermography taken at the right front foot one hour after feeding in Holstein x Gir crossbred cows (r=0.85, p<0.05) and with infrared thermography taken at the eye five hours after feeding in Holstein cows (r=0.90, p<0.05). These results were further confirmed using regression analysis. Correlations between infrared thermography and heat production or methane emissions are similar for Holstein and Holstein x Gir crossbred. Infrared thermography is effective in assess heat production and methane emission in Holstein and Holstein x Gir crossbred lactation cows albeit taken in different anatomical points.