Uso de imagens para diagnóstico de afecções oculares - revisão de literatura / Use of images for the diagnosis of ocular pathologies - literature review / Uso de imágenes para el diagnóstico de patologías de los ojos - revisión de la literatura

La oftalmología veterinaria cubre el diagnóstico de alteraciones oculares primarias, perioculares y retrobulbares, así como sus manifestaciones sistémicas y secundarias, lo que es posible gracias a la evaluación completa del bulbo ocular, la órbita y las inserciones mediante un examen oftálmico completo y exámenes complementarios. Entre las pruebas de imagen que ayudan en el diagnóstico de patologías oculares, la ecografía se encuentra entre las pruebas de imagen más utilizadas en la rutina veterinaria, ayudando en la observación de anomalías retrobulbares y en la evaluación de estructuras bulbosas en presencia de medios transparentes opacos, por ejemplo. Además de la ecografía, existen otros tipos de exámenes, que incluyen tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética, angiografía, microscopía especular, angiografía, tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) y angiografía por tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT-A). Debido a los avances tecnológicos en la obtención de imágenes, la evaluación del globo ocular y de las estructuras orbitarias se puede realizar con mayor precisión, lo que favorece el diagnóstico y la elección terapéutica adecuada. El objetivo de esta revisión es enumerar las pruebas disponibles, sus principales indicaciones, así como su aplicabilidad y estudios en animales domésticos.

Veterinary ophthalmology covers the diagnosis of primary ocular, periocular and retrobulbar alterations, and also their systemic and secondary manifestations. That is possible through the complete clinic avaliation of ocular bulb, orbit and attachments and the use of complementary exams. Among the imaging exams that help in the diagnostics of ocular pathologies, ultrasound is one of the most used exams in the veterinary routine, assisting in the observation of retrobulbar abnormalities and bulbar structures when the transparency of the tissues is committed, for example. There are other modalities of imaging exams like computer tomography, magnetic resonance, angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography optical coherence tomography (OCT-A). Due to technology advances in images, the avaliation of ocular globe and orbital structures is more accurate, allowing accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment. The aim of this literature review is list the available exams and their indications, as well as their applicability and studies in domestic animals.

A oftalmologia veterinária abrange o diagnóstico das alterações oculares, perioculares e retrobulbares primárias, e também suas manifestações sistêmicas e secundárias, o que se torna possível a partir da avaliação completa do bulbo ocular, órbita e anexos por meio do exame oftálmico completo e de exames complementares. Dentre os exames de imagens que auxiliam no diagnóstico das afecções oculares, a ultrassonografia está entre os exames de imagem mais utilizados na rotina veterinária, auxiliando na observação de anormalidades retrobulbares e na avaliação das estruturas bulbares na presença de opacificação de meios transparentes, por exemplo. Além da ultrassonografia, existem outras modalidades de exames, dentre eles a tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética, angiografia, microscopia especular, tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT-A).  Em virtude dos avanços tecnológicos na obtenção de imagens, a avaliação globo ocular e das estruturas orbitárias pode ser realizada com maior precisão, o que favorece o diagnóstico e a escolha terapêutica adequada. Objetiva-se com esta revisão enumerar os exames disponíveis, suas principais indicações, bem como sua aplicabilidade e estudos em animais domésticos.

Uso de imagens para diagnóstico de afecções oculares - revisão de literatura / Use of images for the diagnosis of ocular pathologies - literature review / Uso de imágenes para el diagnóstico de patologías de los ojos - revisión de la literatura

La oftalmología veterinaria cubre el diagnóstico de alteraciones oculares primarias, perioculares y retrobulbares, así como sus manifestaciones sistémicas y secundarias, lo que es posible gracias a la evaluación completa del bulbo ocular, la órbita y las inserciones mediante un examen oftálmico completo y exámenes complementarios. Entre las pruebas de imagen que ayudan en el diagnóstico de patologías oculares, la ecografía se encuentra entre las pruebas de imagen más utilizadas en la rutina veterinaria, ayudando en la observación de anomalías retrobulbares y en la evaluación de estructuras bulbosas en presencia de medios transparentes opacos, por ejemplo. Además de la ecografía, existen otros tipos de exámenes, que incluyen tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética, angiografía, microscopía especular, angiografía, tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) y angiografía por tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT-A). Debido a los avances tecnológicos en la obtención de imágenes, la evaluación del globo ocular y de las estructuras orbitarias se puede realizar con mayor precisión, lo que favorece el diagnóstico y la elección terapéutica adecuada. El objetivo de esta revisión es enumerar las pruebas disponibles, sus principales indicaciones, así como su aplicabilidad y estudios en animales domésticos.(AU)

Veterinary ophthalmology covers the diagnosis of primary ocular, periocular and retrobulbar alterations, and also their systemic and secondary manifestations. That is possible through the complete clinic avaliation of ocular bulb, orbit and attachments and the use of complementary exams. Among the imaging exams that help in the diagnostics of ocular pathologies, ultrasound is one of the most used exams in the veterinary routine, assisting in the observation of retrobulbar abnormalities and bulbar structures when the transparency of the tissues is committed, for example. There are other modalities of imaging exams like computer tomography, magnetic resonance, angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography optical coherence tomography (OCT-A). Due to technology advances in images, the avaliation of ocular globe and orbital structures is more accurate, allowing accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment. The aim of this literature review is list the available exams and their indications, as well as their applicability and studies in domestic animals.(AU)

A oftalmologia veterinária abrange o diagnóstico das alterações oculares, perioculares e retrobulbares primárias, e também suas manifestações sistêmicas e secundárias, o que se torna possível a partir da avaliação completa do bulbo ocular, órbita e anexos por meio do exame oftálmico completo e de exames complementares. Dentre os exames de imagens que auxiliam no diagnóstico das afecções oculares, a ultrassonografia está entre os exames de imagem mais utilizados na rotina veterinária, auxiliando na observação de anormalidades retrobulbares e na avaliação das estruturas bulbares na presença de opacificação de meios transparentes, por exemplo. Além da ultrassonografia, existem outras modalidades de exames, dentre eles a tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética, angiografia, microscopia especular, tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT-A).  Em virtude dos avanços tecnológicos na obtenção de imagens, a avaliação globo ocular e das estruturas orbitárias pode ser realizada com maior precisão, o que favorece o diagnóstico e a escolha terapêutica adequada. Objetiva-se com esta revisão enumerar os exames disponíveis, suas principais indicações, bem como sua aplicabilidade e estudos em animais domésticos.(AU)

Bullous keratopathy in a dog treated with third eyelid flap and autologous serum eye drops

Background: Bullous Keratopathy (BK) is characterized by decompensation of the corneal stroma resulting in visual impairment by corneal opacity, discomfort, excessive tearing, blepharospasm and pain. The aim of this study was to report a case of BK in a dog and the complete recovery of the ocular structure and visual function, with a third eyelid flap associated with the use of autologous blood serum topically. Case: A 2-year-old Shih Tzu male dog, weighing 4.3 kg, with recurrent bilateral eye discomfort was brought to Ophthalmologist Veterinarian Assistance. The patient had already been seen by other veterinarians, but the signs returned in a short period of time after the prescription was suspended. During physical examination it was observed moderate blepharospasm in the right eye, epiphora in the left eye, and in both eyes was noted exophthalmos, medial corneal entropion, caruncle trichiasis and ectopic cilia in the upper and lower eyelids. Fluorescein test was positive in both eyes, and a large bullous, opaque and gelatinous lesion with irregular appearance was observed occupying a large part of the cornea of the right eye. Superficial corneal ulcer was diagnosed in left eye and BK in right eye, both probably in consequence of ectopic cilia presence. Surgical intervention was made, with the cauterization and excision of the ectopic cilia and third eyelid flap in the right eye. The cauterization of caruncle trichiasis was not authorized by the owner. Moxifloxacin eye drops in the dose of one drop four times a day in both eyes, lubricant based on hyaluronic acid in the dose of one drop four times a day in both eyes, and autogenous blood serum, obtained from the centrifugation of a blood sample of the dog itself, in the dose of one drop every hour in the right eye for 24 h, and meloxicam in the dose of...

Bullous keratopathy in a dog treated with third eyelid flap and autologous serum eye drops

Background: Bullous Keratopathy (BK) is characterized by decompensation of the corneal stroma resulting in visual impairment by corneal opacity, discomfort, excessive tearing, blepharospasm and pain. The aim of this study was to report a case of BK in a dog and the complete recovery of the ocular structure and visual function, with a third eyelid flap associated with the use of autologous blood serum topically. Case: A 2-year-old Shih Tzu male dog, weighing 4.3 kg, with recurrent bilateral eye discomfort was brought to Ophthalmologist Veterinarian Assistance. The patient had already been seen by other veterinarians, but the signs returned in a short period of time after the prescription was suspended. During physical examination it was observed moderate blepharospasm in the right eye, epiphora in the left eye, and in both eyes was noted exophthalmos, medial corneal entropion, caruncle trichiasis and ectopic cilia in the upper and lower eyelids. Fluorescein test was positive in both eyes, and a large bullous, opaque and gelatinous lesion with irregular appearance was observed occupying a large part of the cornea of the right eye. Superficial corneal ulcer was diagnosed in left eye and BK in right eye, both probably in consequence of ectopic cilia presence. Surgical intervention was made, with the cauterization and excision of the ectopic cilia and third eyelid flap in the right eye. The cauterization of caruncle trichiasis was not authorized by the owner. Moxifloxacin eye drops in the dose of one drop four times a day in both eyes, lubricant based on hyaluronic acid in the dose of one drop four times a day in both eyes, and autogenous blood serum, obtained from the centrifugation of a blood sample of the dog itself, in the dose of one drop every hour in the right eye for 24 h, and meloxicam in the dose of...(AU)

Abordagem clínico-cirúrgica de desvio portossistêmico congênito em pequenos animais: quais as novidades? / Clinical and surgical approach of congenital portosystemic shunt in small animals: are there new informations?

Foi realizada uma revisão sobre a fisiopatogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e principais tratamentos e técnicas para o desvio portossistêmico em pequenos animais. As fontes pesquisadas foram: CAB, MEDILINE por um período retrospectivo de 20 anos e acervos da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). O desvio portossistêmico congênito (DPSC) é uma das anormalidades vasculares mais comuns em cães, as raças de pequeno porte apresentam maior incidência. Os DPSCs em cães e gatos são comunicações vasculares que ocorrem do sistema venoso portal para o sistema venoso sistêmico, ou seja, fazem uma via secundária. Há dois tipos de DPSCs, intra-hepático e extra-hepático, observados com frequência em raças de grande porte e miniaturas, respectivamente. O diagnóstico é baseado no histórico de animais jovens com retardo de crescimento, letargia, convulsão ou distúrbio de comportamento principalmente após alimentação, retorno demorado de anestesia ou sedação, crise de encefalopatia hepática, em raças predispostas. A confirmação do vaso anômalo é realizada pela ultrassonografia com doppler, angiografia por tomografia computadorizada ou por ressonância magnética.(AU)

It was performed a review of pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnostic and main treatments and techniques for portosystemic shunts in small animals. The researched Sources were: a 20 years retrospective research of CAB, MEDILINE and collection of Faculty of MedicineVeterinary and Animal Science (FMVZ) of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Congenital portossystemic shunts (CPSS) are one of the vascular abnormalities more common in dogs. Small breeds are the most affected. The CPSS in dogs and cats, are vascular communications between portal venous system and systemic venous system, in other words, a secondary via. There are two types of CPSS, the intrahepatic and extrahepatic shunts, observed in large and small breeds, respectively. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings of young dogs referring delayed development, lethargy, convulsions, behavior disturbances mainly after food ingestion, poor recovery after anesthesia or sedation, hepatic encephalopathy crisis observed breeds with predisposition. Definitive diagnosis of CPSS is done by abdominal doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance. Medical management can alleviate signs of hepatic encephalopathy. However, long term treatment is questionable because blood circulation is still bypassing liver to systemic circulation, leading to disturbance of hepatotropic factors distribution to the liver, resulting in liver atrophy. The only definitive treatment is the surgical one. The ideal technique is the progressive attenuation of anomalous vessel and avoid acute portal hypertension. Within the described techniques for surgical treatment, the use of ameroid constrictor represents the safest way of vessel closure. On the other way, some CPS patients can suffer severe perioperative complications. So they need specific clinical and surgical approaches associated to precise image diagnostic to correct localization of the anomalous vessel and surgical success.(AU)

Abordagem clínico-cirúrgica de desvio portossistêmico congênito em pequenos animais: quais as novidades? / Clinical and surgical approach of congenital portosystemic shunt in small animals: are there new informations?

Foi realizada uma revisão sobre a fisiopatogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e principais tratamentos e técnicas para o desvio portossistêmico em pequenos animais. As fontes pesquisadas foram: CAB, MEDILINE por um período retrospectivo de 20 anos e acervos da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). O desvio portossistêmico congênito (DPSC) é uma das anormalidades vasculares mais comuns em cães, as raças de pequeno porte apresentam maior incidência. Os DPSCs em cães e gatos são comunicações vasculares que ocorrem do sistema venoso portal para o sistema venoso sistêmico, ou seja, fazem uma via secundária. Há dois tipos de DPSCs, intra-hepático e extra-hepático, observados com frequência em raças de grande porte e miniaturas, respectivamente. O diagnóstico é baseado no histórico de animais jovens com retardo de crescimento, letargia, convulsão ou distúrbio de comportamento principalmente após alimentação, retorno demorado de anestesia ou sedação, crise de encefalopatia hepática, em raças predispostas. A confirmação do vaso anômalo é realizada pela ultrassonografia com doppler, angiografia por tomografia computadorizada ou por ressonância magnética.

It was performed a review of pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnostic and main treatments and techniques for portosystemic shunts in small animals. The researched Sources were: a 20 years retrospective research of CAB, MEDILINE and collection of Faculty of MedicineVeterinary and Animal Science (FMVZ) of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Congenital portossystemic shunts (CPSS) are one of the vascular abnormalities more common in dogs. Small breeds are the most affected. The CPSS in dogs and cats, are vascular communications between portal venous system and systemic venous system, in other words, a secondary via. There are two types of CPSS, the intrahepatic and extrahepatic shunts, observed in large and small breeds, respectively. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings of young dogs referring delayed development, lethargy, convulsions, behavior disturbances mainly after food ingestion, poor recovery after anesthesia or sedation, hepatic encephalopathy crisis observed breeds with predisposition. Definitive diagnosis of CPSS is done by abdominal doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance. Medical management can alleviate signs of hepatic encephalopathy. However, long term treatment is questionable because blood circulation is still bypassing liver to systemic circulation, leading to disturbance of hepatotropic factors distribution to the liver, resulting in liver atrophy. The only definitive treatment is the surgical one. The ideal technique is the progressive attenuation of anomalous vessel and avoid acute portal hypertension. Within the described techniques for surgical treatment, the use of ameroid constrictor represents the safest way of vessel closure. On the other way, some CPS patients can suffer severe perioperative complications. So they need specific clinical and surgical approaches associated to precise image diagnostic to correct localization of the anomalous vessel and surgical success.

Tomografia e angiotomografia computadorizada post mortem (tcpm e atcpm): revisão de literatura / Tomography and post mortem computer angiotomography (tcpm and atcpm): literature review

A descoberta dos raios-X por Wilhelm Roentgen em 1895 originou o campo da radiologia. O emprego de radiografias para o estudo em cadáveres foi introduzido em 1898 e utilizado durante décadas por patologistas. A virtopsia consiste na utilização de modalidades de imagem, tais como tomografia e angiotomografia computadorizada; ressonância magnética e técnicas minimamente invasivas como método complementar, triagem ou até mesmo substituição de autopsias convencionais. Em Medicina Veterinária, poucos artigos foram publicados a respeito e, portanto, apresenta uma perspectiva de estudos inovadores sobre o tema. Esta revisão de literatura tem por objetivo apresentar o cenário da tomografia e angiotomografia computadorizadas post mortem na Medicina e na Medicina Veterinária, contribuindo para a literatura sobre essa nova modalidade de interação entre o diagnóstico por imagem e a patologia.

The discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895 originated the field of radiology. The use of x-rays to assist autopsy was introduced in 1898 and used for decades by pathologists. Virtopsia consists of the use of imaging modalities, such as, tomography and angiotomography computed, magnetic resonance imaging and minimally invasive techniques post mortem as a complementary method, screening or even replacement of conventional autopsies. In veterinary medicine, few articles have been published about it and, therefore, present a perspective of innovative studies on the subject. This literature review aims to present the scenario of tomography and angiotomography computed post mortem in medicine and veterinary medicine, contributing to the literature on this new modality of interaction between Diagnostic imaging and Pathology.

Tomografia e angiotomografia computadorizada post mortem (tcpm e atcpm): revisão de literatura / Tomography and post mortem computer angiotomography (tcpm and atcpm): literature review

A descoberta dos raios-X por Wilhelm Roentgen em 1895 originou o campo da radiologia. O emprego de radiografias para o estudo em cadáveres foi introduzido em 1898 e utilizado durante décadas por patologistas. A virtopsia consiste na utilização de modalidades de imagem, tais como tomografia e angiotomografia computadorizada; ressonância magnética e técnicas minimamente invasivas como método complementar, triagem ou até mesmo substituição de autopsias convencionais. Em Medicina Veterinária, poucos artigos foram publicados a respeito e, portanto, apresenta uma perspectiva de estudos inovadores sobre o tema. Esta revisão de literatura tem por objetivo apresentar o cenário da tomografia e angiotomografia computadorizadas post mortem na Medicina e na Medicina Veterinária, contribuindo para a literatura sobre essa nova modalidade de interação entre o diagnóstico por imagem e a patologia.(AU)

The discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895 originated the field of radiology. The use of x-rays to assist autopsy was introduced in 1898 and used for decades by pathologists. Virtopsia consists of the use of imaging modalities, such as, tomography and angiotomography computed, magnetic resonance imaging and minimally invasive techniques post mortem as a complementary method, screening or even replacement of conventional autopsies. In veterinary medicine, few articles have been published about it and, therefore, present a perspective of innovative studies on the subject. This literature review aims to present the scenario of tomography and angiotomography computed post mortem in medicine and veterinary medicine, contributing to the literature on this new modality of interaction between Diagnostic imaging and Pathology.(AU)

Anatomical and imagistic aspects of the aortic arch in Chinchilla lanigera

Background: The investigation on the cardiocirculatory system in chinchilla has become increasingly important due to the use of the species in experimental medicine (toxicology, pathology, parasitology etc.). Even though initially this species was regarded with a strict economic interest, in the last period, chinchillas have become an increasingly-encountered patient in veterinary clinics and hospitals. Another aspect is the use of the species in medical research, as experimental model or in parasitology. The present study tackles a combined anatomical and radiological (angiographical) study to accurately describe the vascular anatomy of the initial part of the aortic arch (Arcus aortae).Materials, Methods & Results: The anatomical distribution of collaterals detached from arcus aorticus (brachiocephalic trunk and subclavian arteries) are highlighted in this paper. To do that, the classical stratigraphic anatomical investigation, followed by the radiological study with the help of the contrast substance injected into the vascular bed were used in combination. Several Chinchilla lanigera female carcasses, obtained from a private commercial farming unit in Cluj county, Romania were used for this study. Ten carcasses were used for the anatomical study, being injected into the vascular bed with a mixture of latex and acrylic dye, fixated into formaldehyde 5% and later dissected, while the other ten carcasses were injected at the level of the aortic arch with Visipaque 320 contrast substance and subjected to the angiographical procedure.The anatomical investigation was carried after an initial 5 day-fixation period, while the angiographic procedure was initiated using the TEMCO Grx-01 device and the Veterinary Digital Imaging System® as digital imaging processing software. This combined study shows the differential mode of emergence of the subclavian and carotid arteries in this species.[...]

Anatomical and imagistic aspects of the aortic arch in Chinchilla lanigera

Background: The investigation on the cardiocirculatory system in chinchilla has become increasingly important due to the use of the species in experimental medicine (toxicology, pathology, parasitology etc.). Even though initially this species was regarded with a strict economic interest, in the last period, chinchillas have become an increasingly-encountered patient in veterinary clinics and hospitals. Another aspect is the use of the species in medical research, as experimental model or in parasitology. The present study tackles a combined anatomical and radiological (angiographical) study to accurately describe the vascular anatomy of the initial part of the aortic arch (Arcus aortae).Materials, Methods & Results: The anatomical distribution of collaterals detached from arcus aorticus (brachiocephalic trunk and subclavian arteries) are highlighted in this paper. To do that, the classical stratigraphic anatomical investigation, followed by the radiological study with the help of the contrast substance injected into the vascular bed were used in combination. Several Chinchilla lanigera female carcasses, obtained from a private commercial farming unit in Cluj county, Romania were used for this study. Ten carcasses were used for the anatomical study, being injected into the vascular bed with a mixture of latex and acrylic dye, fixated into formaldehyde 5% and later dissected, while the other ten carcasses were injected at the level of the aortic arch with Visipaque 320 contrast substance and subjected to the angiographical procedure.The anatomical investigation was carried after an initial 5 day-fixation period, while the angiographic procedure was initiated using the TEMCO Grx-01 device and the Veterinary Digital Imaging System® as digital imaging processing software. This combined study shows the differential mode of emergence of the subclavian and carotid arteries in this species.[...](AU)

Angiografia dos dígitos de bovinos jovens antes e após indução de acidose ruminal / Digital angiography in young cattle before and after ruminal acidosis induction

O presente estudo objetivou descrever a rede vascular dos dígitos dos membros pélvicos de bovinos antes e após aplicação intrarruminal de oligofrutose, empregando a venografia. Utilizaram-se seis bovinos alocados em dois grupos (GI e GII), que receberam 13 e 17g/kg de oligofrutose, respectivamente. A venografia dos dígitos foi feita em quatro momentos: 15 dias antes (M0) e 36 horas (M1), sete dias (M2) e 30 dias (M3) após aplicação de oligofrutose. Mensurou-se a largura das veias visualizadas e avaliou-se possível supressão do fluxo sanguíneo dos vasos. A largura foi avaliada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo teste t (5%). Em M0, nas radiografias, foram identificadas 25 estruturas, incluindo veias, artérias e rede vascular. As veias mensuradas foram: digital dorsal comum III e dorsal da falange distal e os ramos plantares para o coxim digital do dígito lateral e medial. Apenas a v. digital dorsal comum III apresentou maior largura após 36 horas e constrição com 30 dias (P≤0,05) da aplicação de oligofrutose. Comparando-se os momentos, encontrou-se vasodilatação no M1 e vasoconstrição nos demais. A mensuração da largura dos vasos não sofreu (P≥0,05) interferência quando se compararam os grupos. Concluiu-se que a venografia dos dígitos de bovinos permite estudar e identificar alterações da vascularização.(AU)

The objective of this study was to describe vascular net of bovine digit before and after intrarruminal administration of oligofructose, with the use of venography. Six animals sorted in two groups (GI and GII) that received 13 and 17g/kg of oligofructose respectively were used. Digits venography were done in four moments: 15 days before (M0) and 36 hours (M1), seven days (M2) and 30 days (M3) after administration of oligofructose. Width of visualized veins and evaluated possible blood flow vessels suppression was measured. The width was evaluated by ANOVA and T test (5%). In M0 25 structures were identified, including veins, arteries and vascular net in radiographic images. Veins measured were: common digital III and dorsal of distal phalanx and plantar branches to digital cushion of lateral and medial digits. Only V. digital dorsal common III presented higher width after 36 hours and constriction with 30 days (P≤0.05) of oligofructose administration. Comparing moments, vessel dilation on M1 and constriction on other moments. Measurement of vessel width didn´t suffer interference when groups were compared. Venography of bovine digits allowed for the study and identification of changes in vascularization.(AU)

Angiografia dos dígitos de bovinos jovens antes e após indução de acidose ruminal / Digital angiography in young cattle before and after ruminal acidosis induction

O presente estudo objetivou descrever a rede vascular dos dígitos dos membros pélvicos de bovinos antes e após aplicação intrarruminal de oligofrutose, empregando a venografia. Utilizaram-se seis bovinos alocados em dois grupos (GI e GII), que receberam 13 e 17g/kg de oligofrutose, respectivamente. A venografia dos dígitos foi feita em quatro momentos: 15 dias antes (M0) e 36 horas (M1), sete dias (M2) e 30 dias (M3) após aplicação de oligofrutose. Mensurou-se a largura das veias visualizadas e avaliou-se possível supressão do fluxo sanguíneo dos vasos. A largura foi avaliada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo teste t (5%). Em M0, nas radiografias, foram identificadas 25 estruturas, incluindo veias, artérias e rede vascular. As veias mensuradas foram: digital dorsal comum III e dorsal da falange distal e os ramos plantares para o coxim digital do dígito lateral e medial. Apenas a v. digital dorsal comum III apresentou maior largura após 36 horas e constrição com 30 dias (P≤0,05) da aplicação de oligofrutose. Comparando-se os momentos, encontrou-se vasodilatação no M1 e vasoconstrição nos demais. A mensuração da largura dos vasos não sofreu (P≥0,05) interferência quando se compararam os grupos. Concluiu-se que a venografia dos dígitos de bovinos permite estudar e identificar alterações da vascularização.(AU)

The objective of this study was to describe vascular net of bovine digit before and after intrarruminal administration of oligofructose, with the use of venography. Six animals sorted in two groups (GI and GII) that received 13 and 17g/kg of oligofructose respectively were used. Digits venography were done in four moments: 15 days before (M0) and 36 hours (M1), seven days (M2) and 30 days (M3) after administration of oligofructose. Width of visualized veins and evaluated possible blood flow vessels suppression was measured. The width was evaluated by ANOVA and T test (5%). In M0 25 structures were identified, including veins, arteries and vascular net in radiographic images. Veins measured were: common digital III and dorsal of distal phalanx and plantar branches to digital cushion of lateral and medial digits. Only V. digital dorsal common III presented higher width after 36 hours and constriction with 30 days (P≤0.05) of oligofructose administration. Comparing moments, vessel dilation on M1 and constriction on other moments. Measurement of vessel width didn´t suffer interference when groups were compared. Venography of bovine digits allowed for the study and identification of changes in vascularization.(AU)

Auricular pavilion arteriography in cattle / Arteriografia do pavilhão auricular bovino

Although bovine auricular pavilion has been considered to have large surface vessels, descriptions of its vascularization are scarce. Notwithstanding this region has been used as an alternative route of administration of drugs. With help of an Anatomical specimen, arteriography and dissection have revealed a vast vascular network in the auricle. In this sense, once considered, this knowledge is capable of minimizing prospective complications from the unsuitable use of this region for therapeutic and anesthetic procedures. This study aimed to standardize and describe the arteriography of bovine auricular pavilion in order to acquire a greater knowledge about the local vasculature. Five steers, about one-year-old and weighing about 200 kg, were used, among which three Holstein x Gir crossbred and two Gir purebred. None had lesions in the ear. Of these, two animals were submitted to the standardization of procedures for arteriographies; two others underwent the examination itself. Another bovine, from necroscopy, was subjected to dissection of the ear. The arteriographic images and anatomic dissection pictures were compared to describe anatomical relationships. Arteriography enabled the visualization of lateral, lateral intermediate, intermediate, medial intermediate auricular branches, as well as the medial auricular branch. Conversely, the dissection of the superficial cervicoauricular muscle, between the auricular pavilion and the cornual process base, indicated a poor subcutaneous vascularizationof this region, contrasting the rich vascularization near the auricular pavilion. The auricular pavilionarteriography identified a complex vascular network, which in terms of a practical application precludesthe administration of slow-absorption drugs in this area. Nevertheless, the dissection images showed thepoor subcutaneous vascularization of superficial cervicoauricular muscle surrounding area, making this site more favorable for the administration of long...(AU)

Apesar de já ter sido considerado que o pavilhão auricular bovino apresenta grandes vasos superficiais, as descrições da vascularização desse local, que tem sido utilizado como via alternativa de administração de medicamentos no campo, são escassas. Nesse sentido, a arteriografia e a dissecação da região da concha auricular em peça anatômica demostraram a existência de uma vasta rede vascular local, de modo que, se considerado, esse conhecimento é capaz de minimizar possíveis intercorrências oriundas do uso inadequado da região para procedimentos terapêuticos e anestésicos. Este estudo objetivou padronizar e descrever a arteriografia do pavilhão auricular em bovinos, como base para ampliação dos conhecimentos acerca da vasculatura local. Para tanto, foram utilizados cinco bovinos machos, três mestiços (Holandês x Gir) e dois da raça Gir, com aproximadamente um ano de idade, peso médio de aproximadamente 200 kg e sem alterações na aurícula. Destes, dois foram submetidos à padronização dos procedimentos para confecção das arteriografias, dois à execução efetiva do exame e um bovino, oriundo de exame necroscópico, foi submetido à dissecção da região em questão. As imagens do exame arteriográfico e a documentação fotográfica da dissecação anatômica da concha auricular foram confrontadas e descritas as relações anatômicas. Através da radiografia contrastada, foi possível observar os ramos auriculares lateral, intermédio lateral, intermédio, intermédio medial, bem como oramo auricular medial. Entretanto, a dissecação da área do músculo cérvicoauricular superficial, entrea base do pavilhão auricular e a base do processo cornual, indicou pequena vascularização subcutâneadesta região em contraposição com a rica vascularização junto ao pavilhão auricular. A arteriografiado pavilhão auricular identificou uma malha vascular complexa que, em termos de aplicação prática,tornaria o local desfavorável à administração de fármacos que visam lenta absorção...(AU)

Acesso minimamente invasivo da artéria renal com diferentes tipos de cateteres por radiologia convencional / Minimally invasive approach to renal artery using different types of catheter by conventional radiology

Background: Several routes of administration have been used for cell and gene therapy delivery in kidney disease in the last years. Moreover, a more homogenous distribution and a higher response was observed when administered intra-arterially. The main objective of the present study was to describe and to compare the use of Fogarty thru-lumen embolectomy catheter with angiographic catheter through the femoral artery by using conventional radiology as a guide.Materials, Methods & Results: Seven healthy dogs were used in these experiments. First, a Fogarty thru-lumen embolectomy catheter was introduced followed by an angiographic catheter. The primary outcome was the number of attempts for the placement of the introducer and the number of radiographic studies to carry out nephrography. Preceding the surgical procedure, ultrasonographic evaluation was performed in all animals in order to measure the diameter of the left and right femoral arteries, left and right renal and abdominal aorta at the renal level. After trichotomy and antisepsis of the medial face of the two pelvic limbs, the 6F valve introducer was placed based on the modified Seldinger technique. Thereafter, aortography was performed, showing its collateral arteries, with contrast injection, and it was estimated how much of the Fogarty 5,5F catheter had to be introduced. Subsequently, a guidewire was inserted through the catheter followed by the Fogarty catheter. Another x-ray was taken to show the position of the catheter. It was observed whether the catheter was positioned correctly and the cuff was filled, and then another contrasting radiograph was performed. If the contrast was not going to the kidneys, the cuff of the catheter was deflated, the catheter was repositioned and a new contrast radiography was performed.[...]

Acesso minimamente invasivo da artéria renal com diferentes tipos de cateteres por radiologia convencional / Minimally invasive approach to renal artery using different types of catheter by conventional radiology

Background: Several routes of administration have been used for cell and gene therapy delivery in kidney disease in the last years. Moreover, a more homogenous distribution and a higher response was observed when administered intra-arterially. The main objective of the present study was to describe and to compare the use of Fogarty thru-lumen embolectomy catheter with angiographic catheter through the femoral artery by using conventional radiology as a guide.Materials, Methods & Results: Seven healthy dogs were used in these experiments. First, a Fogarty thru-lumen embolectomy catheter was introduced followed by an angiographic catheter. The primary outcome was the number of attempts for the placement of the introducer and the number of radiographic studies to carry out nephrography. Preceding the surgical procedure, ultrasonographic evaluation was performed in all animals in order to measure the diameter of the left and right femoral arteries, left and right renal and abdominal aorta at the renal level. After trichotomy and antisepsis of the medial face of the two pelvic limbs, the 6F valve introducer was placed based on the modified Seldinger technique. Thereafter, aortography was performed, showing its collateral arteries, with contrast injection, and it was estimated how much of the Fogarty 5,5F catheter had to be introduced. Subsequently, a guidewire was inserted through the catheter followed by the Fogarty catheter. Another x-ray was taken to show the position of the catheter. It was observed whether the catheter was positioned correctly and the cuff was filled, and then another contrasting radiograph was performed. If the contrast was not going to the kidneys, the cuff of the catheter was deflated, the catheter was repositioned and a new contrast radiography was performed.[...](AU)

VENOGRAFIA DA REGIÃO TÁRSICA DE EQUINOS HÍGIDOS

A perfusão intravenosa regional dos membros (PIVR) na clínica equina é realizada com um acesso vascular proximal, contudo, as válvulas podem se fechar e interferir na distribuição do medicamento por causa do fluxo retrogrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o número de vasos e a exequibilidade do acesso venoso proximal, correspondente ao ramo cranial da veia saphena medialis e o acesso distal, sendo a veia digitalis dorsalis communis II, para a técnica de venografia da região do tarso de equinos hígidos. Para tanto, sete equinos adultos, machos castrados e hígidos, foram submetidos ao exame venográfico nos membros pélvicos esquerdo e direito. Os membros foram divididos em dois grupos: acesso proximal (AP) nas venografias realizadas com acesso vascular no ramo cranial da veia saphena medialis, e no grupo acesso distal (AD), as venografias foram realizadas com acesso na veia digitalis dorsalis communis II. Os animais foram contidos em tronco, sedados com cloridrato de detomidina a 1% (30 g/kg, IV), realizado um botão anestésico com cloridrato de lidocaína a 2% (0,3 mL) sem vasoconstrictor, a cateterizarão foi realizada nas regiões de inserção com cateter 18G e após a inserção foi acoplado um plug adaptador PRN. Os torniquetes de borracha foram aplicados no terço proximal da tíbia e no terço proximal do III metatarsiano. Com seringas de 10mL e escalpe 21G, foram aplicados 30mL de contraste (ioversol 68%) e sequencialmente foram realizadas radiografias nas projeções dorso plantar (DPl), latero medial (LM), dorsolateral- plantaromedial oblíqua e dorsomedial- plantarolateral obliqua com técnica radiográfica (75 kV, 1,6 mAs e 75 cm de distância). A contagem dos vasos foi realizada colocando uma linha transversal em três locais: epífise da tíbia, tomando como referência a tuberosidade do osso calcâneo, articulação intertársica proximal e a tarsometarsica nas quatro projeções radiográficas, adicionalmente foram relatadas as inconveniências durante o procedimento. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o teste Kolmogorov Smirnov, para verificar a normalidade dos dados. Para comparar os valores entre o AD e AP foi aplicado o teste Mann-Whitney. A venografia de tarso com torniquete no terço médio da tíbia e no terço proximal do metatarso não apresentou diferença na contagem total de vasos entre os grupos. No grupo AD foi conseguido o 100% (6/6) dos acessos venosos, enquanto ao grupo AP foi de 23% (3/13) e 77% (10/13) dos exames realizados teve extravasamento. A avaliação da execução da técnica constatou que o acesso proximal possui um maior grau de dificuldade e está associado ao extravasamento do meio de contraste.

Regional Limb Intravenous Perfusion (PIVR) in the equine clinic is performed with a proximal vascular access, however, the valves may close and interfere with drug delivery because of retrograde flow. The objective of this study was to compare the number of vessels and the feasibility of the proximal venous access, corresponding to the cranial branch of the medialis saphena vein and the distal access, being the digitalis dorsalis communis II vein, for the venography technique of the tarsal region of horses healthy. For that, seven adult horses, castrated and healthy males, were submitted to venographic examination in the left and right pelvic limbs. The limbs were divided into two groups: proximal access (PA) in the venographs performed with vascular access in the cranial branch of the medialis saphena vein, and in the distal access (AD) group, the venographs were performed with access in the digitalis dorsalis communis II vein. The animals were contained in the trunk, sedated with 1% detomidine hydrochloride (30 g/kg, IV), an anesthetic button performed with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride (0.3 mL) without vasoconstrictor, catheterization was performed in the regions insertion with an 18G catheter and after insertion a PRN adapter plug was attached. Rubber tourniquets were applied to the proximal third of the tibia and the proximal third of the III metatarsal. With 10mL syringes and 21G scalp, 30mL of contrast (ioversol 68%) were applied and radiographs were sequentially taken in the dorsum plantar (DPl), lateral medial (LM), dorsolateral- plantaromedial oblique and dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique projections with radiographic technique ( 75 kV, 1.6 mAs and 75 cm distance). Vessel count was performed by placing a transverse line in three locations: tibial epiphysis, taking as reference the calcaneal bone tuberosity, proximal intertarsal and tarsometarsal joint in the four radiographic projections, additionally, inconveniences during the procedure were reported. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test to verify the normality of the data. To compare the values between AD and AP, the Mann-Whitney test was applied. Tarsal venography with tourniquet in the middle third of the tibia and in the proximal third of the metatarsal showed no difference in the total vessel count between the groups. In the AD group 100% (6/6) of the venous accesses was achieved, while in the AP group it was 23% (3/13) and 77% (10/13) of the exams performed had extravasation. The evaluation of the execution of the technique found that the proximal access has a greater degree of difficulty and is associated with extravasation of the contrast medium.

ARTERIOGRAFIA COMO MÉTODO DE ESTUDO DA ANATOMIA VASCULAR EM CADÁVERES DE FELINOS DOMÉSTICOS NA MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA

A angiografia é um importante estudo radiográfico de áreas do sistema circulatório, por meio da injeção de contrastes radiopacos em vasos sanguíneos com ou sem adição de substâncias para a preparação de peças anatômicas. É um importante meio de diagnóstico, indispensável no estudo da morfologia vascular normal ou anômala, ainda oferece excelente visualização dos vasos sanguíneos em procedimentos experimentais, contribuindo grandemente em sua avaliação, porém este exame ainda não tem sido usado com frequência em cadáveres de felinos domésticos como meio de estudo vascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi averiguar a viabilidade da angiografia como método de estudo anatômico do sistema vascular em cadáveres, bem como a padronização da técnica utilizando o sulfato de bário como meio de contraste na repleção vascular. Desta forma, foram identificadas na região do tórax o total de 24 artérias, em abdômen identificou-se 21 artérias e na pelve 14 artérias na exposição ventrodorsal. Verificou-se que são necessárias ambas as exposições radiográficas para a completa análise e identificação da vasculatura, exceto na região da pelve em que as artérias foram identificadas apenas na exposição ventrodorsal. Conclui-se que o sulfato de bário é eficaz para a identificação de artérias do tronco em cadáveres de gatos.

Arteriography is an important radiographic study of the circulatory system areas, throughout injection of radiopaque contrast substances into blood vessels with or without the addition of substances for the preparation of anatomical parts. It is an essential diagnostic method, indispensable in the context of normal or anomalous vascular morpholog y, and yet it offers excellent visualization of blood vessels conditions in relation to experimental procedures, contributing greatly to its evaluation, but it has not yet been used frequently in feline corpses for vascular studies. The objective of this study was to investigate the angiographys viability as an anatomic vascular system study in cadavers, as well as the standardization of the technique using barium sulfate as contrasting substance for vascular repletion. This way, 24 arteries were identified in the thorax region, 21 arteries in the abdomen and in the pelvis 14 arteries were identified in the ventrodorsal exposure. It was found that both radiographic exposures are necessary for the complete analysis and identification of the vasculature, except in the region of the pelvis where the arteries were only identified in the ventrodorsal exposure. It is concluded that barium sulphate is effective for the identification of body arteries of cats corpses.

Coleta percutânea de amostra tecidual associada a angiografia por tomografia computadorizada post mortem: efeitos histológicos em cães

As modalidades de diagnóstico por imagem vêm sendo estudadas para o uso em cadáveres a fim de auxiliar na determinação da causa de morte. Uma das técnicas utilizadas, a angiografia por tomografia computadorizada post mortem (ATCPM), faz uso de uma bomba injetora para injeção de uma solução de contraste que permite a avaliação das estruturas vasculares. Entretanto não se sabe se essa pode prejudicar a avaliação histopatológica de amostras coletadas posteriormente ao procedimento. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar as alterações histológicas causadas pela injeção da solução de contraste para a realização da ATCPM. Para o estudo 11 ATCPM foram realizadas em cadáveres de cão, sendo coletadas amostras teciduais do pulmão, fígado e rim, antes e depois do procedimento. Em 2 deles, foi adicionado nanquim à dois tipos de diluentes usados no preparo da solução de contraste, a fim de se verificar as regiões histológicas que a solução de contraste alcança com a bomba de injeção. Nos outros 9 cadáveres as ATCPM foram realizadas com 3 tipos de solução de contraste diferentes para ser feita a comparação de amostras teciduais antes e depois da injeção intravascular do contraste. Foi detectada impregnação de nanquim em todas as amostras teciduais coletadas, evidenciando que a injeção de contraste intravascular alcança até as estruturas capilares menos calibrosas. Não foi encontrado nenhum artefato ou alteração histológica que pudesse ser associado à realização da ATCPM nas amostras coletadas, e a avaliação histopatológica não foi prejudicada com o uso das soluções utilizadas nesse estudo. A partir desse estudo podemos concluir que a solução de contraste alcança até as estruturas vasculares menos calibrosas e que amostras teciduais coletadas após a ATCPM não apresentaram prejuízos na avaliação histológica e pode ser uma ferramenta útil na complementação do diagnóstico post mortem.

The diagnostic imaging modalities have been studied for use in cadavers to assist in determining the cause of death. One of the techniques used, post mortem computed tomography angiography (PMCTA), use an injection pump for injection of a contrast solution that allows the evaluation of vascular structures. However, it is not known if this may damage the histopathological evaluation of samples collected after the procedure. The aim of this research was to verify the histological changes caused by the injection of the contrast solution for the PMCTA. For the study 11 PMCTA were performed on dog cadavers, and tissue samples were collected from the lung, liver and kidney, before and after the procedure. In 2 of them, nanquim ink was added to the two types of diluents used in the preparation of the contrast solution, in order to verify the histological regions that the contrast solution reaches with the injection pump. In the other 9 cadavers the ATCPM were performed with 3 different types of contrast solution to compare the tissue samples colected before and after intravascular contrast injection. Impregnation of nanquim ink was detected in all the tissue samples collected, showing that the injection of intravascular contrast reaches even the less calibrous capillary structures. No artifact or histological changes was found that could be associated to the PMCTA in the samples collected, and the histopathological evaluation was not damaged with the use of the solutions used in this study. From this study we can conclude that the contrast solution reaches even the less calibrous vascular structures and that tissue samples collected after the PMCTA did not present damages in the histological evaluation and can be a useful tool in the complementation of the post mortem diagnosis.

Protocolos de angiotomografia computadorizada post mortem em cães

A introdução de radiografias no auxílio à necropsia data de 1898. Atualmente, modalidades de imagem como a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética post mortem estão sendo empregadas para complementar a necropsia. Os estudos em medicina veterinária sobre a tomografia e angiotomografia computadorizada post mortem estão no início, mas já mostraram o quanto são valiosos para o diagnóstico da causa de óbitos de cães e gatos. Esta tese teve por finalidade elaborar protocolos de angiotomografia computadorizada post mortem em cães, tendo sido dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, objetivou-se descrever a técnica por via inguinal e por via cervical para realização da ATCPM em cães conservados por congelamento. Na segunda, comparar dois diferentes diluentes da mistura com contraste iodado em dois grupos de cadáveres de cães com distintos tempos de óbito na realização de ATCPM. Para tanto foram realizadas ATCPM em um total de 4 cadáveres no primeiro estudo e 8, no segundo, sendo que no primeiro estudo os cadáveres foram congelados até duas horas do óbito e no segundo, a ATCPM foi feita após 2 horas do óbito em um grupo e entre 12h a 16h no segundo grupo, um com diluente PEG e outro com diluente óleo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as duas vias de acesso para a realização da ATCPM em cadáveres de cães conservados por congelamento são exequíveis. A via cervical demonstrou ser mais indicada para avalição da cabeça, ao passo que, para avaliação do abdômen, a via de acesso femoral seria de primeira escolha. E que a TCPM e ATCPM, em um tempo de óbito de até 16h, podem ser realizadas sem que haja comprometimento das condições técnicas para realização dos exames e com obtenção de imagens de qualidade para a interpretação. A mistura PEG e contraste iodado hidrossolúvel, no volume testado e em cadáveres com diferentes tempos de óbito, pôde ser utilizada na avaliação do sistema vascular de cadáveres de cães.

The introduction of0T 0TX-rays0T 0Tin the support of0T 0Tnecropsy0T was 0Tinitiated in0T 0T1898.0T 0TNowadays,0T 0Timaging modalities0T, 0Tsuch as computed0T 0Ttomography0T 0Tand magnetic0T 0Tresonance0T 0Tpost0T 0Tmortem0T, 0Tare being0T 0Tused0T 0Tto complement the0T 0Tnecropsy0T. 0TStudies0T 0Tin veterinary medicine0T 0Tabout virtual0T 0Tnecropsy0T 0Tare at the beginning, but have already shown0T 0Thow valuable0T they are 0Tfor diagnosing the0T 0Tcause of0T 0Tdeaths0T 0Tof dogs and cats0T. 0TThe aim of this thesis was to0T 0Tdevelop0T 0Tprotocols of post0T 0Tmortem computed0T 0Ttomography angiography0T in dogs and in order of that it was divided in two parts.0T In the first, the objective was to describe the inguinal versus cervical approach for the PMCTA in dogs preserved by freezing. In the second part, the aim was to compare two different diluents of the iodine contrast mixture in two groups of dogs differing in the time of death. Thus, PMCTA was performed in a total of four thawed cadavers, in the first study, and in eight cadavers, with two or 12-16 hours after death, in the second one. The results allowed to the conclusion that both approaches, inguinal and cervical were achievable. The cervical approach showed to be more indicated for the head evaluation and the femoral approach was better for the evaluation of the abdominal organs. Additionally the PMCT and PMCTA in cadavers of up to 16 hours after death can be performed without any compromise of the technical conditions and with acquisition of good quality images for the adequate interpretation. The PEG and iodine water soluble contrast mixture, considering the tested volume in different times of death, could be used in the vascular system evaluation in dog cadavers.

Sildenafil citrate on retrobulbar and retinal circulation of rabbits / Citrato de sildenafil sobre a circulação retrobulbar e retiniana de coelhos

The effects of sildenafil on retrobulbar and retinal circulation were studied in 18 adult male, albino, homozygous rabbits, of the New Zealand White breed, randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 animals, for drug treatment at a dose of 3.5mg kg-1 every 24 hours, for 7, 15 and 30 days. Nine animals used for control were treated with saline solution at 0.9%. It was evaluated intraocular pressure (IOP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), ocular perfusion pressure (PPO), B-mode ultrasonography and fluorescein angiography before and at the end of treatments. A slight decrease in results of IOP, MAP and PPO after treatment with sildenafil was evident, however, there was no statistical significance. It was observed significant increased diameter of the ophthalmic artery after 7 and 30 days of treatment and decreased mean arterial pressure after 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment, with no statistical difference. On fluorescein angiography, it was observed that the arterial, arteriovenous and venous stages initiated more rapidly in animals after treatment, with significant difference on the arteriovenous stage at the 7th and 15th days. It was possible to admit that the sildenafil citrate improves blood circulation in the retina of rabbits, by increasing the speed of blood flow and decreasing the perfusion pressure.(AU)

Os efeitos do sildenafil sobre a circulação retrobulbar e a retiniana foram estudados em 18 coelhos machos adultos, albinos, homozigotos, da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos de 6 animais, para tratamento com o fármaco na dose de 3,5mg kg-1 a cada 24 horas, por 7, 15 e 30 dias. Nove animais foram utilizados para controle, tratados com solução fisiológica a 0.9%. Foram avaliadas a pressão intraocular (PIO), a pressão arterial média (PAM) e a pressão de perfusão ocular (PPO), ultrassonografia em modo-B e a angiografia fluoresceínica, antes e ao término dos tratamentos. Evidenciou-se discreta diminuição nos resultados da PIO, da PAM e da PPO após tratamento com sildenafil, entretanto não houve significância estatística. Observou-se aumento significativo do diâmetro da artéria oftálmica após 7 e 30 dias de tratamento e diminuição da pressão arterial média após 7, 15 e 30 dias de tratamento, sem diferença estatística. À angiografia fluoresceínica, observou-se que as fases arterial, artério-venosa e venosa iniciaram-se mais rapidamente nos animais após o tratamento, com diferença significativa na fase artério-venosa ao 7o e 15o dias. Foi possível admitir que o citrato de sildenafil melhora a circulação de sangue na retina de coelhos, através do aumento da velocidade do fluxo de sangue e diminuição da pressão de perfusão.(AU)