Analysis of reported animal abuse in Campo Magro, Paraná, Brazil / Análise de denúncias de maus-tratos aos animais no município de Campo Magro, Paraná

Animal abuse is a criminal offense in Brazil and can be dealt with by several government agencies, including municipal ones. Cases of animal abuse reported to the Department of Health Surveillance, of the Municipal Health Secretariat of Campo Magro, Paraná, Brazil, between March of 2019 and December of 2020 were analyzed to assess the most common forms of abuse and animals involved. A total of 140 complaints were received in this period; 132 were investigated, of which 81 were considered authentic. The most common form of abuse was neglect 64.2% (52/81). Cases of neglect were further classified into four types (although cases may be classified with more than one type), resulting in 106 classifications of neglect. Behavioral neglect was the most common form of neglect 33.9% (36/106). As more than one animal could be involved in each report, the 81 authentic cases involved a total of 471 animals. Dogs were the species most commonly affected 78.5% (370/471). The vast majority of animal abuse was perpetrated against adult animals. Statistically significant correlations were found between the sex and age of dogs and abuse and between species and the different forms of abuse for dogs and cats.(AU)

Os maus-tratos aos animais são considerados crime no Brasil e o atendimento desse tipo de ocorrência pode ser realizado por diferentes órgãos governamentais, incluindo os municipais. O presente trabalho analisa denúncias atendidas pelo Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campo Magro, Paraná, Brasil, entre março de 2019 e dezembro de 2020 e avalia os tipos mais comuns de maus-tratos a animais e os animais envolvidos. Um total de 140 denúncias foram recebidas e 132 foram fiscalizadas, destas, 81 foram consideradas procedentes. A forma mais prevalente de maus-tratos foi a negligência com 64,2% (52/81). Os casos de negligência foram classificados em quatro diferentes tipos (cada caso pode ser classificado em mais de um tipo de negligência). O tipo mais frequente foi a negligência comportamental com 33,9% (36/106). Como mais de um animal podia estar envolvido em cada caso de maus-tratos, os 81 casos procedentes contabilizaram 471 animais envolvidos. A espécie canina foi a mais afetada, sendo 78,5% (370/471). A maior parte dos casos de maus-tratos foram cometidos contra animais adultos. Correlações estatísticas significativas foram encontradas entre o sexo e faixa etária dos cães em relação à ocorrência de maus-tratos e, também, entre a espécie e os diferentes tipos de maus-tratos para cães e gatos.(AU)

Animal abuse and interpersonal violence from the perspective of veterinarians from Paraíba State, Brazil / Maus-tratos aos animais e violência interpessoal sobre a perspectiva dos Médicos Veterinários do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil

This study aimed to obtain information about the knowledge and attitudes of veterinarians in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, regarding the care of abused animals, the profile of possible aggressors, and their perceptions of the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. For this purpose, an online survey containing 21 questions was made available to veterinarians registered in the Regional Veterinary Medicine Council of Paraíba (CRMV - PB). The chi-square test with a 5% significance level (p < 0.05) was used for statistical analysis. According to the interviewees, 70.7% (53/75) of the abuse victims were small animals. Negligence (68% [51/75]) and the absence of medical care (68% [51/75]) were the most evident forms of abuse. Furthermore, 82.7% (62/75) of them believed in the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. In addition, 90.7% (68/75) of the interviewees responded that they have not experienced technical difficulty in identifying maltreatment. However, 48% (36/75) stated to not know the animal abuse law, 90.7% (68/75) did not report the aggressors, and 81.3% (61/75) stated that the absence of measures by the competent public bodies makes it harder to report the abuse. This study concluded that these professionals will, at some point in their clinical routine, encounter situations of animal maltreatment and human violence, as they are in a privileged position to identify such acts. However, they need more normative knowledge about animal abuse crimes.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esse estudo a obtenção de informações a respeito do conhecimento e atitudes dos Médicos Veterinários do estado da Paraíba, Brasil, acerca dos atendimentos de animais vítimas de maustratos, o perfil dos possíveis agressores e de suas percepções a respeito da conexão entre maus-tratos animais e violência interpessoal. Para tanto foi disponibilizada pesquisa online contendo 21 questões a todos Médicos Veterinários inscritos no Conselho Regional de Medicina Veterinária da Paraíba (CRMV-PB). Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5% (p<0.05). Segundo os Médicos Veterinários entrevistados, 70,7% (53/75) das vítimas de maus-tratos eram pequenos animais, sendo a negligência [68% (51/75)] e a ausência de atendimento médico [68% (51/75)] os maustratos mais evidenciados. Adicionalmente, 82,7% (62/75) deles acreditavam na conexão entre maustratos animais e violência interpessoal e 90,7% (68/75) responderam não sentir dificuldade técnica em identificar maus-tratos, porém, 48% (36/75) não conheciam a lei que trata sobre os maus-tratos animais, 90,7% (68/75) não realizaram denúncia contra os agressores, e 81,3% (61/75) afirmaram que a ausência de providências por parte dos órgãos públicos competentes dificulta a denúncia. Conclui-se que esses profissionais irão em algum momento de sua rotina clínica se deparar com situações de maus-tratos a animais e violência humana, pois estão em posição privilegiada para identificar tais atos, entretanto, precisam de mais conhecimento normativo sobre os crimes de maus-tratos aos animais.(AU)

Copaiba (Copaifera reticulata) oleoresin reduces voluntary alcohol intake in rats / Óleo de copaíba (Copaifera reticulata) reduz consumo voluntário de álcool em ratos

Copaiba oleoresin, extracted from the Copaifera reticulata tree, has been used as a remedy in popular medicine in the Brazilian Amazon for various purposes, including reducing drug abuse. Yet no studies evaluated the effect of repeated administration of copaiba oil on alcohol consumption in animals. To evaluate this effect, we divided adult male Wistar rats into a) an alcohol group in which the animals had free access to choose between two bottles: one containing alcohol solution (20%) and another containing vehicle solution (0.2% saccharin); and b) a control group with access to two bottles containing vehicle solution. Rats were free to drink 24 h per day, for 35 days. Daily alcohol consumption and weekly body weight gain and food intake were monitored. From day 22, half of the rats in each group received 600 mg kg-1 copaiba oleoresin and the other received vehicle, subcutaneously, once a day, for three days. On day 35, rats were evaluated in an open-field test. The results showed that copaiba oil decreased voluntary alcohol intake and preference between days 2 and 6 after the last administration. Copaiba treatment also decreased the food intake and body weight gain in both alcohol and control groups without changing behaviors in the open-field test. Therefore, copaiba oil was able to reduce voluntary alcohol consumption in rats and could be tested in humans as an adjuvant to treat alcohol use disorder.(AU)

O óleo extraído da árvore copaíba, Copaifera reticulata, tem sido usado na medicina popular na Amazônia brasileira para diversos fins, incluindo abuso de drogas. Contudo, não há estudos avaliando o efeito da administração repetida do óleo de copaíba sobre o consumo de álcool em animais. Para avaliar esse efeito, dividimos ratos Wistar machos adultos em dois grupos: a) um grupo álcool, no qual os animais tinham livre acesso a duas garrafas: uma contendo solução alcoólica (20%) e outra contendo solução veículo (sacarina 0,2%); e b) um grupo controle com acesso a duas garrafas contendo solução veículo. Os ratos podiam beber livremente, 24 horas por dia, durante 35 dias. O consumo diário de álcool, bem como o ganho de peso corporal semanal e a ingestão de alimentos foram monitorados. A partir do dia 22, metade dos ratos de cada grupo recebeu 600 mg kg-1 de óleo de copaíba e a outra metade recebeu veículo, por via subcutânea, uma vez ao dia, durante três dias. No dia 35, os ratos foram testados em teste de campo aberto. Os resultados mostraram que o óleo de copaíba diminuiu a ingestão voluntária e a preferência por álcool entre os dias 2 e 6 após a última administração. O tratamento com óleo de copaíba também diminuiu a ingestão alimentar e o ganho de peso corporal em ambos os grupos álcool e controle, sem alterar o comportamento no teste de campo aberto. Portanto, o óleo de copaíba foi capaz de reduzir o consumo voluntário de álcool em ratos e poderia ser testado em humanos como um adjuvante para tratar transtorno de uso de álcool.(AU)

Ocorrência de suspeitas de zoofilia no atendimento clínico médico-veterinário em Marília/SP no período de 2018-2019: maus-tratos velado e negligenciado / Occurrence of suspected zoophilia in veterinary clinical care in Marilia/SP in 2018-2019: veiled and neglected animal abuse

O relacionamento entre homens e animais é uma entidade complexa iniciada com a domesticação dos animais e mantida até hoje graças aos efeitos positivos na saúde e comportamento humanos. A melhora psicológica e emocional das pessoas que convivem com animais de estimação, têm sido associada à melhoria na qualidade de vida e ao convívio social em geral. Porém, esse relacionamento nem sempre foi ético e ambientalmente correto, pois no cotidiano observam-se arbitrariedades praticadas pelo homem que aniquilam a dignidade dos animais, geralmente indefesos, promovendo todas as modalidades de abusos, maus-tratos e crueldade. O Brasil possui leis de amparo aos crimes praticados contra abuso e maus-tratos aos animais e dentre os vários tipos de maus-tratos existe a zoofilia ou bestialismo, prática do ato sexual pelo ser humano com animais de outras espécies. O presente trabalho levantou dados na prática clínica médico-veterinária em Marília (SP) quanto ao atendimento de casos suspeitos de zoofilia e discute aspectos psicológicos, culturais sobre a legislação que trata do tema. A metodologia adotada foi a aplicação de um questionário com questões abertas e de múltipla escolha a clínicos médicos-veterinários em atividade no município de Marília, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e a revisão do assunto nos últimos cinco anos. A análise das informações obtidas com 50 médicos-veterinários, no período de setembro de 2018 a março de 2019, apresentou 54% de relatos de atendimento com suspeita de zoofilia com maior frequência em fêmeas, incluindo cães, equinos, pequenos ruminantes e ruminantes. Finalmente, é discutida a importância social do estabelecimento de um tipo penal específico para a bestialidade como o primeiro passo para construção de uma sociedade mais justa e menos maléfica e violenta, destacando-se também que as pessoas que praticam zoofilia necessitam ser devidamente tratadas por um profissional competente, pois essa prática é um grave problema psicológico.

The relationship between men and animals is a complex entity initiated with the domestication of animals and maintained until today that promotes positive effects on human health and behavior. It was demonstrated the psychological and emotional improvement of people due to living with pets, and also an improvement in their quality of life and social interaction in general. However, this relationship has not always been ethical and environmentally correct, since human can also promote all forms of abuse, mistreatment and cruelty to them that are defenseless. In Brazil there are laws for punishment of abuse and mistreatment of animals and among the various types of mistreatment there is zoophilia or bestiality which is the sexual act of humans with animals of other species. From September 2018 to March 2019 it was applied a questionnaire with open questions and multiple choices to 50 veterinary clinicians working in Marília, São Paulo State, Brazil, regarding the suspicion of cases of zoophilia, and it was also discussed the psychological, cultural aspects and specific legislation about this matter. The results obtained showed that 27 (54%) of the veterinarians reported the suspicion of zoophilia with more occurrence in females than males, and the most affected species were dogs, horses, small ruminants and ruminants. Finally, it was performed a discussion showing that the settlement of a specific legislation criminalizing zoophilia it is necessary to build a fairer and less harmful and violent society, and that the people who practice it must be properly treated by a competent professional, as it is also an indication of psychological problems.

Intoxicação de um canino por ingestão de Cannabis sativa / Intoxication of a canine by ingestion of Cannabis sativa

A Cannabis sativa, popularmente conhecida como "maconha", é uma planta que possui elevada solubilidade, absorção, distribuição e metabolização no organismo. Seu principal componente químico é a substância psicoativa delta-9-tetrahidrocanabiol e possui receptores com ampla distribuição anatômica, principalmente no sistema nervoso central, periférico e células do sistema imunológico, influenciando na ação de diferentes neurotransmissores e respostas imunomoduladoras. Seus efeitos dependem da quantidade de substância ingerida e os sinais clínicos acometem principalmente os sistemas neurológico, gastrointestinal e cardiovascular. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um canino, fêmea, sem raça definida, de dois meses de idade, acompanhada em uma clínica veterinária de Fortaleza/CE. O animal apresentava histórico de ingestão de maconha e sinais clínicos como ataxia, hiperestesia e desorientação, sendo assim, foi realizado o diagnóstico presuntivo baseado na anamnese, no exame físico e no laboratorial. Foi adotado um tratamento sintomático à base de fluidoterapia, furosemida e aspartato de L-Ornitina. O animal ficou internado durante 24h, apresentou boa resposta ao tratamento sem complicações secundárias, com redução dos sinais clínicos, e após isso recebeu alta.

Cannabis sativa, popularly known as "marijuana", is a plant that has high solubility, absorption, distribution and metabolization in the body. Its main chemical component is the psychoactive substance delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol, which has receptors with wide anatomical distribution, mainly in the central, peripheral nervous system and cells of the immune system, influencing the action of different neurotransmitters and immunomodulatory responses. Its effects depend on the amount of substance ingested and the clinical signs mainly affect the neurological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. The objective of this work is to report the case of a canine, female, mixed breed, two months old, followed up at a veterinary clinic in Fortaleza / CE. The animal had a history of marijuana ingestion, and clinical signs such as ataxia, hyperesthesia and disorientation, thus making the presumptive diagnosis based on anamnesis, physical and laboratory examination. A symptomatic treatment based on fluid therapy, furosemide and L-Ornithine aspartate was adopted. The animal was hospitalized for 24 hours, presented a good response to treatment without secondary complications with reduced clinical signs, and after that he was discharged.

Veterinary forensic necropsies: a look through an aspect of forensic traumatology

Forensic veterinary pathology is essential to identify the cause of death of animals with suspicion of abuse, neglect, exogenous intoxication, medical errors, if the lesions were accidental or ante-mortem or in cases where the animal’s identity is needed. It involves several areas that can be used to determine the cause of death in animals, such as traumatology, entomology and toxicology. This work aims to determine the main lesions found in judicial necropsies of animals from the metropolitan region of Belém, qualifying the most prevalent lesions according to the classification in forensic traumatology. The necropsy was performed according to the animal species and using the method of Ghon. The animals were grouping by specie, sex, race and age and it was made a segmentation by vulnerable energy. 33 judicial necropsies (9.06%) were performed between January 2018 and December 2019, including 22 canines (66.7%), seven felines (21.2%), two farm animals (6.1%) and two wild animals (6.1%). Regarding the sex of the animals, in general, 51.51% were males and 45.45% were females. Young dogs and cats represented the highest percentage of cases. Mixed breed dogs were the most prevalent, with 31.8%. In all species, the most prevalent energy was chemical energy, totalling 18 cases. Second, with six cases, mechanical trauma with only canines and felines, in which, only in three were evident the blunt injury. In only one case, the suspicion was of biodynamic energy, with suggestive findings. In conclusion, the forensic necropsy associated with the animal’s history is capable of providing relevant information which assists the pathologist in the search for injuries, its identification and interpretation.

Veterinary forensic necropsies: a look through an aspect of forensic traumatology

Forensic veterinary pathology is essential to identify the cause of death of animals with suspicion of abuse, neglect, exogenous intoxication, medical errors, if the lesions were accidental or ante-mortem or in cases where the animals identity is needed. It involves several areas that can be used to determine the cause of death in animals, such as traumatology, entomology and toxicology. This work aims to determine the main lesions found in judicial necropsies of animals from the metropolitan region of Belém, qualifying the most prevalent lesions according to the classification in forensic traumatology. The necropsy was performed according to the animal species and using the method of Ghon. The animals were grouping by specie, sex, race and age and it was made a segmentation by vulnerable energy. 33 judicial necropsies (9.06%) were performed between January 2018 and December 2019, including 22 canines (66.7%), seven felines (21.2%), two farm animals (6.1%) and two wild animals (6.1%). Regarding the sex of the animals, in general, 51.51% were males and 45.45% were females. Young dogs and cats represented the highest percentage of cases. Mixed breed dogs were the most prevalent, with 31.8%. In all species, the most prevalent energy was chemical energy, totalling 18 cases. Second, with six cases, mechanical trauma with only canines and felines, in which, only in three were evident the blunt injury. In only one case, the suspicion was of biodynamic energy, with suggestive findings. In conclusion, the forensic necropsy associated with the animals history is capable of providing relevant information which assists the pathologist in the search for injuries, its identification and interpretation.(AU)

A utilização do laser de baixa intensidade na cicatrização de ferida em cão / The use of low intensity laser in wound healing in dog

Background: Low-intensity laser is effective in cellular metabolism, analgesia, and tissue repair. The bioelectric, bioenergetic, and biochemical effects of laser therapy stimulate local circulation, collagen formation, and epithelization. The objective of this study was to report the use of gallium-aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) laser (830 nm) in healing two woundscaused by necrosis in a dog. Case: An 8-year-old bitch, a rescued victim of animal abuse, had tibiotarsal dislocation in the left posterior limb. Orthopedic surgery was performed with the placement of an external fixation device with six pins in the distal third of the left posterior limb. A radiographic examination performed 42 days after the surgery revealed the loss of the tibiotarsal ratio, decreased radiopacity of the carpal bones, edema, inflammation, muscle atrophy, and the rotation of the anatomical axis of the metatarsals and phalanges. It was then decided to perform a second orthopedic surgery, in which a bone graft and arthrodesis with an 8-screw titanium plate were performed. Four of the plate screws were placed proximally to the tibia and four distally to the tarsus in addition to a screw and a pin transfixed through the distal metaphyseal region of the tibia and calcaneus. Traction was felt during suturing in the dermis and epidermis of the limb, suggesting the possibility of dehiscence of the stitches. After 3 h of surgery, the limb was cold and edematous. After 5 days, the tissue of the medial region of the tarsus developed necrosis, exposing a wound 6 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and 2 mm deep (wound 1). Another necrotic lesion was observed in the dorsal region of the tarsos - 6.5 cm long, 2 cm wide, 3 mm deep, and exposing 5 cm of the titanium plate (wound 2). Therapy with GaAlAs laser was then performed over the entire length of the wounds. In each therapeutic session, the laser was first used in punctual mode at 10 J/cm², 830 nm, 20 s at each point of the length of the lesion and then in scan mode at 10 J/cm², 830 nm, 1000 Hz, and 40 s continuously. Laser therapy sessions were conducted at 2-4 day intervals, with a 12-day interval between the eighth and ninth sessions. During the entire treatment, cleansing and debridement of the wounds were performed every 48 h with saline and chlorhexidine digluconate, using a compression bandage, as described earlier. Wound 1 healed completely after two laser therapy sessions. In wound 2, tissue repair stagnated after the ninth and last laser session, leaving 4 cm of the titanium plate still exposed. The limb could not support the body weight of the patient, and radiographic examination revealed that the anatomical axis of the metatarsals and the phalanges was rotated and bone conformation was poor. Given the anatomical conditions associated with the patient's clinical picture, it was decided to amputate the limb between the femur and tibia. Discussion: Therapeutic lasers act on mitochondrial respiration, increasing respiratory metabolism and stimulating DNA synthesis and tissue proliferation. In the present case, there was a decrease in inflammatory cells, edema, and the size of the wounds. The pathological conditions of the affected site, influence of trauma, and degree of tissue damage affected the results of the laser therapy. Despite the size difference between wounds 1 and 2, the exposed titanium plate was a determining factor for the partial healing of wound 2.

Narcotic detection dogs: an overview of high-performance animals / Cães de detecção de narcóticos: uma visão geral dos animais de alto desempenho

Considered one of the best odor detectors, dogs go through a rigorous selection and training process. Based on learning theories, modern techniques are used for dog training, respecting individual characteristics, efficiency, and well-being. Since narcotics detection work is perceived as a play for the dog, in practice, this promotes a high use rate in the service. The performance of handlers influences the work of the dogs, and well-trained and well-run dogs must work comfortably and accurately. This paper aimed to review the aspects related to the selection, training, and performance of narcotics detection dogs.(AU)

Considerado um dos melhores detectores de odores, os cães passam por um rigoroso processo de seleção e treinamento. Baseado nas teorias da aprendizagem, utilizam-se técnicas modernas para a formação do cão respeitando suas características individuais, eficiência e o bem-estar. Uma vez que o trabalho de detecção de narcóticos seja entendido como uma grande brincadeira para o cão, isso na prática promove um alto índice de aproveitamento no serviço. O desempenho dos condutores influencia o trabalho dos cães, que bem treinados e bem conduzidos, devem trabalhar de forma confortável e precisa. Este trabalho objetiva revisar aspectos relacionados à seleção, formação e desempenho dos cães de detecção (K9) de narcóticos.(AU)

Chronic alcoholism associated with diabetes induced apoptosis in the corpus cavernosum of rats

Purpose To evaluate the effects of alcohol exposure and diabetes on apoptotic process in the corpus cavernosum. Methods Forty eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, diabetic, alcoholic and diabetic-alcoholic. Samples of the corpus cavernosum were prepared to study protein expression of apoptotic genes (Caspases-3 and 9) by immunohistochemistry and Real-Time PCR. Results The immunoreactivity of Caspases-3 and -9 was diffuse and higher in the treated groups though there was no significant difference between the experimental groups, only when compared with the control group. An increase was observed in the gene expression of Caspases-9 in the diabetic and ethanol-diabetic groups when compared with control and ethanol groups. Conclusions The association of these factors (ethanol and diabetes) probably can affect the apoptosis mechanism in lesions of the cavernous tissue in the rat penis. Both gene and protein expression of Caspase-9 in diabetic and ethanol-diabetic groups suggest the involvement of the apoptosis cascade from this study model.(AU)

Morphological and molecular analysis of apoptosis in the corpus cavernosum of rats submitted to a chronic alcoholism model

Purpose To evaluate the effect of chronic alcoholism on morphometry and apoptosis mechanism and correlate with miRNA-21 expression in the corpus cavernosum of rats. Methods Twenty-four rats were divided into two experimental groups: Control (C) and Alcoholic group (A). After two weeks of an adaptive phase, rats from group A received only ethanol solution (20%) during 7 weeks. The morphometric and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry analysis were performed in the corpus cavernosum. The miRNA-21 expression was analyzed in blood and cavernous tissue. Results Chronic ethanol consumption decreased cavernosal smooth muscle area of alcoholic rats. The protein expression of caspase 3 in the corpus cavernosum was higher in A compared to the C group. There was no difference in the expression of miRNA-21 in serum and cavernous tissue between the groups. Conclusion Chronic ethanol consumption reduced smooth muscle area and increased caspase 3 in the corpus cavernosum of rats, without altered serum and cavernosal miR-21 gene expression.(AU)

Avaliação do nível de conhecimento da população de São José de Ribamar-MA sobre zoonoses e posse responsável de animais domésticos / Evaluation of the knowledge level of the population of São José de Ribamar-MA about zoonoses and responsible ownership of domestic animals

Objetivando-se avaliar o nível de conhecimento da população de São José de Ribamar – MA, sobre zoonoses e posse responsável de animais domésticos, no período de outubro de 2017 a abril de 2018, realizou-se a aplicação de 200 questionários em residências localizadas em 10 bairros da cidade. A descrição dos dados foi realizada por meio de frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%) para variáveis qualitativas. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado (χ 2 ) para verificar associações entre as variáveis sexo, escolaridade, guarda de animais, conhecimento sobre zoonoses, conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais que foram transformadas em variáveis categóricas. Foi verificado que 60% da população afirmaram não ter conhecimento sobre a definição de zoonoses. E demostrado que a variável sexo não influenciou significativamente o fato de criar animais (P=0,8303), mas influenciou significativamente o conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos mesmos (P=0,0251). Observou-se ainda que o nível de escolaridade influenciou no conhecimento sobre zoonose (P<0,0001) e sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais (P=0,5411). Bem como a variável guarda responsável influenciou o conhecimento sobre o termo zoonoses (P<0,0001) e sobre o conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais (P=0,0427). Quando avaliada a frequência com que os proprietários levavam seus animais de estimação a uma assistência médico veterinária, identificou-se que 75% não o fazem e em relação a vacinação desses animais, 91,42% afirmaram fazer somente a vacina da campanha antirrábica. Deixando claro de fato, a população ribamarense em sua maioria desconhece o que são zoonoses e posse responsável e quais os principais agravos e fatores predisponentes ligados a elas.

Aiming to evaluate the level of knowledge of the population of São José de Ribamar - MA, about zoonoses and responsible pet ownership, from October 2017 to April 2018, 200 questionnaires were applied to residences in 10 neighborhoods of the city. Data description was performed using absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies for qualitative variables. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to verify associations between the variables sex, education, animal care, knowledge of zoonoses, knowledge of the law of abandonment and abuse of animals that were transformed into categorical variables. It was found that 60% of the population said they had no knowledge about the definition of zoonoses. It is shown that the gender variable did not significantly influence the fact of raising animals (P=0.8303), but influenced the knowledge of the law of abandonment and abuse (P=0.0251). It was also observed that the level of education significantly influenced the knowledge about zoonosis (P<0.0001) and the knowledge about the law of abandonment and animal abuse (P=0.5411). As well as the responsible guard variable influenced the knowledge about the term zoonoses (P<0.0001) and about the law of abandonment and animal abuse (P=0.0427). When evaluating the frequency with which owners took their pets to a veterinary care, it was found that 75% do not and regarding vaccination of these animals, 91.42% said they only had the rabies vaccine. Making it clear in fact, the majority of the Ribamarense population is unaware of what zoonoses and responsible possession are and what are the main problems and predisposing factors associated with them.

Avaliação do nível de conhecimento da população de São José de Ribamar-MA sobre zoonoses e posse responsável de animais domésticos / Evaluation of the knowledge level of the population of São José de Ribamar-MA about zoonoses and responsible ownership of domestic animals

Objetivando-se avaliar o nível de conhecimento da população de São José de Ribamar MA, sobre zoonoses e posse responsável de animais domésticos, no período de outubro de 2017 a abril de 2018, realizou-se a aplicação de 200 questionários em residências localizadas em 10 bairros da cidade. A descrição dos dados foi realizada por meio de frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%) para variáveis qualitativas. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado (χ 2 ) para verificar associações entre as variáveis sexo, escolaridade, guarda de animais, conhecimento sobre zoonoses, conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais que foram transformadas em variáveis categóricas. Foi verificado que 60% da população afirmaram não ter conhecimento sobre a definição de zoonoses. E demostrado que a variável sexo não influenciou significativamente o fato de criar animais (P=0,8303), mas influenciou significativamente o conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos mesmos (P=0,0251). Observou-se ainda que o nível de escolaridade influenciou no conhecimento sobre zoonose (P<0,0001) e sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais (P=0,5411). Bem como a variável guarda responsável influenciou o conhecimento sobre o termo zoonoses (P<0,0001) e sobre o conhecimento sobre a lei de abandono e maus tratos aos animais (P=0,0427). Quando avaliada a frequência com que os proprietários levavam seus animais de estimação a uma assistência médico veterinária, identificou-se que 75% não o fazem e em relação a vacinação desses animais, 91,42% afirmaram fazer somente a vacina da campanha antirrábica. Deixando claro de fato, a população ribamarense em sua maioria desconhece o que são zoonoses e posse responsável e quais os principais agravos e fatores predisponentes ligados a elas.(AU)

Aiming to evaluate the level of knowledge of the population of São José de Ribamar - MA, about zoonoses and responsible pet ownership, from October 2017 to April 2018, 200 questionnaires were applied to residences in 10 neighborhoods of the city. Data description was performed using absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies for qualitative variables. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to verify associations between the variables sex, education, animal care, knowledge of zoonoses, knowledge of the law of abandonment and abuse of animals that were transformed into categorical variables. It was found that 60% of the population said they had no knowledge about the definition of zoonoses. It is shown that the gender variable did not significantly influence the fact of raising animals (P=0.8303), but influenced the knowledge of the law of abandonment and abuse (P=0.0251). It was also observed that the level of education significantly influenced the knowledge about zoonosis (P<0.0001) and the knowledge about the law of abandonment and animal abuse (P=0.5411). As well as the responsible guard variable influenced the knowledge about the term zoonoses (P<0.0001) and about the law of abandonment and animal abuse (P=0.0427). When evaluating the frequency with which owners took their pets to a veterinary care, it was found that 75% do not and regarding vaccination of these animals, 91.42% said they only had the rabies vaccine. Making it clear in fact, the majority of the Ribamarense population is unaware of what zoonoses and responsible possession are and what are the main problems and predisposing factors associated with them.(AU)

Ingestão acidental de crack por cão - relato de caso / Dog acidental ingestion of crack - case report / Ingesta accidental de crack por perro - informe de caso

O crack é uma potente droga ilícita que traz grave sintomatologia. A ingestão não é a forma habitual de utilização da droga, e sim pelo fumo. Quando o sistema nervoso é estimulado por essa substância ocorre vasoconstrição, aumento da pressão arterial, taquicardia e pode haver arritmias ventriculares, mas os efeitos no organismo são agravados quando ocorre a ingestão, devido a ação ionizante do suco gástrico no estômago. As consequências para o intestino podem ser de isquemia por conta da vasoconstrição e consequentemente necrose, por diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo. Esse artigo tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um cão da raça Bull Terrier com três anos de idade que ingeriu duas pedras da droga acidentalmente e foi submetido ao tratamento clínico de suporte, medicamentos adsorventes, protetores gástricos e hepáticos, associado a fármacos anticonvulsivos, promovendo o restabelecimento de sua saúde.(AU)

Crack is a powerful and illegal drug which causes a severe symptomatology. Its ingestion is not the common way of its use, which is through smoking. When the nervous system is stimulated by this substance, there are vasoconstriction, increase of arterial pressure, tachycardia and there might be ventricular arrhythmia, but the effects on the organism are worse when there is drug ingestion, because of the stomach gastric juices ionizing action. The consequences for the stomach may be ischemia caused by vasoconstriction and, later then, necrosis caused by low blood irrigation. This paper has the goal to relate the case of a three-year-old Bull Terrier, who accidently ingested two rocks of the drug and was submitted to clinical support treatment, adsorbent drugs, gastric and hepatic protective drugs, associated to antiseizures drugs, providing the dogs health improvement.(AU)

El crack es una droga ilegal de gran alcance que trae síntomas graves. La ingestión no es la forma habitual de usar el medicamento, pero a través del humo. Cuando el sistema nervioso es estimulado por la sustancia se produce vasoconstricción, aumento de la presión sanguínea, taquicardia y arritmias ventriculares, pero los efectos en el cuerpo se agravan cuando la ingesta se produce por la acción ionizante de los jugos gástricos en el estómago. El efecto sobre la isquemia intestinal puede ser debido a la vasoconstricción y de este modo necrosis, por disminución del flujo sanguíneo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo informar el caso de un perro de raza Bull Terrier con tres años de edad que ingirió dos piedras de la droga accidentalmente y fue sometido a un tratamiento doctor de apoyo, adsorbentes medicamentos, protectores gástricos y hepáticos, asociados con los fármacos anticonvulsivos, promoviendo la restauración de su salud.(AU)

Ingestão acidental de crack por cão - relato de caso / Dog acidental ingestion of crack - case report / Ingesta accidental de crack por perro - informe de caso

O crack é uma potente droga ilícita que traz grave sintomatologia. A ingestão não é a forma habitual de utilização da droga, e sim pelo fumo. Quando o sistema nervoso é estimulado por essa substância ocorre vasoconstrição, aumento da pressão arterial, taquicardia e pode haver arritmias ventriculares, mas os efeitos no organismo são agravados quando ocorre a ingestão, devido a ação ionizante do suco gástrico no estômago. As consequências para o intestino podem ser de isquemia por conta da vasoconstrição e consequentemente necrose, por diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo. Esse artigo tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um cão da raça Bull Terrier com três anos de idade que ingeriu duas pedras da droga acidentalmente e foi submetido ao tratamento clínico de suporte, medicamentos adsorventes, protetores gástricos e hepáticos, associado a fármacos anticonvulsivos, promovendo o restabelecimento de sua saúde.

Crack is a powerful and illegal drug which causes a severe symptomatology. Its ingestion is not the common way of its use, which is through smoking. When the nervous system is stimulated by this substance, there are vasoconstriction, increase of arterial pressure, tachycardia and there might be ventricular arrhythmia, but the effects on the organism are worse when there is drug ingestion, because of the stomach gastric juice’s ionizing action. The consequences for the stomach may be ischemia caused by vasoconstriction and, later then, necrosis caused by low blood irrigation. This paper has the goal to relate the case of a three-year-old Bull Terrier, who accidently ingested two rocks of the drug and was submitted to clinical support treatment, adsorbent drugs, gastric and hepatic protective drugs, associated to antiseizure’s drugs, providing the dog’s health improvement.

El crack es una droga ilegal de gran alcance que trae síntomas graves. La ingestión no es la forma habitual de usar el medicamento, pero a través del humo. Cuando el sistema nervioso es estimulado por la sustancia se produce vasoconstricción, aumento de la presión sanguínea, taquicardia y arritmias ventriculares, pero los efectos en el cuerpo se agravan cuando la ingesta se produce por la acción ionizante de los jugos gástricos en el estómago. El efecto sobre la isquemia intestinal puede ser debido a la vasoconstricción y de este modo necrosis, por disminución del flujo sanguíneo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo informar el caso de un perro de raza Bull Terrier con tres años de edad que ingirió dos piedras de la droga accidentalmente y fue sometido a un tratamiento doctor de apoyo, adsorbentes medicamentos, protectores gástricos y hepáticos, asociados con los fármacos anticonvulsivos, promoviendo la restauración de su salud.

Standard operational procedure: crime scene evaluation related to animal cruelty in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Procedimento operacional padrão: avaliação da cena do crime relacionada à crueldade animal no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

The Brazilian legislation on crimes against fauna defines as a crime: “to commit acts of abuse, mistreatment, injury or mutilation of wild, domestic or domesticated, native or exotic animals” (BRASIL, 1998). In recent years, the number of crimes against fauna has gained great notoriety, and due to the high demand for this type of exam, it is crucial to improve the experts’ reports on such offenses. Therefore, the State has the responsibility of correctly identifying and preserving evidences related to animal abuse (YOSHIDA, 2013). A satisfactory collection of vestiges is indispensable, since “findings are pieces of a puzzle that together tell a story” (MERCK, 2007). Currently in the state of Rio de Janeiro most of the examinations of crime scenes involving animals are carried out by forensic experts who are not veterinarians, due to the reduced number of these professionals in Scientific Police. In this regard, a standard operating procedure is essential for performing crime scene investigations involving animals because well collected evidence and proper crime scene analyses are fundamental for helping crime solution. Criminal expertise involves technical--scientific knowledge, intended to clarify traces and interpret facts in the face of criminal or suspicious events (TREMORI; SOUZA, 2013). Thus, this work aims to implement a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) used as an instrument to produce evidences, which will guide law enforcement.

Standard operational procedure: crime scene evaluation related to animal cruelty in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Procedimento operacional padrão: avaliação da cena do crime relacionada à crueldade animal no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

The Brazilian legislation on crimes against fauna defines as a crime: “to commit acts of abuse, mistreatment, injury or mutilation of wild, domestic or domesticated, native or exotic animals” (BRASIL, 1998). In recent years, the number of crimes against fauna has gained great notoriety, and due to the high demand for this type of exam, it is crucial to improve the experts reports on such offenses. Therefore, the State has the responsibility of correctly identifying and preserving evidences related to animal abuse (YOSHIDA, 2013). A satisfactory collection of vestiges is indispensable, since “findings are pieces of a puzzle that together tell a story” (MERCK, 2007). Currently in the state of Rio de Janeiro most of the examinations of crime scenes involving animals are carried out by forensic experts who are not veterinarians, due to the reduced number of these professionals in Scientific Police. In this regard, a standard operating procedure is essential for performing crime scene investigations involving animals because well collected evidence and proper crime scene analyses are fundamental for helping crime solution. Criminal expertise involves technical--scientific knowledge, intended to clarify traces and interpret facts in the face of criminal or suspicious events (TREMORI; SOUZA, 2013). Thus, this work aims to implement a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) used as an instrument to produce evidences, which will guide law enforcement.(AU)

Intrauterine growth restriction: screening and diagnosis using animal models

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a serious condition of multifactorial origin, mainly caused by maternal malnutrition, multiple gestation associated with nutrient competition, abuse of nocive substances and infections. The diagnosis of such syndrome is complex, as its own manifestations can mask its occurrence, requiring a thorough assessment of body weight and size. Moreover, it is not responsive to any kind of treatment. There is evidence that IUGR may predispose the individual to several pathologies, such as diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in adulthood, and it has also been linked to thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Thus, a healthy lifestyle is needed to better prevent those pathologies. Given the world high prevalence and importance of IUGR, mainly in developing countries, this review is focused on discussing how different animal models contribute to the biological screening and diagnosis of this condition.

Intrauterine growth restriction: screening and diagnosis using animal models

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a serious condition of multifactorial origin, mainly caused by maternal malnutrition, multiple gestation associated with nutrient competition, abuse of nocive substances and infections. The diagnosis of such syndrome is complex, as its own manifestations can mask its occurrence, requiring a thorough assessment of body weight and size. Moreover, it is not responsive to any kind of treatment. There is evidence that IUGR may predispose the individual to several pathologies, such as diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in adulthood, and it has also been linked to thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Thus, a healthy lifestyle is needed to better prevent those pathologies. Given the world high prevalence and importance of IUGR, mainly in developing countries, this review is focused on discussing how different animal models contribute to the biological screening and diagnosis of this condition.(AU)

Acumuladores de animais: instrumento de vistoria técnica e perfil de casos no município de Guarulhos, SP, Brasil / Animal hoarders: Technical inspection instrument and profilein the city of Guarulhos, SP, Brazil

O transtorno de acumulação de animais, é uma psicopatologia caracterizada pela aquisição de muitos animais mantidos em espaços inadequados, onde os cuidados básicos de saúde, alimentação e bem-estar são negligenciados. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o perfil de acumuladores de animais no município de Guarulhos e elaborar um instrumento de coleta de dados para ser utilizado em vistoria técnica nestes casos. Foi realizado um levantamento e análise descritiva dos arquivos de casos de acumuladores de animais atendidos pelo serviço municipal. Dentre os 26 casos recebidos no período de 2012-2017, 12 (46,16%) eram referentes a casos de acumulação de animais. Estas ocorrências foram encaminhadas ao serviço de saúde como denúncias. Os dados obtidos, por meio das análises dos prontuários, foram refinados e, posteriormente, transcritos em planilhas considerando as variáveis de interesse, assim, facilitando o processo de interpretação. Para caracterizar o perfil dos casos de acumuladores, os dados adquiridos foram analisados por meio de cálculos de médias e frequências relativas. O perfil de acumuladores se caracterizou por mulheres, solteiras, idosas, desempregadas ou aposentadas, que residem sozinha em casa própria, portadoras de comorbidades ou fatores psicológicos associados, acumulando cães e gatos, especificamente, cães em sua maioria. O instrumento de vistoria em atenção a indivíduos em situação de acúmulo de animais proposto apresenta caracterização do indivíduo, ambiente, condições gerais dos animais e, ainda, indicadores de comprometimento de bem-estar animal ou maus-tratos.(AU)

Animal hoarding disorder is a psychopathy characterized by the acquisition of many animals that are kept in improper locations, in which the basic health care, feeding and well-being are neglected. The objective of this study was to characterize the profile of animal hoarders in the city of Guarulhos and to elaborate an instrument of data collection to be used in technical survey in cases of animal hoarding. Amongst the 26 cases analyzed, 12 (46,16%) were related to animal hoarding. These cases were sent to the health care service as denounces. Data obtained through analysis of medical records were refined and later transcribed into spreadsheets considering the variables of interest, thus facilitating the interpretation process. To characterize the profile of the hoarding cases, data were analyzed by means of calculations of means and relative frequencies. Hoarders profile is characterized as female, single, elderly, unemployed or retired, living alone at her own house, with associated comorbidities or psychological disorders, hoarding dogs and cats, specifically dogs in most cases. The proposed instrument presents characterization of the individual, environment, general conditions of the animals and also indicators of impairment of animal welfare or animal abuse.(AU)