Analgesia perioperatória de gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva - uso preemptivo de carprofeno ou grapiprant / Perioperative analgesia in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy - preemptive use of carprofen or grapiprant

Background: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their analgesic effect through peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and a variety of other peripheral and central mechanisms. However, NSAIDs are associated with some adverse effects, mainly related to the gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic systems, highlighting the need for research to develop safer drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative oral administration of carprofen or grapiprant in female cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy on the quality of perioperative analgesia and the need for hypnotic and analgesic drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-three adult female cats were selected, without defined breed and healthy based on physical examination, routine laboratory analyses (complete blood count, total protein, Heinz body investigation and serum quantification of alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], urea, frutosamine, and glucose) and negative tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). After 3 days of adaptation, they were submitted to ovariohysterectomy by celiotomy and randomly allocated into 2 groups according to the preoperative drug used: GCAR [carprofen - 4 mg/kg, VO, 2 h before surgery; n = 11] and GGRA (grapiprant - 2 mg/kg IV, 2 h before surgery; n = 21]. The cats were pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.05 mg/ kg IV and later submitted to general anesthesia with propofol intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After anesthetic induction, a continuous infusion of remifentanil at a rate of 10 µg/kg/h was initiated. During the transanesthetic period, the parameters of heart rate; respiratory rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure using the oscillometric method; electrocardiogram; rectal temperature; partial pressure of CO2 at the end of expiration: and partial saturation of O2 in hemoglobin were continuously monitored. The evaluation of nociception was based on the changes in the aforementioned physiological parameters. The rate of remifentanil used did not change over time with the use of carprofen. However, animals that received grapiprant required a lower remifentanil dose at 20, 25, and 30 min during the procedure. The female cats that received carprofen showed an increase in mean heart rate at 30 min compared to that at 20 and 25 min. In the Grapiprant group, the heart rate at 35 min was higher only than that observed at 25 min. Discussion: The remifentanil rate did not differ between the groups, even between the times for GCAR. However, the remifentanil rate was lower from 20 min of the procedure for GGRA. This decrease may be related to a decrease in the need for anesthetics and analgesics by decreasing temperature, which causes decreases in metabolism and surgical stimulation. The increase in systolic, mean, diastolic, and heart rate arterial pressure parameters observed in both treatments after 15 min of anesthesia is related to the nociceptive stimulus resulting from traction and ligation of the ovarian pedicles and maneuvers for exteriorization of the uterus. These are considered the moments of greater surgical stimulus during ovariohysterectomy, evidenced by the greater release of cortisol and increase in physiological parameters. The results of this study show that the administration of carprofen or grapiprant was clinically similar when used preemptively for perioperative analgesia in cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy.

Down-regulation of complement genes in lipopolysaccharidechallenged zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to Indonesian propolis / Regulação negativa dos genes do complemento em larvas de peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) desafiadas com lipopolissacarídeo expostas à própolis indonésia

Although propolis has been reported for having anti-inflammatory activities, its effects on complement system has not been much studied. This research was conducted to find out the effects of Indonesian propolis on the expression levels of C3, C1r/s, Bf, MBL, and C6 in zebrafish larvae which were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Counting of macrophages migrating to yolk sac and liver histology were carried out. Larvae were divided into four groups: CON (cultured in E3 medium only), LPS (cultured in a medium containing 0.5 μg/L LPS), LPSIBU (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then treated with 100 μg/L ibuprofen for 24 hours), and LPSPRO (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then immersed in 14,000 μg/L propolis for 24 hours) groups. The results showed that complement gene expression in larvae from the LPSIBU and LPSPRO groups were generally lower than in larvae from the LPS group. The number of macrophage migrations to the yolk in the LPSPRO group was also lower than in the LPS group. Histological structure of liver in all groups were considered normal. This study shows that Indonesian propolis has the potential to be used as an alternative to the substitution of NSAIDs.

Embora a própolis tenha sido relatada por ter atividade anti-inflamatória, seus efeitos no sistema complemento, uma parte do sistema imunológico inato, não foram muito estudados. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida para descobrir os efeitos da própolis da Indonésia nos níveis de expressão de C3, C1r/s, Bf, MBL e C6 em larvas de peixe-zebra induzidas por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Foram realizadas contagens de macrófagos que migram para o saco vitelino e histologia do fígado. As larvas foram divididas em quatro grupos: CON (cultivadas apenas em meio E3), LPS (cultivadas em meio contendo 0,5 μg/L de LPS), LPSIBU (cultivadas em meio contendo LPS e, em seguida, tratadas com 100 μg/L de ibuprofeno por 24 horas) e LPSPRO (cultivado em meio contendo LPS, e então imerso em própolis 14,000 μg/L por 24 horas). Os resultados mostraram que a expressão do gene do complemento em larvas dos grupos LPSIBU e LPSPRO foi geralmente menor que em larvas do grupo LPS. O número de migrações de macrófagos para a gema no grupo LPSPRO também foi menor que no grupo LPS. A estrutura histológica do fígado em todos os grupos foi considerada normal. Este estudo mostra que a própolis indonésia tem potencial para ser utilizada como alternativa na substituição dos AINEs (anti-inflamatórios não esteroides).

Down-regulation of complement genes in lipopolysaccharidechallenged zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to Indonesian propolis / Regulação negativa dos genes do complemento em larvas de peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) desafiadas com lipopolissacarídeo expostas à própolis indonésia

Although propolis has been reported for having anti-inflammatory activities, its effects on complement system has not been much studied. This research was conducted to find out the effects of Indonesian propolis on the expression levels of C3, C1r/s, Bf, MBL, and C6 in zebrafish larvae which were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Counting of macrophages migrating to yolk sac and liver histology were carried out. Larvae were divided into four groups: CON (cultured in E3 medium only), LPS (cultured in a medium containing 0.5 μg/L LPS), LPSIBU (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then treated with 100 μg/L ibuprofen for 24 hours), and LPSPRO (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then immersed in 14,000 μg/L propolis for 24 hours) groups. The results showed that complement gene expression in larvae from the LPSIBU and LPSPRO groups were generally lower than in larvae from the LPS group. The number of macrophage migrations to the yolk in the LPSPRO group was also lower than in the LPS group. Histological structure of liver in all groups were considered normal. This study shows that Indonesian propolis has the potential to be used as an alternative to the substitution of NSAIDs.(AU)

Embora a própolis tenha sido relatada por ter atividade anti-inflamatória, seus efeitos no sistema complemento, uma parte do sistema imunológico inato, não foram muito estudados. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida para descobrir os efeitos da própolis da Indonésia nos níveis de expressão de C3, C1r/s, Bf, MBL e C6 em larvas de peixe-zebra induzidas por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Foram realizadas contagens de macrófagos que migram para o saco vitelino e histologia do fígado. As larvas foram divididas em quatro grupos: CON (cultivadas apenas em meio E3), LPS (cultivadas em meio contendo 0,5 μg/L de LPS), LPSIBU (cultivadas em meio contendo LPS e, em seguida, tratadas com 100 μg/L de ibuprofeno por 24 horas) e LPSPRO (cultivado em meio contendo LPS, e então imerso em própolis 14,000 μg/L por 24 horas). Os resultados mostraram que a expressão do gene do complemento em larvas dos grupos LPSIBU e LPSPRO foi geralmente menor que em larvas do grupo LPS. O número de migrações de macrófagos para a gema no grupo LPSPRO também foi menor que no grupo LPS. A estrutura histológica do fígado em todos os grupos foi considerada normal. Este estudo mostra que a própolis indonésia tem potencial para ser utilizada como alternativa na substituição dos AINEs (anti-inflamatórios não esteroides).(AU)

Relato de caso: tratamento de ferida perfurante no dígito de equino / Case report: treatment of a perforating wound in the equine digit / Caso clínico: tratamiento de una herida perforante en el dedo equino

Apesar dos avanços na medicina equina, certas condições de claudicação ainda representam um desafio significativo para os clínicos veterinários, especialmente quando se trata de afecções distais, como feridas perfurantes no casco do equino. Essas lesões podem afetar estruturas vitais, incluindo a articulação interfalângica distal, o osso navicular, a bolsa do osso navicular, o tendão flexor digital profundo, a bainha sinovial e a terceira falange. O presente estudo tem como objetivo esclarecer que um diagnóstico mais rápido e preciso das estruturas afetadas e do grau de lesões resultantes leva a um tratamento mais eficaz. Além disso, foi demonstrado que o tratamento convencional com antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios não esteroides sistêmicos -AINEs,em combinação com terapias alternativas, como campo magnético pulsado, laser classe III e Ozonioterapia, apresentou um efeito sinérgico com resultados excelentes.(AU)

Despite advances in equine medicine, certain claudication conditions still pose a significant challenge to veterinary clinicians, especially when it comes to distal affections such as puncture wounds on the equine hoof. These injuries can affect vital structures, including the distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bone, navicular bone pouch, deep digital flexor tendon, synovial sheath, and third phalanx. The present study aims to clarify that a more rapid and accurate diagnosis of the affected structures and the resulting degree of injury leads to more effective treatment. Furthermore, it was shown that conventional treatment with antibiotics and systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -NSAIDs, in combination with alternative therapies, such as pulsed magnetic field, class III laser and ozone therapy, presented a synergistic effect with excellent results.(AU)

A pesar de los avances en medicina equina, ciertas afecciones claudicantes siguen planteando un reto importante a los clínicos veterinarios, especialmente cuando se trata de afecciones distales como las heridas perforantes en el casco equino. Estas lesiones pueden afectar a estructuras vitales, como la articulación interfalángica distal, el hueso navicular, la bolsa del hueso navicular, el tendón flexor digital profundo, la vaina sinovial y la tercera falange. El presente estudio pretende aclarar que un diagnóstico más rápido y preciso de las estructuras afectadas y del grado de lesión resultante conduce a un tratamiento más eficaz. Además, se demostró que el tratamiento convencional con antibióticos y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos sistémicos -AINE, en combinación con terapias alternativas, como el campo magnético pulsado, el láser de clase III y la ozonoterapia, presentaban un efecto sinérgico con excelentes resultados.(AU)

Carcinoma de células escamosas em gato - tratamento com quimioterapia metronômica / Squamous cell carcinoma in a cat - treatment with metronomic chemotherapy

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm associated with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light and lack of skin pigment in white-coated animals. The disease diagnosis is based on the animal's history, clinical signs and histopathology of the samples collected. The therapeutic alternatives are diverse. Among them, one of the most used is the metronomic chemotherapy which is based on the use of cytostatics drugs, applied in low and frequent doses for a longer period of time. One of the mechanisms of action of this type of therapy is the decrease in angiogenesis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are simultaneously used to maximize the angiogenic effect. The objective of this study is to report the results of a treatment accomplised with metronomic chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide with meloxicam) in a domestic feline which presented a squamous cell tumor. Case: A 7-year-old female cat, mixed breed, not neutered, weighing 3.5 kg, was assisted at the Veterinary Specialties Teaching Clinic (CEEV) of the Technical University of Machala (UTMACH), presenting bilateral ulcerative lesion in the nasal plane for 5 months. Chronic exposure to sunlight is referred to in the patient's anamnesis. Aspiration cytology performed in the patient revealed an inflammatory process with a predominance of neutrophils and macrophages, and showed absence of neoplastic cells. A treatment based on antibiotics and corticosteroids was adopted. As there were no favorable results, an excisional biopsy procedure was chosen to collect the affected tissues. The result of the histopathological analysis was a level 2 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The initial treatment consisted of surgical removal of the tumor and later the use of metronomic chemotherapy based on Cyclophosphamide, Meloxicam, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and Sucralfate for 5 months was adopted. At the beginning of the second phase of treatment, the patient developed a macula that progressively diminished. Currently, the patient does not have any recurrence of the diagnosed neoplasm. Discussion: The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was based on clinical and histopathological findings. The macroscopic lesions were crusted ulcers that do not heal in the nasal plane and auricular pavilion, as reported in the literature. SCC is characterized by the infiltration of squamous cells in the dermal layer of the skin, forming epithelial islands with keratin pearls. The histopathological findings of this case present the same characteristics. The climatic conditions of Ecuador, high temperatures with greater incidence of sunlight, hypopigmented areas of the animal's body and chronic exposure to solar radiation are risk factors present in this case that foster the development of this malignant neoplasm. There are multiple treatments to be introduced in this sort of pathology. In this case, surgical removal of the tumor was adopted, followed by metronomic chemotherapy based on cyclophosphamide at 10 mg/m2 and meloxicam at a 0.05 mg/kg per day for a period of time of five months, obtaining favorable results and absence of recurrence. Despite metronomic chemotherapy being easy to administer, with fewer side effects, which includes a better acceptance of care takers who are reluctant to administer conventional chemotherapy, further studies are still necessary in what concerns certain variables such as age, carcinoma level, appropriate dosages and drugs according to each neoplasm.

Meta-analysis of the therapeutic use of dipyrone in dogs: pharmacological effects and clinical safety / Meta-análise do uso terapêutico da dipirona em cães: efeitos farmacológicos e segurança clínica

Dipyrone (metamizole) is well-known for its powerful effect with central and peripheral activity. This meta-analysis involved articles published between 1973 and 2021, revealing that Brazil is the country which most published scientific articles relating the use of dipyrone in dogs, and this drug is widely recommended as an analgesic to control pain in cases of postoperative and cancer. Dipyrone is one of the favorite drugs used in small animal clinic in Brazil, and 12 commercial brands are available to use in dogs at doses among 25 to 50mg/kg for oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration. The effects of dipyrone may be potentiated when used in combination with other analgesic agents such as tramadol. In several studies, the occurrence of vomiting has been observed as an adverse effect, especially when the drug is used during surgical procedures, but metamizole has presented a low potential to cause gastric ulceration. The meta-analysis study of the use of dipyrone in dogs shows the clinical importance of this drug in Brazil, being an effective and safe medication, as long as it is used in the indicated dose of 25 mg/kg.

A dipirona (metamizol) é bem conhecida por seu poderoso efeito com atividade central e periférica. Esta meta-nálise envolveu estudos publicados entre os anos de 1973 a 2021, revelando que o Brasil é o país que mais publicou artigos científicos envolvendo o uso de dipirona em cães, sendo este fármaco amplamente recomendado como analgésico para controlar a dor em casos de câncer e dor pós-operatória. É um dos medicamentos preferidos da clínica médica de pequenos animais no Brasil. 12 marcas comerciais estão disponíveis para uso em cães em doses que variam de 25 a 50g para administração oral, intravenosa e intramuscular. Os efeitos da dipirona podem ser potencializados quando usada em combinação com outros analgésicos, como o tramadol. Em vários estudos, a ocorrência de vômito tem sido observada como efeito adverso, principalmente quando o medicamento é usado durante procedimentos cirúrgicos, mas tem baixo potencial para causar ulceração gástrica. O estudo de meta-análise do uso de dipirona em cães evidencia a importância do uso clínico deste fármaco no Brasil, sendo um medicamento eficaz e seguro para cães, desde que utilizada na dose indicada de 25 mg / kg.

Meta-analysis of the therapeutic use of dipyrone in dogs: pharmacological effects and clinical safety / Meta-análise do uso terapêutico da dipirona em cães: efeitos farmacológicos e segurança clínica

Dipyrone (metamizole) is well-known for its powerful effect with central and peripheral activity. This meta-analysis involved articles published between 1973 and 2021, revealing that Brazil is the country which most published scientific articles relating the use of dipyrone in dogs, and this drug is widely recommended as an analgesic to control pain in cases of postoperative and cancer. Dipyrone is one of the favorite drugs used in small animal clinic in Brazil, and 12 commercial brands are available to use in dogs at doses among 25 to 50mg/kg for oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration. The effects of dipyrone may be potentiated when used in combination with other analgesic agents such as tramadol. In several studies, the occurrence of vomiting has been observed as an adverse effect, especially when the drug is used during surgical procedures, but metamizole has presented a low potential to cause gastric ulceration. The meta-analysis study of the use of dipyrone in dogs shows the clinical importance of this drug in Brazil, being an effective and safe medication, as long as it is used in the indicated dose of 25 mg/kg.(AU)

A dipirona (metamizol) é bem conhecida por seu poderoso efeito com atividade central e periférica. Esta meta-nálise envolveu estudos publicados entre os anos de 1973 a 2021, revelando que o Brasil é o país que mais publicou artigos científicos envolvendo o uso de dipirona em cães, sendo este fármaco amplamente recomendado como analgésico para controlar a dor em casos de câncer e dor pós-operatória. É um dos medicamentos preferidos da clínica médica de pequenos animais no Brasil. 12 marcas comerciais estão disponíveis para uso em cães em doses que variam de 25 a 50g para administração oral, intravenosa e intramuscular. Os efeitos da dipirona podem ser potencializados quando usada em combinação com outros analgésicos, como o tramadol. Em vários estudos, a ocorrência de vômito tem sido observada como efeito adverso, principalmente quando o medicamento é usado durante procedimentos cirúrgicos, mas tem baixo potencial para causar ulceração gástrica. O estudo de meta-análise do uso de dipirona em cães evidencia a importância do uso clínico deste fármaco no Brasil, sendo um medicamento eficaz e seguro para cães, desde que utilizada na dose indicada de 25 mg / kg.(AU)

Clinical, laboratorial and image aspects of a perforated pyloric ulcer secondary to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use in a cat

Background: Inappropriate use of drugs for veterinary patients represents a common problem at clinical practice. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories are one of these misused drugs and may lead to clinical status of challenging diagnosis. Adverseeffects for patients submitted to its incorrect use may include simple cases such as pharmacological gastroenteritis to severeacute renal failure or perforated gastroenteric ulcers with no pathognomonic clinical signs. The objective of this reportwas to describe a case of a perforated pyloric ulcer secondary to prolonged use of meloxicam in a cat with its clinical,laboratorial and image aspects from the moment of suspicion until the diagnosis.Case: An 8-year-old female feline was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Dom Bosco Catholic University, withmain complaint being a mammary nodule with recent ulceration. Tumor staging and pre-surgical blood analysis wereperformed previous to total unilateral mastectomy. Eleven days post-surgery the patient was brought for suture removal,but it was observed stupor, moderate dehydration (estimated 10%), 36.7ºC rectal temperature, heart rate at 100 beats/min,respiratory rate at 60 breaths/min, 40 mg/dL blood glucose, icterus and abdominal distension with tympany at percussion(fluid wave test was negative). Anamnesis revealed the possible use of meloxicam for 10 days. The first suspicion wassepsis, with enteric gas secondary to infection. Due to no classical signs of peritoneum effusion and possible severe entericdistension, abdominocentesis was not immediate performed. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry revealed amarked band leukocytosis associated with renal injury, supporting the first sepsis suspicion. Abdominal radiography revealedradiodensity of diffuse aspect at ventral topography but no evidence of marked...

Clinical, laboratorial and image aspects of a perforated pyloric ulcer secondary to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use in a cat

Background: Inappropriate use of drugs for veterinary patients represents a common problem at clinical practice. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories are one of these misused drugs and may lead to clinical status of challenging diagnosis. Adverseeffects for patients submitted to its incorrect use may include simple cases such as pharmacological gastroenteritis to severeacute renal failure or perforated gastroenteric ulcers with no pathognomonic clinical signs. The objective of this reportwas to describe a case of a perforated pyloric ulcer secondary to prolonged use of meloxicam in a cat with its clinical,laboratorial and image aspects from the moment of suspicion until the diagnosis.Case: An 8-year-old female feline was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Dom Bosco Catholic University, withmain complaint being a mammary nodule with recent ulceration. Tumor staging and pre-surgical blood analysis wereperformed previous to total unilateral mastectomy. Eleven days post-surgery the patient was brought for suture removal,but it was observed stupor, moderate dehydration (estimated 10%), 36.7ºC rectal temperature, heart rate at 100 beats/min,respiratory rate at 60 breaths/min, 40 mg/dL blood glucose, icterus and abdominal distension with tympany at percussion(fluid wave test was negative). Anamnesis revealed the possible use of meloxicam for 10 days. The first suspicion wassepsis, with enteric gas secondary to infection. Due to no classical signs of peritoneum effusion and possible severe entericdistension, abdominocentesis was not immediate performed. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry revealed amarked band leukocytosis associated with renal injury, supporting the first sepsis suspicion. Abdominal radiography revealedradiodensity of diffuse aspect at ventral topography but no evidence of marked...(AU)

Comparação entre o efeito do Piroxicam e do Trocoxil, no controle da inflamação em neoplasias mamárias de cadelas utilizando a termografia / Thermographic comparison between piroxicam and trocoxil anti inflammatory effects in canine mammary tumors

Malignant mammary tumors are most prevalent neoplasms in bitches. Currently, it is known the influence of several factors and biological markers involved in tumors development, such as cyclooxygenase-2. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appears as a promising adjuvant treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the effectiveness of piroxicam and Trocoxil® (mavacoxib) in reduce the peritumoral temperature. At random, it was selected 16 middle-aged bitches presenting mammary tumor according the routine of the Veterinary Hospital. On day 0, after clinical examination and thermography of both mammary chains, piroxicam was prescribed to group 1 (n=12) (0.3mg/kg, VO, SID, 10 days) and to group 2 (n=4) was prescribed Trocoxil® (2mg/kg, VO, single dose). After 10 days, the animals returned for further evaluation and the second thermography. The images were analyzed, tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis by the SigmaPlot® program in a simple t-test, considering p<0.05. The results indicated that Trocoxil® showed a better ability to reduce peritumoral temperature than piroxicam after 10 days of treatment (p=0.041), suggesting this drug with better efficiency in the adjuvant treatment of mammary neoplasms in bitches.

Comparação entre o efeito do Piroxicam e do Trocoxil, no controle da inflamação em neoplasias mamárias de cadelas utilizando a termografia / Thermographic comparison between piroxicam and trocoxil anti inflammatory effects in canine mammary tumors

Malignant mammary tumors are most prevalent neoplasms in bitches. Currently, it is known the influence of several factors and biological markers involved in tumors development, such as cyclooxygenase-2. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appears as a promising adjuvant treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the effectiveness of piroxicam and Trocoxil® (mavacoxib) in reduce the peritumoral temperature. At random, it was selected 16 middle-aged bitches presenting mammary tumor according the routine of the Veterinary Hospital. On day 0, after clinical examination and thermography of both mammary chains, piroxicam was prescribed to group 1 (n=12) (0.3mg/kg, VO, SID, 10 days) and to group 2 (n=4) was prescribed Trocoxil® (2mg/kg, VO, single dose). After 10 days, the animals returned for further evaluation and the second thermography. The images were analyzed, tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis by the SigmaPlot® program in a simple t-test, considering p<0.05. The results indicated that Trocoxil® showed a better ability to reduce peritumoral temperature than piroxicam after 10 days of treatment (p=0.041), suggesting this drug with better efficiency in the adjuvant treatment of mammary neoplasms in bitches.(AU)

Avaliação de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais no tratamento da dor de ovinos submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia / Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treatment of pain in sheep submitted to ruminal cannulation and orchiectomy

O presente trabalho objetivou comparar o efeito do flunixin meglumine, cetoprofeno e meloxicam no tratamento da dor pós-operatória de ovinos submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia. Foram utilizados 32 ovinos, machos, pesando em média 35,5±3,5kg, distribuídos em três grupos: GFlu (flunixin meglumine 1,1mg/kg i.v.), GCet (cetoprofeno 3,0mg/kg i.v.) e GMel (meloxicam 0,5mg/kg i.v.). Exame clínico e coletas de sangue foram realizados no M0 (pré-avaliação), M1 (10 minutos após a pré-avaliação), M2 (início da sutura para fixação da cânula ruminal), M3 (logo após o término da cirurgia) e em duas, 12, 23, 25, 48 e 72 horas após a cirurgia (M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h, M48h e M72h), quando foram avaliados cortisol, glicose, proteína total, albumina, γ-glutamiltransferase (GGT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK), ureia, creatinina e hemograma. Nos M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h e M48h, foi realizada avaliação comportamental. O GFlu apresentou maior concentração de cortisol no M12h e no M48h e maior escore de dor na fístula e no testículo no M12h, quando comparado ao GMel. Os animais do GCet apresentaram menor interação com outros membros da baia no M23h. A ação analgésica do meloxicam foi maior em animais submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia, quando comparado ao flunixin meglumine e ao cetoprofeno.(AU)

This study aimed to compare the effect of flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in the treatment of postoperative pain in sheep submitted to ruminal cannulation and orchiectomy. 32 sheep were submitted to implantation of rumen cannula and orchiectomy, divided into three groups: GFlu (Flunixin meglumine 1,1mg/kg i.v.); GCet (Ketoprofen 3,0mg/kg i.v.); GMel (Meloxicam 0,5mg/kg i.v.). Clinical examination and blood samples were performed at M0 (pre-evaluation), M1 (10 minutes after pre-evaluation), M2 (beginning ruminal cannula), M3 (immediately post-surgery), and M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h, M48h and M72h (2h, 12h, 23h, 25h, 48h and 72 hours post-surgery) with the evaluation of cortisol, glucose, total protein, albumin, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), urea, creatinine and blood count. At M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h and M48h a behavioral evaluation was performed. The GFlu showed higher concentration of cortisol at M12h and M48h and greater pain score related with fistula and testis procedures at M12h when compared to GMel. Animals in the GCet group presented lower interaction with other animals in the same M23h paddock. The analgesia provided by Meloxicam was higher than flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen in animals submitted to placement of ruminal cannula and orchiectomy.(AU)

Avaliação de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais no tratamento da dor de ovinos submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia / Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treatment of pain in sheep submitted to ruminal cannulation and orchiectomy

O presente trabalho objetivou comparar o efeito do flunixin meglumine, cetoprofeno e meloxicam no tratamento da dor pós-operatória de ovinos submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia. Foram utilizados 32 ovinos, machos, pesando em média 35,5±3,5kg, distribuídos em três grupos: GFlu (flunixin meglumine 1,1mg/kg i.v.), GCet (cetoprofeno 3,0mg/kg i.v.) e GMel (meloxicam 0,5mg/kg i.v.). Exame clínico e coletas de sangue foram realizados no M0 (pré-avaliação), M1 (10 minutos após a pré-avaliação), M2 (início da sutura para fixação da cânula ruminal), M3 (logo após o término da cirurgia) e em duas, 12, 23, 25, 48 e 72 horas após a cirurgia (M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h, M48h e M72h), quando foram avaliados cortisol, glicose, proteína total, albumina, γ-glutamiltransferase (GGT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK), ureia, creatinina e hemograma. Nos M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h e M48h, foi realizada avaliação comportamental. O GFlu apresentou maior concentração de cortisol no M12h e no M48h e maior escore de dor na fístula e no testículo no M12h, quando comparado ao GMel. Os animais do GCet apresentaram menor interação com outros membros da baia no M23h. A ação analgésica do meloxicam foi maior em animais submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia, quando comparado ao flunixin meglumine e ao cetoprofeno.(AU)

This study aimed to compare the effect of flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in the treatment of postoperative pain in sheep submitted to ruminal cannulation and orchiectomy. 32 sheep were submitted to implantation of rumen cannula and orchiectomy, divided into three groups: GFlu (Flunixin meglumine 1,1mg/kg i.v.); GCet (Ketoprofen 3,0mg/kg i.v.); GMel (Meloxicam 0,5mg/kg i.v.). Clinical examination and blood samples were performed at M0 (pre-evaluation), M1 (10 minutes after pre-evaluation), M2 (beginning ruminal cannula), M3 (immediately post-surgery), and M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h, M48h and M72h (2h, 12h, 23h, 25h, 48h and 72 hours post-surgery) with the evaluation of cortisol, glucose, total protein, albumin, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), urea, creatinine and blood count. At M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h and M48h a behavioral evaluation was performed. The GFlu showed higher concentration of cortisol at M12h and M48h and greater pain score related with fistula and testis procedures at M12h when compared to GMel. Animals in the GCet group presented lower interaction with other animals in the same M23h paddock. The analgesia provided by Meloxicam was higher than flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen in animals submitted to placement of ruminal cannula and orchiectomy.(AU)

Effects of ketoprofen administration on relation between acute phase proteins and metabolic parameters in cows during early lactation

Background: Acute phase proteins (APPs) are clinically useful parameters for measuring the occurrence and severity ofinflammatory responses in cattle. As large group of proteins, APPs are mainly secreted by hepatocytes whose concentrationincrease or decrease as response to tissue injury, inflammation or infection. The transition from late pregnancy to earlylactation is associated with a compromised immune status coupled with increased acute phase response. Non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in treatment of inflammatory conditions. The main objective of the presentstudy was to analyze the effects of a preventive administration of the NSAID (ketoprofen) in post-calving dairy cows onconcentration of APPs (haptoglobin and fibrinogen) and their relationship with indicators of liver function.Materials, Methods & Results: The treatment group (n = 15) was given an intramuscular injection of ketoprofen in theconcentration of 3 mg/kg during three consecutive days after calving. The control group (n = 15) was not treated withketoprofen. Blood samples were taken from coccygeal vein, on the first day of treatment and in the first and second weekpostpartum and they were analyzed for metabolic parameters (albumin and aspartat aminotransferaze) and APPs such ashaptoglobin and fibrinogen. Compared with control, ketoprofen administration decrease the levels of haptoglobin and fibrinogen and AST activity. Increase in albumin concentration was recorded in experimental group of cows compared withcontrol. Negative correlations (P < 0.01) were found between the haptoglobin concentration and albumin concentrationand aspartate aminotransferaze activity. Discussion: As inflammatory indicator in dairy cows, it is recorded that serum concentrations of haptoglobin is increasedduring mastitis. Beside haptoglobin, fibrinogen represents one of the APPs whose serum concentration increases during response in the acute phase. During the first and second week...

Effects of ketoprofen administration on relation between acute phase proteins and metabolic parameters in cows during early lactation

Background: Acute phase proteins (APPs) are clinically useful parameters for measuring the occurrence and severity ofinflammatory responses in cattle. As large group of proteins, APPs are mainly secreted by hepatocytes whose concentrationincrease or decrease as response to tissue injury, inflammation or infection. The transition from late pregnancy to earlylactation is associated with a compromised immune status coupled with increased acute phase response. Non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in treatment of inflammatory conditions. The main objective of the presentstudy was to analyze the effects of a preventive administration of the NSAID (ketoprofen) in post-calving dairy cows onconcentration of APPs (haptoglobin and fibrinogen) and their relationship with indicators of liver function.Materials, Methods & Results: The treatment group (n = 15) was given an intramuscular injection of ketoprofen in theconcentration of 3 mg/kg during three consecutive days after calving. The control group (n = 15) was not treated withketoprofen. Blood samples were taken from coccygeal vein, on the first day of treatment and in the first and second weekpostpartum and they were analyzed for metabolic parameters (albumin and aspartat aminotransferaze) and APPs such ashaptoglobin and fibrinogen. Compared with control, ketoprofen administration decrease the levels of haptoglobin and fibrinogen and AST activity. Increase in albumin concentration was recorded in experimental group of cows compared withcontrol. Negative correlations (P < 0.01) were found between the haptoglobin concentration and albumin concentrationand aspartate aminotransferaze activity. Discussion: As inflammatory indicator in dairy cows, it is recorded that serum concentrations of haptoglobin is increasedduring mastitis. Beside haptoglobin, fibrinogen represents one of the APPs whose serum concentration increases during response in the acute phase. During the first and second week...(AU)

Nanotecnologia na terapia antálgica / Nanotechnology in antalgic therapy

Grandes pesquisas estão voltadas ao estudo da dor e a seus métodos supressores. Entre os principais fármacos utilizados na abordagem multimodal do tratamento da dor na medicina veterinária estão os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), os anestésicos locais (AL) e os opioides. No entanto, o uso desses fármacos fica limitado devido, principalmente, a seus efeitos adversos sistêmicos, seus tempos de ação reduzidos e suas difíceis administrações. Buscando o controle adequado da dor, diversas pesquisas associando nanotecnologia com fármacos já classicamente utilizados com propósito analgésico vêm sendo realizadas. Elas visam à liberação controlada do fármaco, o prolongamento do período de ação e biodisponibilidade, a redução das doses e dos efeitos adversos, além da facilidade na aplicação. Os primeiros passos já foram dados, mas novos trabalhos nessa área são essenciais para essa tecnologia tornar-se uma realidade clínica. Este trabalho busca amplificar o conhecimento de pesquisas realizadas na área e enfatizar a importância da nanotecnologia, revisando conceitos disponíveis sobre o uso na terapia antálgica com a finalidade de obter seu melhor entendimento e aproveitamento.

There are great researches focused on the study of pain and its suppressive methods. Among the main drugs used in the multimodal approach to pain management in veterinary medicine are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local anesthetics (LA) and opioids. However, the uses of these drugs are limited, mainly due to their systemic adverse effects, their reduced action times and their difficult administrations. Aiming for the adequate control of the pain, several researches associating nanotechnology with drugs, already classically used for analgesic purposes, have been carried out, working on the controlled release of the drug, prolongation of the action period and bioavailability, reduction of doses and adverse effects, besides the ease in the application. The first steps have already been taken, but new work in this area is essential if this technology is to become a clinical reality. This work seeks to amplify the knowledge about researches in the field and to emphasize the importance of this new technology, reviewing available concepts about the use of nanotechnology in antalgic therapy in order to obtain its better understanding and use.

Nanotecnologia na terapia antálgica / Nanotechnology in antalgic therapy

Grandes pesquisas estão voltadas ao estudo da dor e a seus métodos supressores. Entre os principais fármacos utilizados na abordagem multimodal do tratamento da dor na medicina veterinária estão os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), os anestésicos locais (AL) e os opioides. No entanto, o uso desses fármacos fica limitado devido, principalmente, a seus efeitos adversos sistêmicos, seus tempos de ação reduzidos e suas difíceis administrações. Buscando o controle adequado da dor, diversas pesquisas associando nanotecnologia com fármacos já classicamente utilizados com propósito analgésico vêm sendo realizadas. Elas visam à liberação controlada do fármaco, o prolongamento do período de ação e biodisponibilidade, a redução das doses e dos efeitos adversos, além da facilidade na aplicação. Os primeiros passos já foram dados, mas novos trabalhos nessa área são essenciais para essa tecnologia tornar-se uma realidade clínica. Este trabalho busca amplificar o conhecimento de pesquisas realizadas na área e enfatizar a importância da nanotecnologia, revisando conceitos disponíveis sobre o uso na terapia antálgica com a finalidade de obter seu melhor entendimento e aproveitamento.(AU)

There are great researches focused on the study of pain and its suppressive methods. Among the main drugs used in the multimodal approach to pain management in veterinary medicine are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local anesthetics (LA) and opioids. However, the uses of these drugs are limited, mainly due to their systemic adverse effects, their reduced action times and their difficult administrations. Aiming for the adequate control of the pain, several researches associating nanotechnology with drugs, already classically used for analgesic purposes, have been carried out, working on the controlled release of the drug, prolongation of the action period and bioavailability, reduction of doses and adverse effects, besides the ease in the application. The first steps have already been taken, but new work in this area is essential if this technology is to become a clinical reality. This work seeks to amplify the knowledge about researches in the field and to emphasize the importance of this new technology, reviewing available concepts about the use of nanotechnology in antalgic therapy in order to obtain its better understanding and use.(AU)

Intoxicação por cetoprofeno em cão / Ketoprofen intoxication in dog

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in human and veterinary medicine because of their analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties, however, they are drugs frequently involved in small animal intoxications. Although its use is safe in dogs, there is a risk of promoting renal and gastrointestinal toxicity, and some authors have observed in this species digestive lesions with clinical manifestations that are noteworthy after the use of non-selective COX-2 NSAIDs, such as ketoprofen. Thus, the objective of this work is to report a case of ketoprofen intoxication in dogs.

Intoxicação por cetoprofeno em cão / Ketoprofen intoxication in dog

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in human and veterinary medicine because of their analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties, however, they are drugs frequently involved in small animal intoxications. Although its use is safe in dogs, there is a risk of promoting renal and gastrointestinal toxicity, and some authors have observed in this species digestive lesions with clinical manifestations that are noteworthy after the use of non-selective COX-2 NSAIDs, such as ketoprofen. Thus, the objective of this work is to report a case of ketoprofen intoxication in dogs.(AU)

Firocoxib on hematological and biochemical parameters and anesthesia propofol dose in dogs

This study evaluated the hematological and biochemical changes, the safety, as well as the change in propofol dose required for anesthesia induction in dogs, pretreated or not, in response to a single dose or continuous use of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) firocoxib. Thirty animals mean weighing 8.1 kg and mean aged 3.38 years were included. The animals were then divided into groups: Group I (GI) did not receive firocoxib, Group II (GII) received a single dose (5 mg/kg) 90 minutes before anesthesia induction, and Group III (GIII) received the same dose (5 mg/kg) for 40 consecutive days before induction of anesthesia with propofol. Hematological and biochemical evaluations were conducted. The times of collection were defined by the mean time of maximum concentration and constant concentration in the blood of the NSAID. All variables remained within the reference range, but averages differed statistically between GII and GIII, according to the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The average doses of propofol were 6.6 mg/kg, 6.1 mg/kg, and 7.8 mg/kg for GI, GII, and GIII, respectively. Hematological and biochemical changes and increased propofol dose for induction of anesthesia in GIII, despite this can be safely used in association with propofol at the time of anesthesic induction; which must be taken into account because it may also change doses of the drug in other anesthetic methods.