Cytotoxicity assessment of beta-lapachone in endothelial cells

The selective activity of an antineoplastic drug is related to its ability to promote cytotoxic action on tumor cells and preserve the integrity of non-neoplastic cells. Beta-lapachone is extracted from the sawdust of Ipe wood, a thick bark tree from the Ipe wood found in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic action of beta-lapachone in an endothelial cell line. The EA.hy926 cells were seeded in two groups, G1 and G2, cultured and exposed to beta-lapachone at concentrations of 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 & 956;M for 24 hours. G1 remained under normal cultivation conditions and G2 was subjected to oxidative stress through an ischemia and reperfusion assay, in a deoxygenated sealed chamber. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using the tetrazolium reduction method. In G1, the cytotoxicity ranged from 0.0 to 10.0%; and in G2 between 0.0 and 6.3%. No statistically significant difference was observed between the obtained values. Moreover, we found no cytotoxic action of beta-lapachone on endothelial cells, and the results point out that the drug might have preserved the cell’s integrity against oxidative stress under the conditions of this experiment. This promising result suggests the possibility of beta-lapachone as a chemotherapy drug with selective activity.

Cytotoxicity assessment of beta-lapachone in endothelial cells

The selective activity of an antineoplastic drug is related to its ability to promote cytotoxic action on tumor cells and preserve the integrity of non-neoplastic cells. Beta-lapachone is extracted from the sawdust of Ipe wood, a thick bark tree from the Ipe wood found in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic action of beta-lapachone in an endothelial cell line. The EA.hy926 cells were seeded in two groups, G1 and G2, cultured and exposed to beta-lapachone at concentrations of 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 & 956;M for 24 hours. G1 remained under normal cultivation conditions and G2 was subjected to oxidative stress through an ischemia and reperfusion assay, in a deoxygenated sealed chamber. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using the tetrazolium reduction method. In G1, the cytotoxicity ranged from 0.0 to 10.0%; and in G2 between 0.0 and 6.3%. No statistically significant difference was observed between the obtained values. Moreover, we found no cytotoxic action of beta-lapachone on endothelial cells, and the results point out that the drug might have preserved the cells integrity against oxidative stress under the conditions of this experiment. This promising result suggests the possibility of beta-lapachone as a chemotherapy drug with selective activity.(AU)

Zoonotic bacteria research and analysis of antimicrobial resistance levels in parrot isolates from pet shops in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil / Pesquisa de bactérias zoonóticas e análise dos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana em isolados de psitacídeos de pet shops da cidade de Fortaleza, Brasil

The Psittaciformes are among the most popular pets due to their intelligence, ability, and ease of maintenance in small environments. However, the absence of adequate environmental stimuli generated by confinement can predispose these animals to characteristic stress conditions, leaving them susceptible to the triggering of various diseases, among which those of bacterial origin stand out. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of enterobacteria and evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated from parrots from a pet shop in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. Ninety-six samples were collected from four pet shops (which were classified as A, B, C and D), eight samples of local swabs from budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), were collected from each establishment eight from cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and eight from lovebirds (Agapornis sp.). Isolation of enterobacteria is under the methodology used by Lopes et al. (2015) with modifications. The method used to study bacterial resistance was the Kirby-Bauer method, following the standards stipulated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Sixty-eight enterobacteria strains from ten different species, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii and Citrobacter amalonaticus, were isolated. P. agglomerans was the bacterium with the highest frequency of isolates from pet shop parrots, making up 23.5% of the isolates; the second-most isolated strain was P. mirabilis with 17.7%. In this study, 79% of the isolated strains were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials tested. Tetracycline proved to be the most resistant antimicrobial (44%), followed by polymyxin B (38%) and nalidixic acid (25%). Among the 68 strains, 19% did not show resistance to any of the classes of antimicrobials tested. The condition of multidrug resistance - resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials - was observed in 18% of the isolated strains.(AU)

Os psittaciformes estão entre os animais de estimação mais populares devido sua inteligência, habilidade, além da facilidade de manutenção da espécie em pequenos ambientes. Contudo, a ausência de estímulos ambientais adequados gerados pelo confinamento, podem predispor esses animais a quadros característicos de estresse, deixando-os susceptíveis ao desencadeamento de várias doenças dentre elas se destacam as de origem bacteriana. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa de enterobactérias e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de psitacídeos de pet shop da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram coletadas 96 amostras de quatro pet shops (os quais foram classificados em A, B, C e D), sendo coletados de cada estabelecimento oito amostras de suabes clocais oriundos de periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus), oito de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) e oito de agapornis (Agapornis sp.). O isolamento de enterobactérias está de acordo com a metodologia utilizada por Lopes et al. (2015) com modificações. O método utilizado para o estudo de resistência bacteriana foi o de Kirby-Bauer, seguindo os padrões estipulados pela Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Foi isolado um total de 68 cepas de enterobactérias, de dez espécies diferentes, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii e Citrobacter amalonaticus. Pantoea agglomerans foi a bactéria com maior percentagem de frequência dos isolados de psitacídeos de pet shop, perfazendo um total de 23,5% dos isolados, a segunda cepa mais isolada foi Proteus mirabilis com 17,7%. Neste estudo 79% das cepas isoladas foram resistentes a pelo menos uma classe de antimicrobianos testados, tetraciclina demonstrou ser o antimicrobiano com maior resistência (44%), seguido da polimixina B (38%) e do ácido nalidíxico (25%). Dentre as 68 cepas isoladas, 19% não apresentaram resistência a qualquer uma das classes de antimicrobianos testadas. A condição de multirresistência, ou seja, resistência a ≥3 classes de antimicrobianos foi observado em 18% das cepas isoladas.(AU)

Zoonotic bacteria research and analysis of antimicrobial resistance levels in parrot isolates from pet shops in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil / Pesquisa de bactérias zoonóticas e análise dos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana em isolados de psitacídeos de pet shops da cidade de Fortaleza, Brasil

The Psittaciformes are among the most popular pets due to their intelligence, ability, and ease of maintenance in small environments. However, the absence of adequate environmental stimuli generated by confinement can predispose these animals to characteristic stress conditions, leaving them susceptible to the triggering of various diseases, among which those of bacterial origin stand out. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of enterobacteria and evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated from parrots from a pet shop in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. Ninety-six samples were collected from four pet shops (which were classified as A, B, C and D), eight samples of local swabs from budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), were collected from each establishment eight from cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and eight from lovebirds (Agapornis sp.). Isolation of enterobacteria is under the methodology used by Lopes et al. (2015) with modifications. The method used to study bacterial resistance was the Kirby-Bauer method, following the standards stipulated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Sixty-eight enterobacteria strains from ten different species, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii and Citrobacter amalonaticus, were isolated. P. agglomerans was the bacterium with the highest frequency of isolates from pet shop parrots, making up 23.5% of the isolates; the second-most isolated strain was P. mirabilis with 17.7%. In this study, 79% of the isolated strains were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials tested. Tetracycline proved to be the most resistant antimicrobial (44%), followed by polymyxin B (38%) and nalidixic acid (25%). Among the 68 strains, 19% did not show resistance to any of the classes of antimicrobials tested. The condition of multidrug resistance - resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials - was observed in 18% of the isolated strains.(AU)

Os psittaciformes estão entre os animais de estimação mais populares devido sua inteligência, habilidade, além da facilidade de manutenção da espécie em pequenos ambientes. Contudo, a ausência de estímulos ambientais adequados gerados pelo confinamento, podem predispor esses animais a quadros característicos de estresse, deixando-os susceptíveis ao desencadeamento de várias doenças dentre elas se destacam as de origem bacteriana. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa de enterobactérias e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de psitacídeos de pet shop da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram coletadas 96 amostras de quatro pet shops (os quais foram classificados em A, B, C e D), sendo coletados de cada estabelecimento oito amostras de suabes clocais oriundos de periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus), oito de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) e oito de agapornis (Agapornis sp.). O isolamento de enterobactérias está de acordo com a metodologia utilizada por Lopes et al. (2015) com modificações. O método utilizado para o estudo de resistência bacteriana foi o de Kirby-Bauer, seguindo os padrões estipulados pela Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Foi isolado um total de 68 cepas de enterobactérias, de dez espécies diferentes, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii e Citrobacter amalonaticus. Pantoea agglomerans foi a bactéria com maior percentagem de frequência dos isolados de psitacídeos de pet shop, perfazendo um total de 23,5% dos isolados, a segunda cepa mais isolada foi Proteus mirabilis com 17,7%. Neste estudo 79% das cepas isoladas foram resistentes a pelo menos uma classe de antimicrobianos testados, tetraciclina demonstrou ser o antimicrobiano com maior resistência (44%), seguido da polimixina B (38%) e do ácido nalidíxico (25%). Dentre as 68 cepas isoladas, 19% não apresentaram resistência a qualquer uma das classes de antimicrobianos testadas. A condição de multirresistência, ou seja, resistência a ≥3 classes de antimicrobianos foi observado em 18% das cepas isoladas.(AU)

Use of glycosaminoglycans from Oreochromisniloticus skin as an antioxidant supplement for milt cryopreservation of Brazilian bocachico / Uso de glicosaminoglicanos da pele Oreochromis niloticus como suplemento antioxidante na criopreservação de sêmen de curimatã comum (Prochilodus brevis)

The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant action of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from the skinof Oreochromis niloticus, and to determine their ideal concentration to supplement the sperm freezing medium of Prochilodus brevis. In experiment 1, the in vitro antioxidant properties of GAGs were verified through the analysis of DPPH, chelating ferrous ability, and total antioxidant capacity. In experiment 2, milt pools were formed, which were frozen in solution supplemented or not with different GAGs concentrations: 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 mg mL-¹ (total of 10 treatments). The samples were evaluated for membrane integrity, DNA integrity, sperm morphology, and sperm kinetics. The results of experiment 1 showed that the GAGs exhibited, with the increase of the concentration, significant antioxidant action, for all the evaluated tests, mainly in the chelating ferrous ability. In experiment 2, it was observed that the increase of GAGs concentration decreased kinetic parameters (P < 0.05), however, the control and 0.5 mg mL-1 GAGs concentration showed similar results. For the other parameters (membrane integrity, DNA integrity, and sperm morphology), there was no decrease in results with the increase of GAGs concentration. In conclusion, GAGs extracted from O. niloticus skin have antioxidant action, and the concentration of 0.5 mg mL-¹ was the most adequate to supplement the P. brevis sperm-freezing medium.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar in vitro a ação antioxidante de glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) da pele de Oreochromis niloticus e determinar sua concentração ideal para suplementar o meio de congelação espermático de Prochilodus brevis. No experimento 1, foram verificadas as propriedades antioxidantes in vitro dos GAGs por meio das análises de DPPH, capacidade quelante do ferro e capacidade antioxidante total. No experimento 2, foram formados pool de sêmen, que foram congelados em solução suplementada, ou não, com diferentes concentrações de GAGs: 0 (controle); 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5; 4,0; 4,5 ou5,0 mg mL-¹ (total de 10 tratamentos). As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à integridade da membrana, integridade do DNA, morfologia e cinética espermática. Os resultados do experimento 1, mostraram que os GAGs exibiram, com o aumento da concentração, ação antioxidante significativa, para todos os testes avaliados, principalmente na capacidade quelante do ferro. No experimento 2, observou-se que o aumento da concentração de GAGs diminuiu os parâmetros cinéticos (P < 0,05), porém o controle e a concentração de 0,5 mg mL-1 de GAGs apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Para os demais parâmetros (morfologia, integridade de membrana e de DNA), não houve diminuição dos resultados com o aumento da concentração de GAGs. Em conclusão, os GAGs, extraídos da pele de O. niloticus, possuem ação antioxidante, sendo a concentração de 0,5 mg mL-1 a mais adequada para suplementar o meio de congelação espermático de P. brevis.

Use of glycosaminoglycans from Oreochromisniloticus skin as an antioxidant supplement for milt cryopreservation of Brazilian bocachico / Uso de glicosaminoglicanos da pele Oreochromis niloticus como suplemento antioxidante na criopreservação de sêmen de curimatã comum (Prochilodus brevis)

The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant action of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from the skinof Oreochromis niloticus, and to determine their ideal concentration to supplement the sperm freezing medium of Prochilodus brevis. In experiment 1, the in vitro antioxidant properties of GAGs were verified through the analysis of DPPH, chelating ferrous ability, and total antioxidant capacity. In experiment 2, milt pools were formed, which were frozen in solution supplemented or not with different GAGs concentrations: 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 mg mL-¹ (total of 10 treatments). The samples were evaluated for membrane integrity, DNA integrity, sperm morphology, and sperm kinetics. The results of experiment 1 showed that the GAGs exhibited, with the increase of the concentration, significant antioxidant action, for all the evaluated tests, mainly in the chelating ferrous ability. In experiment 2, it was observed that the increase of GAGs concentration decreased kinetic parameters (P < 0.05), however, the control and 0.5 mg mL-1 GAGs concentration showed similar results. For the other parameters (membrane integrity, DNA integrity, and sperm morphology), there was no decrease in results with the increase of GAGs concentration. In conclusion, GAGs extracted from O. niloticus skin have antioxidant action, and the concentration of 0.5 mg mL-¹ was the most adequate to supplement the P. brevis sperm-freezing medium.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar in vitro a ação antioxidante de glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) da pele de Oreochromis niloticus e determinar sua concentração ideal para suplementar o meio de congelação espermático de Prochilodus brevis. No experimento 1, foram verificadas as propriedades antioxidantes in vitro dos GAGs por meio das análises de DPPH, capacidade quelante do ferro e capacidade antioxidante total. No experimento 2, foram formados pool de sêmen, que foram congelados em solução suplementada, ou não, com diferentes concentrações de GAGs: 0 (controle); 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5; 4,0; 4,5 ou5,0 mg mL-¹ (total de 10 tratamentos). As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à integridade da membrana, integridade do DNA, morfologia e cinética espermática. Os resultados do experimento 1, mostraram que os GAGs exibiram, com o aumento da concentração, ação antioxidante significativa, para todos os testes avaliados, principalmente na capacidade quelante do ferro. No experimento 2, observou-se que o aumento da concentração de GAGs diminuiu os parâmetros cinéticos (P < 0,05), porém o controle e a concentração de 0,5 mg mL-1 de GAGs apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Para os demais parâmetros (morfologia, integridade de membrana e de DNA), não houve diminuição dos resultados com o aumento da concentração de GAGs. Em conclusão, os GAGs, extraídos da pele de O. niloticus, possuem ação antioxidante, sendo a concentração de 0,5 mg mL-1 a mais adequada para suplementar o meio de congelação espermático de P. brevis.(AU)

Effects of light intensity on growth, anti-stress ability and immune function in yellow feathered broilers

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of light intensity on growth, anti-stress ability, and immune function of yellow feathered broilers. A total of 480 one-day-old male Lingnan yellow feathered broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments based on light intensity (1, 5, 20 and 80 lx) with 8 replicates of 15 chicks each. The experiment lasted for 63 days. Compared with those under high light intensity, broilers exposed to low light intensity had higher (p<0.05) total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), a-Naphthylacetate esterase (ANAE+), antibody titer, but lower (p<0.05) malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L). There was a linear effect for T-AOC(p=0.002), GSH-Px(p≤0.047), MDA (p=0.003), H/L(p≤0.014), ANAE+ (p≤0.044), and antibody titer (p≤0.021) with T-AOC, GSH-Px, ANAE+, and antibody titer increased significantly as light intensity decreased, whereas MDA and H/L were decreased with the decrease in light intensity. These results suggested that broilers under low light intensity could have similar performance, better anti-stress ability, stronger immune function, and more efficient in energy usage as compared with those exposed to high light intensity environment.(AU)

Effects of light intensity on growth, anti-stress ability and immune function in yellow feathered broilers

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of light intensity on growth, anti-stress ability, and immune function of yellow feathered broilers. A total of 480 one-day-old male Lingnan yellow feathered broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments based on light intensity (1, 5, 20 and 80 lx) with 8 replicates of 15 chicks each. The experiment lasted for 63 days. Compared with those under high light intensity, broilers exposed to low light intensity had higher (p<0.05) total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), a-Naphthylacetate esterase (ANAE+), antibody titer, but lower (p<0.05) malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L). There was a linear effect for T-AOC(p=0.002), GSH-Px(p≤0.047), MDA (p=0.003), H/L(p≤0.014), ANAE+ (p≤0.044), and antibody titer (p≤0.021) with T-AOC, GSH-Px, ANAE+, and antibody titer increased significantly as light intensity decreased, whereas MDA and H/L were decreased with the decrease in light intensity. These results suggested that broilers under low light intensity could have similar performance, better anti-stress ability, stronger immune function, and more efficient in energy usage as compared with those exposed to high light intensity environment.

Inactivation of MarR gene homologs increases susceptibility to antimicrobials in Bacteroides fragilis

Bacteroides fragilis is the strict anaerobic bacteria most commonly found in human infections, and has a high mortality rate. Among other virulence factors, the remarkable ability to acquire resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents and to tolerate nanomolar concentrations of oxygen explains in part their success in causing infection and colonizing the mucosa. Much attention has been given to genes related to multiple drug resistance derived from plasmids, integrons or transposon, but such genes are also detected in chromosomal systems, like the mar (multiple antibiotic resistance) locus, that confer resistance to a range of drugs. Regulators like MarR, that control expression of the locus mar, also regulate resistance to organic solvents, disinfectants and oxygen reactive species are important players in these events. Strains derived from the parental strain 638R, with mutations in the genes hereby known as marRI (BF638R_3159) and marRII (BF638R_3706) were constructed by gene disruption using a suicide plasmid. Phenotypic response of the mutant strains to hydrogen peroxide, cell survival assay against exposure to oxygen, biofilm formation, resistance to bile salts and resistance to antibiotics was evaluated. The results showed that the mutant strains exhibit statistically significant differences in their response to oxygen stress, but no changes were observed in survival when exposed to bile salts. Biofilm formation was not affected by either gene disruption. Both mutant strains however, became more sensitive to multiple antimicrobial drugs tested. This indicates that as observed in other bacterial species, MarR are an important resistance mechanism in B. fragilis.(AU)

Impacts of oxidative stress on bovine sperm function and subsequent in vitro embryo development

Low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sperm are essential for various sperm functions such as capacitation, hyperactivation and acrosome reaction. However, increased synthesis of ROS or a disruption of antioxidative status (e.g. in cryopreserved sperm) can induce oxidative stress (OS). Sperm are particularly vulnerable to OS, as their plasma membrane contains large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and they have limited antioxidative capacity (due to low cytoplasmic volume). Oxidative stress disturbs sperm function by damaging sperm proteins, lipids and DNA. Under relatively low OS sperm may retain their fertilizing ability, which might result in transfer of impaired paternal molecules (e.g. damaged DNA) to the fertilized oozyte. Oocytes can repair damaged paternal DNA, but only to a certain extent. Most embryos are either repaired (based on limited DNA damage in blastocysts) or eliminated (based on low percentage of blastocyst formation when sperm with damaged DNA is used for fertilization). However, some blastocysts had increases in both DNA damage and apoptosis, which could have important implications for subsequent development. In several studies, exogenous antioxidants improved quality of sperm exposed to oxidative stress and subsequent embryo development. However, there is still a knowledge gap regarding whether these alterations affect embryonic survival and further development to a live fetus and healthy offspring.

Impacts of oxidative stress on bovine sperm function and subsequent in vitro embryo development

Low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sperm are essential for various sperm functions such as capacitation, hyperactivation and acrosome reaction. However, increased synthesis of ROS or a disruption of antioxidative status (e.g. in cryopreserved sperm) can induce oxidative stress (OS). Sperm are particularly vulnerable to OS, as their plasma membrane contains large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and they have limited antioxidative capacity (due to low cytoplasmic volume). Oxidative stress disturbs sperm function by damaging sperm proteins, lipids and DNA. Under relatively low OS sperm may retain their fertilizing ability, which might result in transfer of impaired paternal molecules (e.g. damaged DNA) to the fertilized oozyte. Oocytes can repair damaged paternal DNA, but only to a certain extent. Most embryos are either repaired (based on limited DNA damage in blastocysts) or eliminated (based on low percentage of blastocyst formation when sperm with damaged DNA is used for fertilization). However, some blastocysts had increases in both DNA damage and apoptosis, which could have important implications for subsequent development. In several studies, exogenous antioxidants improved quality of sperm exposed to oxidative stress and subsequent embryo development. However, there is still a knowledge gap regarding whether these alterations affect embryonic survival and further development to a live fetus and healthy offspring.(AU)

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biofilm Production by Salmonella sp. Strains Isolated from Frozen Poultry Carcasses

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and the biofilm-producing ability of Salmonella sp. strains isolated from frozen poultry carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the disk-diffusion method. Biofilm-producing ability was determined in 96-well polystyrene microplates stained with crystal violet at 1%. Out of the 22 strains tested, all were multiresistant, that is, resistant to more than three antimicrobial classes, and 72.7% were able to form biofilms. The highest resistance rates obtained were against sulfonamides, tetracycline, and quinolones. On the other hand, 100% of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol. According to the rate of biofilm formation, 3 (13.6%) and 13 (59.1%) strains were classified as moderate and weak biofilm-producers, respectively, and 27.3% did not form biofilms. Biofilms increase the tolerance of microorganisms to stress, reducing their sensitivity to disinfectants and antimicrobials; favor equipment corrosion; and act as substrates for the adhesion of bacteria with lower biofilm-producing capacity. The results of the present study stress the importance of cleaning procedures in food processing plants and highlight the public health risks related to the emergence of multiresistant strains.(AU)

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Biofilm Production by Salmonella sp. Strains Isolated from Frozen Poultry Carcasses

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and the biofilm-producing ability of Salmonella sp. strains isolated from frozen poultry carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the disk-diffusion method. Biofilm-producing ability was determined in 96-well polystyrene microplates stained with crystal violet at 1%. Out of the 22 strains tested, all were multiresistant, that is, resistant to more than three antimicrobial classes, and 72.7% were able to form biofilms. The highest resistance rates obtained were against sulfonamides, tetracycline, and quinolones. On the other hand, 100% of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol. According to the rate of biofilm formation, 3 (13.6%) and 13 (59.1%) strains were classified as moderate and weak biofilm-producers, respectively, and 27.3% did not form biofilms. Biofilms increase the tolerance of microorganisms to stress, reducing their sensitivity to disinfectants and antimicrobials; favor equipment corrosion; and act as substrates for the adhesion of bacteria with lower biofilm-producing capacity. The results of the present study stress the importance of cleaning procedures in food processing plants and highlight the public health risks related to the emergence of multiresistant strains.

Oxidative stress in dogs / Estresse oxidativo em cães

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), also known as free radicals, are generated during cellular respiration. Under normal conditions, the body has the ability to neutralize the effects of free radicals by using its antioxidant defenses. In the case of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, free radical production exceeds the capacity of organic combustion, resulting in oxidative stress. Of all the cellular components compromised by the harmful effects of ROS, the cell membrane is the most severely affected owing to lipid peroxidation, which invariably leads to changes in the membrane structure and permeability. With lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane, some by-products can be detected and measured in tissues, blood, and other bodily fluids. The measurement of biomarkers of oxidative stress is commonly used to quantify lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane in humans, a species in which ROS can be considered as a cause or consequence of oxidative stress-related diseases. In dogs, few studies have demonstrated this correlation. The present review aims to identify current literature knowledge relating to oxidative stress diseases and their detection in dogs.(AU)

Nos processos decorrentes da respiração celular, são gerados produtos denominados espécimes reativos de oxigênio (EROS), conhecidos também como radicais livres. Em condições normais, o organismo possui capacidade de neutralizar os efeitos dos radicais livres utilizando suas defesas antioxidantes. Em situações de desequilíbrio entre agentes oxidantes e antioxidantes, a produção de radicais livres excede a capacidade orgânica de neutralização, resultando na condição conhecida como estresse oxidativo. Dentre todos os componentes celulares atingidos pelos efeitos nocivos dos EROS, as membranas celulares são as estruturas mais severamente acometidas, devido à peroxidação lipídica, que leva, invariavelmente, a alterações estruturais e também na sua permeabilidade. Na peroxidação lipídica da membrana celular, alguns subprodutos podem ser detectados e mensurados nos tecidos, sangue e outros fluidos corpóreos. A mensuração de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo é habitualmente utilizada para quantificar a lipoperoxidação da membrana celular em humanos, espécie onde as EROS podem ser consideradas como causa ou consequência de doenças relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo. Nos cães, alguns poucos estudos demonstram essa correlação. A presente revisão tem como principal objetivo verificar na literatura, onde se encontra atualmente o conhecimento relacionando o estresse oxidativo às doenças em...(AU)

Oxidative stress in dogs / Estresse oxidativo em cães

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), also known as free radicals, are generated during cellular respiration. Under normal conditions, the body has the ability to neutralize the effects of free radicals by using its antioxidant defenses. In the case of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, free radical production exceeds the capacity of organic combustion, resulting in oxidative stress. Of all the cellular components compromised by the harmful effects of ROS, the cell membrane is the most severely affected owing to lipid peroxidation, which invariably leads to changes in the membrane structure and permeability. With lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane, some by-products can be detected and measured in tissues, blood, and other bodily fluids. The measurement of biomarkers of oxidative stress is commonly used to quantify lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane in humans, a species in which ROS can be considered as a cause or consequence of oxidative stress-related diseases. In dogs, few studies have demonstrated this correlation. The present review aims to identify current literature knowledge relating to oxidative stress diseases and their detection in dogs.

Nos processos decorrentes da respiração celular, são gerados produtos denominados espécimes reativos de oxigênio (EROS), conhecidos também como radicais livres. Em condições normais, o organismo possui capacidade de neutralizar os efeitos dos radicais livres utilizando suas defesas antioxidantes. Em situações de desequilíbrio entre agentes oxidantes e antioxidantes, a produção de radicais livres excede a capacidade orgânica de neutralização, resultando na condição conhecida como estresse oxidativo. Dentre todos os componentes celulares atingidos pelos efeitos nocivos dos EROS, as membranas celulares são as estruturas mais severamente acometidas, devido à peroxidação lipídica, que leva, invariavelmente, a alterações estruturais e também na sua permeabilidade. Na peroxidação lipídica da membrana celular, alguns subprodutos podem ser detectados e mensurados nos tecidos, sangue e outros fluidos corpóreos. A mensuração de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo é habitualmente utilizada para quantificar a lipoperoxidação da membrana celular em humanos, espécie onde as EROS podem ser consideradas como causa ou consequência de doenças relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo. Nos cães, alguns poucos estudos demonstram essa correlação. A presente revisão tem como principal objetivo verificar na literatura, onde se encontra atualmente o conhecimento relacionando o estresse oxidativo às doenças em...

High resveratrol or quercetin concentrations reduce the oscillation index of frozen goat semen / Altas concentrações de resveratrol ou quercetina reduzem o índice de oscilação do sêmen congelado caprino

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of trans-resveratrol or quercetin on the ability of goat sperm to withstand being frozen. Six pools of semen obtained from six male goats were processed with different concentrations of resveratrol or quercetin (Experiment 1: 0, 15, 25, 50, 75 or 100µM resveratrol; Experiment 2: 0, 15, 25, 50, 75 or 100µM quercetin) and frozen. After thawing, the semen was evaluated for sperm kinematics, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, morphology and oxidative stress following 0 and 1h of incubation. Immediately after thawing (0h), wobble (oscillation index) in the groups treated with 100µM of quercetin or resveratrol was lower (P<0.05) than in those treated with 0 and 25µM resveratrol and 0µM quercetin, respectively. After 1h of incubation, the total motility in treatments with 15, 50 and 75µM quercetin, as well as the plasma membrane integrity in all quercetin concentrations were lower (P<0.05) than at 0h. In opposition, the linearity of semen samples treated with 100µM quercetin and the straightness of those treated with 75 and 100µM quercetin were lower (P<0.05) at 0h than at 1h after thawing. Thus, it can be concluded that resveratrol and quercetin at high concentrations (100µM) transiently reduce the wobble of goat sperm submitted to frozen storage, and that quercetin (75 and 100µM) increases the linearity and straightness over time, which can be favorable for fertility.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de transresveratrol ou quercetina sobre a capacidade dos espermatozoides caprinos de resistirem à congelação. Seis pools de sêmen, obtidos de seis reprodutores caprinos, foram processados com diferentes concentrações de resveratrol ou quercetina (Experimento 1: 0, 15, 25, 50, 75 ou 100µM de resveratrol; Experimento 2: 0, 15, 25, 50, 75 ou 100µM de quercetina) e congelados. Após o descongelamento, o sêmen foi avaliado quanto à cinética espermática, à integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, à morfologia e ao estresse oxidativo nos tempos zero e uma hora de incubação. Imediatamente após a descongelação (zero hora), o wobble (índice de oscilação) nos grupos tratados com 100µM de quercetina ou de resveratrol foi menor (P<0,05) do que nos tratados com 0 e 25µM de resveratrol e com 0µM de quercetina, respectivamente. Após uma hora de incubação, a motilidade total dos tratamentos com 15, 50 e 75µM de quercetina, assim como a integridade de membrana plasmática em todas as concentrações de quercetina, foi menor (P<0,05) do que à zero hora. Em oposição, a linearidade das amostras de sêmen tratadas com 100µM de quercetina e a retilinearidade daquelas tratadas com 75µM e 100µM de quercetina foram menores (P<0,05) à zero hora do que à uma hora após descongelação. Assim, pode-se concluir que o resveratrol e a quercetina, em concentrações elevadas (100µM), reduzem, transitoriamente, o índice de oscilação de espermatozoides caprinos submetidos à congelação e que a quercetina (75 e 100µM) aumenta a linearidade e a retilinearidade ao longo do tempo, o que pode ser favorável à fertilidade.(AU)

High resveratrol or quercetin concentrations reduce the oscillation index of frozen goat semen / Altas concentrações de resveratrol ou quercetina reduzem o índice de oscilação do sêmen congelado caprino

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of trans-resveratrol or quercetin on the ability of goat sperm to withstand being frozen. Six pools of semen obtained from six male goats were processed with different concentrations of resveratrol or quercetin (Experiment 1: 0, 15, 25, 50, 75 or 100µM resveratrol; Experiment 2: 0, 15, 25, 50, 75 or 100µM quercetin) and frozen. After thawing, the semen was evaluated for sperm kinematics, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, morphology and oxidative stress following 0 and 1h of incubation. Immediately after thawing (0h), wobble (oscillation index) in the groups treated with 100µM of quercetin or resveratrol was lower (P<0.05) than in those treated with 0 and 25µM resveratrol and 0µM quercetin, respectively. After 1h of incubation, the total motility in treatments with 15, 50 and 75µM quercetin, as well as the plasma membrane integrity in all quercetin concentrations were lower (P<0.05) than at 0h. In opposition, the linearity of semen samples treated with 100µM quercetin and the straightness of those treated with 75 and 100µM quercetin were lower (P<0.05) at 0h than at 1h after thawing. Thus, it can be concluded that resveratrol and quercetin at high concentrations (100µM) transiently reduce the wobble of goat sperm submitted to frozen storage, and that quercetin (75 and 100µM) increases the linearity and straightness over time, which can be favorable for fertility.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de transresveratrol ou quercetina sobre a capacidade dos espermatozoides caprinos de resistirem à congelação. Seis pools de sêmen, obtidos de seis reprodutores caprinos, foram processados com diferentes concentrações de resveratrol ou quercetina (Experimento 1: 0, 15, 25, 50, 75 ou 100µM de resveratrol; Experimento 2: 0, 15, 25, 50, 75 ou 100µM de quercetina) e congelados. Após o descongelamento, o sêmen foi avaliado quanto à cinética espermática, à integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, à morfologia e ao estresse oxidativo nos tempos zero e uma hora de incubação. Imediatamente após a descongelação (zero hora), o wobble (índice de oscilação) nos grupos tratados com 100µM de quercetina ou de resveratrol foi menor (P<0,05) do que nos tratados com 0 e 25µM de resveratrol e com 0µM de quercetina, respectivamente. Após uma hora de incubação, a motilidade total dos tratamentos com 15, 50 e 75µM de quercetina, assim como a integridade de membrana plasmática em todas as concentrações de quercetina, foi menor (P<0,05) do que à zero hora. Em oposição, a linearidade das amostras de sêmen tratadas com 100µM de quercetina e a retilinearidade daquelas tratadas com 75µM e 100µM de quercetina foram menores (P<0,05) à zero hora do que à uma hora após descongelação. Assim, pode-se concluir que o resveratrol e a quercetina, em concentrações elevadas (100µM), reduzem, transitoriamente, o índice de oscilação de espermatozoides caprinos submetidos à congelação e que a quercetina (75 e 100µM) aumenta a linearidade e a retilinearidade ao longo do tempo, o que pode ser favorável à fertilidade.(AU)

Enduring amnesia induced by ICV scopolamine is reversed by sesame oil in male rats

PURPOSE:To evaluated the long-term effect of scopolamine and sesame oil on spatial memory.METHODS:Memory impairment induced by Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of scopolamine hydrochloride (10 μg/ rat). Animals were gavaged for 4 weeks with saline, sesame oil (0.5, 1, or 2 mL/kg/day), or 3 weeks with memantine (30 mg/kg/day) in advance to induction of amnesia. Morris water maze (MWM) test was conducted 6 days after microinjection of scopolamine. Then, blood and brain samples were collected and evaluated for the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, and total antioxidant status (TAS) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP).RESULTS:Scopolamine significantly decreased traveled distance and time spent in target quadrant in probe test. Pretreatment of rats with sesame oil (0.5 mg/kg) mitigated scopolamine-induced behavioral alterations. Measurement of MDA, SOD, and GPX in brain tissue, and FRAP and TAS in blood showed little changes in animals which had received scopolamine or sesame oil.CONCLUSIONS:Intracerebroventricular injection of scopolamine has a residual effect on memory after six days. Sesame oil has an improving effect on spatial memory; however this effect is possibly mediated by mechanisms other than antioxidant effect of sesame oil.(AU)

EFEITO PREVENTIVO DO ÁCIDO ALFA-LIPÓICO NA DEGENERAÇÃO TESTICULAR POR CHOQUE TÉRMICO AGUDO EM CAMUNDONGOS

A temperatura testicular em mamíferos deve ser inferior à temperatura corpórea para manter as funções de produção espermática adequada. O aumento da temperatura intratesticular pode ocasionar a degeneração testicular que culmina na queda da fertilidade e pode ter impacto negativo na produção de testosterona, em decorrência da apoptose nas células de Leydig e maior liberação de ROS, compondo um quadro associado de estresse oxidativo. Para combater esse efeito negativo existem fisiologicamente antioxidantes enzimáticos e não enzimáticos, porém, a depender da intensidade e continuidade da agressão, esses nem sempre conseguem cumprir sua tarefa antioxidativa. O ácido alfa-lipóico (ALA) vem conquistando espaço e bons resultados como suplemento antioxidante capaz de tratar, atenuar e até prevenir diversas alterações no organismo. Seus efeitos na reprodução animal já foram descritos para melhoria da motilidade, viabilidade, concentração espermática em casos de varicocele, isquemia/reperfusão, criopreservação e aumento na taxa de prenhez. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade preventiva do ALA na degeneração testicular induzida por choque térmico em camundongos maduros sexualmente. Para isso, 36 camundongos foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: Controle Negativo (CN; n = 6) como parâmetro local do biotério; Controle Positivo (CP; n = 10) que foram suplementados com placebo; ALA 200mg (A2P; n = 10) que foram suplementados com 200mg/Kg/dia; ALA 400mg (A4P; n = 10) que foram suplementados com o dobro da dose anterior. Excetuando o CN, os demais grupos foram suplementados durante 30 dias, foram submetidos ao esgotamento das reservas epididimárias com fêmeas por, no mínimo, 8 dias e, então, foram levados ao choque térmico testicular para induzir a degeneração testicular, sendo eutanasiados 48h depois. Os indivíduos passaram por biometria testicular (LET), passaram por avaliação macroscópica post morten, coleta das gônadas e glândulas sexuais acessórias para avaliação geral dos efeitos do ALA nos indivíduos, avaliação do sêmen pelo Sperm Class Analyser® e demais parâmetros que avaliam morfologia, concentração, integridade funcional e estrutural das membranas espermáticas, oIX comportamento da condensação da cromatina, e a análise histológica e histomorfometria em lâminas coradas em H&E. Nesse estudo observou-se a capacidade anti-inflamatória do ALA ao detectar edema na bolsa escrotal apenas no CP. Quanto a estrutura histológica, geralmente a dose do grupo A4P mostrou uma melhor capacidade de preservá-la, acentuando seu potencial preventivo em lesões teciduais severas no parênquima testicular. Por outro lado, os grupos que receberam ALA apresentaram taxa de mortalidade de 35% em média, enquanto os demais resultados não demonstraram relevância. Diante da potencial capacidade preventiva do ALA em caso de degeneração causada por choque térmico agudo, faz-se necessário investigar sua capacidade de reverter os danos teciduais.

The testicular temperature in mammals must be lower than the body temperature to maintain proper sperm production functions. The increase in intratesticular temperature can cause testicular degeneration that culminates in the fall of fertility and can have a negative impact on the production of testosterone, due to apoptosis in Leydig cells and greater release of ROS, composing an associated picture of oxidative stress. To combat this negative effect there are physiologically enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, however, depending on the intensity and continuity of the aggression, they are not always able to fulfill their antioxidative task. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has been reaching space and good results as an antioxidant supplement capable of treating, attenuating and even preventing various changes in the organism. Its effects on animal reproduction have already been described to improve motility, viability, sperm concentration in cases of varicocele, ischemia / reperfusion, cryopreservation and increased pregnancy rate. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the preventive capacity of ALA in testicular degeneration induced by thermal shock in sexually mature mice. For this, 36 mice were placed into the following groups: Negative Control (CN; n = 6) as a local parameter of the vivarium; Positive Control (CP; n = 10) supplemented with placebo; 200mg ALA (A2P; n = 10) supplemented with 200mg / kg / day; ALA 400mg (A4P; n = 10) supplemented with twice the previous dose. Except for the CN, the other groups were supplemented for 30 days, underwent depletion of epididymal reserves with females for at least 8 days, and then they were taken to testicular thermal shock to induce testicular degeneration, being euthanized 48h later. Individuals underwent testicular biometry (LET), underwent macroscopic post morten evaluation, collection of gonads and accessory sexual glands for general evaluation of ALA effects on individuals, semen evaluation by Sperm Class Analyzer® and other parameters that evaluate morphology, concentration , functional and structural integrity of sperm membranes, chromatin condensation behavior, and histological analysis and histomorphometry in slides stained in H&E. In this study, the anti-inflammatory capacity of ALA was observed by detecting edema in the scrotum ofXI CP, only. As for the histological structure, the A4P group dose generally showed a better ability to preserve it, accentuating its preventive potential in severe tissue lesions in the testicular parenchyma. On the other hand, the groups that received ALA had an average mortality rate of 35%, while the other results did not demonstrate relevance. In view of the potential preventive capacity of ALA in the degeneration event caused by acute thermal shock, it is necessary to investigate its ability to reverse tissue damage.

Influência da aplicação tópica de hidrogeis contendo nanocápsulas de indol-3-carbinol na fase aguda da cicatrização de feridas cutâneas de ratos.

A incidência de ferimentos cutâneos é alta e a cicatrização da área lesionada é essencial, uma vez que o tecido tegumentar constitui uma barreira corporal física contra os agentes lesivos. A integridade da pele, favorece a manutenção da homeostasia corpórea pois este tecido possui mecanismos de defesas antioxidantes para reduzir os efeitos nocivos gerados pelos radicais livres. Os tratamentos tópicos contendo agentes cicatrizantes se destacam por ser de fácil adesão, aplicação e diminuído risco de toxicidade, além de apresentar vantagens no processo de cicatrização. Para obtenção de cicatrização ideal, novas apresentações medicamentosas que melhorassem a qualidade e que não causem danos oxidativos ao tecido de granulação são atuais objetos de estudo. Os hidrogéis entre as formas farmacêuticas, destacam-se por sua habilidade de favorecer a cicatrização, além do amplo espectro de indicação. Agindo como carreadores de substâncias ativas, as nanocápsulas promovem a estabilidade, a liberação sustentada e a modulação da permeação cutânea do princípio ativo. Sendo assim, a associação de hidrogéis a ativos nanoencapsulados de maneira tópica mostra-se benéfica, pelo menor risco de citotoxicidade e por apresentar menores concentrações do fármaco. O indol-3-carbinol (I3C) é obtido através da hidrólise da glicobrassicina e possui atividade antitumoral, antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e antinociceptiva já validadas cientificamente, entretanto a verificação de sua atividade cicatrizante, sobretudo em estruturas nanoencapsuladas, não foi elucidada até o presente momento. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da aplicação tópica de formulações de hidrogéis contendo I3C livre e nanoencapsulado na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas de ratos. Foram utilizados 37 ratos Wistar adultos machos, distribuídos em cinco grupos experimentais (n=7-8): I) Controle; II) Alantoína 1%, III) I3C livre; IV) Nano-branca (NB) e V) Nanocápsula de I3C (N-I3C). Após o período de aclimatação, foi realizada excisão cutânea de área total de 2 cm², na pele da região dorsal, entre as escápulas. Posteriormente, os diferentes tratamentos tópicos foram aplicados na área excisada durante cinco dias experimentais. Nos dias 1(basal), 3 e 6 a área da ferida foi mensurada para avaliação da regressão (em % do basal). No sexto dia experimental os animais foram eutanasiados para análises do perfil oxidativo. Foi observado aumento do tamanho da ferida no 3º dia experimental, sendo menor nos grupos tratados, em relação ao controle. Ao 6º dia, a regressão foi menor no grupo I3C livre. O grupo que recebeu N-I3C apresentou menores níveis de peroxidação lipídica, carbonilação de proteínas e espécies reativas em relação ao controle e reduzida atividade da catalase e níveis de glutationa reduzida. Conclui-se que feridas tratadas com I3C nanoencapsulado apresentam menores danos oxidativos na fase inflamatória e proliferativa.

The incidence of cutaneous wounds is high and the healing of the injured area is essential, since the integumentary tissue constitutes a body barrier against the harmful agents. The integrity of the skin, favors the maintenance of body homeostasis because this tissue has an antioxidant defense mechanism to reduce the harmful effects generated by free radicals. Treatments containing healing agents stand out for being easy to adhere to, application and reduced risk of toxicity, in addition to presenting advantages in the healing process. To obtain optimal healing, new drug presentations that improve quality and do not cause oxidative damage to granulation tissue are current objects of study. Among the pharmaceutical formulas, hydrogels stand out for their ability to promote healing and be indicated for various types of wounds. On the other hand, acting as carriers of active substances, such as nanocapsules, promote stability, sustained release and modulation of skin permeation of the active principle. Therefore, an association of hydrogels with nanoencapsulated actives is highly beneficial, due to the lower risk of cytotoxicity and because it has smaller edges of the drug. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is superior through the hydrolysis of glycobrassicin and has antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity that have already been scientifically validated, however the verification of its healing activity, especially in nanoencapsulated structures, has not been elucidated so far. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the effect of topical application of hydrogel formulations containing free and nanoencapsulated I3C on the healing of skin wounds in rats. There were 37 adults male Wistar rats, distributed in 5 experimental groups (n = 7-8): I) Control; II) 1% allantoin, III) free I3C; IV) Nano-blank (NB) and V) I3C nanocapsule (N-I3C). After the acclimatization period, a cutaneous excision of a total area of 2 cm² was performed on the skin of the dorsal region, between the scapulae. Subsequently, the different topical treatments were applied to the excised area for 5 experimental days. On days 1 (baseline), 3 and 6 the wound area was measured to assess regression (in% of baseline). On the sixth experimental day, the animals were euthanized for analysis of the oxidative profile. An increase in the size of the wound was observed on the 3rd experimental day, being lower in the treated groups, compared to the control. On the 6th day, regression was lower in the free I3C group. The group that received N-I3C showed lower levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and reactive species in relation to the control and reduced catalase activity and reduced glutathione levels. It is concluded that wounds treated with nanoencapsulated I3C present less oxidative damage in the early stages of the healing process