Effect of ultra-fine traditional Chinese medicine compounds on regulation of lipid metabolism and reduction in egg cholesterol of aying hens

This study has the objective of investigating the effects of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (TCM) on serum lipid, abdominal and hepatic fat percentage, cholesterol content in eggs, and mRNA expression of genes apoA I and apoB100. One hundred and thirty five healthy (300-day-old) layers were randomly assigned to three treatments. The hens in control group were fed with the basal diet. The hens in the experimental groups (TCM 1 and TCM 2) were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 1% TCM 1 and 1% TCM 2 respectively over a period of 60 days. Laying performance and the serum parameters relevant to fat metabolism were measured. The results showed that no significant differences were found in average daily feed intake and egg weight among three treatments. Average daily laying rate in TCM treatments was increased, and the cholesterol content in eggs was decreased. The serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in experimental treatments were decreased (p<0.05), while the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group. Additionally, abdominal fat percentage decreased in TCM 1 treatment (p<0.05), and hepatic fat percentage decreased in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). The expression of apolipoproteinA I (apoA I) and apolipoproteinB100 (apoB100) mRNA in the liver increased in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). These results suggest that the diet supplemented with TCM could increase the expression of apoA I and apoB100 mRNA in the liver, and decrease lipid content in the serum, and reduce egg cholesterol in layers.(AU)

Effect of ultra-fine traditional Chinese medicine compounds on regulation of lipid metabolism and reduction in egg cholesterol of aying hens

This study has the objective of investigating the effects of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (TCM) on serum lipid, abdominal and hepatic fat percentage, cholesterol content in eggs, and mRNA expression of genes apoA I and apoB100. One hundred and thirty five healthy (300-day-old) layers were randomly assigned to three treatments. The hens in control group were fed with the basal diet. The hens in the experimental groups (TCM 1 and TCM 2) were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 1% TCM 1 and 1% TCM 2 respectively over a period of 60 days. Laying performance and the serum parameters relevant to fat metabolism were measured. The results showed that no significant differences were found in average daily feed intake and egg weight among three treatments. Average daily laying rate in TCM treatments was increased, and the cholesterol content in eggs was decreased. The serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in experimental treatments were decreased (p<0.05), while the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group. Additionally, abdominal fat percentage decreased in TCM 1 treatment (p<0.05), and hepatic fat percentage decreased in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). The expression of apolipoproteinA I (apoA I) and apolipoproteinB100 (apoB100) mRNA in the liver increased in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). These results suggest that the diet supplemented with TCM could increase the expression of apoA I and apoB100 mRNA in the liver, and decrease lipid content in the serum, and reduce egg cholesterol in layers.

Gene Expression Patterns of Geese Expression Patterns of L-FABP, Spot 14, OB and APO A1 Genes in Different Tissues of Overfed and Control Geese

Ten-week-old Langde geese in similar body weight were randomly selected, four for overfeeding and four for routinly feeding. The abundance of liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), thyroid hormone-responsive (THRSP or Spot 14), obese (OB), and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) genes in goose were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. L-FABP was higher expressed in liver and intestine than other tissues, but no expression was detected in the pancreas or brain. The other three genes were widely expressed in different tissues, OB was higher expressed in pancreas and abdominal fat, Spot 14 and Apo A1 was higher expressed in sebum and abdominal fat. Spot 14 and Apo A1 genes were up-regulated in overfed goose livers compared with that in the control. Thus, Spot 14 and Apo A1 genes may play important roles in lipid metabolism in goose fat liver.(AU)

Gene Expression Patterns of Geese Expression Patterns of L-FABP, Spot 14, OB and APO A1 Genes in Different Tissues of Overfed and Control Geese

Ten-week-old Langde geese in similar body weight were randomly selected, four for overfeeding and four for routinly feeding. The abundance of liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), thyroid hormone-responsive (THRSP or Spot 14), obese (OB), and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) genes in goose were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. L-FABP was higher expressed in liver and intestine than other tissues, but no expression was detected in the pancreas or brain. The other three genes were widely expressed in different tissues, OB was higher expressed in pancreas and abdominal fat, Spot 14 and Apo A1 was higher expressed in sebum and abdominal fat. Spot 14 and Apo A1 genes were up-regulated in overfed goose livers compared with that in the control. Thus, Spot 14 and Apo A1 genes may play important roles in lipid metabolism in goose fat liver.

Correlation Analysis of Relative Expression of Apob, Adfp and Fatp1 with Lipid Metabolism in Daweishan Mini Chickens

Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to measure the relative expression levels of the adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP) gene, fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) gene and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) gene in subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, liver and muscle at five growth stages (28, 49, 70, 91 and 112 d) to determine the effect of the expression ofthese genes on fat deposition in Daweishan Mini chickens.The relative expression of ADFP gene mRNA in the abdominal fat andthe liver was significantly different between 49 d and 70 d (p 0.05). The relative ApoB gene expression on 91d was higher in the liver, followed by muscles,subcutaneous fat, and abdominal fat, and was significantly higher in the liver than in the other three tissues. FATP1 gene expression in the liver presented a significant positive correlation with subcutaneous fat thickness (p 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the three genes may control the fat development in Daweishan Mini chicken

Correlation Analysis of Relative Expression of Apob, Adfp and Fatp1 with Lipid Metabolism in Daweishan Mini Chickens

Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to measure the relative expression levels of the adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP) gene, fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) gene and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) gene in subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, liver and muscle at five growth stages (28, 49, 70, 91 and 112 d) to determine the effect of the expression ofthese genes on fat deposition in Daweishan Mini chickens.The relative expression of ADFP gene mRNA in the abdominal fat andthe liver was significantly different between 49 d and 70 d (p 0.05). The relative ApoB gene expression on 91d was higher in the liver, followed by muscles,subcutaneous fat, and abdominal fat, and was significantly higher in the liver than in the other three tissues. FATP1 gene expression in the liver presented a significant positive correlation with subcutaneous fat thickness (p 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the three genes may control the fat development in Daweishan Mini chicken(AU)

Lipoprotein lipase gene-deficient mice with hypertriglyceridaemia associated with acute pancreatitis

PURPOSE:To investigate the severity of pancreatitis in lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-deficient hypertriglyceridaemic (HTG) heterozygous mice and to establish an experimental animal model for HTG pancreatitis study.METHODS:LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice were rescued by somatic gene transfer and mated with wild-type mice. The plasma amylase, triglyceride, and pathologic changes in the pancreas of the LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice were compared with those of wild-type mice to assess the severity of pancreatitis. In addition, acute pancreatitis (AP) was induced by caerulein (50 µg/kg) for further assessment.RESULTS:The levels of plasma amylase and triglyceride were significantly higher in the LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice. According to the pancreatic histopathologic scores, the LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice showed more severe pathologic damage than the wild-type mice.CONCLUSIONS:Lipoprotein lipase deficient heterozygous mice developed severe caerulein-induced pancreatitis. In addition, their high triglyceride levels were stable. Therefore, LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice are a useful experimental model for studying HTG pancreatitis.(AU)

EFEITOS DO ÓLEO DA SEMENTE DE MARACUJÁ NOS SISTEMAS IMUNE E ANTIOXIDANTE DE FRANGOS DE CORTE

O estresse térmico proporciona muitos prejuízos na avicultura industrial e com o objetivo de minimizá-los, estratégias nutricionais vêm sendo adotadas, com ênfase, principalmente aos alimentos naturais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito da suplementação de óleo da semente de maracujá (OSM) na imunidade e respostas imunes, qualidade de carne e sistema antioxidante de frangos de corte. Para isso foram utilizados 450 pintainhos de 1 dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb® 500, alojados em gaiolas de arame galvanizado, em duas câmaras com 45 gaiolas cada. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo duas temperaturas (termoneutra e estresse cíclico pelo calor) e cinco tratamentos (controle sem inclusão de OSM + quatro níveis de inclusão de OSM (0,30; 0,50; 0,70; 0,90%) com nove repetições de cinco aves cada. A ração foi desprovida de antibióticos como melhorador de desempenho, porém acrescida de anticoccidiano em todos os tratamentos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se análise de variância com auxílio do SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, 2008) e, sendo significativas a (P<0,05) no teste de média pelo teste de Tukey. Houve efeito significativo para o peso vivo ao abate e peso de cortes comerciais, para frangos criados em ambiente termoneutro, que apresentaram maiores valores em relação ao estresse por calor, e a gordura abdominal apresentou menor valor para aves desafiadas por calor. O OSM influenciou no maior peso (em gramas) das pernas. Frangos de corte criados em estresse por calor apresentaram menores valores de a* na musculatura do peito do que os frangos criados em ambiente termoneutro. Em relação a análise proteômica eletroforese bidimensional em gel de poliacrilamida (2D-PAGE) do plasma sanguíneo para resultados voltados a qualidade de carne, a proteína Actin alpha skeletal muscle, apresentou diferença significativa nos tratamentos com inclusão de 0,9% de OSM em ambas as temperaturas (estresse por calor e termoneutra) e, Neuropilin-1, no tratamento termoneutro com 0% de inclusão de OSM. Com 21 dias de idade foi observado uma interação significativa para titulação de anticorpos, sendo que frangos criados em ambiente de estresse que receberam o nível de 0,90% de OSM, apresentaram maior valor de titulação vacinal. Aos 28 dias de idade, novamente os animais que receberam 0,90% de inclusão de OSM e, independente do ambiente de criação, apresentaram maiores valores de títulos de anticorpos. Na análise proteômica do plasma sanguíneo (2D-PAGE) foram encontradas diversas proteínas que 11 estão relacionadas com o sistema imunológico dos frangos de corte: Complement factor B-like protease (Fragment); Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Mannose-binding protein; Zinc finger protein ubi-d4; Ig lambda chain C region; Ig lambda chain V-1 region; Apolipoprotein A-I. A análise proteômica também apresentou resultados referentes a manutenção do epitélio gastrointestinal, com a expressão diferencial de Retinol-binding protein 4 e, Homeodomain-only protein. Houve maior % de redução de DPPH com a maior inclusão do OSM, assim como maior expressão de Alcohol dehydrogenase 1, nos tratamentos com maior inclusão de OSM. Também houve diferença significativa para o efeito temperatura sobre a atividade da enzima catalase que se apresentou maior em ambiente termoneutro. Assim como, Nuclear receptor coactivator 7 que foi diferencialmente expresso no tratamento 0% de frangos de corte criados em ambiente termoneutro. Hemoglobin subunit epsilon teve sua expressão diferenciada no tratamento 0,9% de frangos de corte criados em ambiente de estresse. Além disso, vários spots proteicos relacionados as chaperonas moleculares foram diferencialmente expressas nos tratamentos 0,5% e 0,9% de inclusão de OSM em ambas as temperaturas de criação. Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 1 foi diferencialmente expresso nos tratamentos de 0,9% de inclusão de OSM em ambos os ambientes de criação.

Heat stress causes many damages in industrial poultry farming and in order to minimize them, nutritional strategies have been adopted, with emphasis, mainly on natural foods. The objective of this work was to study the effect of passion fruit seed oil (OSM) supplementation on immunity and immune responses, meat quality and antioxidant system of broiler chickens. For this, 450 1-day-old male chicks of the Cobb® 500 strain were used, housed in galvanized wire cages, in two chambers with 45 cages each. The design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with two temperatures (thermoneutral and cyclic heat stress) and five treatments (control without inclusion of OSM + four levels of inclusion of OSM (0.30; 0.50; 0) .70; 0.90%) with nine replicates of five birds each.The ration was devoid of antibiotics as a performance enhancer, but added anticoccidial in all treatments. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with the aid of SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, 2008) and, being significant (P<0.05) in the mean test by the Tukey test. which had higher values in relation to heat stress, and abdominal fat had lower value for heat challenged birds. OSM influenced the higher weight (in grams) of the legs. Broilers reared under heat stress had lower value a* in the breast musculature than broilers raised in a thermoneutral environment. Regarding proteomic two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis in polyacrylamide gel (2D-PAGE) of blood plasma for meat quality results, the protein Actin alpha skeletal muscle showed a significant difference in treatments with inclusion of 0.9% OSM in both temperatures (heat stress and thermoneutral) and, Neuropilin-1, in thermoneutral treatment with 0% inclusion of OSM. At 21 days of age, a significant interaction for antibody titration was observed, and broilers reared in a stress environment that received the level of 0.90% of OSM had a higher value of vaccine titration. At 28 days of age, again the animals that received 0.90% inclusion of OSM and, regardless of the rearing environment, had higher antibody titers. In the proteomic analysis of blood plasma (2D-PAGE) several proteins that are related to the immune system of broiler chickens were found: Complement factor B-like protease (Fragment); Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Mannose-binding protein; Zinc finger protein ubi-d4; Ig lambda chain C region; Ig lambda chain V-1 region; Apolipoprotein A-I. Proteomic analysis also showed results regarding the maintenance of the gastrointestinal epithelium, with the differential expression of Retinol-binding protein 4 and Homeodomain-only protein. There was a greater % reduction of DPPH with the 13 greater inclusion of OSM, as well as greater expression of Alcohol dehydrogenase 1, in treatments with greater inclusion of OSM. There was also a significant difference for the temperature effect on the catalase enzyme activity, which was higher in a thermoneutral environment. As well as, Nuclear receptor coactivator 7 which was differentially expressed in the 0% treatment of broilers reared in thermoneutral environment. Hemoglobin subunit epsilon had its expression differentiated in the treatment of 0.9% of broilers reared in stress environment. Furthermore, several protein spots related to molecular chaperones were differentially expressed in the 0.5% and 0.9% OSM inclusion treatments at both rearing temperatures. Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 1 was differentially expressed in treatments of 0.9% inclusion of OSM in both rearing environments.

INFLUÊNCIA DE DIFERENTES DISTÂNCIAS DO TRANSPORTE DE EQUINOS SOBRE PROTEÍNAS DE FASE AGUDA, ESTRESSE OXIDATIVO E COMPONENTES HEMATOLÓGICOS

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do transporte rodoviário de equinos sobre proteínas de fase aguda (PFA), estresse oxidativo e componentes hematológicos. Foram utilizados 11 equinos, mestiços Quarto de Milha, idade média de 8,5±1,4 anos e peso de 447,1±21,2 quilos. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Araruama, RJ, com amplitude térmica local variando de 15 a 34°C (21,4±5,4), umidade relativa do ar entre 58 e 93% (78±11,4). Os animais foram submetidos a duas viagens, a primeira de 50 km, que teve duração de uma hora e 40 minutos, com velocidade média de 30 km por hora. Após 21 dias, realizou-se a segunda jornada, desta vez, de 300 km com duração de cinco horas e 30 minutos e velocidade média de 54,5 km por hora. Para analisar as variáveis, foi coletado sangue em nove momentos em cada viagem: TAnVi (imediatamente antes do início da viagem), TTeVi (imediatamente após o término do percurso) e com seis (T6h), 24 (T24h), 48 (T48h), 72 (T72h), 96 (T96h), 120 (T120h) e 144 horas (T144h) após o término da viagem. Foram avaliados o hematócrito, proteínas totais, plaquetas, contagem global e diferencial de leucócitos; as proteínas de fase aguda: macroglobulina alfa 2 (ALF 2), ceruloplasmina (CP), transferrina (TRF), antitripsina alfa 1 (ALF 1), haptoglobina (HP), apolipoproteína alfa 1 (APO-A1), 1 glicoproteína ácida (GPA); marcadores de estresse oxidativo: óxido nítrico (NO), capacidade de redução férrica do plasma (FRAP), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e malondialdeído (MAD); atividade muscular: creatinoquinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e atividade metabólica glicose (GLI) e lactato (LAC). A estatística utilizou ANOVA, comparações pelo teste de Tukey e não paramétricos por Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn, significância considerada quando p<0,05. Houve incremento de neutrófilos de TTeVi a T48h após os dois trajetos e dos leucócitos totais de TTeVi a T24h após os 300 km. A GLI não apresentou alteração entre as distâncias, porém apresentou depleção em TTeVi dos 300 km. Houve incremento do lactato após os 50 km em relação aos 300, bem como TTeVi dos 50 km. A AST apresentou incremento em TTeVi dos 300 km em relação aos 50. As PFAs permaneceram sem alteração em todos os momentos. O estresse oxidativo foi percebido com depleção do SOD e incremento do MAD nos 300 km em relação aos 50. O percurso de 300 km ocasionou alterações mais acentuadas nas enzimas musculares, marcadores metabólicos e estresse oxidativo, sinalizando que o t

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of road transport of horses on acute phase proteins (APP), oxidative stress and hematological components. Eleven horses, crossbred Quarter Horses, mean age of 8.5±1.4 years and weight of 447.1±21.2 kg were used. The experiment was carried out in the city of Araruama, RJ, with local thermal amplitude ranging from 15 to 34°C (21.4±5.4), relative humidity between 58 and 93% (78±11.4). The animals were submitted to two trips, the first of 50 km, which lasted one hour and 40 minutes, with an average speed of 30 km per hour. After 21 days, the second journey took place, this time of 300 km lasting five hours and 30 minutes and an average speed of 54.5 km per hour. To analyze the variables, blood was collected at nine moments in each trip: TAnVi (immediately before the beginning of the trip), TTeVi (immediately after the end of the trip) and with six (T6h), 24 (T24h), 48 (T48h), 72 (T72h), 96 (T96h), 120 (T120h) and 144 hours (T144h) after the end of the trip. Hematocrit, total proteins, platelets, global and differential leukocyte counts were evaluated; acute phase proteins: macroglobulin alpha 2 (ALF 2), ceruloplasmin (CP), transferrin (TRF), antitrypsin alpha 1 (ALF 1), haptoglobin (HP), apolipoprotein alpha 1 (APO-A1), 1 acid glycoprotein ( GPA); oxidative stress markers: nitric oxide (NO), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MAD); muscle activity: creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and metabolic activity glucose (GLI) and lactate (LAC). The statistics used ANOVA, comparisons by Tukey's test and nonparametric comparisons by Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc, significance considered when p<0.05. There was an increase in neutrophils from TAfTr to T48h after both paths and in total leukocytes from TAfTr to T24h after 300 km. The GLU also did not change between distances, but showed depletion in TAfTr of 300 km. Lactate increment after 50 km compared to 300, as well as TAfTr after 50 km. The AST showed an increase in TTeVi from 300 km compared to 50 km. The PFAs remained unchanged at all times. Oxidative stress was perceived with SOD depletion and MAD increase at 300 km compared to 50 km. The 300 km route caused more pronounced changes in muscle enzymes, metabolic markers and oxidative stress, indicating that long-distance transport causes important physiological variations.

Variação sazonal da proteômica do fluido folicular em cavalos

Proteomic studies of follicular fluid (FF) exist for several species, including the horse; however, the seasonal influence on FF proteome has not been explored in livestock. The application of large-scale proteomic analyses of FF in the horse has the potential to identify seasonal variations of proteins involved in follicle and oocyte growth. This study (i) profiles the proteomes of equine FF collected from dominant growing follicles during the spring anovulatory season (SAN), and spring (SOV), summer (SU), and fall (FO) ovulatory seasons; and (ii) identifies season-dependent regulatory networks and associated key proteins. Regardless of season, a total of 90 proteins were identified in FF, corresponding to 63, 72, 69, and 78 proteins detected in the SAN, SOV, SU, and FO seasons, respectively. Fifty-two proteins were common to all seasons, a total of 13 were unique to either season, and 25 were shared between two seasons or more. Protein-to-protein interaction (PPI) analysis indicated the likely critical roles of plasminogen in the SAN season, the prothrombin/plasminogen combination in SU, and plasminogen/complement C3 in both SOV and FO seasons. The apolipoprotein A1 appeared crucial in all seasons. The present findings show that FF proteome of SU differs from other seasons, with FF having high fluidity. Finally, the balance between the FF contents in prothrombin, plasminogen, and coagulation factor XII proteins favoring FF fluidity may be crucial at the peak of the ovulatory season (SU) and may explain the reported lower incidence of hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles during the SU season.

Proteomic studies of follicular fluid (FF) exist for several species, including the horse; however, the seasonal influence on FF proteome has not been explored in livestock. The application of large-scale proteomic analyses of FF in the horse has the potential to identify seasonal variations of proteins involved in follicle and oocyte growth. This study (i) profiles the proteomes of equine FF collected from dominant growing follicles during the spring anovulatory season (SAN), and spring (SOV), summer (SU), and fall (FO) ovulatory seasons; and (ii) identifies season-dependent regulatory networks and associated key proteins. Regardless of season, a total of 90 proteins were identified in FF, corresponding to 63, 72, 69, and 78 proteins detected in the SAN, SOV, SU, and FO seasons, respectively. Fifty-two proteins were common to all seasons, a total of 13 were unique to either season, and 25 were shared between two seasons or more. Protein-to-protein interaction (PPI) analysis indicated the likely critical roles of plasminogen in the SAN season, the prothrombin/plasminogen combination in SU, and plasminogen/complement C3 in both SOV and FO seasons. The apolipoprotein A1 appeared crucial in all seasons. The present findings show that FF proteome of SU differs from other seasons, with FF having high fluidity. Finally, the balance between the FF contents in prothrombin, plasminogen, and coagulation factor XII proteins favoring FF fluidity may be crucial at the peak of the ovulatory season (SU) and may explain the reported lower incidence of hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles during the SU season.

Perfil metabólico de bovinos confinados com dietas de diferentes densidades energéticas

A inclusão de energia, principalmente de amido, na dieta dos bovinos é crescente devido à necessidade de aumento de produtividade e aumento de eficiência zootécnica e financeira nos rebanhos destinados a produção de leite e corte. No entanto, as altas inclusões de amido trazem transtornos metabólicos aos bovinos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as principais alterações metabólicas de novilhos submetidos a duas dietas com diferentes inclusões de amido (36,96% e 16,81% de amido na MS). Foram utilizados 16 novilhos da raça Holandês com peso vivo inicial médio de 250 + 25,5 Kg, avaliados ao longo de 91 dias de confinamento. As avaliações foram comparadas entre dias e em cada dia avaliado foram coletados amostras nas horas , zero, quatro, seis, oito e dez utilizando com referência a primeira distribuição de alimento do dia. Os animais foram distribuídos de acordo com o peso, 8 animais por grupo. Foram avaliados parâmetros ruminais (pH de fluido ruminal e tempo de redução do azul de metileno), parâmetros sanguíneos (glicose, lactato, albumina, magnésio, cloreto, fósforo, cálcio, ferro, beta hidroxibutirato (B-HBO), ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), insulina, IGF-1, pCO2, TCO2, bicarbonato, hemoglobina dentre outros) e o proteinograma, analisando alfa 1- glicoproteína ácida, alfa 2 macroglobulina, apolipoproteína A1, Apolipoproteína A4, IgG, cerulolasmina, haptoglobina e transferrina. O aumento da inclusão de amido na dieta induziu respostas metabólicas. Os animais que ingeriram dietas com maior proporção de amido apresentaram quadros de compensação de acidose metabólica mais acentuados que animais que ingeriram deitas com menor concentração de amido. Os dois grupos estavam em estado anabólico com ganho de peso de 0,89 e 1,79kg/dia para o grupo de menor e maior inclusão de amido na dieta, respectivamente. Quanto maior o nível de amido na dieta, maiores foram os valores de glicose observados.

The aim of this study was to determine the main metabolic alterations I calves that underwent two different diets, one using a 36.96% starch in dry matter composition and another using 16.81%. Sixteen Hollsteiner calves were used, initially weighting an average of 250 + 25,5 Kg, evaluated along a 91-day confinement period. Evaluations were made comparing between experimental days and different sampling moments within the day, at 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours, using as reference the first serving of the day. Animals were distributed in groups of eight components each, according to their weight. Ruminal parameters such as pH of ruminal fluid and blue methylene reduction time were evaluated, as well as blood parameters such as blood glucose, lactate, albumin, magnesium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium, iron, beta-hydroxybutyrate (B-HBO), nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, IGF-1, pCo2, acid glycoprotein, alpha-2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein A4, IgG, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and transferrin. Evaluating both metabolic and ruminal profile, it was observed that inclusion of higher percentages of starch in diets are able to cause metabolic responses. Animals that have undergone a higher starch-composed diet presented more severe acidosis compensations when compared to the other experimental group. Both experimental groups were in anabolic gain weight of 0,89 e 1,79kg/day for the 36.96% starch-group and 18.81% starch-group, respectively. The higher the starch concentration in the diet, the higher the glucose values obtained. The inclusion of energy in diet, specially coming from starch addition, is becoming increasingly used in calves diet in order to increase productivity rates and zootechnic and financial efficiency in both beef and dairy cattle. However, exceedingly higher starch concentrations may cause metabolic disturbances to calves

Proteinograma sérico de cadelas hígidas e acometidas por neoplasias mamárias

A resposta inflamatória é desencadeada logo após uma lesão celular e está intimamente envolvida com a resposta de fase aguda, assim como, com a síntese e liberação de proteínas inflamatórias na corrente sanguínea frente a diferentes estímulos, como os neoplásicos. Existem diferentes técnicas para identificação e quantificação dessas proteínas, entre elas a eletroforese. Esta técnica possibilita a avaliação do proteinograma sérico e auxilia a delinear o perfil inflamatório da doença. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o proteinograma sérico, identificando e quantificando proteínas inflamatórias utilizando a eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). Essa avaliação procedeu-se em cadelas hígidas e acometidas por neoplasias mamárias. No presente trabalho, 67 cadelas com idades e raças aleatórias foram estudadas. Destas, 56 (83,5%) receberam diagnóstico de neoplasia mamária e 11 (16,5%) eram hígidas. Esses animais foram atendidos na rotina do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) e avaliados por meio de parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos (renal e hepático), histopatológicos e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). Para isso, os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos experimentais: grupo controle (GC) composto por cadelas hígidas; grupo 1 (G1) composto por cadelas que apresentaram apenas neoplasias, tanto benignas quanto malignas; grupo 2 (G2) composto por cadelas que apresentaram neoplasia mamária e alguma comorbidade associada. Os grupos foram ainda subdivididos em dois momentos: momento 0 (M0) onde a coleta de sangue foi realizada no pré-cirúrgico imediato e momento 1 (M1), onde a venopunção foi realizada 10 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas nas concentrações soroprotéicas das seguintes proteínas: complemento C3, albumina, transferrina, alfa-1-glicoproteína ácida, apolipoproteína A1 e haptoglobina. Estes resultados indicaram a existência de resposta inflamatória importante no grupo dos animais doentes. A albumina demostrou ser um bom marcardor de lesão inflamatória, porém para que esta possa ser utilizada como potencial indicador de prognóstico, mais estudos devem ser realizados.

The inflammatory response is triggered right after a cell injury and is closely involved with the acute phase response as well as with the synthesis and release of inflammatory proteins in the bloodstream. This release occur in face of different stimuli, such as neoplastic ones. There are different techniques for the identification and quantification of these proteins, among them electrophoresis stands out. This technique allows the evaluation of the serum proteinogram and helps to outline the inflammatory profile of the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum proteinogram, identifying and quantifying inflammatory proteins using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). This evaluation was carried out in dogs, both healthy and affected by breast cancer. In the present study, 67 bitches with random ages and breeds were studied. Of these, 56 (83.5%) were diagnosed with breast cancer and 11 (16.5%) were healthy. These animals were seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) and evaluated using hematological, biochemical (renal and hepatic), histopathological parameters and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). For this, the animals were divided into 3 experimental groups: control group (CG) composed of healthy dogs; group 1 (G1) composed of animals that presented only neoplasms, both benign and malignant; group 2 (G2) composed of dogs who had breast cancer with some associated comorbidity. The groups were further subdivided into two moments: moment 0 (M0) where blood collection was performed in the immediate pre-surgical period and moment 1 (M1), where venipuncture was performed 10 days after the surgical procedure. Statistical differences were observed in the seroprotein concentrations of the following proteins: complement C3, albumin, transferrin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, apolipoprotein A1 and haptoglobin. These results indicated the existence of an important inflammatory response in the group of sick animals. Albumin has been shown to be a good marker of inflammatory injury, but in order for it to be used as a potential prognostic indicator, further studies should be performed

MUDANÇAS NO ÚTERO DA ÉGUA APÓS A INFUSÃO DE FRAGMENTOS DE CONCEPTOS

A Comunicação materno embrionária equina ainda tem um pobre entendimento. Mudanças histológicas, vasculares e proteicas na prenhez inicial tem sido reportadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar mudanças histológicas, vasculares e proteicas, comparando o endométrio e o liquido endometrial de éguas no sétimo dia após ovulação com éguas nas quais no quinto dia após ovulação foram infundidos fragmentos de conceptos de 13 dias. No presente estudo, foram utilizadas 10 éguas sadias e cíclicas, onde uma vez detectado o estro, as éguas foram examinadas diariamente até detectar a ovulação, sendo classificado como o dia 0. Após a ovulação, as éguas foram examinadas por palpação e ultrassonografia modo B e Doppler até o dia 7. Neste primeiro ciclo, liquido uterino e biopsias intrauterinas foram coletas no dia 7 após a ovulação, conformando o grupo Cíclico (n=10). No segundo ciclo, as mesmas éguas foram examinadas diariamente até detectar novamente a ovulação. Aos 5 dias pós-ovulação, fragmentos de conceptos de dia 13, que haviam sido previamente coletados, foram infundidos no útero de cada égua. Liquido uterino e biopsias endometriais foram coletadas no dia 7 pós-ovulação, compondo o grupo Fragmento (n=10). As éguas foram examinadas diariamente por ultrassonografia Power Doppler e Spectral Doppler desde a ovulação até o dia 7, nos dois ciclos. Biopsias foram divididas e armazenadas em solução de glutaraldeído a 2.5% para microscopia eletrônica de varredura e solução de paraformaldeído tamponado a 4% para estudos histológicos. Liquido uterino foi submetido a 2D-PAGE eletroforese, gerando géis que foram analisados e comparados. Os Spots com diferenças (P < 0.01) foram removidos, tripsinizados, liofilizados e submetidos a espectrometria de massa (LC-MS/MS e MALDI-TOF/TOF) e identificação. Observou-se uma diminuição na porcentagem de células ciliadas e planas no grupo Fragmento em relação ao grupo Cíclico. No entanto, células ingurgitadas, secreção superficial e intraglandular, lúmen e diâmetro glandular, diâmetro dos vasos sanguíneos, vascularização endometrial e células imunes foram maiores no grupo Fragmento do que no grupo Cíclico. Mudanças na abundancia das proteínas do líquido uterino foram identificadas por 2D-PAGE. 13 proteínas foram identificas por espectrometria de massa: Albumina, Apolipoproteina A1, Fator de complemento B, Fibrinogênio B, Fibrinogênio G, Hemopexin, IGL, IGHCp, IGHC1, Lipocalina 2, Serpin B1, Serotransferrin e Serotransferrin-semelhante. Mudanças histológicas e proteicas e suas interações sugerem novos achados para um melhor entendimento da comunicação materno-embrionária.

Equine maternal-embryonic communication still has poor understanding. Histological, vascular and protein changes in early pregnancy have been reported. The aim of the present study was to determine histomorphological, vascular and protein changes, comparing endometrium and uterine fluid of mares at 7 th day after ovulation with mares in which at 5 th day after ovulation were infused conceptus fragments of 13 days. In the present study, ten healthy and cyclic mares were used, where once estrus was detected, the mares were examined daily until ovulation was detected, being classified as day 0. After ovulation the mares were examined by palpation and ultrasonography mode B and Doppler since to day 7. In this first cycle, uterine fluid and intrauterine biopsies were collected on day 7 after ovulation, forming the Cyclic group (n = 10). In the second cycle, the same mares were examined daily until ovulation was detected again. At 5 days after ovulation, fragments of concepts from day 13, which had previously been collected, were infused into the uterus of each mare. Uterine fluid and endometrial biopsies were collected on day 7 postovulation, composing the Fragment group (n = 10). The mares were examined daily by Power Doppler ultrasonography and Spectral Doppler from ovulation to day 7, in both cycles. Biopsies were divided and stored in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution for scanning electron microscopy and 4% buffered paraformaldehyde solution for histological studies. Uterine fluid was subjected to 2D-PAGE electrophoresis, generating gels that were analyzed and compared. Spots with differences (P <0.01) were removed, trypsinized, lyophilized and subjected to mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS and MALDI-TOF / TOF) and identification. A decrease in the percentage of ciliated and flattened cells was observed in Fragment group in relation to the Cyclic group. Nevertheless, protruded cells, superficial and intraglandular secretion, glandular lumen and diameter, blood vessel diameter, endometrial vascularization and immune cells were higher in Fragment group than in Cyclic group. Changes in uterine fluid protein abundance were identified by 2D-PAGE. 13 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry: Albumin, Apolipoprotein A1, Complement Factor B, Fibrinogen B, Fibrinogen G, Hemopexin, IGL, IGHC1, IGHCp, Lipocalin 2, Serpinb1 and Serotransferrin, Like-Serotransferrin. Histological and protein changes and their interactions suggest new findings for a better understanding of maternal-embryonic communication.

Marcadores inflamatórios, maturação oocitária e desenvolvimento embrionário inicial em bovinos

A resposta inflamatória surge como mecanismo do sistema imune para combater agentes infecciosos. Estudos sugerem uma associação entre a inflamação e a fertilidade, principalmente devido à modulação e síntese de mediadores inflamatórios. A lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) é a principal lipoproteína no fluido folicular, tem propriedades anti-inflamatória e antioxidante, que derivam principalmente de sua composição lipídica, porção de apolipoproteína AI (ApoAI) e paraoxonase-1 (PON1). Por outro lado, os lipopolissacarídeos (LPS) são endotoxinas bacterianas que agem como potente estimulador da resposta inflamatória. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do HDL durante a maturação in vitro (MIV) sobre a maturação oocitária e desenvolvimento embrionário, e avaliar o efeito da exposição de oócitos bovinos ao LPS in vitro e in vivo, sobre a maturação oocitária e desenvolvimento embrionário inicial em bovinos. No primeiro estudo, complexos cumulus oócito (COCs) foram suplementados com proteína HDL durante a MIV, após, foram fecundados (FIV) e cultivados in vitro (CIV). No segundo estudo, COCs foram desafiados com LPS durante a MIV e após, passaram pela FIV e CIV. Separadamente, COCs foram submetidos à MIV sem LPS, depois disso passaram pela FIV e, durante os 7 dias de CIV foram desafiados com LPS. Ainda no segundo estudo, novilhas foram desafiadas com LPS intravenoso durante a sincronização da onda folicular. Os animais foram abatidos, os ovários foram coletados e foi realizada a recuperação dos COCs. Os COCs selecionados passaram por MIV, FIV e CIV. Dessa forma, encontramos que, a adição do complexo HDL/ApoAI do plasma humano durante a MIV, na ausência de atividade da PON1, diminui o desenvolvimento embrionário inicial. Ainda, a exposição de oócitos bovinos ao LPS durante a MIV diminui a taxa de maturação nuclear, entretanto, não foi capaz de afetar o desenvolvimento embrionário inicial. Da mesma maneira, a exposição de zigotos ao LPS durante o CIV não afetou o desenvolvimento embrionário. No entanto, a infusão de LPS em novilhas diminuiu a taxa de clivagem, porém o desenvolvimento embrionário foi semelhante ao do grupo não desafiado com LPS. Conclui-se que a interação dos componentes do complexo HDL-ApoAI-PON1, pode afetar a fertilidade bovina, em nível de oócito e subsequente desenvolvimento embrionário. Da mesma, forma o LPS, pode afetar o oócito e desenvolvimento embrionário, entretanto, os mecanismos pelos quais isso acontecem parecem ser diferentes in vitro e in vivo.

The inflammatory response arises as a mechanism of the immune system to fight infectious agents. Studies suggest an association between inflammation and fertility, mainly due to the modulation and synthesis of inflammatory mediators. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the main lipoprotein in follicular fluid. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, mainly derived from its lipid composition, apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1). On the other hand, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are bacterial endotoxins that act as potent stimulator of the inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HDL during in vitro maturation (IVM) on oocyte maturation and early embryonic development and to evaluate the effect of bovine oocyte exposure to LPS in vitro and in vivo on oocyte maturation and embryonic development in cattle. In the first study, cumulus oocyte complex (COCs) were supplemented with HDL protein during IVM, after, were fertilized (IVF) and cultured in vitro (IVC). In the second study, COCs were challenged with LPS during IVM and after, underwent IVF and IVC. Separately, COCs were subjected to IVM without LPS, thereafter they underwent IVF and during the 7 days of IVC they were challenged with LPS. Still in the second study, heifers were challenged with intravenous LPS during follicular wave synchronization. The animals were slaughtered, the ovaries were collected and COC recovery was performed. All recovered COCs underwent IVM, IVF, and IVC. In this way, we found that the addition of the HDL/ApoAI complex of human plasma during IVM, in the absence of PON1 activity, decreases the initial embryonic development. Furthermore, the exposure of bovine oocytes to LPS during IVM decreases the nuclear maturation rate, however, it was not able to affect the initial embryonic development. Similarly, exposure of zygotes to LPS during IVC did not affect embryonic development. However, infusion of LPS into heifers decreased the rate of cleavage, but the embryonic development was similar to that of the non-LPS challenged group. It is concluded that the interaction of HDL-ApoAI-PON1 complex components may affect bovine fertility at oocyte level and subsequent embryonic development. In the same way, the LPS can affect the oocyte and embryonic development; however, the mechanisms by which this happens appear to be different in vitro and in vivo.

PROTEINOGRAMA SÉRICO DE EQUINOS SADIOS E ACOMETIDOS NATURALMENTE PELA SÍNDROME CÓLICA

A síndrome cólica é uma das maiores causadoras de óbito na espécie equina. A busca por marcadores precoces da inflamação, como as proteínas de fase aguda (PFAs), a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico é de suma importância. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar e comparar o proteinograma sérico, identificando e quantificando as proteínas de fase aguda de equinos sadios e acometidos naturalmente pela síndrome cólica. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue em nove animais hígidos e 17 animais com cólica clínica (G1) ou cirúrgica (G2), no momento da chegada ao Hospital Veterinário (M0) e 24 (M1), 48 (M2) e 72 (M3) horas após o início do tratamento. As PFAs foram separadas por meio da eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) e suas concentrações determinadas por densitometria computadorizada. A identificação das PFAs foi feita por meio da espectrometria de massa MALDI-TOF/TOF e os resultados obtidos foram confrontados com o banco de dados de proteínas dos táxons Equidae e Metazoa depositados no UNIPROT, usando o aplicativo MASCOT. Foram identificadas onze proteínas: 2macroglobulina (182 kD), ceruloplasmina (157 kD), transferrina (89 kD), albumina (66 kD), 1-antitripsina (60 kD), IgG de cadeia pesada (54 kD), haptoglobina (45 kD), 1-glicoproteína ácida (42 kD), IgG de cadeia leve (30 kD), apolipoproteína A1 (27 kD) e amilóide sérica A (14 kD), com elevação das concentrações da 2macroglobulina, ceruloplasmina (Cp) e amilóide sérica A (ASA) no grupo dos animais doentes (GD). A Cp apresentou elevação no M0 do G2 em relação ao G1 e grupo controle (GC). A ASA apresentou elevação com diferença estatística no M3 do G1 e G2 quando comparados ao GC. Na comparação feita entre os momentos dentro de cada grupo (G1 e G2), foi evidenciado o aumento da ASA no G2 com diferença estatística nos M1, M2 e M3. Apesar da ASA não apresentar diferença estatística nos momentos analisados dentro de cada grupo (M0-M3), manteve-se mais elevada no G2 em relação ao G1. O comportamento das PFAs encontradas nesse estudo foi variável. A elevação da concentração de algumas proteínas no GD indica que houve ix uma resposta das PFAs induzida pelo processo inflamatório. A Cp e a ASA foram favoráveis na avaliação da resposta de fase aguda em cavalos com cólica. A Cp foi um indicador de cólica com resolução cirúrgica e a ASA apresentou comportamento favorável para sua utilização como biomarcador para estabelecer prognóstico em cavalos com cólica. A mensuração seriada dessas proteínas foi útil na diferenciação do tratamento clínico ou cirúrgico e prognóstico de cavalos com esta enfermidade.

Colic syndrome is one of the major causes of death in the equine species. The search for early markers of inflammation, such as the acute phase proteins (APPs), in order to support in diagnosis and prognosis is a matter of great importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the serum proteinogram, identifying and quantifying the acute phase proteins of healthy horses and naturally affected by the colic syndrome. Blood samples were collected in nine healthy animals and 17 animals with clinical (G1) or surgical (G2) colic at moment of arrival at the Veterinary Hospital (M0) and 24 (M1), 48 (M2) and 72 (M3) hours after initiation of treatment. The APPs were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) and their concentrations determined by computerized densitometry. The APPs were identified using MALDI-TOF / TOF mass spectrometry and the results obtained were compared to the Equidae and Metazoa taxa database deposited at UNIPROT using the MASCOT application. Eleven proteins were identified: 2macroglobulin (182 kD), ceruloplasmin (157 kD), transferrin (89 kD), albumin (66 kD), 1-antitrypsin (60 kD), heavy chain IgG (54 kD), haptoglobin (45 kD), 1-acid glycoprotein (42 kD), light chain IgG (30 kD), apolipoprotein A1 (27 kD) and serum amyloid A (14 kD), with increased concentrations of 2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin (Cp) and serum amyloid A (ASA) in the sick animals (GD) group. The Cp increased in M0 of G2 in relation to G1 and GC. The ASA increased with statistical difference in M3 of G1 and G2 when compared with the control (GC). In the comparison made between the moments within each group (G1 and G2), it was verified the increase of ASA in G2 with statistical difference in M1, M2 and M3. Although the ASA did not present statistical difference at the moments it was analyzed within each group (M0-M3), it remained higher in G2 than in G1. The behavior of APPs found in this study was variable. The increase of the concentration of some proteins in the GD indicates that there was a response of the PFAs induced by the inflammatory process. The Cp and ASA were favorable in the evaluation of xi the acute phase response in horses with colic. The Cp was an indicator of colic with surgical resolution and the ASA presented favorable behavior for its use as a biomarker to establish prognosis in horses with colic. The serial measurement of these proteins was useful in differentiating the clinical or surgical treatment and prognosis of horses with this disease.

Impact of heterogeneity of residual variance on genetic estimate of Nellore cattle from Amazônia bioma / Impacto da heterogeneidade de variância residual na avaliação genética de rebanho Nelore no Bioma Amazônia

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of heterogeneity of residual variance on genetic evaluation of cattle raised on pasture from Amazônia Bioma, Brazil. Adjusted weights at weaning weight (205 days of age) were sorted in three phenotypic classes: low (less than average weight), medium (between the average and the average plus one standard deviation) and high (greater than average plus one standard deviation). There was increased of genetic additive direct and residual variances to the extent that increased phenotypic classes. The heritabilities for low, medium and high phenotypic classes were 0.27, 0.33 and 0.26, respectively. These estimates suggest that mass selection could result in genetic gain on breeding program that use weaning weight as a selection criteria. Genetic correlations between the low and medium, low and high, and medium and high phenotypic classes were 0.82, 0.35 and 0.72, respectively. The estimate of correlation of the breeding values of sire shown effect of the heterogeneity of phenotypic variance on the prediction of animals breeding values. There was a major variability for the breeding values of sires at high phenotype class. Thus, we suggested the identification and selection of sires with the highest breeding values for weaning weight, according with environment in which these animals are being raised.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da heterogeneidade de variância residual sobre a avaliação genética de bovinos da raça Nelore criados a pasto, provenientes do Bioma Amazônia, Brasil. Foram utilizados pesos ajustados aos 205 dias de idade, os quais foram classificados em três classes de desvio-padrão fenotípico: baixo, médio e alto. Houve aumento da variância genética aditiva direta e residual à medida que aumentaram as classes de desvio-padrão fenotípico. As herdabilidades para as classes de desvio-padrão fenotípico baixo, médio e alto foram 0,27; 0,33 e 0,26, respectivamente. As estimativas de correlações genéticas entre as classes de desvio-padrão fenotípico de baixo-médio, baixo-alta, e médio-alto foram 0,82; 0,35 e 0,72, respectivamente. As estimativas de correlação dos valores genéticos dos touros denotaram indicio de possível efeito da interação genótipo-ambiente. Houve uma grande variabilidade para os valores genéticos dos touros na classe de alto desvio-padrão fenótipo.(AU)

Impact of heterogeneity of residual variance on genetic estimate of Nellore cattle from Amazônia bioma / Impacto da heterogeneidade de variância residual na avaliação genética de rebanho Nelore no Bioma Amazônia

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of heterogeneity of residual variance on genetic evaluation of cattle raised on pasture from Amazônia Bioma, Brazil. Adjusted weights at weaning weight (205 days of age) were sorted in three phenotypic classes: low (less than average weight), medium (between the average and the average plus one standard deviation) and high (greater than average plus one standard deviation). There was increased of genetic additive direct and residual variances to the extent that increased phenotypic classes. The heritabilities for low, medium and high phenotypic classes were 0.27, 0.33 and 0.26, respectively. These estimates suggest that mass selection could result in genetic gain on breeding program that use weaning weight as a selection criteria. Genetic correlations between the low and medium, low and high, and medium and high phenotypic classes were 0.82, 0.35 and 0.72, respectively. The estimate of correlation of the breeding values of sire shown effect of the heterogeneity of phenotypic variance on the prediction of animals breeding values. There was a major variability for the breeding values of sires at high phenotype class. Thus, we suggested the identification and selection of sires with the highest breeding values for weaning weight, according with environment in which these animals are being raised.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da heterogeneidade de variância residual sobre a avaliação genética de bovinos da raça Nelore criados a pasto, provenientes do Bioma Amazônia, Brasil. Foram utilizados pesos ajustados aos 205 dias de idade, os quais foram classificados em três classes de desvio-padrão fenotípico: baixo, médio e alto. Houve aumento da variância genética aditiva direta e residual à medida que aumentaram as classes de desvio-padrão fenotípico. As herdabilidades para as classes de desvio-padrão fenotípico baixo, médio e alto foram 0,27; 0,33 e 0,26, respectivamente. As estimativas de correlações genéticas entre as classes de desvio-padrão fenotípico de baixo-médio, baixo-alta, e médio-alto foram 0,82; 0,35 e 0,72, respectivamente. As estimativas de correlação dos valores genéticos dos touros denotaram indicio de possível efeito da interação genótipo-ambiente. Houve uma grande variabilidade para os valores genéticos dos touros na classe de alto desvio-padrão fenótipo.

EFEITO DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE CANELA SOBRE A EXPRESSÃO GÊNICA, CAPACIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE E HISTOMORFOMETRIA INTESTINAL DE CODORNAS EM FASE DE POSTURA

A fase de postura exige intensa atividade do organismo das aves, e para que a produção seja eficiente é necessário que haja equilíbrio no metabolismo como um todo. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a expressão dos genes: superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase 7 (GPX7), acetil-CoAcarboxilase (ACC), ácido graxo sintase (FAS), apolipoproteína A-I (APOA-I), e apolipoproteína B (APOB), no fígado; fator de necrose tumoral alpha (TNF), glutationa peroxidase 7 (GPX7), catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD) no intestino; além do receptor do estrógeno 1 (ESR1) e receptor do estrógeno 2 (ESR2) no ovário; assim como a histomorfometria de seguimentos do intestino, o desempenho produtivo, a morfometria dos órgãos, atividade antioxidante, marcadores do estresse oxidativo, parâmetros séricos do metabolismo lipídico de codornas japônicas em fase de postura alimentadas com dietas com e sem adição de canela em pó a ração. Foram utilizadas 144 codornas japônicas (Coturnix japonica) com idade inicial de 18 semanas, distribuídas em dois tratamentos (dieta basal sem suplementação de canela (SC) e dieta basal mais suplementação de 9g/kg de canela em pó (CC)). Ao final do período experimental proposto, seis animais de cada tratamento foram eutanaseados por deslocamento cervical, o sangue foi coletado e os órgãos pesados. Tecidos do fígado, intestino e ovário foram coletados paraextração de RNA, análises enzimáticas e analises histológicas. O cDNA foi amplificado usando primers específicos para os genes analisados pela qRT-PCR. Maior peso de ovário foi observado nas aves do tratamento CC, estas também apresentaram maior altura de vilo, maior profundidade de cripta, bem como melhor conversão alimentar por massa de ovo, maior conteúdo de triglicerídeos, ácido úrico e VLDL. Com relação à quantidade de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e a atividade da enzima catalase (CAT) maiores valores foram observados no fígado das aves do tratamento SC. As aves do tratamento CC apresentaram maior expressão de mRNA FAS, ACC, APOA-I, SOD, GPX7e ESR2. A suplementação de canela em pó na dieta de codornas em fase de postura torna a produção de ovos mais eficiente por promover equilíbrio no organismo através da atividade antioxidante e modulação da expressão de genes relacionados aos sistemas de defesa antioxidante e metabolismo lipídico.

The laying phase requires intense activity of the poultry organism, sothe equilibrium in the metabolism is necessary to a efficient production. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the expression of genes superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPX7), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), apolipoprotein A-I (APOA-I),And apolipoprotein B (APOB) in the liver; Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPX7), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in intestine; estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) in ovary; the histomorphometry of intestinal traits, productive performance, organ morphometry, antioxidant activity, oxidative stress markers, and serum parameters of lipid metabolism of Japanese laying quails fed with diets with or without cinnamon powder added to the diet. It was used 144 quail (Coturnix japonica) with initial age of 18 weeks, distributed in two treatments (basal diet without supplementation of cinnamon (SC) and basal diet plus 9g / kg of powdered cinnamon (CC)). At the end of the proposed experimental period, six animals from each treatment were euthanized by cervical dislocation, blood was collected and the organs weighed. Liver, intestinal and ovary tissues were collected for RNA extraction, enzymatic analysis and histological analysis. The cDNA was amplified using primers specific for the genes analyzed by qRT-PCR. Increased ovary weight was observed in the CC treatment birds; they also presented higher villus height, higher crypt depth, as well as better feed conversion by egg mass, higher triglyceride, uric acid and VLDLcontent.Regarding the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the activity of the enzyme catalase (CAT), higher values were observed in the liver of SC treatment birds. The CC treatment birds presented higher expression of FAS, ACC, APOA-I, SOD, GPX7 and ESR2 mRNA. The supplementation of cinnamon powder in the laying quail diet makes egg production more efficient by promoting balance in the body through antioxidant activity and modulation of the expression of genes related to antioxidant defense systems and lipid metabolism.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO DIABETES MELLITUS FARMACOLÓGICO (ALOXÂMICO) EM TILÁPIAS DO NILO

O estudo investigou os mecanismos envolvidos na fisiopatologia metabólica e inflamatória aguda em tilápias aloxano-diabéticas. Para avaliação metabólica, foi realizado um ensaio experimental crônico com 30 tilápias aloxano diabéticas para determinação das massas corporais, constituído três grupos (n=10): Não diabético e tratado com salina; Diabético e tratado com insulina; Diabético sem tratamento. Para estes animais foram analisados produção de insulina do pâncreas, densidade mineral óssea (g/cm2), densidade de massa gorda (%), biomecânica de osso, determinação de apolipoproteina A1 séricas, glicemia, fosfatase alcalina sérica, colesterol sérica, triglicerídeos sérica, hemograma, atividade de lisozima sérica e avaliações histopatológicos. Para avaliação inflamatória aguda, foram utilizadas amostras de soro e tecidos de tilápias com aerocistite infecciosa aguda por A.hydrophyla, constituindo 3 tratamentos analisado 6, 24 e 48 horas após estímulos inflamatório infeccioso, compostos por: Não aloxana-diabéticas e inoculado; aloxana-diabéticas e inoculado; aloxana-diabéticas e tratado com insulina e inoculado. Para estas amostras foram analisadas através de imunohistoquimica a produção de TNF-, IGF-1 no foco inflamado e determinação de lisozima sérica. O presente estudo revelou resultados muito promissores, demonstrando que tilápias do Nilo submetidas a administração de aloxanaendovena podem desenvolver o diabetes mellitus tipo 1. A correlação entre os estudos demonstram que tilápias do Nilo aloxana-diabeticos, apresentaram baixo ou inexistência de células beta, deposição ectópica de tecido adiposo, degeneração muscular, dislipidemia, anormalidades cardíacas, doenças gastrointestinais,esteatose hepática, fragilidade óssea,nefropatia, anemia, leucopenia, trombocitóse, além de alterações da resposta imunológica em relação à atividade lisozima, TNF- e IGF-1 no foco inflamado durante estimulo inflamatório infeccioso agudo. Provando a importância do efeito insulínico na resposta orgânica deste peixe teleósteo, demonstrando a importância deste modelo experimental para estudos e avanços em pesquisas envolvendo o diabetes mellitus, pois são alterações fisiopatológicas do diabetes em seres humanos.

The study investigated the mechanisms involved in acute metabolic and inflammatory pathophysiology in alloxan-diabetic tilapia. For metabolic evaluation, a chronic experimental study was performed with 30 diabetic alloxan tilapia for determination of body masses, consisting of three groups (n= 10): Non-diabetic and treated with saline; Diabetic and treated with insulin; Diabetic without treatment. For these animals, pancreas insulin production, bone mineral density (g/cm2), fat mass density (%), bone biomechanics, determination of serum apolipoprotein A1, blood glucose, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, blood count, serum lysozyme activity and histopathological evaluations. For acute inflammatory evaluation, serum and tilapia tissues were used with acute infectious aerocystitis by A. hydrophyla, constituting 3 treatments analyzed 6, 24 and 48 hours after inflammatory stimuli, composed of: Non-alloxan-diabetic and inoculated; alloxan-diabetic and inoculated;alloxan-diabetic and treated with insulin and inoculated. For these samples the production of TNF-, IGF-1 in the inflamed focus and determination of serum lysozyme were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.The present study revealed very promising results, demonstrating that Nile tilapia submitted to alloxan endovena may develop diabetes mellitus type 1. The correlation between the studies showed that Nile alloxan-diabetic tilapia showed low or no beta cells, ectopic deposition of adipose tissue, muscle degeneration, dyslipidemia, cardiac abnormalities, gastrointestinal diseases, hepatic steatosis, bone fragility, nephropathy, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytosis, and changes in the immuneresponse to lysozyme activity, TNF- and IGF-1 at the inflamed site during acute infectious inflammatory stimulation. Proving the importance of the insulin effect in the organic response of this teleost fish, demonstrating the importance of this experimental model for studies and advances in research involving diabetes mellitus, since they are pathophysiological changes of diabetes in humans.

Trypanocidal activity of human plasma on Trypanosoma evansi in mice / Atividade tripanocida do plasma humano sobre Trypanosoma evansi em camundongos

This study aimed to test an alternative protocol with human plasma to control Trypanosoma evansi infection in mice. Plasma from an apparently 27-year-old healthy male, blood type A+, was used in the study. A concentration of 100 mg.dL-1 apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) was detected in the plasma. Forty mice were divided into four groups with 10 animals each. Group A comprised uninfected animals. Mice from groups B, C and D were inoculated with a T. evansi isolate. Group B was used as a positive control. At three days post-infection (DPI), the mice were administered intraperitoneally with human plasma. A single dose of 0.2 mL plasma was given to those in group C. The mice from group D were administered five doses of 0.2 mL plasma with a 24 hours interval between the doses. Group B showed high increasing parasitemia that led to their death within 5 DPI. Both treatments eliminated parasites from the blood and increased the longevity of animals. An efficacy of 50 (group C) and 80% (group D) of human plasma trypanocidal activity was found using PCR. This therapeutic success was likely achieved in the group D due to their higher levels of APOL1 compared with group C.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo testar um protocolo alternativo com plasma humano para controlar a infecção por Trypanosoma evansi em camundongos. O plasma foi oriundo de um homem aparentemente saudável, com idade entre 27 anos e tipo de sangue A+. Foi detectada uma concentração de 100 mg.dL -1 de apolipoproteína L1 (APOL1) no plasma. Quarenta camundongos foram divididos em quatro grupos, contendo dez animais cada. Grupo A, composto de animais não infectados. Os roedores dos grupos B, C e D foram inoculados intraperitonealmente com um isolado de T. evansi. O Grupo B foi usado como um controle positivo. Três dias pós-infecção (DPI), os camundongos foram tratados com plasma humano. Uma dose única de 0,2 mL de plasma foi administrada nos roedores do grupo C. Os ratos do grupo D receberam cinco doses de 0,2 mL de plasma em intervalos de 24 horas. Os ratos do grupo B apresentaram parasitemia crescente, o que ocasionou a morte dos animais em 5 DPI. Ambos os tratamentos foram capazes de eliminar o parasito do sangue e aumentar a longevidade dos animais. O método da PCR detectou uma eficácia de 50% (grupo C) e 80% (grupo D) no tratamento com plasma humano. Este sucesso terapêutico obtido nos animais do grupo D provavelmente foi por receber maiores níveis de APOL1, comparado ao grupo C.(AU)