Application of statistical process control in mechanized corn seeding / Aplicação do controle estatístico de processo na semeadura mecanizada do milho

Several factors alter the quality of the mechanized sowing process of corn, and the use of the statistical process control (SPC) technique not only allows the identification of process limitation points but also ensures the correct functioningand conduction of the mechanized process, determiningcritical factors. that may decrease their performance. In view of the above, the present study aims to qualitatively evaluate, through this technique, the longitudinal distribution of corn seeds as a function of different stands and operational speeds during the sowing process. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design (CBD) with three replications and in a split-plot design. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and when significant, analyzed using Tukey's test, with 5% significance. To carry out the statistical process control, mean and amplitude control charts were used to evaluate the effect of operationalspeed, seed distribution, deposition depth and plant germination. The results indicate that the use of statistical process control is an efficient tool to identify the behavior of the corn sowing process. Based on the results, speeds close to 4.5km/hallowed an efficient sowing process, as it presented a higher percentage of normal spaces in the distribution of maize seeds.(AU)

Vários fatores alteram a qualidade do processo de semeadura mecanizada do milho, e o uso da técnica do controle estatístico de processos (CEP) não só permite a identificação de pontos de limitação do processo como asseguram o correto funcionamento e condução do processo mecanizado determinando fatores críticos que possam diminuir seu desempenho. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo visa avaliar qualitativamente por meio desta técnica a distribuição longitudinal das sementes de milho em função de diferentes estandes e velocidades operacionais durante o processo de semeadura. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos casualizados (DBC) com três repetições e em esquema de parcela subdividida. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e quando significativos analisados por meio do teste de Tukey, com 5% de significância. Para a realização do controle estatístico de processo, foram utilizadas cartas de controle de média e amplitude para avaliar o efeito da velocidade operacional, distribuição das sementes, a profundidade de deposição e a germinação das plantas. Os resultados indicam que o uso do controle estatístico de processo é uma ferramenta eficiente na identificação do comportamento do processo de semeadura do milho. Com base nos resultados, velocidades próximas a 4.5 km/hpermitiram um processo de semeadura eficiente por apresentar maior percentual de espaços normais na distribuição de sementes de milho.(AU)

Monitoring performance indicators of mechanized agricultural operations through a systemic method

Key performance indicators (KPI) are essential to decision-making in an organization, but the approach to analysis and composition used in the formulation of the KPIs can lead to errors. Analysis based only on averages does not allow for discriminating between variations that are natural to the process or special cases which require investigation. The use of control charts can identify this differentiation. However, when several charts are presented encompassing different measurement units and scales, systemic interpretation can be impaired. To assist in this interpretation, this research study aimed at proposing a method to facilitate the analysis of control charts when multiple indicators are employed in the monitoring of agricultural operations. Based on the data obtained over 26 weeks from a mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) harvesting front, six indicators were defined and analyzed through individual control charts and, systemically, through a standardized group control chart. Results show that the points identified as being outside the control zone (special causes of variation) according to the standardized group control chart were the same as those identified by the six individual charts, which demonstrates the potential of this method to summarize the information with no loss of quality of analysis.

Fuel consumption by agricultural machinery: a review of pollutant emission control technologies / Consumo de combustível por máquinas agrícolas: uma revisão das tecnologias de controle de emissão de poluentes

Most energy used to operate agricultural machines in the field is generated from fossil fuel combustion. The combustion process emits atmospheric pollutants, increasing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this context, this review is to discuss technologies for mitigating diesel engine GHG emissions to advance sustainable development in the agricultural machinery sector. This paper presents strategies and technologies widely adopted by agricultural machinery manufacturers in controlling pollutant emissions during fuel combustion. The findings of this study encompass sustainable alternative technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation, diesel particulate filter, and fuels. This study helps reveal the environmental impact of agricultural field operations that generate GHG emissions.

Grande parte da energia utilizada para o funcionamento das máquinas agrícolas em suas operações no campo ainda é resultante da combustão de combustíveis fósseis. O processo de combustão provoca a emissão de poluentes atmosféricos que contribuem para o aumento dos Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE). Neste contexto, esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever as tecnologias que contribuem para mitigar as emissões de GEE pelos motores de ciclo Diesel, a fim de contribuir para a compreensão e o desenvolvimento da sustentabilidade no setor de máquinas agrícolas. São apresentadas as estratégias e tecnologias que comumente estão sendo adotadas pelos fabricantes de máquinas agrícolas para o controle das emissões de poluentes, durante o processo de combustão do combustível. Os achados do estudo apresentam as alternativas tecnológicas sustentáveis como a Selective Catalytic Reduction, Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Diesel Particulate Filter, e sobre o uso de combustíveis alternativos. Ainda, contribui para o entendimento do impacto ambiental das operações agrícolas em campo, que provocam as emissões de GEE.

Evaluation of an automated temperature control equipment for lactating sows

The present study aimed to develop and evaluate an automated cooling control system (ATCE) for sows in the farrowing phase. The experiment was conducted at the Swine Production Unit, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Campus Machado, Machado, state of Minas Gerais. Sixteen sows and their offspring were evaluated, eight treated and eight controls, in a randomized block design, with eight replications. Surface temperature, body temperature and respiratory rate of the animals were evaluated, in addition to floor temperature and performance parameters. The use of ATCE decreased the floor temperature (12h) and neck temperature (12 and 16h) (p < 0.10). In addition, there was a reduction in rectal temperature (12h) and respiratory rate (12 and 16h) in ATCE animals (p < 0.10). No significant differences were detected in the coefficient of variation (CV) of birth weight, but at weaning the CV of piglet weight was 26.3% lower in animals subjected to the ATCE (p = 0.079). Furthermore, the difference in CV between birth and weaning was also lower with the use of ATCE (p = 0.015). It can be concluded that the use of ATCE has a positive influence on the thermal comfort of females, in addition to improving litter uniformity.(AU)

Occupational noise level emitted by self-propelled harvesters during mechanized coffee harvesting / Nível de ruído ocupacional emitido por colhedoras automotrizes na colheita do cafeeiro

This study evaluated the level of occupational noise emitted by automotive harvesters during coffee harvest. For the evaluations, three self-propelled harvesters were used: Case-IH® model Coffee Express 200, with cabin; Korvan® model 9200, without cabin; and Oxbo® model 9220, with cabin. Data were collected using a noise dosimeter model DOS-700. Noise levels were assessed for the operator and assistant of each harvester. Five repetitions were performed for the operator and assistant, with each repetition consisting of 2 h of evaluation. Results obtained were compared with the action level and exposure limit of the Regulatory Norms (NR) 15 and Occupational Hygiene Norms (NHO) 01. The action levels of the NHO 01 (82 dB) and NR 15 (80 dB) regulations were exceeded for the operator and assistant in the three evaluated harvesters. Regarding the exposure limit (85 dB), the level was exceeded for the operator of the Korvan® and Case-IH® harvesters in accordance with NHO 01. In the NR 15 regulation, the exposure limit was > 85 dB for the operator of the Korvan® harvester. For the assistant, all harvesters emitted noise levels > 85 dB based on both the NHO 01 and NR 15 regulations.

O uso da mecanização na cafeicultura tem se mostrado de suma importância na colheita do cafeeiro, reduzindo custo e tempo desta operação. Entretanto, a intensificação da colheita mecanizada, sem o controle dos riscos ocupacionais tem exposto trabalhadores aos níveis elevados de ruído ocupacional capazes de comprometer sua saúde auditiva. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o nível de ruído ocupacional emitido por colhedoras automotrizes na colheita do cafeeiro, bem como os limites de exposição e nível de ação do operador e auxiliar. Para as avaliações foram utilizadas três colhedoras automotrizes: Case-IH® modelo COFFE EXPESS 200, com cabine; OXBO® modelo 9220, com cabine; KORVAN® modelo 9200, sem cabine. A coleta dos dados foi realizada utilizando dosímetro de ruído modelo DOS-700. Foi avaliado o nível de exposição ao ruído do operador e auxiliar das colhedoras. Foram realizadas cinco repetições, sendo cada repetição formada por duas horas de avaliações. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com o nível de ação e limite de exposição das normativas NHO 01 e NR 15. O nível de ação das normativas NHO 01 (82 dB) e NR 15 (80 dB) foram ultrapassados no operador e auxiliar nas três colhedoras avaliadas. Em relação ao limite de exposição (85 dB), o nível foi ultrapassado no operador das colhedoras KORVAN® e Case-IH® de acordo com a NHO 01. Na normativa NR 15, o limite de exposição ficou acima de 85 dB no operador da colhedora KORVAN®. No auxiliar todas as colhedoras emitiram níveis de ruídos acima de 85 dB tanto na normativa NHO 01 quanto na NR 15.

Socioeconomic and investment profile of environment control in a swine integration system

The objective of this study was to characterize and understand the investment profile towards technologies for control and automation of climate control on swine farms, focused on integrated producers on the same integration system. A structured questionnaire including open, dichotomic, or multiple-choice questions was responded by 190 integrated producers classified as nursery (28,300 swines), wean-to-finish (WTF; 144,388 swines), or finishing unit (FU; 164,185 swines) farms. Data were described and categorized according to the type of integrated producer (nursery, WTF, and FU) and income history during a 24-month interval. The most predominant farmer profile was of a 44.5-year-old man, with incomplete secondary education. Furthermore, the majority of the farms had family-based labor with an average area of 43.6±65.5 ha and ~2.4 economic activities developed. Overall, a reduced labor availability was observed, although the integrated producers declared to be satisfied with the activities. Interestingly, integrated producers with a better income history declared a longer working (high = 37; average = 31; regular = 31; low = 28 min). The investment profile in automation technologies is conservative; however, potential improvements in pig performance were the most popular justification for potential investments. Furthermore, high costs, knowledge in technologies, interest rates, and quality of the available material are the limiting factors for investing in environment control. A total of 74% of the integrated producers considered the activity as economically profitable. Lastly, the uptake of environmental control technologies is strongly associated with the average income received by farmers.(AU)

Automutilação em abutre real (Sarcoramphus papa) mantido em cativeiro / Automutilation in real vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) maintained in captivity / Automutilación en un buitre dorado (Sarcoramphus papa) mantenido en cautividad

O abutre real (Sarcoramphus papa) é um pássaro compacto de cor extraordinária, cabeça nua, possui carúnculas e papilas carnudas vermelhas e alaranjadas em torno do bico, a íris é branca com um anel orbital vermelho. Em cativeiro, o estresse é uma condição bastante observada, o que pode levar a automutilação, podendo evoluir para lesões graves na pele e músculos. O objetivo do presente relato é descrever os procedimentos adotados em um caso de automutilação em Sarcoramphus papa, mantido em cativeiro, e a importância do manejo adequado para essa espécie em cativeiro. Foi atendido em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário, um urubu-rei apresentando ferimento contaminado, com exposição óssea na asa direita. Após tratamento o animal foi encaminhado para uma reserva conservacionista para que fosse condicionada a voltar para seu habitat natural.(AU)

The real vulture is a compact bird of extraordinary color (in adult plumage). Its bare head, as the scientific name suggests, has caricatures and fleshy red papillae applied around the beak, and an iris of the eye is white with a red orbital ring. In captivity, stress is a widely observed condition, which can lead to self-mutilation, which can progress to severe skin and muscle injuries. The purpose of this report is to describe the procedures adopted in the case of automation in Sarcoramphus papa, kept in captivity and with an importance of the appropriate manual for this species in captivity. He was seen at a University Veterinary Hospital, a king vulture showed a contaminated wound, with bone exposure on the right. After treatment or animal was sent to a conservation reserve to be conditioned and return to its natural habitat.(AU)

buitre real (Sarcoramphus papa) es un ave compacta de extraordinario color, cabeza desnuda, tiene carúnculas y papilas rojas y anaranjadas alrededor del pico, el iris es blanco con un anillo orbital rojo. En cautiverio, el estrés es una condición ampliamente observada, que puede llevar a la automutilación, posiblemente evolucionando en lesiones graves de la piel y los músculos. El objetivo del presente informe es describir los procedimientos adoptados en un caso de automutilación en Sarcoramphus papa, mantenido en cautividad, y la importancia del manejo adecuado para esta especie en cautividad. Un buitre real que presentaba una lesión contaminada con exposición ósea en el ala derecha fue tratado en un Hospital Universitario Veterinario. Tras el tratamiento, el animal fue enviado a una reserva de conservación para que pudiera ser acondicionado para volver a su hábitat natural.(AU)

VCM, RDW-SD e RDW-CV em cães e gatos saudáveis da cidade de Canoas (RS) / MCV, RDW-SD and RDW-CV in healthy dogs and cats from the city of Canoas (RS) / VCM, RDW-SD y RDW-CV em perros y gatos sanos de la ciudad de Canoas (RS)

A Amplitude de Distribuição dos Eritrócitos na automação é medida como RDW-CV (como Coeficiente de Variação) e RDW-SD (como Desvio Padrão), avaliando a variação do volume dos eritrócitos. Embora o RDW-CV seja amplamente utilizado na medicina veterinária como auxílio no diagnóstico da anisocitose, o RDW-SD é raramente utilizado. O estabelecimento dos valores de referência dos três parâmetros poderá auxiliar na diferenciação de algumas anemias e facilitar o diagnóstico das doenças. Foram coletados os dados de 425 cães (240 fêmeas e 185 machos) e 96 gatos (62 fêmeas e 34 machos) saudáveis atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da ULBRA (Canoas/RS), e posteriormente os animais foram divididos em três grupos etários: grupo 1 (3 a 12meses), grupo 2(1 a 8 anos) e grupo 3 (acima de 8 anos). Objetivou-se o estabelecimento de valores de referências para as espécies, assim como a análise de diferença estatística de fêmeas e machos e dos grupos etários para as variáveis estudadas. O programa IBM SPSS® Statistics foi utilizado para as análises estatísticas.

The red blood cell distribution width in automation is measured as RDW-CV (as Coefficient of Variation) and RDW-SD (as Standard Deviation) to assess the variation in erythrocyte volume. Although RDW-CV is widely used in veterinary medicine for the diagnosis of anisocytosis, RDW-SD is rarely used. The establishment of reference values for the parameters may help to differentiate some anemias and facilitate the diagnosis of diseases. Data were collected from 425 healthy dogs (240 females and 185 males) and 96 healthy cats (62 females and 34 males) attended at the ULBRA's Veterinary Hospital (Canoas/RS), and later the animals were divided into three age groups: group 1 (3 to 12 months), group 2 (1 to 8 years) and group 3 (over 8 years). The objective was to establish reference values for the species, as well as to analyze the statistical difference of females and males and of the age groups for the studied variables. The IBM SPSS® Statistics program was used for statistical analysis.

La amplitude de distribución de eritrócitos em automatización se mide como RDW-CV (como coeficiente de variación) y RDW-SD (como desviación estándar), evaluando la variación en el volumen de los eritrocitos. Aunque RDW-CV se usa ampliamente en medicina veterinaria como ayuda en el diagnóstico de anisocitosis, RDW-SD rara vez se usa. El establecimiento de valores de referencia para los tres parámetros puede ayudar a diferenciar alguna anemia y facilitar el diagnóstico de enfermedades. Se recogieron datos de 425 perros sanos (240 hembras y 185 machos) y 96 gatos (62 hembras y 34 machos) tratados en el Hospital Veterinario ULBRA (Canoas/RS), y posteriormente los animales se dividieron en tres grupos de edad: grupo 1 (3 a 12 meses), grupo 2 (1 a 8 años) y grupo 3 (mayores de 8 años). El objetivo fue establecer valores de referencia para la especie, así como el análisis de diferencia estadística entre hembras y machos y grupos de edad para las variables estudiadas. Para los análisis estadísticos se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS® Statistics.

Padronização de um ELISA indireto a partir da utilização de uma proteína de superfície do vírus da anemia infecciosa equina como antígeno para o diagnóstico dessa enfermidade / Standardization of an indirect ELISA using a surface protein of the equine infectious anemia virus as an antigen for the diagnosis of this disease

A anemia infecciosa equina é uma importante enfermidade que acomete os equídeos em todo o mundo, se apresentando de forma aguda, crônica e assintomática causando grandes prejuízos para a economia tanto para criadores que vivem do trabalho desses animais quantos aos criadores que investem no melhoramento das raças, impedindo o acesso ao mercado tanto nacional quanto internacional. O Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento considera o IDGA como teste oficial para diagnóstico dessa enfermidade, porém essa técnica é demorada e muita vez acaba sendo subjetiva, dependendo da experiencia particular de cada Laboratorista. Além de não conseguir detectar animais no início da infecção. Logo, a necessidade de se buscar novas técnicas como o ELISA indireto que aperfeiçoem o tempo de análise dos resultados, facilita a automação e obtém resultados confiáveis. O estudo realizado teve como objetivo padronizar uma técnica de ELISA indireto utilizando uma proteína de envelope viral GP90 como antígeno para diagnóstico da anemia infecciosa equina. Avaliando o desempenho do teste a partir da sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos positivo e negativo. Os valores obtidos foram: 91,11%, 93,33%, 91,11% e 93,33% respectivamente. Concluiu-se que o teste apresenta bom desempenho, além da possibilidade de detectar amimais positivos no início da infecção.

Equine infectious anemia is an important disease that affects horses all over the world, presenting in an acute, chronic and asymptomatic way, causing great damage to the economy, both for breeders who live off the work of these animals and for breeders who invest in the improvement of breeds, preventing access to both national and international markets. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply considers AGID to be the official test for diagnosing this disease, but this technique takes time and often ends up being subjective, depending on the particular experience of each laboratory worker. In addition to not being able to detect animals at the beginning of the infection. Therefore, the need to seek new techniques such as indirect ELISA that improve the time of analysis of results, facilitate automation and obtain reliable results. The aim of this study was to standardize an indirect ELISA technique using a GP90 viral envelope protein as an antigen for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia. Evaluating test performance based on sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values. The values obtained were 91.11%, 93.33%, 91.11 and 93.33 respectively. It was concluded that the test performs well, in addition to the possibility of detecting positive animals at the beginning of the infection.

Comportamento de vacas da raça Holandesa em ordenha robotizada / Behaviour of Holstein cows in robotic milking

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de concentrado e de ordenha de vacas em lactação em sistema de ordenha robotizada (SOR) conforme a paridade. O experimento foi realizado de março a junho de 2014, em Castro, PR, com vacas da raça Holandesa, confinadas em free stall, ordenhadas automaticamente e classificadas de acordo com a ordem de parto (1, 2 e +3 partos). Os dados foram extraídos do software de gerenciamento, sendo consideradas as atividades de um dia por mês (24h), por quatro meses, no dia seguinte após a realização do controle leiteiro oficial. Os dados foram analisados por técnicas de análise multivariada (análise fatorial, canônica e de agrupamento), utilizando-se o pacote computacional SAS. O comportamento ingestivo de concentrado influenciou toda a atividade das vacas no SOR, sendo fundamental para o desempenho dos animais nesse sistema. A ordem de parto não influenciou o comportamento na ordenha, somente o comportamento ingestivo, devido à dominância social das vacas multíparas. As vacas mais produtivas apresentaram um comportamento ingestivo mais agressivo. Conclui-se que a ordem de parto influencia o comportamento ingestivo de concentrado, porém não interfere no comportamento de ordenha de vacas com maior paridade. No SOR, primíparas devem ser manejadas em grupo específico.(AU)

The aim of this study was to assess the ingestive behavior of concentrate and milking of dairy cows in automatic milking system (AMS) according to parity. The experiment was conducted from March to June 2014, in Castro, PR, with Holstein cows housed in a free stall, milked automatically, and classified according to the lactation order (1, 2 and +3 lactations). Data were extracted from the management software, considering the activities of one day a month (24 hours) for four months, the day after the official milk production control. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis (factorial analysis, canonical and cluster), using the statistical package SAS. The ingestive behavior of concentrate influenced the entire activity of the cows in the AMS, being a fundamental factor in the performance of animals in this system. Parity did not influence the milking behavior, only the ingestive behavior, due to the social dominance of multiparous cows. High-yielding cows had a more aggressive ingestive behavior. It was concluded that parity influenced the ingestive behavior of concentrate, but does not interfere in milking behavior in cows with higher parity. In the AMS, primiparous should be managed in a specific group.(AU)

Comportamento de vacas da raça Holandesa em ordenha robotizada / Behaviour of Holstein cows in robotic milking

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de concentrado e de ordenha de vacas em lactação em sistema de ordenha robotizada (SOR) conforme a paridade. O experimento foi realizado de março a junho de 2014, em Castro, PR, com vacas da raça Holandesa, confinadas em free stall, ordenhadas automaticamente e classificadas de acordo com a ordem de parto (1, 2 e +3 partos). Os dados foram extraídos do software de gerenciamento, sendo consideradas as atividades de um dia por mês (24h), por quatro meses, no dia seguinte após a realização do controle leiteiro oficial. Os dados foram analisados por técnicas de análise multivariada (análise fatorial, canônica e de agrupamento), utilizando-se o pacote computacional SAS. O comportamento ingestivo de concentrado influenciou toda a atividade das vacas no SOR, sendo fundamental para o desempenho dos animais nesse sistema. A ordem de parto não influenciou o comportamento na ordenha, somente o comportamento ingestivo, devido à dominância social das vacas multíparas. As vacas mais produtivas apresentaram um comportamento ingestivo mais agressivo. Conclui-se que a ordem de parto influencia o comportamento ingestivo de concentrado, porém não interfere no comportamento de ordenha de vacas com maior paridade. No SOR, primíparas devem ser manejadas em grupo específico.(AU)

The aim of this study was to assess the ingestive behavior of concentrate and milking of dairy cows in automatic milking system (AMS) according to parity. The experiment was conducted from March to June 2014, in Castro, PR, with Holstein cows housed in a free stall, milked automatically, and classified according to the lactation order (1, 2 and +3 lactations). Data were extracted from the management software, considering the activities of one day a month (24 hours) for four months, the day after the official milk production control. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis (factorial analysis, canonical and cluster), using the statistical package SAS. The ingestive behavior of concentrate influenced the entire activity of the cows in the AMS, being a fundamental factor in the performance of animals in this system. Parity did not influence the milking behavior, only the ingestive behavior, due to the social dominance of multiparous cows. High-yielding cows had a more aggressive ingestive behavior. It was concluded that parity influenced the ingestive behavior of concentrate, but does not interfere in milking behavior in cows with higher parity. In the AMS, primiparous should be managed in a specific group.(AU)

Equipamentos automatizados na criação e crescimento do zebrafish / Automated equipment in the breeding and growth of zebrafish

Roedores, primatas não humanos e coelhos são os animais mais importantes para as pesquisas cientificas, principalmente pela sua semelhança genética e facilidade no manuseio em uma instituição de pesquisa. Outros modelos animais não convencionais podem apresentar vantagens, como menor custo, maior facilidade no manuseio e maior reprodutibilidade da pesquisa. Por isso, cada vez mais se tem utilizado e trabalhado com modelos animais experimentais não experimentais na pesquisa cientifica. O Zebrafish (Danio rerio) também chamado no Brasil de “paulistinha” é um peixe nativo do Himalaia que possui vantagens que o tornam um ótimo modelo experimental, como: tamanho pequeno, baixo custo, alta taxa de fecundidade, genoma completamente sequenciado, desenvolvimento comportamental e embriológico bem conhecido, apresenta respostas à testes de toxicidade similar à modelos humanos e sistema imune relativamente conservado entre o Zebrafish e humanos (o que leva à diferentes modelos específicos de Zebrafish para algumas doenças infecciosas bacterianas, parasitarias e virais que afetam os humanos, como, por exemplo Tuberculose e Zika). Porém o seu uso depende do uso de sistemas mais modernos de monitoramento especializados nesses animais e começaram a aparecer cada vez mais racks automatizados. Desta forma, equipamentos automatizados que facilitam o trabalho do manipulador e diminui a possibilidade de erro no cuidado com os animais são extremamente importantes para que o animal não se infecte ou transmite doenças entre os aquários em um sistema de monitoramento conectado.

Rodents, non-human primates and rabbits are the most important animals for scientific research, mainly for their genetic similarity and ease of handling in a research institution. Other unconventional animal models may have advantages, such as lower cost, easier handling and greater reproducibility of the research. Therefore, more and more experimental and non-experimental animal models have been used and worked in scientific research. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) also called “paulistinha” in Brazil is a fish native to the Himalayas that has advantages that make it a great experimental model, such as: small size, low cost, high fertility rate, completely sequenced genome, behavioral development and well-known embryological, it presents responses to toxicity tests similar to human models and relatively conserved immune system between Zebrafish and humans (which leads to different specific models of Zebrafish for some bacterial, parasitic and viral infectious diseases that affect humans, such as , for example Tuberculosis and Zika). However, its use depends on the use of more modern monitoring systems specialized in these animals and more and more automated racks have started to appear. Thus, automated equipment that facilitates the manipulator’s work and reduces the possibility of error in caring for animals is extremely important so that the animal does not become infected or transmit diseases between aquariums in a connected monitoring system.

Equipamentos automatizados na criação e crescimento do zebrafish / Automated equipment in the breeding and growth of zebrafish

Roedores, primatas não humanos e coelhos são os animais mais importantes para as pesquisas cientificas, principalmente pela sua semelhança genética e facilidade no manuseio em uma instituição de pesquisa. Outros modelos animais não convencionais podem apresentar vantagens, como menor custo, maior facilidade no manuseio e maior reprodutibilidade da pesquisa. Por isso, cada vez mais se tem utilizado e trabalhado com modelos animais experimentais não experimentais na pesquisa cientifica. O Zebrafish (Danio rerio) também chamado no Brasil de “paulistinha” é um peixe nativo do Himalaia que possui vantagens que o tornam um ótimo modelo experimental, como: tamanho pequeno, baixo custo, alta taxa de fecundidade, genoma completamente sequenciado, desenvolvimento comportamental e embriológico bem conhecido, apresenta respostas à testes de toxicidade similar à modelos humanos e sistema imune relativamente conservado entre o Zebrafish e humanos (o que leva à diferentes modelos específicos de Zebrafish para algumas doenças infecciosas bacterianas, parasitarias e virais que afetam os humanos, como, por exemplo Tuberculose e Zika). Porém o seu uso depende do uso de sistemas mais modernos de monitoramento especializados nesses animais e começaram a aparecer cada vez mais racks automatizados. Desta forma, equipamentos automatizados que facilitam o trabalho do manipulador e diminui a possibilidade de erro no cuidado com os animais são extremamente importantes para que o animal não se infecte ou transmite doenças entre os aquários em um sistema de monitoramento conectado.(AU)

Rodents, non-human primates and rabbits are the most important animals for scientific research, mainly for their genetic similarity and ease of handling in a research institution. Other unconventional animal models may have advantages, such as lower cost, easier handling and greater reproducibility of the research. Therefore, more and more experimental and non-experimental animal models have been used and worked in scientific research. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) also called “paulistinha” in Brazil is a fish native to the Himalayas that has advantages that make it a great experimental model, such as: small size, low cost, high fertility rate, completely sequenced genome, behavioral development and well-known embryological, it presents responses to toxicity tests similar to human models and relatively conserved immune system between Zebrafish and humans (which leads to different specific models of Zebrafish for some bacterial, parasitic and viral infectious diseases that affect humans, such as , for example Tuberculosis and Zika). However, its use depends on the use of more modern monitoring systems specialized in these animals and more and more automated racks have started to appear. Thus, automated equipment that facilitates the manipulators work and reduces the possibility of error in caring for animals is extremely important so that the animal does not become infected or transmit diseases between aquariums in a connected monitoring system.(AU)

Effects of human-animal relationship on animal productivity and welfare

This is a literature review of the effects of humans' relationships with farm animals on animal productivity andwelfare, including the following topics: definition of the concept and description of different tests that have beendeveloped to measure human-animal relationship (HAR). Temperament and tameness, which have been considered as farm animal characteristics that are important in HAR, as are stockperson attitudes. Some international farm animal welfare protocols are also described, together with negative andpositive stimuli that affect farm animal welfare and productivity. In addition to some factors affecting the qualityof HAR. We conclude that even with improved precision farming and automation: a) a good HAR is still fundamental to improve farm animal welfare with associated health andproduction benefits and b) with the numerous tests assessing fear of humans, many are not commercially applicable.(AU)

Effects of human-animal relationship on animal productivity and welfare

This is a literature review of the effects of humans' relationships with farm animals on animal productivity andwelfare, including the following topics: definition of the concept and description of different tests that have beendeveloped to measure human-animal relationship (HAR). Temperament and tameness, which have been considered as farm animal characteristics that are important in HAR, as are stockperson attitudes. Some international farm animal welfare protocols are also described, together with negative andpositive stimuli that affect farm animal welfare and productivity. In addition to some factors affecting the qualityof HAR. We conclude that even with improved precision farming and automation: a) a good HAR is still fundamental to improve farm animal welfare with associated health andproduction benefits and b) with the numerous tests assessing fear of humans, many are not commercially applicable.

Robotic milking of dairy cows: a review / Ordenha robotizada de vacas leiteiras: uma revisão

Automatic milking systems (AMS) have aroused worldwide interest recently. The first installation was by the company Lely in a project in the Netherlands (its homeland) in 1992. But nowadays, AMS represents a growing reality due to lobby for labor issues, rising costs, difficulty finding well-trained workers, and/ or difficulty keeping people on farms. This work aimed to present a review of the literature on AMS, beginning with a brief history of the evolution of the technology, showing advantages and limitations of its use, and ultimately giving some suggestions. The understanding of the technical functioning and operational running can help farmers and technicians in decision making on the adoption of the new technology. Besides workforce reduction and labor quality promotion, AMS has potential to improve feed conversion to milk, milk quality (with lower SCC), and cow productivity, as well as providing useful data and parameters for better farm management. Potential limitations include high investment costs, changes in milk composition (solids, free fatty acids), and increased risk of ketosis in cows.

Robôs ordenhadores são uma novidade razoavelmente recente no mundo. O primeiro foi instalado em 1992, pela empresa Lely, em um projeto experimental em seu país de origem, a Holanda. Entretanto, trata-se de uma realidade presente e cada vez maior, pois o problema da mão de obra, em diversos locais do mundo, cada vez mais cara, pouco capacitada e/ou difícil de manter na fazenda, é inexorável. Objetivou-se apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre a utilização da robótica na ordenha de vacas leiteiras, abordando o funcionamento técnico e operacional, bem como vantagens e limitações de sua utilização, visando auxiliar pecuaristas e técnicos na tomada de decisões em adotar, ou não, essa tecnologia. Apresentou-se, ainda, um breve histórico da evolução dos robôs ordenhadores, bem como algumas considerações finais. Constatou-se que os robôs, além de substituírem mão de obra, possuem o potencial de melhorarem a conversão alimentar para leite, a qualidade do leite (baixar CCS), aumentar a produtividade das vacas e proporcionar dados e parâmetros para uma gestão mais adequada dos números da atividade dentro da fazenda. Dentre as possíveis limitações estão o alto valor de investimento, alterações em sólidos do leite, presença de ácidos graxos livres no leite e aumento nos riscos de cetose nas vacas.

Robotic endoscopy: a review of the literature

Purpose To present new endoscopic robotic devices in the context of minimally invasive procedures with high precision and automation. Methods Review of the literature by December 2018 on robotic endoscopy. Results We present the studies and investments for robotic implementation and flexible endoscopy evolution. We divided them into forceps manipulation platforms, active endoscopy and endoscopic capsule. They try to improve forceps handling and stability and to promote active movement. Conclusion The implementation and propagation of robotic models depend on doing what the endoscopist is unable to. The new devices are moving forward in this direction.(AU)

Robotic milking of dairy cows: a review / Ordenha robotizada de vacas leiteiras: uma revisão

Automatic milking systems (AMS) have aroused worldwide interest recently. The first installation was by the company Lely in a project in the Netherlands (its homeland) in 1992. But nowadays, AMS represents a growing reality due to lobby for labor issues, rising costs, difficulty finding well-trained workers, and/ or difficulty keeping people on farms. This work aimed to present a review of the literature on AMS, beginning with a brief history of the evolution of the technology, showing advantages and limitations of its use, and ultimately giving some suggestions. The understanding of the technical functioning and operational running can help farmers and technicians in decision making on the adoption of the new technology. Besides workforce reduction and labor quality promotion, AMS has potential to improve feed conversion to milk, milk quality (with lower SCC), and cow productivity, as well as providing useful data and parameters for better farm management. Potential limitations include high investment costs, changes in milk composition (solids, free fatty acids), and increased risk of ketosis in cows.(AU)

Robôs ordenhadores são uma novidade razoavelmente recente no mundo. O primeiro foi instalado em 1992, pela empresa Lely, em um projeto experimental em seu país de origem, a Holanda. Entretanto, trata-se de uma realidade presente e cada vez maior, pois o problema da mão de obra, em diversos locais do mundo, cada vez mais cara, pouco capacitada e/ou difícil de manter na fazenda, é inexorável. Objetivou-se apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre a utilização da robótica na ordenha de vacas leiteiras, abordando o funcionamento técnico e operacional, bem como vantagens e limitações de sua utilização, visando auxiliar pecuaristas e técnicos na tomada de decisões em adotar, ou não, essa tecnologia. Apresentou-se, ainda, um breve histórico da evolução dos robôs ordenhadores, bem como algumas considerações finais. Constatou-se que os robôs, além de substituírem mão de obra, possuem o potencial de melhorarem a conversão alimentar para leite, a qualidade do leite (baixar CCS), aumentar a produtividade das vacas e proporcionar dados e parâmetros para uma gestão mais adequada dos números da atividade dentro da fazenda. Dentre as possíveis limitações estão o alto valor de investimento, alterações em sólidos do leite, presença de ácidos graxos livres no leite e aumento nos riscos de cetose nas vacas.(AU)

Impact of local conditions and machine management on grape harvest quality

Since its inception approximately 50 years ago, the grape harvester has been one of the machines responsible for the expansion of viticulture in the world. In Spain, harvesters were introduced in the 1990s (there are now approximately 3,000 machines there as of 2017), while they were introduced in Brazil in 2010. Harvest mechanization requires specific crop adaption and new work features that deserve to be analysed from their very beginnings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of four commercial grape harvest machines under actual field conditions on an intercontinental basis in two locations in Brazil and Spain. Machine performance measured by work (ha h1) and processing capacity (kg h1), together with field efficiency (%) and task quality, as measured by grape losses (%), in soil and plant, as well as must release (%), were considered in relation to plot geometry, adaption of plots to mechanical harvesting, and machine type, in order to assess whether the initial steps towards harvest mechanization in Brazil have led to similar performance and quality levels compared to Spain, which represents an example of well-established mechanization. The theoretical work capacities were similar for towed equipment in both countries (0.81 ha h1 in Brazil and 0.87 ha h1 in Spain) and lower compared to self-propelled capacity (1.34 ha h1). Significant differences were observed in terms of losses of grapes and must, with the highest values prevailing in Brazil (2 % grape losses in the ground; up to 23 % of the plant undetached grapes and must losses of 2-4 % (per kg vine productivity).

Impact of local conditions and machine management on grape harvest quality

Since its inception approximately 50 years ago, the grape harvester has been one of the machines responsible for the expansion of viticulture in the world. In Spain, harvesters were introduced in the 1990s (there are now approximately 3,000 machines there as of 2017), while they were introduced in Brazil in 2010. Harvest mechanization requires specific crop adaption and new work features that deserve to be analysed from their very beginnings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of four commercial grape harvest machines under actual field conditions on an intercontinental basis in two locations in Brazil and Spain. Machine performance measured by work (ha h1) and processing capacity (kg h1), together with field efficiency (%) and task quality, as measured by grape losses (%), in soil and plant, as well as must release (%), were considered in relation to plot geometry, adaption of plots to mechanical harvesting, and machine type, in order to assess whether the initial steps towards harvest mechanization in Brazil have led to similar performance and quality levels compared to Spain, which represents an example of well-established mechanization. The theoretical work capacities were similar for towed equipment in both countries (0.81 ha h1 in Brazil and 0.87 ha h1 in Spain) and lower compared to self-propelled capacity (1.34 ha h1). Significant differences were observed in terms of losses of grapes and must, with the highest values prevailing in Brazil (2 % grape losses in the ground; up to 23 % of the plant undetached grapes and must losses of 2-4 % (per kg vine productivity).(AU)