Beta-glucanases e xilanases na nutrição de não ruminantes / Beta-glucanases and xylanases in non-ruminant nutrition / Beta glucanasas y xilanasas en la nutrición de no rumiantes

A busca por custo x benefício na avicultura envolve compreender como melhorar o desempenho animal através da alimentação ao mesmo tempo em que haja diminuição dos custos. Tendo em vista o crescente aumento monetário da matéria prima da ração, várias pesquisas se voltam para novas fontes energéticas derivados de plantas, que contem quantidades significativas de fibras e agem como fatores antinutricionais, interferindo no desempenho zootécnico das aves. Os principais componentes das fibras, as beta glucanas e xilanas, podem ser quebradas e melhor aproveitadas quando no uso de enzimas exógenas chamadas de carboidrases, sendo a beta glucanase e xilase as respectivas enzimas que fazem a lise desses componentes. É necessário, portanto, melhor compreensão da forma de ação de cada enzima, assim como a fonte nutritiva das bases alimentares alternativas. Essa obra tem por objetivo abordar e revisar as duas principais fontes de fibras, beta glucanas e xilanas, e suas respectivas enzimas, beta glucanase e xilase.(AU)

The pursuit for cost-benefit in poultry farming involves understanding how to improve animal performance through feeding while reducing costs. In view of the growing monetary increase in feed raw material, several researches are focused on new energy sources derived from plants, which contain significant amounts of fiber and act as anti-nutritional factors, interfering with the zootechnical performance of birds. The main components of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, can be broken down and better utilized when using exogenous enzymes called carbohydrases, with beta glucanase and xylase being the respective enzymes that lyse these components. It is therefore necessary to better understand the mode of action of each enzyme, as well as the nutritive source of alternative food bases. This work aims to address and review the two main sources of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, and their respective enzymes, beta glucanase and xylase.(AU)

La búsqueda de la relación costo-beneficio en la avicultura implica comprender cómo mejorar el rendimiento animal a través de la alimentación y reducir los costos. Ante el creciente aumento monetario de la materia prima de los alimentos, varias investigaciones se enfocan en nuevas fuentes de energía derivadas de las plantas, que contienen cantidades significativas de fibra y actúan como factores antinutricionales, interfiriendo en el desempeño zootécnico de las aves. Los principales componentes de la fibra, los betaglucanos y los xilanos, se pueden descomponer y utilizar mejor cuando se usan enzimas exógenas llamadas carbohidrasas, siendo la betaglucanasa y la xilasa las enzimas respectivas que lisan estos componentes. Por lo tanto, es necesario comprender mejor el modo de acción de cada enzima, así como la fuente nutritiva de las bases alimenticias alternativas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar y revisar las dos principales fuentes de fibra, beta glucanos y xilanos, y sus respectivas enzimas, beta glucanasa y xilasa.(AU)

Effects of ß-glucan from S. cerevisiae on the expression of Casp9, Ccna2 and Sod1 genes in MCF-7 cells

ß-Glucans (ßG) are polysaccharides widely distributed in nature with chemopreventive properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ßG and the combined treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) on cell viability and mRNA levels of genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and antioxidant response. ßG was not cytotoxic. The mRNA levels of CCNA2of cells exposed to ß-glucan was upregulated and the exposure to Dox decreased the expression, while the combination led to an upregulation. Modulation of mRNA levels of CASP9suggest that ßG could inhibit promotion and progression steps of carcinogenesis, eliminatingneoplastic cells. The upregulation of CCNA2gene in combined treatment could be occurred due to ability of ßG in restoring the cell cycle distribution pattern after treatment with Dox. The upregulation of SOD1suggests that ßG can enhance the intracellular antioxidant defense, reducing the levels of superoxide dismutase induced by Dox. This response could reduce oxidative damage and attenuate tissue damage during chemotherapeutic treatment. Our data suggest that the drug combination may be less effective in killing tumor cells than the treatment with Dox alone. Thus, future studies should carefully consider this effect on indication of ßG during chemotherapy.Keywords:caspase-9; cyclin A2; superoxide dismutase 1; cell cycle; antioxidant.Received on July 2, 2020.Accepted on February 7, 2022.IntroductionGlucans are polysaccharides widely distributed in nature and oftenstudied due to chemopreventive properties. They are constituent of the cell wall of plants (oats and barley), algae, bacteria and fungi. ß-glucans (ßG)have a common structure comprising a main chain of ß-(1,3) and/or ß-(1,4) D-glucopyranosyl unit and they differ in length and branching structures. ßG of Saccharomyces cerevisiaehave 1→6 side branches while those of bacteria have 1→4 side branches (Chan, Chan, & Sze, 2009). ßGcan prevent DNA damage induced by chemical and physical agents (Ghavami,Goliaei, Taghizadeh, & Nikoofar, 2014). Some authors showed its significant efficacy in preventing mutagenic effects caused by doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and cisplatin (Tohamy, El-Ghor, El-Nahas, & Noshy, 2003), methyl methanesulfonate (Oliveira et al., 2007)and hydrogen peroxide (Slamenová, 2003). Moreover, some studies have related the antioxidant ability of ßGagainst reactive free radicals formed by endogenous metabolic processes or exogenous chemicals (Tsiapali et al., 2001; Slamenová,2003; Sener, Eksioglu-Demiralp, Cetiner, Ercan, & Yegen, 2006; Guerra Dore et al., 2007; Kofuji et al., 2012; Lei et al., 2015). Yeast-derived ßGhave modulating action of humoral and cellular immune responses (Vetvicka et al., 2007).This activity provides protection to the organism against infections and cancer development (Samuelsen, Schrezenmeir, & Knutsen, 2014; Roudbary, Daneshmand, Hajimorad, Roudbarmohammadip, & Hassan, 2015). Despite postulated modes of action by which ß-glucan works are lacking information about the molecular mechanisms involved in the chemopreventive activity of this polysaccharide. In addition, compounds with chemopreventive properties can contribute to reduce side effects and toxicity during the chemotherapeutic treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ßG and the combined treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) on the expression of genes related with apoptosis (CASP9), cell cycle control (CCNA2)and antioxidant defense (SOD1)in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Doxorubicin (Dox) was chosen because it is one of the most used chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment. The limitation on the use of Dox in cancer treatment is the lack of selectivity against cancer cells and, consequently, its toxicity to patients.(AU)

Effect of enzyme and probiotic supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, and meat quality of Simmental steers

The objective of this trial was to investigate the potential benefits of enzyme and probiotic supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, and meat quality of Simmental cattle. Sixty Simmental steers (367.75±4.69 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: control (fed basal diet), BC1 group (fed basal diet and 10 g/d brewer's yeast and cellulase supplementation per cattle), and BC2 group (fed basal diet and 20 g/d brewer's yeast and cellulase supplementation per cattle). A 10-d preparation period was followed by a 120-d experimental period. The results showed that the final weight of the BC2 group was greater than that of the control group. Also, feed conversion ratio of the BC2 group was better than that of the control group. Net meat weight increased by 3.86% in the BC2 group compared with the control group. The apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein of the BC2 group was greater than that of the control group. Dietary supplementation with brewer's yeast and cellulase supplementation could improve the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Simmental cattle.(AU)

Eficácia da suplementação oral com 1, 3-1, 6 betaglucano proveniente de Saccharomyces cerevisiae no controle da mastite bovina / [Efficiency of oral supplementation of 1. 3-1. 6 beta-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the control of bovine mastitis]

A mastite bovina, uma das principais doenças do rebanho leiteiro, caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório no úbere. A inviabilidade econômica, o impacto ambiental negativo e os resíduos antimicrobianos têm estimulado a pesquisa de outros tratamentos alternativos para a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças na bovinocultura leiteira. O betaglucano é um agente imunomodulador com potencial ação preventiva para doenças infecciosas, inclusive a mastite. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do betaglucano, por meio de administração oral, em animais em lactação. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas lactantes, distribuídas em dois grupos, um controle e um tratamento, com 10 animais em cada grupo. O grupo tratamento recebeu 5g/dia, durante 60 dias, de 1,3-1,6 betaglucano isolado da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluído em ração após a ordenha, enquanto o grupo controle recebia somente a ração. Foram realizados os testes de California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), produção de leite e percentual de gordura e proteína no leite. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto à CCS, ao CMT, à composição do leite ou produção. Não se observou, portanto, eficácia do uso do betaglucano purificado, administrado por via oral, no controle e na prevenção da mastite em vacas leiteiras, quando comparadas com o grupo controle. Atribuem-se esses resultados, principalmente, à degradação ruminal do produto testado. Sugerem-se, portanto, mais pesquisas utilizando o 1,3-1,6 betaglucano purificado de parede de S. cerevisiae por outras vias de administração, tais como intramamária e subcutânea.(AU)

Bovine mastitis, one of the main diseases of dairy herds, is characterized by an inflammatory process in the udder. The economic and environmental impacts, as well as the residues of antimicrobial drugs have stimulated the research of novel alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of diseases in dairy production cows. The beta-glucan is an immunomodulator agent, with potential preventive action for infectious diseases, including mastitis. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of orally administered beta-glucan in lactating cows. 20 lactating cows were used, distributed into two groups, one control and one treatment, with 10 cows in each group. The treatment group received 5g of 1.3-1.6 betaglucan daily for 60 days, isolated from the cell-wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluted into a grain meal, whereas the animals in the control group received only the ration. The California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Counting (SCC), daily production and assessments of fat and protein content in milk were done. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning subclinical mastitis detected by CMT, SCC, milk production and composition regarding protein and fat content. It was not observed, therefore, the effectiveness of the use of purified beta-glucan orally administered on the control or prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. The results are attributed to the ruminal degradation of the product tested. It is, therefore, suggested that more research should be conducted using the 1.3-1.6 beta-glucan purified from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae by other administration means and ruminal protection technologies for the isolated beta-glucan.(AU)

Eficácia da suplementação oral com 1, 3-1, 6 betaglucano proveniente de Saccharomyces cerevisiae no controle da mastite bovina / [Efficiency of oral supplementation of 1. 3-1. 6 beta-glucan from saccharomyces cerevisiae on the control of bovine mastitis]

A mastite bovina, uma das principais doenças do rebanho leiteiro, caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório no úbere. A inviabilidade econômica, o impacto ambiental negativo e os resíduos antimicrobianos têm estimulado a pesquisa de outros tratamentos alternativos para a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças na bovinocultura leiteira. O betaglucano é um agente imunomodulador com potencial ação preventiva para doenças infecciosas, inclusive a mastite. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do betaglucano, por meio de administração oral, em animais em lactação. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas lactantes, distribuídas em dois grupos, um controle e um tratamento, com 10 animais em cada grupo. O grupo tratamento recebeu 5g/dia, durante 60 dias, de 1,3-1,6 betaglucano isolado da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluído em ração após a ordenha, enquanto o grupo controle recebia somente a ração. Foram realizados os testes de California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), produção de leite e percentual de gordura e proteína no leite. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto à CCS, ao CMT, à composição do leite ou produção. Não se observou, portanto, eficácia do uso do betaglucano purificado, administrado por via oral, no controle e na prevenção da mastite em vacas leiteiras, quando comparadas com o grupo controle. Atribuem-se esses resultados, principalmente, à degradação ruminal do produto testado. Sugerem-se, portanto, mais pesquisas utilizando o 1,3-1,6 betaglucano purificado de parede de S. cerevisiae por outras vias de administração, tais como intramamária e subcutânea.(AU)

Bovine mastitis, one of the main diseases of dairy herds, is characterized by an inflammatory process in the udder. The economic and environmental impacts, as well as the residues of antimicrobial drugs have stimulated the research of novel alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of diseases in dairy production cows. The beta-glucan is an immunomodulator agent, with potential preventive action for infectious diseases, including mastitis. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of orally administered beta-glucan in lactating cows. 20 lactating cows were used, distributed into two groups, one control and one treatment, with 10 cows in each group. The treatment group received 5g of 1.3-1.6 betaglucan daily for 60 days, isolated from the cell-wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluted into a grain meal, whereas the animals in the control group received only the ration. The California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Counting (SCC), daily production and assessments of fat and protein content in milk were done. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning subclinical mastitis detected by CMT, SCC, milk production and composition regarding protein and fat content. It was not observed, therefore, the effectiveness of the use of purified beta-glucan orally administered on the control or prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. The results are attributed to the ruminal degradation of the product tested. It is, therefore, suggested that more research should be conducted using the 1.3-1.6 beta-glucan purified from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae by other administration means and ruminal protection technologies for the isolated beta-glucan.(AU)

Yeast culture in the diet of feedlot steers: performance, carcass traits and feeding behavior / Cultura de leveduras na dieta de novilhos confinados: desempenho, características da carcaça e comportamento ingestivo

This study aimed to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibility of diet, ingestive behavior which occurred in two moments, carcass traits, being evaluated constituent and non-carcass components, and also the effect the yeast culture could promote in the peripheral temperature of rumen, hull and body temperature. The diets consisted of a constant ratio of 50% forage (maize silage) and 50% concentrate. Thirty-six steers, ½ Angus Nelore, with average age of 11 months and average initial body weight of 339.5±10kg were used in the experiment. The inclusion of yeast culture promoted a higher daily dry matter intake (8.83 vs 9.35kg day-1) and, consequently, a better daily weight gain (1,143 vs. 1,325kg day-1) in the initial feedlot phase, with no difference in other periods. The apparent digestibility of the diet containing yeast culture was higher than the control diet (69.69 versus 68.32%, respectively), and its use did not interfere with the feeding behavior of the animals. Based on our findings, supplementation with yeast culture may bring positive results in the initial feedlot phase.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho; a digestibilidade aparente da dieta; o comportamento oral ingestivo, o qual ocorreu em dois momentos, as características de carcaça, sendo avaliados componentes integrantes e não integrantes da carcaça; bem como o efeito que a cultura de leveduras pudesse promover perante a temperatura periférica de rúmen, casco e temperatura corpórea, sendo aferida por meio da temperatura retal. As dietas foram constituídas em uma constante relação de 50% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 50% de concentrado. Utilizaram-se no experimento 36 novilhos, ½ sangue Angus Nelore, com idade média de 11 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 339,5 ± 10kg. O uso de cultura de leveduras promoveu maior consumo diário de matéria seca (8,83 contra 9,35 kg dia-1) e consequentemente melhor ganho de peso diário (1,143 contra 1,325kg dia-1) na fase inicial do confinamento, não havendo diferença nos demais períodos. A digestibilidade aparente da dieta que continha cultura de leveduras foi superior à da dieta controle (69,69 contra 68,32%, respectivamente), e seu uso não interferiu no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. Com base nos resultados do presente estudo, a suplementação com cultura de leveduras pode trazer resultados positivos na fase inicial de confinamento.(AU)

Yeast culture in the diet of feedlot steers: performance, carcass traits and feeding behavior / Cultura de leveduras na dieta de novilhos confinados: desempenho, características da carcaça e comportamento ingestivo

This study aimed to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibility of diet, ingestive behavior which occurred in two moments, carcass traits, being evaluated constituent and non-carcass components, and also the effect the yeast culture could promote in the peripheral temperature of rumen, hull and body temperature. The diets consisted of a constant ratio of 50% forage (maize silage) and 50% concentrate. Thirty-six steers, ½ Angus Nelore, with average age of 11 months and average initial body weight of 339.5±10kg were used in the experiment. The inclusion of yeast culture promoted a higher daily dry matter intake (8.83 vs 9.35kg day-1) and, consequently, a better daily weight gain (1,143 vs. 1,325kg day-1) in the initial feedlot phase, with no difference in other periods. The apparent digestibility of the diet containing yeast culture was higher than the control diet (69.69 versus 68.32%, respectively), and its use did not interfere with the feeding behavior of the animals. Based on our findings, supplementation with yeast culture may bring positive results in the initial feedlot phase.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho; a digestibilidade aparente da dieta; o comportamento oral ingestivo, o qual ocorreu em dois momentos, as características de carcaça, sendo avaliados componentes integrantes e não integrantes da carcaça; bem como o efeito que a cultura de leveduras pudesse promover perante a temperatura periférica de rúmen, casco e temperatura corpórea, sendo aferida por meio da temperatura retal. As dietas foram constituídas em uma constante relação de 50% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 50% de concentrado. Utilizaram-se no experimento 36 novilhos, ½ sangue Angus Nelore, com idade média de 11 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 339,5 ± 10kg. O uso de cultura de leveduras promoveu maior consumo diário de matéria seca (8,83 contra 9,35 kg dia-1) e consequentemente melhor ganho de peso diário (1,143 contra 1,325kg dia-1) na fase inicial do confinamento, não havendo diferença nos demais períodos. A digestibilidade aparente da dieta que continha cultura de leveduras foi superior à da dieta controle (69,69 contra 68,32%, respectivamente), e seu uso não interferiu no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. Com base nos resultados do presente estudo, a suplementação com cultura de leveduras pode trazer resultados positivos na fase inicial de confinamento.(AU)

Xylanase and B-glucanase in maize- and soybean meal-based diets for broilers / Xilanase e B-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different xylanase and β-glucanase enzyme blends to maize- and soybean meal-based diets on performance and energy metabolizability in broilers. Two experiments were carried out with broilers of the COBB 500 strain. In the first experiment, 1960 chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement, totaling seven treatments, namely, T1- Positive control (PC); T2 - Negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 200 kcal kg-¹ ME); T3 - NC1 + Blend A; T4 - NC1 + Blend B; T5 - Negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 167 kcal kg-¹ ME and 5% amino acids); T6 - NC2 + Blend A; and T7 - NC2 + Blend B. Fourteen replicates were used per treatment and 20 birds per experimental unit. The parameters evaluated at 21 and 42 days of age were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion (FC). At 42 days, production efficiency index (PEI), viability and the yields of cuts were also calculated. Birds that received diets with a reduced nutritional value showed a reduction in WG and PEI and worsened FC as compared those of PC treatment (p < 0.05). However, the birds that consumed the NC2 diet with Blend B exhibited a similar WG to those in PC group (p > 0.05) from 1 to 21 days of life. For the yield of thigh + drumstick, the factors were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to those observed in the PC birds. In the second experiment, 432 fourteen-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, with eight replicates per treatment and six birds per experimental unit. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values were determined. Overall, the NC2 diet with Blend B provided the highest AME and AMEn values; however, NC1 with the same enzyme blend was the treatment which provided the lowest values. The addition of xylanase [...].(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes blends enzimáticos de xilanase e β-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja sobre o desempenho e metabolizabilidade da energia para frangos de corte. Foram realizados dois experimentos com frangos de corte da linhagem COBB500. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 1960 pintos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 + 1, totalizando sete tratamentos: T1- Controle Positivo (CP); T2- Controle negativo 1 (CN1; CP menos 200 kcal Kg-¹ de EM); T3 - CN1 + Blend A; T4 - CN1 + Blend B; T5 - Controle negativo 2 (CN2; CP menos 167 kcal Kg-¹ de EM e 5% de aminoácidos); T6 - CN2 + Blend A e T7 - CN2 + Blend B. Foram utilizadas 14 repetições por tratamento e 20 aves por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros avaliados aos 21 e aos 42 dias de idade dos frangos foram o ganho de peso (GP), o consumo de ração (CR) e a conversão alimentar (CA). Aos 42 dias calculou-se o índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP), viabilidade (VIAB) e rendimento de cortes. Foi observado que as aves que receberam dietas com reduzido valor nutricionais apresentaram redução no GP e IEP e piora na CA comparadas ao CP (p < 0,05), porém as aves que consumiram a dieta CN2 com o Blend B, que apresentaram GP semelhante ao CP (p > 0,05) no período de um a 21 dias de vida. Para o rendimento de coxa mais sobrecoxa (RCS), foi possível observar que os fatores apresentaram estatisticamente (p >0,05) semelhantes ao CP. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 432 pintos com 14 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos com 8 repetições por tratamento e 6 aves por unidade experimental. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn). Em geral, a dieta CN2 como Blend B apresentou o maior valor de EMA e EMAn, porém, [...].(AU)

Xylanase and B-glucanase in maize- and soybean meal-based diets for broilers / Xilanase e B-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different xylanase and β-glucanase enzyme blends to maize- and soybean meal-based diets on performance and energy metabolizability in broilers. Two experiments were carried out with broilers of the COBB 500 strain. In the first experiment, 1960 chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement, totaling seven treatments, namely, T1- Positive control (PC); T2 - Negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 200 kcal kg-¹ ME); T3 - NC1 + Blend A; T4 - NC1 + Blend B; T5 - Negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 167 kcal kg-¹ ME and 5% amino acids); T6 - NC2 + Blend A; and T7 - NC2 + Blend B. Fourteen replicates were used per treatment and 20 birds per experimental unit. The parameters evaluated at 21 and 42 days of age were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion (FC). At 42 days, production efficiency index (PEI), viability and the yields of cuts were also calculated. Birds that received diets with a reduced nutritional value showed a reduction in WG and PEI and worsened FC as compared those of PC treatment (p 0.05) from 1 to 21 days of life. For the yield of thigh + drumstick, the factors were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to those observed in the PC birds. In the second experiment, 432 fourteen-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, with eight replicates per treatment and six birds per experimental unit. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values were determined. Overall, the NC2 diet with Blend B provided the highest AME and AMEn values; however, NC1 with the same enzyme blend was the treatment which provided the lowest values. The addition of xylanase [...].

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes blends enzimáticos de xilanase e β-glucanase em dietas a base de milho e de farelo de soja sobre o desempenho e metabolizabilidade da energia para frangos de corte. Foram realizados dois experimentos com frangos de corte da linhagem COBB500. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 1960 pintos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 + 1, totalizando sete tratamentos: T1- Controle Positivo (CP); T2- Controle negativo 1 (CN1; CP menos 200 kcal Kg-¹ de EM); T3 - CN1 + Blend A; T4 - CN1 + Blend B; T5 - Controle negativo 2 (CN2; CP menos 167 kcal Kg-¹ de EM e 5% de aminoácidos); T6 - CN2 + Blend A e T7 - CN2 + Blend B. Foram utilizadas 14 repetições por tratamento e 20 aves por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros avaliados aos 21 e aos 42 dias de idade dos frangos foram o ganho de peso (GP), o consumo de ração (CR) e a conversão alimentar (CA). Aos 42 dias calculou-se o índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP), viabilidade (VIAB) e rendimento de cortes. Foi observado que as aves que receberam dietas com reduzido valor nutricionais apresentaram redução no GP e IEP e piora na CA comparadas ao CP (p 0,05) no período de um a 21 dias de vida. Para o rendimento de coxa mais sobrecoxa (RCS), foi possível observar que os fatores apresentaram estatisticamente (p >0,05) semelhantes ao CP. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 432 pintos com 14 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos com 8 repetições por tratamento e 6 aves por unidade experimental. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn). Em geral, a dieta CN2 como Blend B apresentou o maior valor de EMA e EMAn, porém, [...].

Commercial and non-commercial pectinase and cellulase on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficacy of rice husk and Tifton 85 hay

The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of commercial and non-commercial cellulase and pectinase on rice husk and Tifton 85 hay hydrolyses. The hydrolysis kinetics of the substrates with commercial cellulase and pectinase were evaluated and the hydrolysis at different temperature and agitation conditions was maximized using experimental design. The combined use of commercial and non-commercial enzymes under optimized conditions was evaluated. The pre-treatment of the residues was also investigated by milling and different concentrations of NaOH. Finally, the effect of the hydrolysis on the bromatological composition of the residues was evaluated. The best hydrolysis times of rice husk and Tifton 85 hay were 10 and 12h for commercial cellulase, 12 and 14h for noncommercial cellulase, 10 and 14h for commercial pectinase and 16 and 20h for non-commercial pectinase, respectively. The highest hydrolysis values were obtained using commercial cellulase with 1:50 (w:v enzyme:water) dilution rate, at 45ºC and 300 rpm agitation for both substrates, reaching 20.6% maximum percentage for Tifton 85 hay and 11.6% for rice husk. The combined use of commercial enzymes did not increase hydrolysis percentage. The pre-treatment using 7.5% NaOH and 0.5 mm grain size significantly increased the rice husk and Tifton 85 hay hydrolyses (60-80%), either using commercial cellulase or pectinase enzymes. The use of non-commercial enzymes provided 18-30% hydrolysis obtained from commercial ones. Bromatological analyzes indicated a reduction in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content for rice husk and Tifton 85 hay when using pectinases and commercial cellulases.

Commercial and non-commercial pectinase and cellulase on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficacy of rice husk and Tifton 85 hay

The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of commercial and non-commercial cellulase and pectinase on rice husk and Tifton 85 hay hydrolyses. The hydrolysis kinetics of the substrates with commercial cellulase and pectinase were evaluated and the hydrolysis at different temperature and agitation conditions was maximized using experimental design. The combined use of commercial and non-commercial enzymes under optimized conditions was evaluated. The pre-treatment of the residues was also investigated by milling and different concentrations of NaOH. Finally, the effect of the hydrolysis on the bromatological composition of the residues was evaluated. The best hydrolysis times of rice husk and Tifton 85 hay were 10 and 12h for commercial cellulase, 12 and 14h for noncommercial cellulase, 10 and 14h for commercial pectinase and 16 and 20h for non-commercial pectinase, respectively. The highest hydrolysis values were obtained using commercial cellulase with 1:50 (w:v enzyme:water) dilution rate, at 45ºC and 300 rpm agitation for both substrates, reaching 20.6% maximum percentage for Tifton 85 hay and 11.6% for rice husk. The combined use of commercial enzymes did not increase hydrolysis percentage. The pre-treatment using 7.5% NaOH and 0.5 mm grain size significantly increased the rice husk and Tifton 85 hay hydrolyses (60-80%), either using commercial cellulase or pectinase enzymes. The use of non-commercial enzymes provided 18-30% hydrolysis obtained from commercial ones. Bromatological analyzes indicated a reduction in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content for rice husk and Tifton 85 hay when using pectinases and commercial cellulases.(AU)

Atividade enzimática do solo em pastagens de Urochloa manejados sob ofertas de forragem / Soil enzymatic activity of Urochloa pastures managed under different forage allowances

A atividade enzimática do solo reflete a atividade dos microrganismos que decompõem a matéria orgânica e liberam nutrientes às plantas. O objetivo foi avaliar a atividade enzimática no solo em pastagens de cultivares de Urochloa manejados sob as ofertas de forragem de 4, 7, 10 e 13 kg de matéria seca (MS)/100 kg de peso corporal (PC). O método de pastejo adotado foi mob-stocking, com quatro ciclos de pastejo (entre dezembro de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009). Também foi realizada uma amostragem em junho de 2009 para melhor caracterização, pois a mineralização da matéria orgânica no solo ocorre em longo prazo. Assim, as datas de coleta de solo para análise foram descritas como dias de avaliações e não como pastejos: 1 (de 17 a 20 de dezembro de 2008), 21 (de 07 a 10 de janeiro de 2009), 42 (de 28 a 31 de janeiro de 2009), 63 (de 18 a 21 de fevereiro de 2009), 183 (de 18 a 20 de junho de 2009). Foi avaliada a atividade enzimática no solo da desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e celulase. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições por oferta. Foi realizada a análise de variância e teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, para comparação de médias, utilizando-se o procedimento o programa estatístico R. As análises foram realizadas de maneira individual para cada cultivar. De modo geral, nas pastagens das três cultivares estudadas, a atividade da desidrogenase foi maior (P<0,05) aos 63 dias e da protease no último dia de avaliação. O decorrer do período experimental implicou em mudanças na atividade da arilsulfatase e da celulase em relação às ofertas de forragem, mas sem um padrão de comportamento definido. As ofertas de forragem mostraram efeito sobre a atividade das enzimas ao longo do período de avaliação, porém sem padrão de comportamento definido, sendo observadas oscilações cíclicas da atividade dessas enzimas. As ofertas de forragem estudadas afetaram a atividade enzimática da desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e...

Soil enzymatic activity reflects the activity microorganisms that decompose the organic matter and release nutrients into the soil that can be used by plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil enzymatic activity in Urochloa cultivar pastures managed under forage allowances of 4, 7, 10 and 13 kg dry matter/100 kg body weight. The grazing method adopted was mob-stocking, with four grazing cycles (between December 2008 and February 2009). Soil sampling was performed in June 2009 for better characterization since the mineralization of soil organic matter is a long-term process. Thus, the dates of soil sampling for analysis are reported as evaluation days and not as grazing: 1 (December 17 to 20, 2008), 21 (January 7 to 10, 2009), 42 (January 28 to 31, 2009), 63 (February 18 to 21, 2009), 183 (June 18 to 20, 2009). The soil enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, protease, arylsulfatase, and cellulase was evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications per forage allowance. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at the 5% probability level were applied to compare means using the R statistical program. The analyses were performed individually for each cultivar. Overall, in pastures of the three cultivars studied, dehydrogenase activity was higher (P<0.05) on day 63 and protease on the last day of evaluation. The experimental period implied changes in the activity of arylsulfatase and cellulase according to forage allowance, but without a defined pattern. Forage allowances exerted an effect on the activity of the enzymes throughout the evaluation period, but there was no defined pattern. Cyclic oscillations in the activity of these enzymes were observed. The forage allowances studied affected the soil enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, protease, arylsulfatase and cellulase in Urochloa pastures of the Marandu, Xaraes and Mulato varieties, but no pattern was found in...

Atividade enzimática do solo em pastagens de Urochloa manejados sob ofertas de forragem / Soil enzymatic activity of Urochloa pastures managed under different forage allowances

A atividade enzimática do solo reflete a atividade dos microrganismos que decompõem a matéria orgânica e liberam nutrientes às plantas. O objetivo foi avaliar a atividade enzimática no solo em pastagens de cultivares de Urochloa manejados sob as ofertas de forragem de 4, 7, 10 e 13 kg de matéria seca (MS)/100 kg de peso corporal (PC). O método de pastejo adotado foi mob-stocking, com quatro ciclos de pastejo (entre dezembro de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009). Também foi realizada uma amostragem em junho de 2009 para melhor caracterização, pois a mineralização da matéria orgânica no solo ocorre em longo prazo. Assim, as datas de coleta de solo para análise foram descritas como dias de avaliações e não como pastejos: 1 (de 17 a 20 de dezembro de 2008), 21 (de 07 a 10 de janeiro de 2009), 42 (de 28 a 31 de janeiro de 2009), 63 (de 18 a 21 de fevereiro de 2009), 183 (de 18 a 20 de junho de 2009). Foi avaliada a atividade enzimática no solo da desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e celulase. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições por oferta. Foi realizada a análise de variância e teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, para comparação de médias, utilizando-se o procedimento o programa estatístico R. As análises foram realizadas de maneira individual para cada cultivar. De modo geral, nas pastagens das três cultivares estudadas, a atividade da desidrogenase foi maior (P<0,05) aos 63 dias e da protease no último dia de avaliação. O decorrer do período experimental implicou em mudanças na atividade da arilsulfatase e da celulase em relação às ofertas de forragem, mas sem um padrão de comportamento definido. As ofertas de forragem mostraram efeito sobre a atividade das enzimas ao longo do período de avaliação, porém sem padrão de comportamento definido, sendo observadas oscilações cíclicas da atividade dessas enzimas. As ofertas de forragem estudadas afetaram a atividade enzimática da desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e...(AU)

Soil enzymatic activity reflects the activity microorganisms that decompose the organic matter and release nutrients into the soil that can be used by plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil enzymatic activity in Urochloa cultivar pastures managed under forage allowances of 4, 7, 10 and 13 kg dry matter/100 kg body weight. The grazing method adopted was mob-stocking, with four grazing cycles (between December 2008 and February 2009). Soil sampling was performed in June 2009 for better characterization since the mineralization of soil organic matter is a long-term process. Thus, the dates of soil sampling for analysis are reported as evaluation days and not as grazing: 1 (December 17 to 20, 2008), 21 (January 7 to 10, 2009), 42 (January 28 to 31, 2009), 63 (February 18 to 21, 2009), 183 (June 18 to 20, 2009). The soil enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, protease, arylsulfatase, and cellulase was evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replications per forage allowance. Analysis of variance and Tukeys test at the 5% probability level were applied to compare means using the R statistical program. The analyses were performed individually for each cultivar. Overall, in pastures of the three cultivars studied, dehydrogenase activity was higher (P<0.05) on day 63 and protease on the last day of evaluation. The experimental period implied changes in the activity of arylsulfatase and cellulase according to forage allowance, but without a defined pattern. Forage allowances exerted an effect on the activity of the enzymes throughout the evaluation period, but there was no defined pattern. Cyclic oscillations in the activity of these enzymes were observed. The forage allowances studied affected the soil enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, protease, arylsulfatase and cellulase in Urochloa pastures of the Marandu, Xaraes and Mulato varieties, but no pattern was found in...(AU)

Cloning and expression of an endoglucanase gene from the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus fumigatus DBiNU-1 in Kluyveromyces lactis

An intronless endoglucanase from thermotolerant Aspergillus fumigatus DBINU-1 was cloned, characterized and expressed in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. The full-length open reading frame of the endoglucanase gene from A. fumigatus DBiNU-1, designated Cel7, was 1383 nucleotides in length and encoded a protein of 460 amino acid residues. The predicted molecular weight and the isoelectric point of the A. fumigatus Cel7 gene product were 48.19 kDa and 5.03, respectively. A catalytic domain in the N-terminal region and a fungal type cellulose-binding domain/module in the C-terminal region were detected in the predicted polypeptide sequences. Furthermore, a signal peptide with 20 amino acid residues at the N-terminus was also detected in the deduced amino acid sequences of the endoglucanase from A. fumigatus DBiNU-1. The endoglucanase from A. fumigatus DBiNU-1 was successfully expressed in K. lactis, and the purified recombinant enzyme exhibited its maximum activity at pH 5.0 and 60 °C. The enzyme was very stable in a pH range from 4.0 to 8.0 and a temperature range from 30 to 60 °C. These features make it suitable for application in the paper, biofuel, and other chemical production industries that use cellulosic materials.(AU)

Replacing fish meal by mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on the growth performance and immunologic responses of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) / Farinha de peixe com larvas do bicho-da farinha (Tenebrio molitor) no desempenho de crescimento e respostas imunológicas do camarão branco (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing FM with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on the growth performance and immunologic responses of white shrimp. In addition, the toxicity of such replacement to white shrimp was measured. Mealworm was incorporated to partially or totally replace fish meal in diets for white shrimp. Experimental groups of shrimp with an average initial body weight of 2.39 ± 0.49 g were fed each of 4 isonitrogeneous diets formulated to include 0, 25, 50 and 100% (control, MW25, MW50 and MW100 respectively) of mealworm substituted for fish meal. After eight weeks of feeding trials, shrimp fed diets MW25, MW50 and MW100 had higher live weight gain (10.05 ± 3.06, 11.41 ± 2.08, and 10.36 ± 1.57, respectively), higher specific growth rate (2.56 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.09, and 2.61 ± 0.07, respectively), and better feed conversion ratio (2.89 ± 0.08, 2.69 ± 0.09, and 2.72 ± 0.19, respectively) compared to those of shrimp fed control diet. Survival rate was 98% in all treatments. No toxicity was found in post-mortem pathophysiologic examinations. The levels of immune markers such as beta -glucan binding protein, prophenoloxidase and crustin associated with shrimp’s cellular and humoral immunity were found to be higher in 25 and 50% mealworm replacement groups. These results clearly indicated that replacement of fish meal with 50% mealworm for shrimp diet was optimal in promoting the growth performance of shrimp without any adverse effect.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito da substituição do FM por larva de farinha (Tenebrio molitor) sobre o desempenho de crescimento e respostas imunológicas do camarão branco. Além disso, a toxicidade dessa substituição ao camarão branco foi medida. As larvas foram inseridas para substituir parcialmente ou totalmente a farinha de peixe em dietas do camarão branco. Grupos experimentais de camarão com a média de peso inicial de 2.39 ± 0.49g, foram alimentados com quatro dietas isonitrogênicas elaboradas para incluir 0, 25, 50 e 100% (control, MW25, MW50 e MW100 respectivamente) de larvas substituído por farinha de peixe. Após oito semanas de experiencia, os camarões alimentados pelas dietas MW25, MW50 e MW100 tiveram um maior ganho de peso (10.05 ± 3.06, 11.41 ± 2.08 e 10.36 ± 1.57, respectivamente), e uma taxa de crescimento especifico mais alta (2.56 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.09, e2.61 ± 0.07 respectivamente), comparados a aqueles que tiveram a dieta de controle. A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 98% em todos os tratamentos. Nenhuma toxina foi encontrada após a morte, nas quais foram feitos exames fisiopatológicos. Os níveis de marcadores imunológicos como as ligações de proteína betaglucanos, prophenoloxidase, crustinas associadas à imunidade celular e humoral do camarão, foram encontrados maiores que 25 e 50% dos grupos substituídos pelas larvas. Esses resultados indicaram que a troca da farinha de peixe com 50% de larvas para a dieta dos camarões foi ideal para promover o desempenho de crescimento do camarão sem qualquer efeito adverso.

Replacing fish meal by mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on the growth performance and immunologic responses of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) / Farinha de peixe com larvas do bicho-da farinha (Tenebrio molitor) no desempenho de crescimento e respostas imunológicas do camarão branco (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing FM with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on the growth performance and immunologic responses of white shrimp. In addition, the toxicity of such replacement to white shrimp was measured. Mealworm was incorporated to partially or totally replace fish meal in diets for white shrimp. Experimental groups of shrimp with an average initial body weight of 2.39 ± 0.49 g were fed each of 4 isonitrogeneous diets formulated to include 0, 25, 50 and 100% (control, MW25, MW50 and MW100 respectively) of mealworm substituted for fish meal. After eight weeks of feeding trials, shrimp fed diets MW25, MW50 and MW100 had higher live weight gain (10.05 ± 3.06, 11.41 ± 2.08, and 10.36 ± 1.57, respectively), higher specific growth rate (2.56 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.09, and 2.61 ± 0.07, respectively), and better feed conversion ratio (2.89 ± 0.08, 2.69 ± 0.09, and 2.72 ± 0.19, respectively) compared to those of shrimp fed control diet. Survival rate was 98% in all treatments. No toxicity was found in post-mortem pathophysiologic examinations. The levels of immune markers such as beta -glucan binding protein, prophenoloxidase and crustin associated with shrimps cellular and humoral immunity were found to be higher in 25 and 50% mealworm replacement groups. These results clearly indicated that replacement of fish meal with 50% mealworm for shrimp diet was optimal in promoting the growth performance of shrimp without any adverse effect.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito da substituição do FM por larva de farinha (Tenebrio molitor) sobre o desempenho de crescimento e respostas imunológicas do camarão branco. Além disso, a toxicidade dessa substituição ao camarão branco foi medida. As larvas foram inseridas para substituir parcialmente ou totalmente a farinha de peixe em dietas do camarão branco. Grupos experimentais de camarão com a média de peso inicial de 2.39 ± 0.49g, foram alimentados com quatro dietas isonitrogênicas elaboradas para incluir 0, 25, 50 e 100% (control, MW25, MW50 e MW100 respectivamente) de larvas substituído por farinha de peixe. Após oito semanas de experiencia, os camarões alimentados pelas dietas MW25, MW50 e MW100 tiveram um maior ganho de peso (10.05 ± 3.06, 11.41 ± 2.08 e 10.36 ± 1.57, respectivamente), e uma taxa de crescimento especifico mais alta (2.56 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.09, e2.61 ± 0.07 respectivamente), comparados a aqueles que tiveram a dieta de controle. A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 98% em todos os tratamentos. Nenhuma toxina foi encontrada após a morte, nas quais foram feitos exames fisiopatológicos. Os níveis de marcadores imunológicos como as ligações de proteína betaglucanos, prophenoloxidase, crustinas associadas à imunidade celular e humoral do camarão, foram encontrados maiores que 25 e 50% dos grupos substituídos pelas larvas. Esses resultados indicaram que a troca da farinha de peixe com 50% de larvas para a dieta dos camarões foi ideal para promover o desempenho de crescimento do camarão sem qualquer efeito adverso.(AU)

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary Beta-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) / Efeito imunomodulador da Beta- glucana usada como aditivo alimentar em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen)

The immunomodulatory effects of dietary Beta-glucan were evaluated in silver catfish. Beta-glucan was added to the diet (0.01%, and 0.1%) and fed to the fish for 21 days, to evaluate effects on blood and some innate immune parameter, or fed for 42 days, to evaluate growth rate and resistance to challenge with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. We found that adding Beta-glucan to the diet had no effect on fish growth and no effect on blood cells, or serum bacterial agglutination and serum myeloperoxidase activity. However, fish that received Beta-glucan in the diet had the natural hemolytic activity of complement significantly higher compared to control fish. Furthermore, fish fed with Beta-glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila had fewer bacteria in blood and presented a significantly higher survival rate compared to control fish. Thus, we concluded that Beta-glucan might be explored as feed additive aiming to improve silver catfish innate immunity and resistance to specific pathogen.(AU)

O uso da Beta-glucana como suplemento alimentar foi avaliado em jundiás. A Beta-glucana foi adicionada à ração na proporção de 0.01%, e 0.1% e fornecida aos peixes por 21, para avaliar dados hematológicos e parâmetros do sistema imune natural, ou 42 dias, para avaliar ganho de peso e resistência ao desafio com Aeromonas hydrophila. A adição da Beta-glucana na dieta não afetou o ganho de peso e não induziu alterações hematológicas nem alterações nos níveis de aglutininas e mieloperoxidase sanguínea. No entanto, a atividade hemolítica natural do sistema do complemento foi significativamente maior nos peixes alimentados com Beta-glucana. Além disso, nos peixes alimentados com Beta-glucana e desafiados com A. hydrophila, o número de bactérias isoladas do sangue foi significativamente menor, e a sobrevivência ao desafio foi significativamente maior do que nos peixes que não receberam Beta-glucana. Consequentemente, concluímos que a Beta-glucana tem potencial imunomodulador quando adicionada à dieta, nas condições experimentais aqui indicadas, e contribui para aumentar imunidade natural e a resistência dos jundiás ao desafio com patógenos específicos.(AU)

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary ß-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) / Efeito imunomodulador da ß-glucana usada como aditivo alimentar em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen)

The immunomodulatory effects of dietary ß-glucan were evaluated in silver catfish. ß-glucan was added to the diet (0.01%, and 0.1%) and fed to the fish for 21 days, to evaluate effects on blood and some innate immune parameter, or fed for 42 days, to evaluate growth rate and resistance to challenge with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. We found that adding ß-glucan to the diet had no effect on fish growth and no effect on blood cells, or serum bacterial agglutination and serum myeloperoxidase activity. However, fish that received ß-glucan in the diet had the natural hemolytic activity of complement significantly higher compared to control fish. Furthermore, fish fed with ß-glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila had fewer bacteria in blood and presented a significantly higher survival rate compared to control fish. Thus, we concluded that ß-glucan might be explored as feed additive aiming to improve silver catfish innate immunity and resistance to specific pathogen.(AU)

O uso da ß-glucana como suplemento alimentar foi avaliado em jundiás. A ß-glucana foi adicionada à ração na proporção de 0.01%, e 0.1% e fornecida aos peixes por 21, para avaliar dados hematológicos e parâmetros do sistema imune natural, ou 42 dias, para avaliar ganho de peso e resistência ao desafio com Aeromonas hydrophila. A adição da ß-glucana na dieta não afetou o ganho de peso e não induziu alterações hematológicas nem alterações nos níveis de aglutininas e mieloperoxidase sanguínea. No entanto, a atividade hemolítica natural do sistema do complemento foi significativamente maior nos peixes alimentados com ß-glucana. Além disso, nos peixes alimentados com ß-glucana e desafiados com A. hydrophila, o número de bactérias isoladas do sangue foi significativamente menor, e a sobrevivência ao desafio foi significativamente maior do que nos peixes que não receberam ß-glucana. Consequentemente, concluímos que a ß-glucana tem potencial imunomodulador quando adicionada à dieta, nas condições experimentais aqui indicadas, e contribui para aumentar imunidade natural e a resistência dos jundiás ao desafio com patógenos específicos.(AU)

Protective effect of ß-glucan and glutamine on intestinal and immunological damage in mice induced by cytarabine (Ara-C) / Efeito protetor do ß-glucano e glutamina em lesões intestinais e imunológicas induzidas por ciratabina (Ara-C) em camundongos

Recently, glutamine and ß-glucan have been demonstrated to play an important role in modulation of the immune system and in promoting intestinal health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this intervention on inflammatory responses and intestinal health in mice orally pretreated with soluble Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived 1,3/1,6-ß-glucan (80mg/kg) with or without glutamine (150mg/kg) and then challenged with cytarabine (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Improvements in villi and crypts were not observed in the ß-glucan group. The intestinal morphometry in the glutamine group showed the best results. ß-glucan in combination with glutamine presented the highest values of IL-1ß and IL-10 and lowest values for leukocytes and INF-γ. Based on these results, combined ß-glucan and glutamine pretreatment reduced intestinal inflammation and improved the immune response after Ara-C challenge.(AU)

Recentemente, glutamina e ß-glucano têm demonstrado desempenhar um papel importante na modulação do sistema imune e na promoção de benefícios para a saúde intestinal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dessa intervenção sobre as respostas inflamatórias e saúde intestinal de camundongos pré- tratados por via oral com 1,3/1,6-ß-glucano (80mg/kg) derivado de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com ou sem glutamina (150mg/kg) e posteriormente desafiados com citarabina (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Melhoras em vilosidades e criptas não foram observadas no grupo de tratamento com ß-glucano. A morfometria intestinal no grupo de tratamento com glutamina apresentou os melhores resultados. O grupo em que foi utilizado ß-glucano em combinação com glutamina apresentou os maiores valores de IL-1ß e IL -10 e valores mais baixos para os leucócitos e INF-γ. Com base nestes resultados, o pré-tratamento de ß-glucano combinado com glutamina reduziu a inflamação intestinal e melhorou a resposta imune após o desafio com Ara-C.(AU)

Protective effect of ß-glucan and glutamine on intestinal and immunological damage in mice induced by cytarabine (Ara-C) / Efeito protetor do ß-glucano e glutamina em lesões intestinais e imunológicas induzidas por ciratabina (Ara-C) em camundongos

Recently, glutamine and ß-glucan have been demonstrated to play an important role in modulation of the immune system and in promoting intestinal health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this intervention on inflammatory responses and intestinal health in mice orally pretreated with soluble Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived 1,3/1,6-ß-glucan (80mg/kg) with or without glutamine (150mg/kg) and then challenged with cytarabine (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Improvements in villi and crypts were not observed in the ß-glucan group. The intestinal morphometry in the glutamine group showed the best results. ß-glucan in combination with glutamine presented the highest values of IL-1ß and IL-10 and lowest values for leukocytes and INF-γ. Based on these results, combined ß-glucan and glutamine pretreatment reduced intestinal inflammation and improved the immune response after Ara-C challenge.(AU)

Recentemente, glutamina e ß-glucano têm demonstrado desempenhar um papel importante na modulação do sistema imune e na promoção de benefícios para a saúde intestinal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dessa intervenção sobre as respostas inflamatórias e saúde intestinal de camundongos pré- tratados por via oral com 1,3/1,6-ß-glucano (80mg/kg) derivado de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com ou sem glutamina (150mg/kg) e posteriormente desafiados com citarabina (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Melhoras em vilosidades e criptas não foram observadas no grupo de tratamento com ß-glucano. A morfometria intestinal no grupo de tratamento com glutamina apresentou os melhores resultados. O grupo em que foi utilizado ß-glucano em combinação com glutamina apresentou os maiores valores de IL-1ß e IL -10 e valores mais baixos para os leucócitos e INF-γ. Com base nestes resultados, o pré-tratamento de ß-glucano combinado com glutamina reduziu a inflamação intestinal e melhorou a resposta imune após o desafio com Ara-C.(AU)