Comparative study of bullfrog (Rana catebeiana) skin preservation for use as a biomaterial / Estudo comparativo de meios de conservação de pele de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana) para utilização como biomaterial

The use of biological membranes in wound dressings has increasingly become a reality. Accordingly, an ideal means of preservation is sought that can provide tissue maintenance for long periods without interfering with its quality or clinical applicability. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate and histologically and microbiologically compare frog skins subjected to two different preservation methods. Sixteen frog skins were evaluated and, depending on the preservation method, subdivided into two groups with eight skins each, namely, the Freezing Group, in which the skins were frozen at -4º in a 20% glycerin solution; and the Glycerin Group, whose skins were kept in 98% glycerin at room temperature (average of 28 ºC and average humidity of 78%). The skins were analyzed fresh (T0) and at 30 (T1), 60 (T2), 90 (T3), and 120 (T4) days of preservation. Data were analyzed comparatively. There was no bacterial or fungal growth, and the skin structure and collagen arrangement remained intact at all time points in both treatments. In conclusion, both preservation methods are efficient and capable of maintaining the tissue morphological structure and preventing the growth and proliferation of contaminants for up to 120 days.

A utilização de membranas biológicas em curativos tem se tornado cada vez mais uma realidade. Concomitante, busca-se um meio de conservação ideal que possa proporcionar a manutenção do tecido por longos períodos de tempo sem interferir em sua qualidade e aplicabilidade clínica. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar e comparar histologicamente e microbiologicamente peles de rã submetidas a dois diferentes métodos de conservação. Foram avaliadas 16 peles de rã-touro as quais foram, em função do método de conservação, subdivididas em dois grupos com 08 peles cada: O Grupo Congelamento (GC) no qual as peles foram submetidas ao congelamento a -4º, em solução de glicerina a 20%; e o grupo Glicerina (GG), no qual as peles foram conservadas em temperatura ambiente (média de 28ºC e umidade média de 78%) em glicerina a 98%. As peles foram analisadas a fresco (T0) e com 30 (T1), 60 (T2), 90 (T3) e 120 (T4) dias de conservação. Os dados foram analisados de forma comparativa. Em todos os tempos analisados e em ambos os tratamentos, não houve crescimento bacteriano ou fúngico e a estrutura da pele e o arranjo de colágeno mantiveram-se íntegros. Conclui-se que, ambos os métodos de conservação são eficientes e capazes de manter a estrutura morfológica tecidual, e impedem o crescimento e a proliferação de contaminantes por até 120 dias.

Analysis of the toxicological and pharmacokinetic profile of Kaempferol-3-O--D-(6-E-p-coumaryl) glucopyranoside - Tiliroside: in silico, in vitro and ex vivo assay

Abstract Tiliroside is a glycosidic flavonoid present in many plants species including Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), commonly known in Brazil as pitó. This molecule has been shown to have many biological activities, however no study has been carried out to investigate the toxicity of this substance. The present work aimed to evaluate the possible cellular toxicity in silico, in vitro and ex-vivo of the kaempferol-3-O--D-(6-E-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (tiliroside), through chemical structure analysis, toxicity assessment and predictive bioactive properties, using human samples for in vitro and ex-vivo tests. The in silico analysis suggests that tiliroside exhibited great absorption index when penetrating biological membranes. In addition, it also displayed considerable potential for cellular protection against free radicals, and anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemorrhagic and antithrombotic activities. The assessment of the hemolytic and genotoxic effects of tiliroside showed low hemolysis rates in red blood cells and absence of cellular toxicity in the oral mucosa cells. The data obtained indicate that this molecule could be a promising therapeutic approach as a possible new drug with biotechnological potential.

Resumo O tilirosídeo é um flavonóide glicosídico presente em muitas espécies de plantas, incluindo Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), conhecida no Brasil como pitó. Esta molécula mostrou ter muitas atividades biológicas, porém nenhum estudo foi realizado para investigar a toxicidade dessa substância. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possível toxicidade celular in silico, in vitro e ex-vivo do kaempferol-3-O--D- (6 -Ep-coumaroil) glucopiranosídeo (tilirosídeo), por meio de análises de estrutura química, toxicidade avaliação e propriedades bioativas preditivas, utilizando amostras humanas para testes in vitro e ex-vivo. A análise in silico sugere que o tilirosídeo exibe bom índice de absorção para penetrar nas membranas biológicas. Além disso, apresentou considerável potencial de proteção celular contra os radicais livres e com atividades anticarcinogênica, antioxidante, antineoplásica, antiinflamatória, anti-hemorrágica e antitrombótica. A avaliação dos efeitos hemolíticos e genotóxicos do tilirosídeo mostrou baixas taxas de hemólise nas hemácias e ausência de toxicidade em células da mucosa oral. Os dados obtidos indicam que esta molécula pode possuir uma abordagem terapêutica promissora como uma possível nova droga com potencial biotecnológico.

Analysis of the toxicological and pharmacokinetic profile of Kaempferol-3-O-ß-D-(6"-E-p-coumaryl) glucopyranoside - Tiliroside: in silico, in vitro and ex vivo assay / Análise do perfil toxicológico e farmacocinético de Kaempferol-3-O-ß-D- (6 "-E-p-cumaril) glucopiranosídeo - Tilirosídeo: ensaio in silico, in vitro e ex vivo

Abstract Tiliroside is a glycosidic flavonoid present in many plants species including Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), commonly known in Brazil as "pitó". This molecule has been shown to have many biological activities, however no study has been carried out to investigate the toxicity of this substance. The present work aimed to evaluate the possible cellular toxicity in silico, in vitro and ex-vivo of the kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6"-E-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (tiliroside), through chemical structure analysis, toxicity assessment and predictive bioactive properties, using human samples for in vitro and ex-vivo tests. The in silico analysis suggests that tiliroside exhibited great absorption index when penetrating biological membranes. In addition, it also displayed considerable potential for cellular protection against free radicals, and anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemorrhagic and antithrombotic activities. The assessment of the hemolytic and genotoxic effects of tiliroside showed low hemolysis rates in red blood cells and absence of cellular toxicity in the oral mucosa cells. The data obtained indicate that this molecule could be a promising therapeutic approach as a possible new drug with biotechnological potential.

Resumo O tilirosídeo é um flavonóide glicosídico presente em muitas espécies de plantas, incluindo Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), conhecida no Brasil como "pitó". Esta molécula mostrou ter muitas atividades biológicas, porém nenhum estudo foi realizado para investigar a toxicidade dessa substância. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possível toxicidade celular in silico, in vitro e ex-vivo do kaempferol-3-O-β-D- (6 "-Ep-coumaroil) glucopiranosídeo (tilirosídeo), por meio de análises de estrutura química, toxicidade avaliação e propriedades bioativas preditivas, utilizando amostras humanas para testes in vitro e ex-vivo. A análise in silico sugere que o tilirosídeo exibe bom índice de absorção para penetrar nas membranas biológicas. Além disso, apresentou considerável potencial de proteção celular contra os radicais livres e com atividades anticarcinogênica, antioxidante, antineoplásica, antiinflamatória, anti-hemorrágica e antitrombótica. A avaliação dos efeitos hemolíticos e genotóxicos do tilirosídeo mostrou baixas taxas de hemólise nas hemácias e ausência de toxicidade em células da mucosa oral. Os dados obtidos indicam que esta molécula pode possuir uma abordagem terapêutica promissora como uma possível nova droga com potencial biotecnológico.

Analysis of the toxicological and pharmacokinetic profile of Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6"-E-p-coumaryl) glucopyranoside - Tiliroside: in silico, in vitro and ex vivo assay / Análise do perfil toxicológico e farmacocinético de Kaempferol-3-O-β D-(6"-E-p-cumaril) glucopiranosídeo - Tilirosídeo: ensaio in silico, in vitro e ex vivo

Tiliroside is a glycosidic flavonoid present in many plants species including Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), commonly known in Brazil as "pitó". This molecule has been shown to have many biological activities, however no study has been carried out to investigate the toxicity of this substance. The present work aimed to evaluate the possible cellular toxicity in silico, in vitro and ex-vivo of the kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6”-E-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (tiliroside), through chemical structure analysis, toxicity assessment and predictive bioactive properties, using human samples for in vitro and ex-vivo tests. The in silico analysis suggests that tiliroside exhibited great absorption index when penetrating biological membranes. In addition, it also displayed considerable potential for cellular protection against free radicals, and anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemorrhagic and antithrombotic activities. The assessment of the hemolytic and genotoxic effects of tiliroside showed low hemolysis rates in red blood cells and absence of cellular toxicity in the oral mucosa cells. The data obtained indicate that this molecule could be a promising therapeutic approach as a possible new drug with biotechnological potential.

O tilirosídeo é um flavonóide glicosídico presente em muitas espécies de plantas, incluindo Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), conhecida no Brasil como “pitó”. Esta molécula mostrou ter muitas atividades biológicas, porém nenhum estudo foi realizado para investigar a toxicidade dessa substância. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possível toxicidade celular in silico, in vitro e ex-vivo do kaempferol-3-O-β-D- (6 ”-Ep-coumaroil) glucopiranosídeo (tilirosídeo), por meio de análises de estrutura química, toxicidade avaliação e propriedades bioativas preditivas, utilizando amostras humanas para testes in vitro e ex-vivo. A análise in silico sugere que o tilirosídeo exibe bom índice de absorção para penetrar nas membranas biológicas. Além disso, apresentou considerável potencial de proteção celular contra os radicais livres e com atividades anticarcinogênica, antioxidante, antineoplásica, antiinflamatória, anti-hemorrágica e antitrombótica. A avaliação dos efeitos hemolíticos e genotóxicos do tilirosídeo mostrou baixas taxas de hemólise nas hemácias e ausência de toxicidade em células da mucosa oral. Os dados obtidos indicam que esta molécula pode possuir uma abordagem terapêutica promissora como uma possível nova droga com potencial biotecnológico.

Analysis of the toxicological and pharmacokinetic profile of Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6"-E-p-coumaryl) glucopyranoside - Tiliroside: in silico, in vitro and ex vivo assay / Análise do perfil toxicológico e farmacocinético de Kaempferol-3-O-β D-(6"-E-p-cumaril) glucopiranosídeo - Tilirosídeo: ensaio in silico, in vitro e ex vivo

Tiliroside is a glycosidic flavonoid present in many plants species including Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), commonly known in Brazil as "pitó". This molecule has been shown to have many biological activities, however no study has been carried out to investigate the toxicity of this substance. The present work aimed to evaluate the possible cellular toxicity in silico, in vitro and ex-vivo of the kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6”-E-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (tiliroside), through chemical structure analysis, toxicity assessment and predictive bioactive properties, using human samples for in vitro and ex-vivo tests. The in silico analysis suggests that tiliroside exhibited great absorption index when penetrating biological membranes. In addition, it also displayed considerable potential for cellular protection against free radicals, and anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemorrhagic and antithrombotic activities. The assessment of the hemolytic and genotoxic effects of tiliroside showed low hemolysis rates in red blood cells and absence of cellular toxicity in the oral mucosa cells. The data obtained indicate that this molecule could be a promising therapeutic approach as a possible new drug with biotechnological potential.(AU)

O tilirosídeo é um flavonóide glicosídico presente em muitas espécies de plantas, incluindo Helicteres velutina K. Schum (Malvaceae sensu lato), conhecida no Brasil como “pitó”. Esta molécula mostrou ter muitas atividades biológicas, porém nenhum estudo foi realizado para investigar a toxicidade dessa substância. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possível toxicidade celular in silico, in vitro e ex-vivo do kaempferol-3-O-β-D- (6 ”-Ep-coumaroil) glucopiranosídeo (tilirosídeo), por meio de análises de estrutura química, toxicidade avaliação e propriedades bioativas preditivas, utilizando amostras humanas para testes in vitro e ex-vivo. A análise in silico sugere que o tilirosídeo exibe bom índice de absorção para penetrar nas membranas biológicas. Além disso, apresentou considerável potencial de proteção celular contra os radicais livres e com atividades anticarcinogênica, antioxidante, antineoplásica, antiinflamatória, anti-hemorrágica e antitrombótica. A avaliação dos efeitos hemolíticos e genotóxicos do tilirosídeo mostrou baixas taxas de hemólise nas hemácias e ausência de toxicidade em células da mucosa oral. Os dados obtidos indicam que esta molécula pode possuir uma abordagem terapêutica promissora como uma possível nova droga com potencial biotecnológico.(AU)

Primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma in a bitch

Background: Primary lung neoplasms are uncommon in veterinary medicine, and when they develop, they are more frequently observed to be of epithelial origin. Although chondrosarcomas are the second most diagnosed type of neoplasm in dogs at skeletal sites, their development in extraskeletal tissues, including the spleen, aorta, heart, tongue, peritoneum, and lungs, corresponds to approximately only 1% of cases. Therefore, the occurrence of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma is considered very rare in domestic animals. Considering the rare occurrence and scarcity of data regarding its development, the present report describes the clinical and pathological aspects of a case of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma in a bitch. Case: A 8-year-old mixed-breed bitch, weighing 14.2 kg, was examined at one private veterinary clinic with the principal complaint of prolonged respiratory distress and resistance to exercise. Clinical evaluation revealed tachypnea with expiratory dyspnea due to intense pleural effusion, tachycardia, and diffusely pale mucous membranes. Thoracocentesis was performed with drainage of 1000 mL of modified transudate, and fluid cytology, blood count, and chest radiography were performed. Cytological analysis of the thoracic fluid did not identify neoplastic cells, the blood count showed intense regenerative anemia, and the radiograph showed an extensive area of consolidation in the left caudal lung lobe, compatible with neoplasia. The results of the tests performed, in addition to the evolution of the clinical picture and the impossibility of performing the indicated surgical intervention, culminated in the patient's unfavorable prognosis, followed by euthanasia, necropsy, and histopathological evaluation of the collected material. Necropsy revealed a white neoplastic formation with reddish areas and firm consistency that diffused into the parenchyma of the left caudal lung lobe with invasion of the rib cage, fracture of the fifth and sixth left ribs, diaphragmatic metastasis, intense hydrothorax, and moderate hydroperitoneum. Microscopically, in the histological sections of the lung and diaphragm, poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells with moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and interspersed with them, moderately differentiated chondrocytes surrounded by chondroid matrix, moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, and a low mitotic index culminated in the diagnosis of primary pulmonary mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Discussion: Malignant epithelial neoplasms were suspected; however, the histopathological features observed were compatible with primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma. The characteristics of the fluid collected through thoracentesis led to its classification as a modified transudate, which is often associated with neoplastic and hemorrhagic processes; both alterations were present in this case. The diagnosis of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma was established based on the histopathological findings since the cell type and distribution observed in the present case were compatible with the typical pattern observed in extraskeletal chondrosarcomas. An unfavorable prognosis is common in cases of primary or metastatic lung neoplasm since, in most cases, the condition is identified in the advanced stages of the disease, making therapeutic management challenging. Given the increase in the number of dog deaths due to neoplasms in recent years, this case report may contribute to a better understanding of the biological behavior of pulmonary chondrosarcoma and assist in the choice of treatment to be adopted when required.

Biochemical changes during heat stress in productive animals with an emphasis on the antioxidant defense system

The problem of free radical pathologies in high temperatures in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine is extremely important scientific and practical. In the process of hyperthermia, the structure of cell membranes, the permeability of membranes, and membrane transport systems change, which cause the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and the accumulation of toxic products of a radical nature. This plays an important role in the development of many pathological conditions. The review article describes the problem of the influence of heat stress (HS) on a living organism and the problem of hyperthermia in animal husbandry. Emphasis is placed on the role of the body's antioxidant system in a state of HS and the use of antioxidant drugs as additives into feed for farm animals, aimed at mitigating the course and harmful effects in HS. On the one hand, our goal was to describe in an accessible form the main complex biochemical disorders in the body under HS conditions, which lead to a deterioration in the welfare and loss of productivity of animals. On the other hand, we tried to show the special role of the antioxidant defense system in preventing the development of oxidative stress in its classical representation. Also, we substantiated the choice in favor of using natural and synthetic antioxidants as one of the strategies for the prevention of HS in modern animal husbandry.(AU)

Early puberty in short-haired Guinea pigs kept in laboratory animal facilities

Lab animals, such as Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), are crucial for scientific development, as they play an important role in the development and quality control chain of vaccines and drugs distributed by the Brazilian public health system. Investigating their biological and physiological parameters is fundamental to raise and keep these animals, so the handling of the facilities that hold them can be updated whenever new information comes up, with the well-being of the animals and alignment with the 3 Rs in mind. In the search for understanding reproductive aspects of Guinea pigs, the present study had the main goal of studying puberty by means of estrous cycle analysis in short-haired Guinea pigs. Guinea pigs have a vaginal occlusive membrane that covers the vaginal orifice. Its rupture takes place gradually and naturally, moments before labor and during estrus. The present study followed 42 females as for the presentation of the vaginal occlusive membrane. Once the membranes ruptured spontaneously, a swab was collected to study vaginal cytology. Membrane rupture was observed in 39 females; six females showed membrane rupture with less than 21 days of age (17 to 21 days). Twenty-three females were characterized as being in estrus due to cytology showing a prevalence of anucleated superficial cells. One of these females was younger than 21 days old. The opening of the vaginal occlusive membrane took place most frequently in intervals between 17 and 18 days, and the membrane remained open between one and three consecutive days. It was possible to follow three cycles of membrane opening on six females. The present study showed the need to adapt handling guidelines for C. porcellus kept in research animal facilities. The early age of puberty imposes the need of separate the female daughters from their fathers at 16 days old.(AU)

Ozonioterapia em animais domésticos: conceitos básicos e diretrizes / Ozone therapy in domestic animals: basic concepts and guidelines

Ozonioterapia é uma técnica de tratamento de diversas doenças locais e sistêmicas por meio da administração de uma mistura oxigênio-ozônio. O gás pode ser aplicado diretamente no corpo do paciente ou ainda ser diluído em soro ou sangue, a chamada auto-hemoterapia ozonizada. Seus efeitos são mediados por mecanismos de oxidação direta ou indireta de células ou patógenos. Dentre os efeitos de oxidação direta, destaca-se a microporação na superficie de microorganismos incapazes de se protegerem por antioxidantes, resultando em destruição fisica de suas membranas e/ou paredes celulares, o conhecido efeito antisséptico ou desinfetante da ozonioterapia local, tópica ou cavitaria. Ao entrar em contato com sangue ou outros fluidos biológicos, o gás ozônio imediatamente se combina com a água resultando em radicais livres e oxida lipídeos, formando os lipoperóxidos. Os radicais livres e lipoperóxidos passam a ser os mediadores dos efeitos do ozônio em diversas células, como as hemácias, leucócitos, plaquetas, fibroblastos, entre outras. Como resultado, obtém-se os efeitos de melhora de perfusão e oxigenação tecidual, modulação da inflamação, analgesia, cicatrização e produção de antioxidantes enzimáticos. Porém, o planejamento terapêutico deve compreender a escolha das vias adequadas de tratamento, concentrações, doses de aplicações sistêmicas e frequência de aplicação para que os resultados sejam maximizados. Além disso, o profissional deve estar corretamente capacitado e conhecer todas as limitações e efeitos adversos possíveis da técnica.

Ozone therapy is a technique for treating various local and systemic diseases by administering an oxygen-ozone mixture. The gas can be applied directly to the patient's body or diluted in serum or blood, the so-called ozone auto-hemotherapy. Its effects are mediated by mechanisms of direct or indirect oxidation of cells or pathogens. Among the direct oxidation effects is microporation on the surface of microorganisms that are unable to be protected by antioxidants, resulting in physical destruction of their membranes and/or cell walls, the well-known antiseptic or disinfectant effect of local, topical or cavitating ozone therapy. When in contact with blood or other biological fluids, ozone gas immediately combines with water resulting in free radicals and oxidizes lipids, forming lipoperoxides. The free radicals and lipoperoxides become the mediators of ozone effects on various cells, such as red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, and others. As a result, we obtain the effects of improved tissue perfusion and oxygenation, modulation of inflammation, analgesia, healing, and production of enzymatic antioxidants. However, the therapeutic planning must include the choice of adequate treatment routes, concentrations, doses of systemic applications, and frequency of application so that the results are maximized. In addition, the professional must be properly trained and know all the possible limitations and adverse effects of the technique.

Variações na forma do otólito sagitta de Coryphaena hippurus (Actinopterygii: Coryphaenidae) em uma área de ressurgência na costa sudoeste do Oceano Atlântico / Variations in the shape of the sagitta otolith of Coryphaena hippurus (Actinopterygii: Coryphaenidae) in a resurgence area on the southwest coast of the Atlantic Ocean

The otoliths are structures species-specific of fishes whose morphologic analysis is an efficient tool for identification and discrimination of stocks and/or populations subjected to clinal variations. This work intends to show the degrees of morphologic variation in sagitta otoliths of dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, landed by the fishing fleet from Rio de Janeiro. The 164 pairs of otoliths analyzed were obtained from biological samples collected between February 2014 and October 2016. The shape and the contour of sagitta otoliths were characterized by means of six descriptors (area, perimeter, circularity, rectangularity, eccentricity and fractal dimension) and Elliptical Fourier Analysis (EFA), from the images of otoliths. Interannual comparisons of shape descriptors showed significant differences (PERMANOVA p 0.0001) except rectangularity and fractal dimension. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) between years exhibited a better classification (94.8%) for 2015, when the data was more consistent. The cluster analysis of the 30 harmonics based on Wards hierarchical algorithm revealed four otolith morphotypes. The principal components analysis (PCA) from harmonics of the 82 otoliths examined did not show spatial discrimination between fishing areas. Therefore, the observed morphotypes corroborate the existence of a polymorphism in the study area, determined by balanced temporal selection. This supposition can be supported by genetic studies realized in the region, where the hypothesis of two commercial morphotypes was rejected, confirming the presence of a mixed stock.(AU)

Os otólitos são estruturas espécie-específicas de peixes cuja análise morfológica é uma ferramenta eficiente para identificação e discriminação de estoques e/ou populações sujeitas a variações clinais. O presente trabalho buscou elucidar o grau de variação morfológica dos otólitos sagitta do dourado, Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 capturado ao largo da costa sudeste do Brasil pela frota pesqueira sediada no Rio de Janeiro. Os 164 pares de otólitos analisados foram obtidos a partir de amostras coletadas entre fevereiro de 2014 e outubro de 2016. A forma e o contorno dos otólitos sagitta foram caracterizados através de seis descritores (área, perímetro, circularidade, retangularidade, excentricidade e dimensão fractal) e análises de Fourier elíptica (AFE), a partir de imagens dos otólitos. Comparações interanuais dos descritores de formas apontaram diferenças significativas (PERMANOVA p 0,0001), com exceção da retangularidade e dimensão fractal. A análise discriminante linear (ADL) entre anos, apresentou melhor classificação (94,8%) para o ano de 2015, cuja disponibilidade de dados foi mais consistente. A análise de agrupamento das 30 harmônicas, baseada no algoritmo hierárquico de Ward, revelou quatro morfotipos de otólitos. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) das harmônicas dos 82 otólitos examinados não discriminou as áreas de captura. Assim, os morfotipos observados denotam a existência de um polimorfismo em toda área de estudo, determinado provavelmente por um balanço de seleção, i.e., seleção por equilíbrio temporal. Tal suposição foi corroborada através de estudos genéticos realizados nesta região, cuja hipótese da presença de dois morfotipos capturáveis/comercializáveis (dourado vs. palombeta) na área foi rejeitada, confirmando a presença de um estoque misto.(AU)

Variações na forma do otólito sagitta de Coryphaena hippurus (Actinopterygii: Coryphaenidae) em uma área de ressurgência na costa sudoeste do Oceano Atlântico / Variations in the shape of the sagitta otolith of Coryphaena hippurus (Actinopterygii: Coryphaenidae) in a resurgence area on the southwest coast of the Atlantic Ocean

The otoliths are structures species-specific of fishes whose morphologic analysis is an efficient tool for identification and discrimination of stocks and/or populations subjected to clinal variations. This work intends to show the degrees of morphologic variation in sagitta otoliths of dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, landed by the fishing fleet from Rio de Janeiro. The 164 pairs of otoliths analyzed were obtained from biological samples collected between February 2014 and October 2016. The shape and the contour of sagitta otoliths were characterized by means of six descriptors (area, perimeter, circularity, rectangularity, eccentricity and fractal dimension) and Elliptical Fourier Analysis (EFA), from the images of otoliths. Interannual comparisons of shape descriptors showed significant differences (PERMANOVA p 0.0001) except rectangularity and fractal dimension. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) between years exhibited a better classification (94.8%) for 2015, when the data was more consistent. The cluster analysis of the 30 harmonics based on Wards hierarchical algorithm revealed four otolith morphotypes. The principal components analysis (PCA) from harmonics of the 82 otoliths examined did not show spatial discrimination between fishing areas. Therefore, the observed morphotypes corroborate the existence of a polymorphism in the study area, determined by balanced temporal selection. This supposition can be supported by genetic studies realized in the region, where the hypothesis of two commercial morphotypes was rejected, confirming the presence of a mixed stock.

Os otólitos são estruturas espécie-específicas de peixes cuja análise morfológica é uma ferramenta eficiente para identificação e discriminação de estoques e/ou populações sujeitas a variações clinais. O presente trabalho buscou elucidar o grau de variação morfológica dos otólitos sagitta do dourado, Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 capturado ao largo da costa sudeste do Brasil pela frota pesqueira sediada no Rio de Janeiro. Os 164 pares de otólitos analisados foram obtidos a partir de amostras coletadas entre fevereiro de 2014 e outubro de 2016. A forma e o contorno dos otólitos sagitta foram caracterizados através de seis descritores (área, perímetro, circularidade, retangularidade, excentricidade e dimensão fractal) e análises de Fourier elíptica (AFE), a partir de imagens dos otólitos. Comparações interanuais dos descritores de formas apontaram diferenças significativas (PERMANOVA p 0,0001), com exceção da retangularidade e dimensão fractal. A análise discriminante linear (ADL) entre anos, apresentou melhor classificação (94,8%) para o ano de 2015, cuja disponibilidade de dados foi mais consistente. A análise de agrupamento das 30 harmônicas, baseada no algoritmo hierárquico de Ward, revelou quatro morfotipos de otólitos. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) das harmônicas dos 82 otólitos examinados não discriminou as áreas de captura. Assim, os morfotipos observados denotam a existência de um polimorfismo em toda área de estudo, determinado provavelmente por um balanço de seleção, i.e., seleção por equilíbrio temporal. Tal suposição foi corroborada através de estudos genéticos realizados nesta região, cuja hipótese da presença de dois morfotipos capturáveis/comercializáveis (dourado vs. palombeta) na área foi rejeitada, confirmando a presença de um estoque misto.

Hérnia inguinal com encarceramento esplênico em cão macho / Inguinal hernia with splenic incarceration in a male dog

Background: Hernias are changes with the displacement of organs from their normal anatomical location to a newly formedcavity, which can cause pain and dysfunction of the affected organ. The diagnosis can be obtained by palpation or by ultrasound.The treatment of choice is surgical and vision to promote the return of the organ to its normal anatomical position and theclosure of the hernial ring. When affixing the edges of the hernial ring is not possible, alternative techniques such as the useof biological or synthetic membranes should be sought. The aim of the present study is to report an atypical case of inguinalhernia with splenic incarceration, in which splenectomy and herniorrhaphy with a bovine phrenic center were performed.Case: An 8-year-old large mestizo male dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba complaining of the appearance of a mass in the inguinal region that increased significantly in the last 15 days. On physical examination, there was anincrease in volume in the left inguinal region, irreducible and great pain sensitivity in the region. The hemogram showednormochromic normocytic anemia, hyperproteinemia and thrombocytopenia. No changes were observed in the biochemicalanalyzes. Urinalysis revealed the presence of protein and traces of occult blood. Ultrasound showed an enlarged spleen insidethe hernial sac, closing the diagnosis of inguinal hernia. The animal underwent a herniorrhaphy procedure associated with theuse of a biological membrane from a bovine phrenic center and splenectomy. In addition, contralateral inguinal hernia wasobserved. The animal remained hospitalized and under observation for three days. On return, after five days, the guardian..

Hérnia inguinal com encarceramento esplênico em cão macho / Inguinal hernia with splenic incarceration in a male dog

Background: Hernias are changes with the displacement of organs from their normal anatomical location to a newly formedcavity, which can cause pain and dysfunction of the affected organ. The diagnosis can be obtained by palpation or by ultrasound.The treatment of choice is surgical and vision to promote the return of the organ to its normal anatomical position and theclosure of the hernial ring. When affixing the edges of the hernial ring is not possible, alternative techniques such as the useof biological or synthetic membranes should be sought. The aim of the present study is to report an atypical case of inguinalhernia with splenic incarceration, in which splenectomy and herniorrhaphy with a bovine phrenic center were performed.Case: An 8-year-old large mestizo male dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba complaining of the appearance of a mass in the inguinal region that increased significantly in the last 15 days. On physical examination, there was anincrease in volume in the left inguinal region, irreducible and great pain sensitivity in the region. The hemogram showednormochromic normocytic anemia, hyperproteinemia and thrombocytopenia. No changes were observed in the biochemicalanalyzes. Urinalysis revealed the presence of protein and traces of occult blood. Ultrasound showed an enlarged spleen insidethe hernial sac, closing the diagnosis of inguinal hernia. The animal underwent a herniorrhaphy procedure associated with theuse of a biological membrane from a bovine phrenic center and splenectomy. In addition, contralateral inguinal hernia wasobserved. The animal remained hospitalized and under observation for three days. On return, after five days, the guardian..(AU)

Avaliação estrutural de espermatozoide caprino criopreservado, através da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão / Ultrastructural evaluation of cryopreserved caprine sperm through transmission electronic microscopy

The ultrastructure evaluation allows the analysis of the sperm cell in a subcellular proportion that is not observed in optical microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (MET) is a tool used to determine the size and shape of inorganic and biological structures based on the interaction of electrons incident on matter. In this sense, with the use of MET, the objective was to evaluate the ultrastructural changes after the semen manipulation, mainly in the freeze-thaw process, which were not observed in tests using optical microscopy, that is, the morphological integrity of the membranes and goat sperm organelles. The evaluation took place at the Institute of Biosciences of the University of Brasília (UnB). The semen straws were thawed and washed in PBS. Then, they were centrifuged and fixed, contrasted in bloc and subjected to dehydration. The samples were placed for polymerization and ultrathin cuts were made and stored until the time of MET evaluation. In the ultrastructural analyzes by MET in the present work, no harmful actions occurred in either the control or experimental groups. The head regions (plasma membrane and acrosome) remained preserved, with no change in DNA. In conclusion, MET is especially useful tool for cell evaluation.

Avaliação estrutural de espermatozoide caprino criopreservado, através da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão / Ultrastructural evaluation of cryopreserved caprine sperm through transmission electronic microscopy

The ultrastructure evaluation allows the analysis of the sperm cell in a subcellular proportion that is not observed in optical microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (MET) is a tool used to determine the size and shape of inorganic and biological structures based on the interaction of electrons incident on matter. In this sense, with the use of MET, the objective was to evaluate the ultrastructural changes after the semen manipulation, mainly in the freeze-thaw process, which were not observed in tests using optical microscopy, that is, the morphological integrity of the membranes and goat sperm organelles. The evaluation took place at the Institute of Biosciences of the University of Brasília (UnB). The semen straws were thawed and washed in PBS. Then, they were centrifuged and fixed, contrasted in bloc and subjected to dehydration. The samples were placed for polymerization and ultrathin cuts were made and stored until the time of MET evaluation. In the ultrastructural analyzes by MET in the present work, no harmful actions occurred in either the control or experimental groups. The head regions (plasma membrane and acrosome) remained preserved, with no change in DNA. In conclusion, MET is especially useful tool for cell evaluation.(AU)

Sexual dimorphism in the catfish Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) based on otolith morphometry and relative growth

Genidens genidens is a species susceptible to population declines in view of their reproductive biology peculiarities. Morphometric differences between sexes are observed in the literature, and these differences should also be evident in otolith development. Growth patterns are one of the most important biological characteristics regarding population dynamics and management. In this context, the aim of the present study is to describe this species relative growth and identify differences between sex life cycles. Somatic growth-otolith growth relationships and somatic length-weight relationships were estimated based on two methodologies; the Huxley and the polyphasic allometric models. Both models demonstrated different growth patterns between sexes. The three axes of otolith growth were adequate descriptors of growth, and the results of the Huxley model demonstrated distinct growth patterns between sexes, with male otoliths larger in all three measured axes. In the polyphase model, male otoliths were thicker, while female otoliths were longer and higher. Both sexes presented similar length-weight relationships, which may indicate that oocyte production and parental care lead to similar costs for this species.(AU)

Genidens genidens é uma espécie suscetível a declínios populacionais, tendo em vista as peculiaridades de sua reprodução. Diferenças morfométricas entre os sexos são observadas na literatura, e essas diferenças também devem ser evidentes no desenvolvimento dos otólitos. O padrão de crescimento é uma das características biológicas mais importantes no que diz respeito à dinâmica populacional e manejo. Assim, nosso objetivo é descrever o crescimento relativo da espécie e identificar diferenças entre os ciclos de vida dos sexos. A relação crescimento somático-crescimento do otólito e a relação comprimento-peso somáticos foram estimados com base em duas metodologias, os modelos alométricos de Huxley e polifásico. Ambos os modelos demonstraram diferentes padrões de crescimento entre sexos. Os três eixos dos otólitos descreveram adequadamente o crescimento, e os resultados do modelo de Huxley demonstraram padrões de crescimento distintos entre os sexos, com os otólitos dos machos sendo maiores em todos os três eixos medidos. No modelo polifásico os otólitos dos machos foram maiores em espessura, enquanto os otólitos das fêmeas exibiram maior comprimento e altura. Ambos os sexos apresentaram relações de comprimento-peso semelhantes, o que pode indicar que a produção de ovócitos e o cuidado parental apresentam custos semelhantes para essa espécie.(AU)

Sexual dimorphism in the catfish Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) based on otolith morphometry and relative growth

Genidens genidens is a species susceptible to population declines in view of their reproductive biology peculiarities. Morphometric differences between sexes are observed in the literature, and these differences should also be evident in otolith development. Growth patterns are one of the most important biological characteristics regarding population dynamics and management. In this context, the aim of the present study is to describe this species relative growth and identify differences between sex life cycles. Somatic growth-otolith growth relationships and somatic length-weight relationships were estimated based on two methodologies; the Huxley and the polyphasic allometric models. Both models demonstrated different growth patterns between sexes. The three axes of otolith growth were adequate descriptors of growth, and the results of the Huxley model demonstrated distinct growth patterns between sexes, with male otoliths larger in all three measured axes. In the polyphase model, male otoliths were thicker, while female otoliths were longer and higher. Both sexes presented similar length-weight relationships, which may indicate that oocyte production and parental care lead to similar costs for this species.(AU)

Genidens genidens é uma espécie suscetível a declínios populacionais, tendo em vista as peculiaridades de sua reprodução. Diferenças morfométricas entre os sexos são observadas na literatura, e essas diferenças também devem ser evidentes no desenvolvimento dos otólitos. O padrão de crescimento é uma das características biológicas mais importantes no que diz respeito à dinâmica populacional e manejo. Assim, nosso objetivo é descrever o crescimento relativo da espécie e identificar diferenças entre os ciclos de vida dos sexos. A relação crescimento somático-crescimento do otólito e a relação comprimento-peso somáticos foram estimados com base em duas metodologias, os modelos alométricos de Huxley e polifásico. Ambos os modelos demonstraram diferentes padrões de crescimento entre sexos. Os três eixos dos otólitos descreveram adequadamente o crescimento, e os resultados do modelo de Huxley demonstraram padrões de crescimento distintos entre os sexos, com os otólitos dos machos sendo maiores em todos os três eixos medidos. No modelo polifásico os otólitos dos machos foram maiores em espessura, enquanto os otólitos das fêmeas exibiram maior comprimento e altura. Ambos os sexos apresentaram relações de comprimento-peso semelhantes, o que pode indicar que a produção de ovócitos e o cuidado parental apresentam custos semelhantes para essa espécie.(AU)

Utilização da lipoproteína de baixa densidade, em diferentes concentrações, em meio diluidor para criopreservação do sêmen ovino / Use of low density lipoprotein in different concentrations in diluent medium for cryopreservation of ovine semen

A utilização da gema de ovo dificulta a padronização de meios diluidores e apresenta riscos biológicos. Assim, este estudo avaliou diferentes concentrações da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), em substituição à gema de ovo, para a confecção de diluentes para criopreservação espermática em ovinos. Foram utilizados um diluidor controle (CTR= 20% de gema de ovo) e cinco tratamentos, substituindo-se a gema pelas diferentes proporções de LDL (T1=6%; T2=8%; T3=12%; T4=16%; T5=20%), todos à base de TRIS-glicerol. Para o estudo, utilizaram-se dois ejaculados, de seis reprodutores da raça Santa Inês. Sessenta dias após a criopreservação, as amostras foram descongeladas e avaliadas subjetivamente quanto à motilidade total (MT, %) e progressiva (MP, %), ao vigor (1-5) e à integridade funcional (choque hisposmótico com água destilada, %) e estrutural (corante supravital eosina, %) das membranas espermáticas. As avaliações de vigor e funcionalidade de membrana não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os grupos. Entretanto, os grupos T4 (P<0,01) e T5 (P<0,05) foram superiores ao CTR para os parâmetros MT, MP e integridade estrutural de membrana, o que confirma que as LDLs podem ser alternativas eficientes para substituição da gema de ovo em diluidores para criopreservação de sêmen ovino.(AU)

The use of egg yolk makes it difficult to standardize extenders and presents biological hazards. Thus, this study evaluated different concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to replace yolk extenders for production of sperm for cryopreservation in ovine. A control extender was used (CTR= 20% yolk) and five treatments, replacing the yolk by different ratios of LDL (T1= 6%; T2= 8%, T3= 12%; T4= 16%; T5= 20%) all based on TRIS-glycerol. For the study, two ejaculates from six Santa Ines breeding were used. Sixty days after cryopreservation, the samples were thawed and evaluated for total motility (MT, %) and progressive motility (MP, %), vigor (1-5) and the functional integrity (hyposmotic shock with distilled water, %) and structural (supravital dye eosin, %) of the sperm membranes. The evaluations of strength and membrane functionality didn't differ (P> 0.05) between groups. However, T4 (P< 0.01) and T5 (P< 0.05) groups were superior to the CTR for the MT, MP, and membrane structural integrity parameters, which confirms that LDLs can be efficient alternatives for yolk replacement in extenders for cryopreservation of ovine semen.(AU)

Utilização da lipoproteína de baixa densidade, em diferentes concentrações, em meio diluidor para criopreservação do sêmen ovino / Use of low density lipoprotein in different concentrations in diluent medium for cryopreservation of ovine semen

A utilização da gema de ovo dificulta a padronização de meios diluidores e apresenta riscos biológicos. Assim, este estudo avaliou diferentes concentrações da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), em substituição à gema de ovo, para a confecção de diluentes para criopreservação espermática em ovinos. Foram utilizados um diluidor controle (CTR= 20% de gema de ovo) e cinco tratamentos, substituindo-se a gema pelas diferentes proporções de LDL (T1=6%; T2=8%; T3=12%; T4=16%; T5=20%), todos à base de TRIS-glicerol. Para o estudo, utilizaram-se dois ejaculados, de seis reprodutores da raça Santa Inês. Sessenta dias após a criopreservação, as amostras foram descongeladas e avaliadas subjetivamente quanto à motilidade total (MT, %) e progressiva (MP, %), ao vigor (1-5) e à integridade funcional (choque hisposmótico com água destilada, %) e estrutural (corante supravital eosina, %) das membranas espermáticas. As avaliações de vigor e funcionalidade de membrana não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os grupos. Entretanto, os grupos T4 (P<0,01) e T5 (P<0,05) foram superiores ao CTR para os parâmetros MT, MP e integridade estrutural de membrana, o que confirma que as LDLs podem ser alternativas eficientes para substituição da gema de ovo em diluidores para criopreservação de sêmen ovino.(AU)

The use of egg yolk makes it difficult to standardize extenders and presents biological hazards. Thus, this study evaluated different concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to replace yolk extenders for production of sperm for cryopreservation in ovine. A control extender was used (CTR= 20% yolk) and five treatments, replacing the yolk by different ratios of LDL (T1= 6%; T2= 8%, T3= 12%; T4= 16%; T5= 20%) all based on TRIS-glycerol. For the study, two ejaculates from six Santa Ines breeding were used. Sixty days after cryopreservation, the samples were thawed and evaluated for total motility (MT, %) and progressive motility (MP, %), vigor (1-5) and the functional integrity (hyposmotic shock with distilled water, %) and structural (supravital dye eosin, %) of the sperm membranes. The evaluations of strength and membrane functionality didn't differ (P> 0.05) between groups. However, T4 (P< 0.01) and T5 (P< 0.05) groups were superior to the CTR for the MT, MP, and membrane structural integrity parameters, which confirms that LDLs can be efficient alternatives for yolk replacement in extenders for cryopreservation of ovine semen.(AU)

Effect of sheep diets with macadamia by-product and protected fat on the quality of fresh and frozen semen / Efeito de dietas de ovinos com coproduto de macadâmia e gordura protegida na qualidade de sêmen fresco e congelado

The ruminant diet is characterized by low lipid concentration, resulting from traditional diets composed by forage species. The use of agro industrial byproducts in animal feed may be interesting, once it reduces production costs and reduces environmental contamination. Among them, macadamia is known for interesting protein and carbohydrate contents; however, it is the amount of lipids that make it different. Fat supplementation can raise concentrations of blood cholesterol, a precursor metabolite of steroid hormones, which constitute biological membranes and possess specific and essential biological activities. The semen characteristics should be taken into account in the selection of the breeding herds, and the semen analysis makes it possible to evaluate the fertility of the sheep and allows obtaining important conclusions based on its results. The objective was to evaluate the seminal quality of Morada Nova sheep breed consuming diets supplemented with macadamia residue and protected fat. The experiment was carried out with 24 rams aged 18 or 30 months, distributed in four treatment groups: control (C), 50 g (MAC50) or 150 g (MAC150) of macadamia industrial byproduct; and 50 g of protected fat (Megalac®), added to the concentrate. Semen was collected at four intervals: before supplementation (day 0), 30, 60 and 75 days after the beginning of supplementation, and it was taken the measurements of volume, appearance, motility, vigour, turbulence, concentration and morphology. At days 60 and 75, semen was frozen for determination of plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial activity after thawing. Analysis of variance was performed and the means were compared by the SNK test. In the analysis of fresh semen, a significant effect (p0.05). The inclusion of 50 or 150 g of macadamia residue or 50 g of Megalac in the...

A dieta dos ruminantes é caracterizada por baixa concentração de lipídeos, resultante de dietas tradicionais compostas por espécies forrageiras. A utilização de coprodutos agroindustriais na alimentação animal pode ser interessante, pois além de reduzir custos na produção, reduz a contaminação ambiental. Dentre eles a macadâmia é conhecida por teores interessantes de proteína e de carboidratos; entretanto é a quantidade de lipídeos que a torna diferenciada. A suplementação de gordura pode elevar as concentrações de colesterol sanguíneo, metabólito precursor dos hormônios esteroides, que constituem membranas biológicas e possuem atividades biológicas específicas e essenciais. As características seminais devem ser levadas em consideração na seleção dos reprodutores, sendo que a análise do sêmen possibilita avaliar a fertilidade do carneiro e permite obter importantes conclusões a partir dos seus resultados. O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade seminal de carneiros Morada Nova consumindo dietas suplementadas com resíduo de macadâmia e gordura protegida. O experimento foi conduzido com 24 carneiros, com idade entre 18 e 30 meses, distribuídos em quatro grupos de tratamento: controle (C), 50 g (MAC50) ou 150 g (MAC150) de subproduto industrial da macadâmia; e 50 g de gordura protegida (Megalac®), adicionados ao concentrado. O sêmen foi coletado em quatro intervalos: antes da suplementação (dia 0), 30, 60 e 75 dias após o início da suplementação. O sêmen foi coletado para avaliação do volume, aparência, motilidade, vigor, turbilhonamento, concentração e morfologia. Nos dias 60 e 75, o sêmen foi congelado para determinação da integridade da membrana plasmática, integridade do acrossoma e atividade mitocondrial após o descongelamento. A análise de variância foi realizada e as médias comparadas pelo teste SNK. Na análise do sêmen fresco, foi observado efeito significativo (p<0,05) dos tratamentos na motilidade. Para...