Pathogenic bacteria load and safety of retail marine fish / Carga de bactérias patogênicas e segurança de peixes marinhos de varejo

This study was conducted to determine the pathogenic bacteria load of 14 species of marine fish obtained from two suppliers (in Bitlis city, Turkey), which provide fish for fish markets, and to reveal the safety of the marine fish in terms of microbiological quality. The counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were determined in anchovy, horse mackerel, salmon, red mullet, gilthead seabream, bonito, pilchard, common sole, sand smelt, axillary seabream, seabass, Mediterranean horse mackerel, bluefish, and garpike. It was determined that common sole, axillary seabream, seabass, bluefish and Mediterranean horse mackerel obtained from both suppliers were unacceptable in terms of the counts of TMAB. Twenty-four samples exceeded the critical limit of S. aureus and all the samples were unacceptable according to the critical limit of E. coli. While L. monocytogenes was isolated from 50.0% of the samples, Salmonella spp. was isolated from 39.3% of the samples. These results showed that the pathogenic bacteria load of the analyzed marine fish was quite high and they were unsafe in terms of microbiological quality.

Este estudo foi realizado para determinar a carga de bactérias patogênicas de 14 espécies de peixes marinhos obtidos de dois fornecedores (na cidade de Bitlis, Turquia), que fornecem peixes para mercados de peixes, e para revelar a segurança do peixe marinho em termos de qualidade microbiológica. As contagens de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas totais (TMAB), Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli, a presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes foram determinados em anchova, carapau, salmão, salmonete, dourada, bonito, sardinha, linguado, cheirado, dourada-axilar, robalo, carapau-do-mediterrâneo, anchova e garpike. Foi determinado que o linguado, o dourada-axilar, o robalo, a anchova e o carapau-do-mediterrâneo obtidos de ambos os fornecedores eram inaceitáveis nas contagens do TMAB. Vinte e quatro amostras excederam o limite crítico de S. aureus, e todas as amostras foram inaceitáveis de acordo com o limite crítico de E. coli. Enquanto L. monocytogenes foi isolada em 50.0% das amostras, Salmonella spp. foi isolado de 39.3% das amostras. Esses resultados mostraram que a carga de bactérias patogênicas dos peixes marinhos analisados era bastante alta e eles eram inseguros em termos de qualidade microbiológica.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

ABSTRACT The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.(AU)

Relationships between fish and otolith dimensions of Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in southeastern Brazil

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), was used as a species-specific model to study morphometric relationships between otolith size and relative growth variables. Length-weight relationships between Otolith (Length-OL, Height-OH, and Weight-OW) and fish measurements (Total Length-TL and Total Weight-TW) were determined for fishes captured monthly during the year 2015 off the southeastern coast of Brazil. The ANCOVA and Kruskal-Wallis analysis did not indicate significant differences in the relative growth constants between sexes and length frequency distributions (p > 0.05). The condition factor also did not present significant differences between sexes, and right and left otolith measurements (p > 0.05). A total of 398 specimens were sampled: TL = 43.6-67.0 cm, TW = 365-2400 g, OL = 9.65-15.25 mm, OH = 3.65 - 5.45 mm and OW = 0.03-0.11 g. The LWR for grouped sexes was TW = 0.050TL2.55 and otoliths OW = 6.17E-05OL2.59. The best adjustments were TL vs OL (r2 = 0.90); OL vs OW (r2 = 0.90); TW vs OW (r2 = 0.81); and TW vs OL (r2 = 0.80). These results showed that such relationships are helpful tools for predicting the fish size and weight from otoliths, which may be used in food habits and paleontology studies, and other fisheries management applications.(AU)

A anchova, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), foi usada como modelo espécie-específico de relações morfométricas de otólitos e variáveis de crescimento relativo. As relações peso-comprimento entre otólito (comprimento-CO, altura-AO e peso-PO) e tamanho do peixe (comprimento total-CT e peso total-PT) foram determinadas para indivíduos capturados mensalmente durante o ano de 2015 na costa sudeste do Brasil. As análises de ANCOVA e Kruskal-Wallis não indicaram diferenças significativas para as constantes de crescimento relativo entre os sexos e distribuições de frequência de comprimento (p> 0,05). O fator de condição também não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os sexos, e medidas do otólito direito e esquerdo (p > 0,05). Um total de 398 espécimes foram amostrados: CT = 43,6-67,0 cm e PT = 365-2400 g. A RPC para peixes foi PT = 0.050CT2,55 e para os seus otólitos foi PO = 6.17E-05CO2,59, CO = 9.65-15.25 mm, AO = 3.65 - 5.45 mm and PO = 0.03-0.11 g. Os melhores ajustes foram observados para CT vs CO (r2 = 0,90); CO vs PO (r2 = 0,90); PT vs PO (r2= 0,81) e PT vs CO (r2 = 0,80). Os resultados mostraram que essas relações são ferramentas úteis na geração de estimativas de tamanho e peso dos peixes a partir dos otólitos, permitindo a sua aplicação em estudos em outras áreas, incluindo hábitos alimentares, paleontologia e manejo da pesca.(AU)

Relationships between fish and otolith dimensions of Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in southeastern Brazil

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), was used as a species-specific model to study morphometric relationships between otolith size and relative growth variables. Length-weight relationships between Otolith (Length-OL, Height-OH, and Weight-OW) and fish measurements (Total Length-TL and Total Weight-TW) were determined for fishes captured monthly during the year 2015 off the southeastern coast of Brazil. The ANCOVA and Kruskal-Wallis analysis did not indicate significant differences in the relative growth constants between sexes and length frequency distributions (p > 0.05). The condition factor also did not present significant differences between sexes, and right and left otolith measurements (p > 0.05). A total of 398 specimens were sampled: TL = 43.6-67.0 cm, TW = 365-2400 g, OL = 9.65-15.25 mm, OH = 3.65 - 5.45 mm and OW = 0.03-0.11 g. The LWR for grouped sexes was TW = 0.050TL2.55 and otoliths OW = 6.17E-05OL2.59. The best adjustments were TL vs OL (r2 = 0.90); OL vs OW (r2 = 0.90); TW vs OW (r2 = 0.81); and TW vs OL (r2 = 0.80). These results showed that such relationships are helpful tools for predicting the fish size and weight from otoliths, which may be used in food habits and paleontology studies, and other fisheries management applications.(AU)

A anchova, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), foi usada como modelo espécie-específico de relações morfométricas de otólitos e variáveis de crescimento relativo. As relações peso-comprimento entre otólito (comprimento-CO, altura-AO e peso-PO) e tamanho do peixe (comprimento total-CT e peso total-PT) foram determinadas para indivíduos capturados mensalmente durante o ano de 2015 na costa sudeste do Brasil. As análises de ANCOVA e Kruskal-Wallis não indicaram diferenças significativas para as constantes de crescimento relativo entre os sexos e distribuições de frequência de comprimento (p> 0,05). O fator de condição também não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os sexos, e medidas do otólito direito e esquerdo (p > 0,05). Um total de 398 espécimes foram amostrados: CT = 43,6-67,0 cm e PT = 365-2400 g. A RPC para peixes foi PT = 0.050CT2,55 e para os seus otólitos foi PO = 6.17E-05CO2,59, CO = 9.65-15.25 mm, AO = 3.65 - 5.45 mm and PO = 0.03-0.11 g. Os melhores ajustes foram observados para CT vs CO (r2 = 0,90); CO vs PO (r2 = 0,90); PT vs PO (r2= 0,81) e PT vs CO (r2 = 0,80). Os resultados mostraram que essas relações são ferramentas úteis na geração de estimativas de tamanho e peso dos peixes a partir dos otólitos, permitindo a sua aplicação em estudos em outras áreas, incluindo hábitos alimentares, paleontologia e manejo da pesca.(AU)

Marine protected area and the spatial distribution of the gill net fishery in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Abstract This study characterizes the gill net fishery at Colônia de Pescadores Z13 (CPZ13), in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, and its relationship with the marine protected area Monumento Natural do Arquipélago das Ilhas Cagarras MoNa Cagarras, describing the fleet and fishing gears, identifying fishing spots, species and their associations by gillnet type. From June 2012 to May 2013, every Tuesday to Sunday, gill net landings were monitored and fishers interviewed regarding their catch. Small boats (dory whaleboats) are used to set three types of gillnets: Corvineira (target species whitemouth croaker), linguadeira (target species flounders) and rede-alta (target species bluefish). Fifty-nine species within 37 families were captured at 14 fishing spots, showing association with bottom type and distance from shore. The use of fishers local ecological knowledge defines gear placement at specific sites targeting fisheries resources. All fishing sites are not within the limits of MoNa Cagarras but would benefit from management plans including an MPA buffering zone.

Resumo Este estudo caracteriza a pesca com rede de emalhe na Colônia de Pescadores Z13 (CPZ13), em Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, e sua relação com a área marinha protegida Monumento Natural do Arquipélago das Ilhas Cagarras - MoNa Cagarras, descrevendo a frota e artes de pesca, identificando locais de pesca, as espécies e as suas associações por tipo de rede de emalhe. De junho de 2012 a maio de 2013, de terça a domingo, os desembarques foram monitorados e os pescadores entrevistados em relação à sua captura. As pequenas embarcações são usadas para três tipos de redes de emalhe: corvineira (espécie-alvo - corvina), linguadeira (espécie-alvo - linguados) e Rede-Alta (espécies alvo - anchova). Cinquenta e nove espécies dentro 37 famílias foram capturados em 14 locais de pesca, mostrando associação com o tipo de fundo e distância da costa. O uso do conhecimento ecológico local de pescadores define a colocação dos petrechos em locais específicos destinados ao recursos pesqueiros alvo. Nem todos os locais de pesca estão dentro dos limites da MoNa Cagarras, mas se beneficiariam de planos de gestão, incluindo uma zona de amortecimento para a MPA.

Marine protected area and the spatial distribution of the gill net fishery in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Área marinha protegida e a distribuição espacial da pescaria de rede de emalhe em Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Abstract This study characterizes the gill net fishery at Colônia de Pescadores Z13 (CPZ13), in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, and its relationship with the marine protected area Monumento Natural do Arquipélago das Ilhas Cagarras MoNa Cagarras, describing the fleet and fishing gears, identifying fishing spots, species and their associations by gillnet type. From June 2012 to May 2013, every Tuesday to Sunday, gill net landings were monitored and fishers interviewed regarding their catch. Small boats (dory whaleboats) are used to set three types of gillnets: Corvineira (target species whitemouth croaker), linguadeira (target species flounders) and rede-alta (target species bluefish). Fifty-nine species within 37 families were captured at 14 fishing spots, showing association with bottom type and distance from shore. The use of fishers local ecological knowledge defines gear placement at specific sites targeting fisheries resources. All fishing sites are not within the limits of MoNa Cagarras but would benefit from management plans including an MPA buffering zone.

Resumo Este estudo caracteriza a pesca com rede de emalhe na Colônia de Pescadores Z13 (CPZ13), em Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, e sua relação com a área marinha protegida Monumento Natural do Arquipélago das Ilhas Cagarras - MoNa Cagarras, descrevendo a frota e artes de pesca, identificando locais de pesca, as espécies e as suas associações por tipo de rede de emalhe. De junho de 2012 a maio de 2013, de terça a domingo, os desembarques foram monitorados e os pescadores entrevistados em relação à sua captura. As pequenas embarcações são usadas para três tipos de redes de emalhe: corvineira (espécie-alvo - corvina), linguadeira (espécie-alvo - linguados) e Rede-Alta (espécies alvo - anchova). Cinquenta e nove espécies dentro 37 famílias foram capturados em 14 locais de pesca, mostrando associação com o tipo de fundo e distância da costa. O uso do conhecimento ecológico local de pescadores define a colocação dos petrechos em locais específicos destinados ao recursos pesqueiros alvo. Nem todos os locais de pesca estão dentro dos limites da MoNa Cagarras, mas se beneficiariam de planos de gestão, incluindo uma zona de amortecimento para a MPA.

Marine protected area and the spatial distribution of the gill net fishery in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Área marinha protegida e a distribuição espacial da pescaria de rede de emalhe em Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Abstract This study characterizes the gill net fishery at Colônia de Pescadores Z13 (CPZ13), in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, and its relationship with the marine protected area Monumento Natural do Arquipélago das Ilhas Cagarras MoNa Cagarras, describing the fleet and fishing gears, identifying fishing spots, species and their associations by gillnet type. From June 2012 to May 2013, every Tuesday to Sunday, gill net landings were monitored and fishers interviewed regarding their catch. Small boats (dory whaleboats) are used to set three types of gillnets: Corvineira (target species whitemouth croaker), linguadeira (target species flounders) and rede-alta (target species bluefish). Fifty-nine species within 37 families were captured at 14 fishing spots, showing association with bottom type and distance from shore. The use of fishers local ecological knowledge defines gear placement at specific sites targeting fisheries resources. All fishing sites are not within the limits of MoNa Cagarras but would benefit from management plans including an MPA buffering zone.(AU)

Resumo Este estudo caracteriza a pesca com rede de emalhe na Colônia de Pescadores Z13 (CPZ13), em Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, e sua relação com a área marinha protegida Monumento Natural do Arquipélago das Ilhas Cagarras - MoNa Cagarras, descrevendo a frota e artes de pesca, identificando locais de pesca, as espécies e as suas associações por tipo de rede de emalhe. De junho de 2012 a maio de 2013, de terça a domingo, os desembarques foram monitorados e os pescadores entrevistados em relação à sua captura. As pequenas embarcações são usadas para três tipos de redes de emalhe: corvineira (espécie-alvo - corvina), linguadeira (espécie-alvo - linguados) e Rede-Alta (espécies alvo - anchova). Cinquenta e nove espécies dentro 37 famílias foram capturados em 14 locais de pesca, mostrando associação com o tipo de fundo e distância da costa. O uso do conhecimento ecológico local de pescadores define a colocação dos petrechos em locais específicos destinados ao recursos pesqueiros alvo. Nem todos os locais de pesca estão dentro dos limites da MoNa Cagarras, mas se beneficiariam de planos de gestão, incluindo uma zona de amortecimento para a MPA.(AU)

Local ecological and scientific knowledge about fish in the southern Brazilian artisanal fishery / Conhecimento ecológico local e científico sobre os peixes na pesca artesanal no sul do Brasil

Two communities of commercial and recreational fishing on the southern coast of Santa Catarina state were analyzed and compared according to fishers local ecological knowledge (LEK) about fish reproduction and fish diet. In the years 2007 and 2008, interviews were conducted through semi-structured standardized questionnaires with fishers that had more than ten years of fishing experience of both communities, Guarda do Embaú (n = 28) and Pinheira (n = 31). Five fish species, utilized in the interviews, were also collected from the fishers for analysis of reproduction and diet in order to compare fish biology with fishers LEK. The LEK of fishers from the two communities about reproduction period and diet of fish was in accordance with the scientific literature. Fishers LEK, which was more detailed about the fish diet, also agree with field biological studies. The fishers LEK corroborated scientific information about Caranx latus diet, generating new information on reproduction and feeding of Astroscopus sexspinosus and some plausible hypotheses for future biological studies. Differences between the two studied communities were found regarding the fishers LEK about the breeding period of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). However, it is recommended that management of fish resources in southern Brazil recognize the fishers LEK, devising management measures that combine conservat

Duas comunidades de pesca artesanal comercial e recreativa no litoral sul de Santa Catarina foram analisadas e comparadas quanto ao conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores sobre o período de reprodução e a dieta de peixes. Nos anos de 2007 e 2008 foram realizadas entrevistas por meio de questionários padronizados semi-estruturados com os pescadores que possuíam mais de dez anos de experiência de pesca nas duas comunidades, Guarda do Embaú (n = 28) e praia da Pinheira (n = 31). Cinco espécies de peixes foram utilizadas nas entrevistas e coletadas junto aos pescadores para análise biológica da reprodução e dieta, a fim de comparar a biologia dos peixes com o CEL dos pescadores. O conhecimento dos pescadores das duas comunidades sobre o período de reprodução e dieta dos peixes esteve de acordo com a literatura científica e com os estudos biológicos realizados, sendo mais detalhado quanto à dieta dos peixes. O CEL dos pescadores corroborou os resultados da dieta de Caranx latus, gerou novas informações sobre a reprodução e alimentação de Astroscopus sexspinosus e possibilitou formular hipóteses para estudos biológicos futuros. Foram encontradas diferenças no CEL dos pescadores quanto ao período de reprodução da anchova (Pomatomus saltatrix) quando comparado ao de ambas as comunidades. Contudo, é recomendável que os gestores dos recursos pesqueiros da região sul do Brasil

Local ecological and scientific knowledge about fish in the southern Brazilian artisanal fishery / Conhecimento ecológico local e científico sobre os peixes na pesca artesanal no sul do Brasil

Two communities of commercial and recreational fishing on the southern coast of Santa Catarina state were analyzed and compared according to fishers local ecological knowledge (LEK) about fish reproduction and fish diet. In the years 2007 and 2008, interviews were conducted through semi-structured standardized questionnaires with fishers that had more than ten years of fishing experience of both communities, Guarda do Embaú (n = 28) and Pinheira (n = 31). Five fish species, utilized in the interviews, were also collected from the fishers for analysis of reproduction and diet in order to compare fish biology with fishers LEK. The LEK of fishers from the two communities about reproduction period and diet of fish was in accordance with the scientific literature. Fishers LEK, which was more detailed about the fish diet, also agree with field biological studies. The fishers LEK corroborated scientific information about Caranx latus diet, generating new information on reproduction and feeding of Astroscopus sexspinosus and some plausible hypotheses for future biological studies. Differences between the two studied communities were found regarding the fishers LEK about the breeding period of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). However, it is recommended that management of fish resources in southern Brazil recognize the fishers LEK, devising management measures that combine conservat

Duas comunidades de pesca artesanal comercial e recreativa no litoral sul de Santa Catarina foram analisadas e comparadas quanto ao conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores sobre o período de reprodução e a dieta de peixes. Nos anos de 2007 e 2008 foram realizadas entrevistas por meio de questionários padronizados semi-estruturados com os pescadores que possuíam mais de dez anos de experiência de pesca nas duas comunidades, Guarda do Embaú (n = 28) e praia da Pinheira (n = 31). Cinco espécies de peixes foram utilizadas nas entrevistas e coletadas junto aos pescadores para análise biológica da reprodução e dieta, a fim de comparar a biologia dos peixes com o CEL dos pescadores. O conhecimento dos pescadores das duas comunidades sobre o período de reprodução e dieta dos peixes esteve de acordo com a literatura científica e com os estudos biológicos realizados, sendo mais detalhado quanto à dieta dos peixes. O CEL dos pescadores corroborou os resultados da dieta de Caranx latus, gerou novas informações sobre a reprodução e alimentação de Astroscopus sexspinosus e possibilitou formular hipóteses para estudos biológicos futuros. Foram encontradas diferenças no CEL dos pescadores quanto ao período de reprodução da anchova (Pomatomus saltatrix) quando comparado ao de ambas as comunidades. Contudo, é recomendável que os gestores dos recursos pesqueiros da região sul do Brasil