Intoxicação espontânea por Blutaparon portulacoides em um equino / Spontaneous poisoning by Blutaparon portulacoides in a horse

Background: In the Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil, several outbreaks of poisoning affecting horses, cattleand sheep have been attributed by a number farmers to the consumption of the leaves of Blutaparon portulacoides, a plantfrom family Amaranthaceae, known as “pirrixiu”, “bredo-de-praia” and “capotiraguá”. However, the spontaneous poisoning was reported in the literature exclusively in sheep. Thus, the present study aims to report the clinical signs found in aspontaneous poisoning by B. portulacoides in a horse.Case: A 8-year-old mixed-breed mare, weighing 268 kg, was referred to veterinary care showing loss of appetite anddiarrhea. The clinical evolution was reported by the owner as for six days. During the physical examination, the animalpresented slight apathy, pale mucous membranes, tachypnea, dehydration, intestinal hypermobility, and watery diarrhea.The predominant plant in the paddock where the mare was maintained was B. portulacoides. According to the owner, thepoisoning by this plant is common in the neighborhood of the farm and has already occurred in other species (cattle andsheep). After the origin of poisoning was identified, the access to the plant was restricted and it was established fluid therapyto treat the dehydration. After three days, the animal returned to eat normally and the diarrhea ceased.Discussion: The exclusive feeding of sheep with B. portulacoides is responsible for disorders in the digestive tract, characterized by softening of feces and intestinal epithelial lesions (intestinal villi epithelium detachment, goblet cell hyperplasia,submucosal inflammatory cells infiltrate and infiltration of the lamina propria by mononuclear cells). Given the similarity of the frame displayed by the horse, described in the present report, it is believed that the sensitivity to poisoning by...

Intoxicação espontânea por Blutaparon portulacoides em um equino / Spontaneous poisoning by Blutaparon portulacoides in a horse

Background: In the Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil, several outbreaks of poisoning affecting horses, cattleand sheep have been attributed by a number farmers to the consumption of the leaves of Blutaparon portulacoides, a plantfrom family Amaranthaceae, known as “pirrixiu”, “bredo-de-praia” and “capotiraguá”. However, the spontaneous poisoning was reported in the literature exclusively in sheep. Thus, the present study aims to report the clinical signs found in aspontaneous poisoning by B. portulacoides in a horse.Case: A 8-year-old mixed-breed mare, weighing 268 kg, was referred to veterinary care showing loss of appetite anddiarrhea. The clinical evolution was reported by the owner as for six days. During the physical examination, the animalpresented slight apathy, pale mucous membranes, tachypnea, dehydration, intestinal hypermobility, and watery diarrhea.The predominant plant in the paddock where the mare was maintained was B. portulacoides. According to the owner, thepoisoning by this plant is common in the neighborhood of the farm and has already occurred in other species (cattle andsheep). After the origin of poisoning was identified, the access to the plant was restricted and it was established fluid therapyto treat the dehydration. After three days, the animal returned to eat normally and the diarrhea ceased.Discussion: The exclusive feeding of sheep with B. portulacoides is responsible for disorders in the digestive tract, characterized by softening of feces and intestinal epithelial lesions (intestinal villi epithelium detachment, goblet cell hyperplasia,submucosal inflammatory cells infiltrate and infiltration of the lamina propria by mononuclear cells). Given the similarity of the frame displayed by the horse, described in the present report, it is believed that the sensitivity to poisoning by...(AU)

Anti-inflammatory activity of Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract against the inflammatory reaction induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom and isolated myotoxins BthTX-I and II

This article reports the anti-inflammatory effect of Blutaparon portulacoides (B. portulacoides), specifically the ethanolic extract of its aerial parts, on the edema formation and leukocyte influx caused by Bothrops jararacussu (B. jararacussu) snake venom and Bothropstoxin-I and II (BthTX-I and II) isolated from this venom as an alternative treatment for Bothrops snakebites. The anti-inflammatory effect of B. portulacoides ethanolic extract was compared with an animal group pretreated with dexamethasone. B. portulacoides ethanolic extract significantly inhibited paw edema induced by B. jararacussu venom and by BthTX-I and II. Also, results demonstrated that the extract caused a reduction of the leukocyte influx induced by BthTX-I. However, the extract was not capable of inhibiting the leukocyte influx induced by the venom and by BthTX-II. In conclusion, these results suggest that the ethanolic extract of this plant possess components able to inhibit or inactivate toxins present in B. jararacussu venom, including its myotoxins, responsible for the edema formation. However, the leukocyte migration caused by the venom and BthTX-II was not inhibited by the plant, probably due to the different mechanisms involved in the edema formation and leukocyte influx. This is the first report of B. portulacoides extract as anti-inflammatory against snake venoms and isolated toxins.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract against the inflammatory reaction induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom and isolated myotoxins BthTX-I and II

This article reports the anti-inflammatory effect of Blutaparon portulacoides (B. portulacoides), specifically the ethanolic extract of its aerial parts, on the edema formation and leukocyte influx caused by Bothrops jararacussu (B. jararacussu) snake venom and Bothropstoxin-I and II (BthTX-I and II) isolated from this venom as an alternative treatment for Bothrops snakebites. The anti-inflammatory effect of B. portulacoides ethanolic extract was compared with an animal group pretreated with dexamethasone. B. portulacoides ethanolic extract significantly inhibited paw edema induced by B. jararacussu venom and by BthTX-I and II. Also, results demonstrated that the extract caused a reduction of the leukocyte influx induced by BthTX-I. However, the extract was not capable of inhibiting the leukocyte influx induced by the venom and by BthTX-II. In conclusion, these results suggest that the ethanolic extract of this plant possess components able to inhibit or inactivate toxins present in B. jararacussu venom, including its myotoxins, responsible for the edema formation. However, the leukocyte migration caused by the venom and BthTX-II was not inhibited by the plant, probably due to the different mechanisms involved in the edema formation and leukocyte influx. This is the first report of B. portulacoides extract as anti-inflammatory against snake venoms and isolated toxins.(AU)

Intoxicação por pirrixiu (blutaparon portulacoides) em ovinos

ABSTRACT In the west region of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, several outbreaks of poisoning in sheep have been attributed to consumption of Blutaparon portulacoides, known as pirrixiu, bredo-de-praia and capotiraguá. However, there is no work in the literature evaluating the occurrence of poisoning by this plant. Thus, the present study aimed to determine whether B. portulacoides could produce poisoning in sheep. The study involved three healthy female crossbred sheep, aged 6 months old, weighing approximately 15 kg. They were fed, as exclusive food, bales of B. portulacoides for 3 months. The plant and the water were offered ad libitum during all the experimental period. The animals were monitored daily for determination of possible clinical alterations. After three months of this administration, the sheep were sacrificed, for collection of fragments of intestines, liver, kidneys, rumen, reticule, omasum and abomasum for histopathological analysis. Aerial parts of B. portulacoides were also collected for determination of the concentrations of sodium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cupper, zinc, iron and manganese ions. It was found that the exclusive feeding of sheep with B. portulacoides is responsible for disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by the softening of feces and lesions in the intestinal epithelium (unfastening of the intestinal villous epithelium, hyperplasic caliciform cells, inflammatory infiltrate in the submucosa and infiltrate of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria). The possible mechanism of the poisoning is osmotic disequilibria in the gastrointestinal tract promoted by the deficiency of sodium and excess of magnesium, potassium and calcium in the plant.

RESUMO Na região oeste do Rio Grande do Norte, diversos surtos de intoxicação em ovinos têm sido atribuídos ao consumo de Blutaparon portulacoides, conhecida como pirrixiu, bredo-de-praia e capotiraguá. No entanto, não há nenhum trabalho na literatura avaliando se realmente ocorre intoxicação por esta planta. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo determinar se o pirrixiu pode promover intoxicação nos ovinos. Foram utilizadas 3 ovelhas SRD, com aproximadamente 6 meses de idade, saudáveis pesando aproximadamente 15 kg. Elas receberam, como alimento exclusivo, fardos de pirrixiu por um período de 3 meses. A planta e a água foram ofertados ad libitum durante todo o período experimental. Os animais foram diariamente monitorados para determi nação de possíveis alterações clínicas. Após três meses da administração, as ovelhas foram abatidas, sendo coletados fragmentos de intestino grosso, intestino delgado, fígado, rins, rúmen, retículo, omaso e abomaso para análise histopatológica. Também foram coletadas partes aéreas de B. portulacoides para determinação das concentrações dos íons sódio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, cobre, zinco, ferro e manganês. Foi verificada que a alimentação exclusiva de ovinos com B. portulacoides é responsável por distúrbios no trato digestório, caracterizados por amole cimento das fezes e lesões no epitélio intestinal (desprendimento do epitélio das vilosidades intestinais, hiperplasia das células caliciformes, infiltrado inflamatório na submucosa e infiltrado de células mononucleares na lâmina própria). O possível mecanismo da intoxicação é o desequilíbrio osmótico no trato digestório promovido pela deficiência de sódio e excesso de magnésio, potássio e cálcio na planta.

Effect of seed mass on germination and growth in three dominant species in southern Brazilian coastal dunes

The effect of seed mass on germination and growth was tested in fresh-seeds of Blutaparon portulacoides, Panicum racemosum, and Spartina ciliata, selected at random in southern Brazilian populations. The seed mass varied within a population of the three species. Both B. portulacoides and P. racemosum showed normal frequency distribution of seed mass, while S. ciliata did not. Significant differences were observed in seed germination between large and small seeds of all species. In all species the capacity of seedling elongation was greater in seedlings of large seeds than those of small ones. Relative growth rate of seedlings of P. racemosum and S. ciliata decreased with time in all seed mass size-classes. On the other hand, the relative growth rate of B. portulacoides seedlings increased during the first 40 days. Seed mass is an important biological factor, affecting seed germination, seedling elongation, and growth of these species, and favoring large seeds, specially in areas of active sand accretion like coastal dunes.

O efeito da massa das sementes sobre a germinação e o crescimento foi testado com sementes de Blutaparon portulacoides, Panicum racemosum e Spartina ciliata coletadas aleatoriamente em populações no sul do Brasil. A massa das sementes variou dentro das populações das três espécies. Ambas, B. portulacoides e P. racemosum, mostraram distribuição normal na freqüência no peso das sementes, enquanto S. ciliata não apresentou distribuição normal. Diferenças significativas foram observadas na germinação das sementes entre sementes grandes e pequenas nas três espécies. A capacidade de alongamento das plântulas das três espécies é maior nas plântulas originadas de sementes grandes do que nas provenientes de sementes pequenas. As taxas de crescimento relativo das plântulas de P. racemosum e S. ciliata diminuíram com o tempo em todas as classes de massa de sementes. Por outro lado, a taxa de crescimento relativo das plântulas de B. portulacoides aumentou ao longo dos primeiros 40 dias. A massa das sementes é um importante fator biológico, porque afeta a germinação, o alongamento das plântulas e o crescimento nas espécies, favorecendo assim as sementes maiores, especialmente em áreas de ativa deposição de areias, como as dunas costeiras.

Effect of seed mass on germination and growth in three dominant species in southern Brazilian coastal dunes

The effect of seed mass on germination and growth was tested in fresh-seeds of Blutaparon portulacoides, Panicum racemosum, and Spartina ciliata, selected at random in southern Brazilian populations. The seed mass varied within a population of the three species. Both B. portulacoides and P. racemosum showed normal frequency distribution of seed mass, while S. ciliata did not. Significant differences were observed in seed germination between large and small seeds of all species. In all species the capacity of seedling elongation was greater in seedlings of large seeds than those of small ones. Relative growth rate of seedlings of P. racemosum and S. ciliata decreased with time in all seed mass size-classes. On the other hand, the relative growth rate of B. portulacoides seedlings increased during the first 40 days. Seed mass is an important biological factor, affecting seed germination, seedling elongation, and growth of these species, and favoring large seeds, specially in areas of active sand accretion like coastal dunes.

O efeito da massa das sementes sobre a germinação e o crescimento foi testado com sementes de Blutaparon portulacoides, Panicum racemosum e Spartina ciliata coletadas aleatoriamente em populações no sul do Brasil. A massa das sementes variou dentro das populações das três espécies. Ambas, B. portulacoides e P. racemosum, mostraram distribuição normal na freqüência no peso das sementes, enquanto S. ciliata não apresentou distribuição normal. Diferenças significativas foram observadas na germinação das sementes entre sementes grandes e pequenas nas três espécies. A capacidade de alongamento das plântulas das três espécies é maior nas plântulas originadas de sementes grandes do que nas provenientes de sementes pequenas. As taxas de crescimento relativo das plântulas de P. racemosum e S. ciliata diminuíram com o tempo em todas as classes de massa de sementes. Por outro lado, a taxa de crescimento relativo das plântulas de B. portulacoides aumentou ao longo dos primeiros 40 dias. A massa das sementes é um importante fator biológico, porque afeta a germinação, o alongamento das plântulas e o crescimento nas espécies, favorecendo assim as sementes maiores, especialmente em áreas de ativa deposição de areias, como as dunas costeiras.