Cutaneous apocrine adenocarcinoma in a goat

Apocrine neoplasms are rare in goats. This report describes an apocrine adenocarcinoma in a 5-year-old female Boer goat with an ulcerated, exophytic, multilobulated mass on the left dorsolateral cervical area. Histologically, the dermis was effaced and expanded by a poorly demarcated epithelial neoplasm with desmoplasia. Neoplastic cells were arranged in acini with papillary projections into the lumen and had cuboidal or columnar, eosinophilic, occasionally vacuolated cytoplasm. Nuclei were round and had finely stippled chromatin with one nucleolus. Neoplastic cells contained periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)­positive and diastase­resistant, alcian blue­positive cytoplasmic granules. There were 6 mitoses in 2.37 mm2 (equivalent to 10 FN22/40X fields). Histologic and histochemical features in the current case were consistent with a cutaneous apocrine gland adenocarcinoma.(AU)

Carcass traits of goats finished with different levels of concentrate supplementation and kept on caatinga enriched with Urochloa trichopus / Características de carcaça de caprinos terminados com diferentes níveis de suplementação concentrada e mantidos em caatinga enriquecida com Urochloa trichopus

The objective of this study was to evaluate the carcass traits of crossbred F1 goats (Boer x non-descript breed) finished on thinned caatinga pasture enriched with signal grass (Urochloa trichopus Stapf.), and receiving supplementation. Twenty-four crossbred F1 goats with 27.00 ± 3.32 kg body weight were used. The supplement was designed to meet the nutritional requirements and animals receiving the highest supplementation level could gain 150g per day. For data analysis, a completely randomized design was adopted, with four treatments (supplementation levels of 0.0%; 0.5%; 1.0% and 1.5% body weight) and six replications (animals). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression. Supplementation resulted in an increasing linear effect for slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, empty body weight, hot carcass yield and cold carcass yield; and a quadratic effect for biological yield. Weight loss by cooling was not influenced by supplementation. For the results of subjective evaluations, only conformation was influenced by supplementation (P<0.05). For morphometry, a positive linear effect of supplementation was found for thorax perimeter, croup perimeter, croup width, thorax width. The level of supplementation caused a positive linear effect on the weight of most non-edible carcass components, and there was no influence of supplementation on most variables for yield. It can be concluded that increasing levels of supplementation up to 1.5% body weight for F1 goats (Boer x non-descript breed) kept on caatinga pasture results in higher carcass weight and yield.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características de carcaça de caprinos mestiços F1 (Bôer x sem padrão de raça definida) terminados em pastagem de caatinga raleada e enriquecida com capim corrente (Urochloa trichopus Stapf.), submetidos a suplementação. Foram utilizados 24 caprinos mestiços com peso vivo 27,00 ± 3,32 kg. O suplemento foi elaborado de modo a atender as exigências nutricionais para que os animais do maior nível de suplementação obtivessem um ganho de 150 g diário. Para a análise dos dados foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (níveis de suplementação de 0,0%; 0,5%; 1,0% e 1,5% do peso vivo) e seis repetições (animais). Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância e de regressão. Observou-se que a suplementação proporcionou efeito linear crescente para o peso ao abate, peso de carcaça quente, peso de carcaça fria, peso de corpo vazio, rendimento de carcaça quente e rendimento de carcaça fria; efeito quadrático para o rendimento biológico. A perda de peso por resfriamento não sofreu influência da suplementação. Para os resultados das avaliações subjetivas apenas a conformação sofreu influência da suplementação (P<0,05). Para a morfometria observou-se efeito linear positivo da suplementação para o perímetro do tórax, perímetro da garupa, largura da garupa, largura do tórax. O nível de suplementação proporcionou efeito linear e positivo sobre o peso da maioria dos não componentes comestíveis da carcaça, sendo que para o rendimento não foi observado influência da suplementação para a maioria das variáveis. Conclui-se que o uso crescente de suplementação até o nível de 1,5% do peso vivo para caprinos F1 (Boer x sem padrão de raça definida) mantidos em pastagem de caatinga resulta em maiores pesos e rendimentos de carcaças.(AU)

Forage availability and weight gain of goats on caatinga enriched with Urochloa trichopus (Hochst) Stapf subjected to fallowing and fertilized with phosphate / Disponibilidade de forragem e ganho de peso de caprinos em caatinga enriquecida com Urochloa trichopus (Hochst) Stapf submetida ao diferimento e a adubação fosfatada

The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage availability and performance of goats in thinned Caatinga enriched with Urochloa trichopus subjected to grazing fallowing and levels of phosphorus fertilization. Twenty-four F1 crossbred goats (Boer x Non-descript breed), whole, 15.0 ± 2.6 kg body weight were distributed in four paddocks (n = 6) according to body weight, age and physiological status. Animals grazed on Caatinga, under continuous stocking, and were gathered and kept in individual pens overnight. The experiment to evaluate animal performance was a randomized block design with 4 treatments (0, 11, 33 and 60 days of fallowing) and six replications. To determine dry mass production and floristic composition, phosphate fertilization was used in the doses of x P2O5 in a randomized block design with five treatments, 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg P2O5 with 4 replications. Phosphate fertilization had an effect on the floristic composition of dicots and U. trichopus (P<0.05). There was an effect of pasture fallowing on the final weight of goats, with the lowest weight (20.40 kg) observed after 60 days of fallowing (P<0.05). Fallowing is not suitable for an area of vegetation in the caatinga, because there was a decrease in forage availability and quality in the dry period, resulting in a lower performance of animals.

Objetivou-se avaliar a disponibilidade de forragem e desempenho de caprinos em Caatinga raleada e enriquecida com Urochloa trichopus submetida ao diferimento de pastejo e doses de adubação fosfatada. Foram utilizados 24 caprinos mestiços F1 (Boer x SPRD), inteiros, com peso corporal de 15,0 ± 2,6 kg, distribuídos em quatro piquetes (n = 6) de acordo com o peso vivo, idade e estado fisiológico. Os animais realizaram pastejo na Caatinga, com lotação contínua, sendo recolhidos e colocados em baias individuais permanecendo nesse local durante a noite. No experimento para avaliar desempenho animal foi usado delineamento blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos (0, 11, 33 e 60 dias de diferimento) e seis repetições. Para determinação produção de massa seca e composição florística foi usado a adubação fosfatada nas dosagens de x P2O5 em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg de P2O5 com 4 repetições. A adubação fosfatada promoveu efeito para a composição florística de dicotiledôneas e U. trichopus (P<0,05). Houve efeito do diferimento de pastagem para o peso final dos caprinos, com o menor peso (20,40 kg) observado aos 60 dias de diferimento (P<0,05). A adubação fosfatada não aumentou a produtividade de matéria seca. O diferimento não é indicado para uma área de vegetação da caatinga, pois mesmo com a vedação, no período seco ocorreu uma diminuição na disponibilidade e na qualidade da forragem, acarretando um menor aporte dos animais.

Effects of a single trace minerals injection on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids. Forty-six Boer kids [24 males and 22 females; 3.94±1.03kg of body weight (BW); 6.2±2.4 d of age] were enrolled in the study. Kids were stratified by type of birth (twins or singlet), sex, and BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: one subcutaneous injection (0.1mL/4.5kg of BW) of (1) saline solution or (2) ITM (60, 10, 5, and 15mg/mL of Zn, Mn, Se and Cu, respectively). Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56. Feces samples were collected on d 56 and BW on d 0, 28 and 56. Kids were checked daily for signs of diarrhea. ITM kids had greater (P 0.01) plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase and tended (P=0.06) to have greater plasma concentration of glutathione peroxidase. ITM kids had greater (P=0.05) concentration of eosinophils, but no differences (P0.11) were observed for other hemogram variables. The ITM application did not affect (P0.11) the EPG count. However, ITM kids had less (P=0.02) cumulative incidence of diarhea until d 42 (3.85 vs. 25.93±6.8% for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively) but no differences (P>0.10) were observed after d 42. The ITM application did not affect (P0.40) the growth of kids (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/day for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively). Thus, the ITM application, increased the plasma concentration of antioxidant enzymes and eosinophils, decreased the incidence of diarrhea only in the middle of the experiment, but did not affected the EPG count and growth of Boer kids.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de microminerais injetáveis (ITM) na resposta antioxidante e imune, resistência a endoparasitas, saúde e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos. Quarenta e seis cabritos [24 fêmeas e 22 machos; 3,94±1,03kg de peso corporal (PC); 6,2±2,4 dias de idade] foram incluídos no estudo. Os animais foram estratificados por tipo de nascimento (gêmeos ou singular), sexo e peso ao nascimento (PN) e atribuídas a 1 de 2 tratamentos. Uma injeção subcutânea (0,1ml/4,5 de PC de (1) Solução salina ou (2) ITM (60,10,5 e 15mg/ml de Zn, Mn, Se e Cu, respectivamente). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, 7, 14, 28 e 56. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas no dia 56 e PC nos dias 0, 28 e 56. Os recém-nascidos foram verificados diariamente quanto a sinais de diarreia. Os cabritos ITM apresentaram maior (P 0.01) concentração de superóxido desmutase no plasma e tenderam (P=0,06) a ter maior concentração de glutationa peroxidase no plasma. Os animais ITM apresentaram maior (P=0,05) concentração de eosinófilos, mas não foram observadas diferenças (P0.11) para outras variáveis do hemograma. A aplicação de ITM não afetou (P0.11) a contagem de EPG. No entanto, os cabritos ITM apresentaram menor incidência cumulativa de diarreia (P=0,02) ate d 42 (3,85 vs. 25,93±6,8% para animais ITM vs. animais salina, respectivamente), mas nenhuma diferença (P>0.10) foi observada após d 42. A aplicação do ITM não afetou (P0.40) o crescimento dos animais (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/dia para ITM vs. Salina, respectivamente). Assim, a aplicação do ITM aumentou a concentração plasmática de enzimas antioxidantes e eosinófilos, diminuiu a incidência de diarreia somente na metade do experimento, mas não afetou a contagem de OPG e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos.

Effects of a single trace minerals injection on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids / Efeitos de uma aplicação de microminerais injetáveis sobre a resposta antioxidante e imunológica, resistência a endoparasitas, saúde e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos

This study evaluated the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids. Forty-six Boer kids [24 males and 22 females; 3.94±1.03kg of body weight (BW); 6.2±2.4 d of age] were enrolled in the study. Kids were stratified by type of birth (twins or singlet), sex, and BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: one subcutaneous injection (0.1mL/4.5kg of BW) of (1) saline solution or (2) ITM (60, 10, 5, and 15mg/mL of Zn, Mn, Se and Cu, respectively). Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56. Feces samples were collected on d 56 and BW on d 0, 28 and 56. Kids were checked daily for signs of diarrhea. ITM kids had greater (P<0.01) plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase and tended (P=0.06) to have greater plasma concentration of glutathione peroxidase. ITM kids had greater (P=0.05) concentration of eosinophils, but no differences (P≥0.11) were observed for other hemogram variables. The ITM application did not affect (P≥0.11) the EPG count. However, ITM kids had less (P=0.02) cumulative incidence of diarhea until d 42 (3.85 vs. 25.93±6.8% for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively) but no differences (P>0.10) were observed after d 42. The ITM application did not affect (P≥0.40) the growth of kids (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/day for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively). Thus, the ITM application, increased the plasma concentration of antioxidant enzymes and eosinophils, decreased the incidence of diarrhea only in the middle of the experiment, but did not affected the EPG count and growth of Boer kids.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de microminerais injetáveis (ITM) na resposta antioxidante e imune, resistência a endoparasitas, saúde e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos. Quarenta e seis cabritos [24 fêmeas e 22 machos; 3,94±1,03kg de peso corporal (PC); 6,2±2,4 dias de idade] foram incluídos no estudo. Os animais foram estratificados por tipo de nascimento (gêmeos ou singular), sexo e peso ao nascimento (PN) e atribuídas a 1 de 2 tratamentos. Uma injeção subcutânea (0,1ml/4,5 de PC de (1) Solução salina ou (2) ITM (60,10,5 e 15mg/ml de Zn, Mn, Se e Cu, respectivamente). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, 7, 14, 28 e 56. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas no dia 56 e PC nos dias 0, 28 e 56. Os recém-nascidos foram verificados diariamente quanto a sinais de diarreia. Os cabritos ITM apresentaram maior (P<0.01) concentração de superóxido desmutase no plasma e tenderam (P=0,06) a ter maior concentração de glutationa peroxidase no plasma. Os animais ITM apresentaram maior (P=0,05) concentração de eosinófilos, mas não foram observadas diferenças (P≥0.11) para outras variáveis do hemograma. A aplicação de ITM não afetou (P≥0.11) a contagem de EPG. No entanto, os cabritos ITM apresentaram menor incidência cumulativa de diarreia (P=0,02) ate d 42 (3,85 vs. 25,93±6,8% para animais ITM vs. animais salina, respectivamente), mas nenhuma diferença (P>0.10) foi observada após d 42. A aplicação do ITM não afetou (P≥0.40) o crescimento dos animais (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/dia para ITM vs. Salina, respectivamente). Assim, a aplicação do ITM aumentou a concentração plasmática de enzimas antioxidantes e eosinófilos, diminuiu a incidência de diarreia somente na metade do experimento, mas não afetou a contagem de OPG e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos.(AU)

Effects of a single trace minerals injection on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids / Efeitos de uma aplicação de microminerais injetáveis sobre a resposta antioxidante e imunológica, resistência a endoparasitas, saúde e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos

This study evaluated the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids. Forty-six Boer kids [24 males and 22 females; 3.94±1.03kg of body weight (BW); 6.2±2.4 d of age] were enrolled in the study. Kids were stratified by type of birth (twins or singlet), sex, and BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: one subcutaneous injection (0.1mL/4.5kg of BW) of (1) saline solution or (2) ITM (60, 10, 5, and 15mg/mL of Zn, Mn, Se and Cu, respectively). Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56. Feces samples were collected on d 56 and BW on d 0, 28 and 56. Kids were checked daily for signs of diarrhea. ITM kids had greater (P<0.01) plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase and tended (P=0.06) to have greater plasma concentration of glutathione peroxidase. ITM kids had greater (P=0.05) concentration of eosinophils, but no differences (P≥0.11) were observed for other hemogram variables. The ITM application did not affect (P≥0.11) the EPG count. However, ITM kids had less (P=0.02) cumulative incidence of diarhea until d 42 (3.85 vs. 25.93±6.8% for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively) but no differences (P>0.10) were observed after d 42. The ITM application did not affect (P≥0.40) the growth of kids (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/day for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively). Thus, the ITM application, increased the plasma concentration of antioxidant enzymes and eosinophils, decreased the incidence of diarrhea only in the middle of the experiment, but did not affected the EPG count and growth of Boer kids.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de microminerais injetáveis (ITM) na resposta antioxidante e imune, resistência a endoparasitas, saúde e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos. Quarenta e seis cabritos [24 fêmeas e 22 machos; 3,94±1,03kg de peso corporal (PC); 6,2±2,4 dias de idade] foram incluídos no estudo. Os animais foram estratificados por tipo de nascimento (gêmeos ou singular), sexo e peso ao nascimento (PN) e atribuídas a 1 de 2 tratamentos. Uma injeção subcutânea (0,1ml/4,5 de PC de (1) Solução salina ou (2) ITM (60,10,5 e 15mg/ml de Zn, Mn, Se e Cu, respectivamente). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, 7, 14, 28 e 56. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas no dia 56 e PC nos dias 0, 28 e 56. Os recém-nascidos foram verificados diariamente quanto a sinais de diarreia. Os cabritos ITM apresentaram maior (P<0.01) concentração de superóxido desmutase no plasma e tenderam (P=0,06) a ter maior concentração de glutationa peroxidase no plasma. Os animais ITM apresentaram maior (P=0,05) concentração de eosinófilos, mas não foram observadas diferenças (P≥0.11) para outras variáveis do hemograma. A aplicação de ITM não afetou (P≥0.11) a contagem de EPG. No entanto, os cabritos ITM apresentaram menor incidência cumulativa de diarreia (P=0,02) ate d 42 (3,85 vs. 25,93±6,8% para animais ITM vs. animais salina, respectivamente), mas nenhuma diferença (P>0.10) foi observada após d 42. A aplicação do ITM não afetou (P≥0.40) o crescimento dos animais (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/dia para ITM vs. Salina, respectivamente). Assim, a aplicação do ITM aumentou a concentração plasmática de enzimas antioxidantes e eosinófilos, diminuiu a incidência de diarreia somente na metade do experimento, mas não afetou a contagem de OPG e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos.(AU)

Correlations between body measures with live weight in young male goats

Data analysis in goat production, such as those related to body and scrotal measurements, indicate the productive and reproductive animal development. The current study aimed to evaluate the correlations between thoracic perimeter (TP), body length (BL), body compacity (BC), body volume (BV), and scrotal circumference (SC) with body weight (BW) in young male goats of Saanen and Boer breeds. It was used 38 Saanen and 24 Boer male goats, with age average of 7.2 ± 2.0 months. Thoracic perimeter and body length measurements were obtained using a tape measure (cm) and the live weight (kg) a mechanic scale. The variables body compacity (BC) and body volume (BV) were calculated using the equations: and . Boer breed showed live weight and body compacity higher than Saanen breed (p < 0.05). Regarding correlations between biometric measurements and body weight, we did not find any statistical differences between the breeds (p > 0.05). The scrotal circumference presented the lowest association with body weight (p < 0.05). However, all biometric measurements showed highly significant correlations with live body (p < 0.01). In conclusion, thoracic perimeter was the main measure of body weight predictor, considering efficiency and practical aspects.(AU)

Correlations between body measures with live weight in young male goats

Data analysis in goat production, such as those related to body and scrotal measurements, indicate the productive and reproductive animal development. The current study aimed to evaluate the correlations between thoracic perimeter (TP), body length (BL), body compacity (BC), body volume (BV), and scrotal circumference (SC) with body weight (BW) in young male goats of Saanen and Boer breeds. It was used 38 Saanen and 24 Boer male goats, with age average of 7.2 ± 2.0 months. Thoracic perimeter and body length measurements were obtained using a tape measure (cm) and the live weight (kg) a mechanic scale. The variables body compacity (BC) and body volume (BV) were calculated using the equations: and . Boer breed showed live weight and body compacity higher than Saanen breed (p 0.05). The scrotal circumference presented the lowest association with body weight (p < 0.05). However, all biometric measurements showed highly significant correlations with live body (p < 0.01). In conclusion, thoracic perimeter was the main measure of body weight predictor, considering efficiency and practical aspects.

Study of sexual behaviours with different types of estrus synchronization protocols in Boer goats

There is still a lack of information on estrus synchronization in goats. Understanding the estrus synchronization protocols and the subsequent effects is important to improve the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and subsequently would improve the breeding procedures. This study will help in determining the most suitable estrus synchronization protocol and understand better the effect on the sexual behaviour and hormonal effects in goats. A total of 127 Boer does were used and divided into three groups with different duration of CIDR insertion intravaginally either for 14 (two groups) or 9 days (one group). Approximately 0.5 ml Estrumate® (PG) was administered intramuscularly to all groups at CIDR removal, and only groups PMSG14 and PMSG9 were administered with 200IU of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) intramuscularly. Estrus signs were observed at 4 h intervals and blood samples were collected for progesterone and luteinizing hormone determination. The percentage of does in estrus within 24 to 72 h post CIDR removal was significantly higher (P0.05) in all groups. The time of the LH peak in the group without the PMSG was significantly delayed (P

Study of sexual behaviours with different types of estrus synchronization protocols in Boer goats

There is still a lack of information on estrus synchronization in goats. Understanding the estrus synchronization protocols and the subsequent effects is important to improve the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and subsequently would improve the breeding procedures. This study will help in determining the most suitable estrus synchronization protocol and understand better the effect on the sexual behaviour and hormonal effects in goats. A total of 127 Boer does were used and divided into three groups with different duration of CIDR insertion intravaginally either for 14 (two groups) or 9 days (one group). Approximately 0.5 ml Estrumate® (PG) was administered intramuscularly to all groups at CIDR removal, and only groups PMSG14 and PMSG9 were administered with 200IU of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) intramuscularly. Estrus signs were observed at 4 h intervals and blood samples were collected for progesterone and luteinizing hormone determination. The percentage of does in estrus within 24 to 72 h post CIDR removal was significantly higher (P0.05) in all groups. The time of the LH peak in the group without the PMSG was significantly delayed (P(AU)

Quantitative carcass characteristics and quality of shoulder and loin of crossbred goat kids receiving diets with live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) / Características quantitativas da carcaça e qualidade da paleta e do lombo de cabritos mestiços recebendo dietas com levedura viva (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin of Boer x Saanen crossbred goat kids. Twenty-seven carcasses were used, 13 females and 14 uncastrated males with an average age of 192 days, weighing 30.76 kg, distributed in a completely randomised design using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (diet and sex). The yeast was added to the feed before pelletising in a proportion of 0.050 g/kg dry matter (DM). When the goats reached an average of 30 kg of live weight, they were slaughtered. No effects of live yeast on quantitative carcass and qualitative characteristics of shoulder and loin were observed. Regarding sex, males had higher slaughter weights (31.73 kg), empty carcass weight (27.98 kg), hot carcass weight (14.39 kg), cold carcass weight (14.22 kg), higher carcass compactness index (0.28 kg/cm), lower slaughter age (176 days) and lower cooling loss (1.20%). For the cut yields, females presented a higher loin yield (11.55%) and males presented a higher neck yield (6.84%). In the shoulder, males presented a higher proportion of bone (18.58%), while females presented a higher proportion of fat (17.09%) and muscle:bone (3.47). In the loin, females showed higher fat deposition (19.54%) in relation to males. The inclusion of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii in the crossbred goat kids' diet did not generate differences in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da levedura viva (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) sobre as características quantitativas e qualitativas da paleta e do lombo de cabritos mestiços Boer x Saanen. Foram utilizadas 27 carcaças, 13 fêmeas e 14 machos não castrados com idade média de 192 dias e peso de 30,76 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dieta e sexo). A levedura foi adicionada à ração antes da peletização na proporção de 0,050 g / kg de MS. Quando os cabritos atingiram a média de 30 kg de peso vivo, os animais foram abatidos. Não foram observados efeitos da levedura viva na carcaça quantitativa e nas características qualitativas da paleta e do lombo. Em relação ao sexo, os machos apresentaram maiores pesos de abate (31,73 kg), peso de carcaça vazia (27,98 kg), peso de carcaça quente (14,39 kg), peso de carcaça fria (14,22 kg), maior índice de compacidade de carcaça (0,28 kg/cm), menor abate idade (176 dias) e menor perda por resfriamento (1,20%). Para os rendimentos de cortes, as fêmeas apresentaram maior rendimento de lombo (11,55%) e os machos apresentaram maior rendimento de pescoço (6,84%). Na paleta, o sexo masculino apresentou maior proporção de osso (18,58%), enquanto o feminino apresentou maior proporção de gordura (17,09%) e músculo: osso (3,47). No lombo, as fêmeas apresentaram maior deposição de gordura (19,54%) em relação aos machos. A inclusão da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii na dieta de cabritos mestiços não expressa diferenças nas características quantitativas e qualitativas da paleta e do lombo. (AU)

Nitrogen balance of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal / [Balanço de nitrogênio em caprinos alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha]

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o balanço de nitrogênio e a concentração de ureia no plasma em cabritos alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha em substituição ao milho (0, 10, 40, 60 e 85% MS). Trinta cabritos Boer × SRD, com 90 dias de idade e peso corporal inicial de 16,7 ± 3,5kg, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições. As dietas foram fornecidas diariamente ad libitum para permitir 10% das sobras. Três coletas foram realizadas a cada 28 dias. As dietas foram constituídas por milho, farelo de soja, farinha de pupunha, suplemento mineral e feno de Tifton-85, com a relação volumoso: concentrado de 30:70. O consumo de nitrogênio (N) diminuiu linearmente à medida que a farinha de pupunha substituiu o milho no concentrado. Com relação ao N digerido, os animais alimentados com níveis de farinha de pupunha apresentaram valores inferiores aos alimentados com o milho como única fonte de energia, com médias de 14,9 e 17,1g dia-1, respectivamente. A excreção urinária de N diminuiu à medida que a farinha de pupunha substituiu o milho no concentrado. O nível de 39% de farinha de pupunha reduziu a excreção urinária de ureia. Houve retenção máxima de N em 7,83g dia-1 para o nível de substituição de milho de 28,9% em farinha de pupunha.(AU)

Docosahexaenoic acid associated vitamin E in the diluent for cryopreservation of goat semen / Ácido docosahexaenoico associado à vitamina E no meio diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of and determine the optimum level of inclusion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diluent for goat semen cryopreservation. Five Boer males underwent semen collection, totaling 10 viable collections per animal. After evaluation, the ejaculates were pooled and fractionated in Tris-yolk medium with the addition of 0; 30; 45; or 60ng mL-1 of DHA and 0.4 mmol of alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E). The semen was cryopreserved in a freezing machine (TK 3000TM) and placed in a cryogenic cylinder for subsequent analysis. Data were evaluated by regression analysis at 5% significance. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in sperm kinetic parameters evaluated by computer assisted sperm analysis: total motility (79.17 ± 17.31%), progressive motility (14.04 ± 5.73%), curvilinear speed (58.82 ± 6.35µm/s), progressive linear speed (22.49 ± 3.63µm/s), mean path speed (35.17 ± 4.52µm/s), linearity (38.69 ± 5.79%), rectilinearity (63.99 ± 6.64%), and oscillation index (59.68 ± 2.99%). There were no differences (P > 0.05) found from the membrane functional integrity test for reactive spermatozoa (69.66 ± 9.76%), plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity of intact spermatozoa (29.86 ± 7.57%), mitochondrial potential of Class I cryopreserved goat semen (72.75 ± 9.81%), and chromatin compaction of intact chromatin (96.87 ± 4.37%).

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito e determinar o melhor nível de inclusão de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) no diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino. Cinco machos Boer foram submetidos a coletas de sêmen, totalizando 10 coletas viáveis por animal. Após avaliação, os ejaculados foram agrupados (pool) e fracionados em meio Tris gema, acrescido de 0; 30; 45 e 60ng mL-1 de DHA e 0,4mmol de alfa-tocoferol. O sêmen foi criopreservado em máquina de congelamento TK 3000® e acondicionado em botijão criogênico para posterior análise. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de regressão a 5% de significância. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) nos parâmetros cinéticos espermáticos avaliados pela análise assistida por computador: motilidade total (79,17 ± 17,31%), motilidade progressiva (14,04 ± 5,73%), velocidade curvilínea (58,82 ± 6,35µm/s), velocidade linear progressiva (22,49 ± 3,63µm/s), velocidade média do caminho (35,17 ± 4,52µm/s), linearidade (38,69 ± 5,79%), retilinearidade (63,99 ± 6,64%) e índice de oscilação (59,68 ± 2,99%). Não foram encontradas diferenças (P> 0,05) no teste de integridade funcional da membrana para espermatozoides reativos (69,66 ± 9,76%), integridade plasmática e membrana acrossomal dos espermatozoides intactos (29,86 ± 7,57%), potencial mitocondrial do sêmen caprino de classe I (72,75 ± 9,81%) e compactação da cromatina intacta (96,87 ± 4,37%). A inclusão de até 60ng mL-1 de DHA não promoveu melhora nos parâmetros de qualidade seminal de caprinos pós-descongelamento.

Docosahexaenoic acid associated vitamin E in the diluent for cryopreservation of goat semen / Ácido docosahexaenoico associado à vitamina E no meio diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of and determine the optimum level of inclusion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diluent for goat semen cryopreservation. Five Boer males underwent semen collection, totaling 10 viable collections per animal. After evaluation, the ejaculates were pooled and fractionated in Tris-yolk medium with the addition of 0; 30; 45; or 60ng mL-1 of DHA and 0.4 mmol of alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E). The semen was cryopreserved in a freezing machine (TK 3000TM) and placed in a cryogenic cylinder for subsequent analysis. Data were evaluated by regression analysis at 5% significance. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in sperm kinetic parameters evaluated by computer assisted sperm analysis: total motility (79.17 ± 17.31%), progressive motility (14.04 ± 5.73%), curvilinear speed (58.82 ± 6.35µm/s), progressive linear speed (22.49 ± 3.63µm/s), mean path speed (35.17 ± 4.52µm/s), linearity (38.69 ± 5.79%), rectilinearity (63.99 ± 6.64%), and oscillation index (59.68 ± 2.99%). There were no differences (P > 0.05) found from the membrane functional integrity test for reactive spermatozoa (69.66 ± 9.76%), plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity of intact spermatozoa (29.86 ± 7.57%), mitochondrial potential of Class I cryopreserved goat semen (72.75 ± 9.81%), and chromatin compaction of intact chromatin (96.87 ± 4.37%).(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito e determinar o melhor nível de inclusão de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) no diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino. Cinco machos Boer foram submetidos a coletas de sêmen, totalizando 10 coletas viáveis por animal. Após avaliação, os ejaculados foram agrupados (pool) e fracionados em meio Tris gema, acrescido de 0; 30; 45 e 60ng mL-1 de DHA e 0,4mmol de alfa-tocoferol. O sêmen foi criopreservado em máquina de congelamento TK 3000® e acondicionado em botijão criogênico para posterior análise. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de regressão a 5% de significância. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) nos parâmetros cinéticos espermáticos avaliados pela análise assistida por computador: motilidade total (79,17 ± 17,31%), motilidade progressiva (14,04 ± 5,73%), velocidade curvilínea (58,82 ± 6,35µm/s), velocidade linear progressiva (22,49 ± 3,63µm/s), velocidade média do caminho (35,17 ± 4,52µm/s), linearidade (38,69 ± 5,79%), retilinearidade (63,99 ± 6,64%) e índice de oscilação (59,68 ± 2,99%). Não foram encontradas diferenças (P> 0,05) no teste de integridade funcional da membrana para espermatozoides reativos (69,66 ± 9,76%), integridade plasmática e membrana acrossomal dos espermatozoides intactos (29,86 ± 7,57%), potencial mitocondrial do sêmen caprino de classe I (72,75 ± 9,81%) e compactação da cromatina intacta (96,87 ± 4,37%). A inclusão de até 60ng mL-1 de DHA não promoveu melhora nos parâmetros de qualidade seminal de caprinos pós-descongelamento.(AU)

Feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal

The aim in this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal replacing corn (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85 % on a dry matter basis). Thirty crossbred Boer kids, with 90 days old and initial body weight of 16.7 ± 3.5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Diets were daily supplied ad libitum to allow 10-20 % leftovers. Three collections were performed every 28 days. Diets were isoenergetics and isonitrogenous, composed of corn, soybean meal, peach palm meal, mineral supplement and Tifton 85 hay, with roughage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. There was a linear reduction in the intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with a respective decrease of 35.7 % and 58.8 % comparing the diet with 85 % replacement and the control diet. The rumination and chewing times increased in diets with peach palm meal. The feeding and rumination rates decreased with reducing intakes of DM and NDF. The peach palm meal affects the feeding behavior and decreases the feed intake in response to palatability, fat and fiber composition, and it is recommended until 10 % replacing corn.(AU)

Feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal

The aim in this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal replacing corn (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85 % on a dry matter basis). Thirty crossbred Boer kids, with 90 days old and initial body weight of 16.7 ± 3.5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Diets were daily supplied ad libitum to allow 10-20 % leftovers. Three collections were performed every 28 days. Diets were isoenergetics and isonitrogenous, composed of corn, soybean meal, peach palm meal, mineral supplement and Tifton 85 hay, with roughage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. There was a linear reduction in the intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with a respective decrease of 35.7 % and 58.8 % comparing the diet with 85 % replacement and the control diet. The rumination and chewing times increased in diets with peach palm meal. The feeding and rumination rates decreased with reducing intakes of DM and NDF. The peach palm meal affects the feeding behavior and decreases the feed intake in response to palatability, fat and fiber composition, and it is recommended until 10 % replacing corn.

Effect of the injection of trace minerals on growth performance, health, antioxidant enzymes activity, and immune system of newborn Boer kids

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) on growth, health, antioxidant enzyme activity, and immune system of newborn Boer kids. Newborn kids (n = 125) were assigned to one of two treatments: injection (0.1 mL 4.5 kg-1) of saline or ITM. Injectable trace minerals had 60, 10, 5, and 15 mg mL-1 of Zn, Mn, Se, and Cu, respectively. Kids were evaluated daily for the presence of diarrhea and weighted on d 0, 28, and 56. Blood samples were obtained on d 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56. The ITM injection increased the plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase (d 14), glutathione peroxidase (d 3 and 7), and blood platelets (d 7) compared with saline injection. Kids receiving ITM showed greater amount of blood eosinophils and less mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH; d 3) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) compared with kids receiving saline injection. The ITM injection did not affect other components of leukogram and erytogram. The ITM-injected kids tended to have less diarrhea incidence compared with saline-injected kids (20.7 vs. 34.8±7.10% respectively). The ITM injection did not affect mortality rate and growth. Therefore, a single ITM injection administered to newborn Boer kids increases the plasma concentration of antioxidant enzymes, platelets, and eosinophils, reduces MCH, MCHC, and tends to reduce the incidence of diarrhea, but does not affect mortality and growth.(AU)

Clinical parameters of goats infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and treated with condensed tannin / Parâmetros clínicos de caprinos infectados por nematoides gastrintestinais e tratados com tanino condensado

Small ruminants are affected by gastrointestinal nematodes that cause great economic losses in sheep and goat farming. Alternatives have been studied to control these parasites, such as the use of taniniferous plants; however, few studies have reported the effects of condensed tannins on blood parameters. This study aimed to verify the effect of condensed tannin for the treatment of goats infected by gastrointestinal nematodes on hematological, biochemical, and serum protein parameters. Blood samples were collected weekly from 24 six-month-old male Boer goats experimentally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes weighing 15 ± 2.5 kg live weight and reared in a feedlot system for 28 days. The animals were divided into four groups of six animals, one group was treated with Mimosa caesalpiniifolia condensed tannin (CT), the second group was treated with CT and polyethylene glycol (CT + PEG), the third group was treated with 5 mg kg-1 BW-1 monepantel (positive control), and the fourth group did not receive any treatment (negative control). The results obtained for erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total plasma protein showed no statistically significant differences among the groups, and neither did the biochemical variables alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, glucose, iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Proteinogram data were evaluated, including total protein, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and α1-acid glycoprotein. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups for ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and α1-acid glycoprotein. Therefore, the treatment of goats infected by gastrointestinal nematodes with M. caesalpiniifolia CT did not interfere in hematological, biochemical, and serum protein parameters.(AU)

Os pequenos ruminantes são acometidos por nematoides gastrintestinais que causam grandes prejuízos econômicos na ovinocaprinocultura. Alternativas têm sido estudadas para controle desses parasitas, como o uso de plantas taniníferas. Poucas pesquisas relatam os efeitos causados pelos taninos condensados sobre aspectos sanguíneos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do tanino condensado no tratamento de caprinos infectados por nematoides gastrintestinais sobre os parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e proteinograma sérico. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas semanalmente de 24 caprinos mestiços da raça Boer, experimentalmente infectados com nematoides gastrintestinais, com seis meses de idade e pesando 15 ± 2,5 Kg de peso vivo (PV), criados em sistema de confinamento, durante 28 dias. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos de seis animais, sendo um grupo tratado com tanino condensado (TC) da Mimosa caesalpinifolia, o segundo grupo tratado com Tanino Condensado e Polietilenoglicol (TC+PEG), o terceiro grupo com monepantel (5mg kg-1/PV) (controle positivo) e o quarto grupo que não recebeu nenhum tipo de tratamento (controle negativo). Os resultados obtidos com eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito e proteína plasmática total não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas, bem como as variáveis bioquímicas fosfatase alcalina, aspartato aminotransferase, ureia, creatinina, glicose, ferro, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio. Foram avaliados dados de proteinograma, como proteína total, albumina, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, haptoglobina e α1-glicoproteína ácida. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para ceruloplasmina, transferrina, haptoglobina e α1-glicoproteína ácida. Conclui-se que o tratamento de caprinos infectados por nematoides gastrintestinais com M. caesalpinifolia não interferiu nos parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e proteinograma sérico.(AU)

Milk fatty acid composition of dairy goats fed increasing levels of Flemingia macrophylla hay / Perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de cabras alimentadas com feno de Flemingia macrophylla

The effect of dietary inclusion of increasing levels of Flemingia macrophylla hay on the yield, composition and fatty acid profile of milk from Saanen x Boer goats was evaluated. The diets were composed of 40% concentrate and 60% forage. The treatments were defined by the level of inclusion of Flemingia hay in the diet (0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 g kg <->1 dry matter) in replacement of the Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton-85 hay, distributed according to a 5 x 5 Latin Square design. The inclusion of Flemingia in the diet did not change the milk yield or milk fat content but promoted a quadratic effect on the fat yield. A quadratic effect was observed on the milk protein and lactose contents, but this effect was not reflected in the daily production of these components. The concentrations of vaccenic, rumenic, elaidic and trans-10 C18:1 fatty acids in milk fat increased linearly in response to the dietary inclusion of Flemingia, whereas the contents of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids were not modified. A linear reduction was observed in the lauric and myristic fatty acids concentrations, which was accompanied by a reduction in the atherogenic index of milk fat. A quadratic effect was also observed on the trans-10, cis-12 CLA milk fat content in response to the inclusion of Flemingia in the diet, as well as a linear increase in the apparent transfer of α-linolenic acid from the diet to milk. The inclusion of up to 320 g kg-1 of Flemingia hay as a replacement for Tifton-85 hay in the Saanen x Boer dairy goat diet does not modify the milk production and improves the nutritional quality of milk fat by increasing the contents of rumenic and vaccenic acids beneficial to human health and reducing the concentrations of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids.(AU)

Foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão dietética de níveis crescentes de feno de Flemingia macrophylla sobre a produção, a composição e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de cabras Saanen x Boer. As dietas foram compostas por 40% de concentrado e 60% de forragem. Os tratamentos foram definidos pelo nível de inclusão de feno de Flemingia à dieta (0, 80, 160, 240 e 320 g kg <->1 de matéria seca) em substituição ao feno de Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton-85, distribuídos segundo delineamento em Quadrado Latino 5 x 5. A inclusão de Flemingia na dieta não alterou a produção de leite e seu teor de gordura, mas promoveu efeito quadrático sobre a produção de gordura. Houve efeito quadrático sobre os teores de proteína e lactose do leite, mas sem reflexo sobre as produções diárias destes componentes. Os teores dos ácidos rumênico, vacênico, elaídico e C18:1 trans-10 na gordura do leite aumentaram linearmente em resposta à inclusão de Flemingia na dieta, enquanto que os teores dos ácidos palmítico, esteárico, oleico, linoleico e α-linolênico não foram alterados. Houve redução linear nos teores dos ácidos láurico e mirístico, o que foi acompanhado por redução do índice de aterogenicidade da gordura do leite. Observou-se ainda efeito quadrático sobre o teor do CLA trans-10, cis-12 na gordura do leite em resposta à inclusão de Flemingia à dieta, bem como incremento linear na transferência aparente do ácido α-linolênico da dieta para o leite. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de até 320 g kg-1 de matéria seca de feno de Flemingia macrophylla em substituição ao feno de Tifton-85 na dieta de cabras Saanen x Boer não altera a produção diária de leite e melhora a qualidade nutricional da gordura do leite por meio do incremento dos teores dos ácidos rumênico e vacênico, benéficos à saúde humana, e redução das concentrações de ácidos graxos hipercolesterolêmicos.(AU)

Outbreak of salt poisoning in goats in the state of Pará, Brazil / Surto de intoxicação por sal em caprinos no estado do Pará, Brasil

The present study reports two outbreaks of salt poisoning in goats on a property in the state of Pará, Brazil. The outbreaks occurred in July and August 2011 when young and adult goats received a mineral mixture after approximately three days of restriction from the supplement. The animals were kept in barns with a high stocking density and had an inadequate supply of water. In the second outbreak, the goats were supplemented too with brewery residue added to 3.3% of the mixture mineral. From a flock of 191 goats, 12 animals (nine crossbreeds, two Anglo-Nubians and one Boer) showed nervous symptomatology, and the morbidity rate was 6.28%. The most frequent clinical signs were head lowering, head tilt, muscle weakness, mydriasis and ataxia. Three goats died, four recovered spontaneously from the first outbreak, and five recovered from the second outbreak over three days after treatment with dexamethasone, thiamine and gradual water supply. The lethality rate was 25%. In two animals, necropsy was performed, and no macro- or microscopic alterations in the nervous system or other organs were observed. These negative pathological findings indicate that the neurological clinical signs were initiated by functional disturbances in the central nervous system. In the brain, a high sodium concentration (3703 and 3675 ppm), compared with the reference values for cattle was detected...(AU)

Este trabalho relata dois surtos de intoxicação por sal em caprinos em uma propriedade no estado do Pará, Brasil. Os surtos ocorreram em julho e agosto de 2011 quando caprinos jovens e adultos receberam mistura mineral, após cerca de três dias de restrição do suplemento. Os animais estavam estabulados em baias com lotação acima do recomendado e os bebedouros não atendiam um adequado fornecimento de água. No segundo surto, os caprinos foram suplementados adicionalmente com resíduos de cervejaria acrescido de 3,3% de mistura mineral. De um total de 191 caprinos, nove mestiços, dois Anglonubianos e um Boer, apresentaram sintomatologia nervosa observando-se taxa de morbidade de 6,28%. Os sinais clínicos mais frequentes foram fraqueza muscular, relutância ao movimento, rotação lateral da cabeça com o pescoço estendido e cabeça baixa. Três caprinos morreram, quatro do primeiro surto recuperaram-se espontaneamente, e cinco recuperarm-se após três dias de tratamento com dexametasona, tiamina e fornecimento gradual de água. A taxa de letalidade foi de 25%. Em dois animais necropsiados, não foram observadas alterações macro e microscópicas no sistema nervoso e em outros órgãos. Estes resultados negativos apontaram que os sinais clínicos neurológicos foram desencadeados por distúrbios funcionais no sistema nervoso central. No cérebro destes dois, havia altas concentrações de sódio...(AU)