Extraskeletal osteosarcoma in the duodenum of a dog

Background: Osteosarcoma is the most observed primary bone tumor in dogs, and may affect the appendicular and axial skeletons. In addition, it may be present in extraskeletal form, accounting for only 1% of cases. As shown by few reports in the literature, the involvement of the intestinal region by is rare. The objective of this study was to report the case of a 13-year-old Yorkshire dog, submitted to an exploratory laparotomy for suspected partial intestinal obstruction, diagnosed with extraskeletal osteosarcoma. Case: A 13-year-old dog, Yorkshire Terrier, male, presented clinical signs of gastrointestinal abnormalities. An ultrasound examination was performed and was found a mass in small intestine region with wall and lumen invasion. Then, was realized exploratory laparotomy and detected intestinal obstruction due to a mass with approximately 5.0 x 6.0 x 4.4 cm localized in duodenum. Surgical removal was performed and the sample sent to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory for histopathological examination. The sample had an irregular surface and firm consistency. In addition, when cut, the mass enveloped the intestinal layers and sometimes obstructed the lumen. Then, the sample were processed routinely for histopathology. After that, in microscopy evaluation was detected cell proliferation, affecting all layers of intestine. In detail, cells were elongated with pleomorphism marked and atypical mitosis. In addition, there was production of cartilage and bone matrix. So, due the absence of others sites, the neoplasm was considered primary of intestine. After that, to evaluate the expression of KI-67 and COX-2 was performed, and the cell proliferation index was 54.0% and the COX-2 expression was moderate in less than 10% of neoplastic cells. After the surgery, the patient was hospitalized for a week and continue the treatment in home. Afterwards, the tutor received the diagnosis, but even though he was instructed on the severity of the case, he chose not to undergo chemotherapy. After three months, the patient presented abdominal fluid and nodules in your liver, suggesting metastasis, but without diagnosis confirmation. The patient died five months after the diagnosis of extraskeletal osteosarcoma. However, no necropsy was realized, impossibility the diagnosis confirm. Discussion: The frequency of extraskeletal osteosarcoma in dogs remains unknown, with the mammary glands being the most affected site. In the present study, osteosarcoma affects the duodenal region and no reports of this neoplasm in the duodenum of dogs have been found in the literature. The clinical sign of dyschezia was important for the tutor to refer the animal to the veterinarian and perform the ultrasound in an attempt to elucidate the case, as the tumor mass is not always palpable. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry were necessary for the differential diagnosis and to establish the prognosis, although after the surgery the tutor chose not to perform chemotherapy. Extraskeletal osteosarcoma are usually highly metastatic, mainly affecting the lymph nodes and liver. In this case, the patient presented a liver nodule three months after the tumor removal surgery, but unfortunately, there was no diagnostic confirmation. Such neoplastic type is rarer and more aggressive than appendicular and axial osteosarcoma, with an average survival of 1 to 3 months. In this case, as a necropsy was not obtained, we cannot attribute the survival time to the disease. The survival rates of osteosarcomas in dogs are few months, but in the present case, although the patient died five months after surgery, the failure to perform a necropsy compromises the attribution of survival time to extraskeletal osteosarcoma.

Multilobular tumor of bone in bitches: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and overall survival aspects

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is an unusual neoplasm with variable biologic behavior which originates primarily in bone tissues. Radiographs computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful in diagnoses and surgical planning. Tumor removal with wide surgical margins is the treatment of choice. Immunohistochemistry has been shown as an important tool in veterinary oncology to define therapeutic and prognostic decisions. The goal of this study was to report 2 distinct cases of multilobular tumor of bone, their Cox-2 and Mib-1 immunohistochemical profile and its impact on overall survival. Case: Two bitches were presented at the Oncology Department of the Veterinary Hospital in the Veterinary School of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Both had a history of a progressive, painless, circumscribed, and firm facial mass. The 1st patient was a 8-year-old intact bitch mixed breed, weighing 50 kg, that presented a fast growing right infraorbital 3-cm mass, causing eye displacement. The 2nd patient was a 7-year-old spayed bitch Labrador retriever, weighing 28 kg, that presented a left temporal 8-cm mass. Neurologic examination of both bitches was normal. Skin over the nodules was strained, but with no ulceration. Radiographic exams of the head revealed lytic and proliferative bone reaction, with loss of cortical definition in both cases. These alterations were seen on the left zygomatic arch of the retrobulbar region, involving part of the mandible and of the nasal sinus lateral frontal bone in 1st patient, and on the right temporal process of the zygomatic bone in 2nd patient. The last one, also showed a granular solid mass with little contact with skull bones. Complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrocardiogram, and 3-view thoracic radiographs were performed. Results were within normal ranges for the species and no signs of metastasis was seen on the radiographs. Location, size, and density of the mass, adjacent tissue compression, absence of cranial invasion, and lymph node size were rigorously evaluated with CT, allowing an individualized surgical planning to achieve complete mass removal and maintenance of the function of adjacent structures. Both animals were submitted to surgery. Both tumors were fixed on 10% neutral buffered formalin and sent to the Animal Pathology Department of UFMG for histopathological examination and margin assessment. Both tumors were diagnosed as grade I MTB. Tumor immunohistochemistry was performed to identify prognostic factors that could be used to better define therapeutic treatments and to try to clarify the discrepancy in disease progression between both tumors. The 1st patient expressed 20% of Mib-1 and was considered score 2 of Cox-2. The 2nd one expressed 5% of Mib-1 and was considered score 1 of Cox-2. Considering the diagnoses and histological characteristics of the tumors, it was decided for clinical follow-up of patients without additional therapeutic complementation. Even considering incomplete surgical margins in 2nd patient, adjuvant chemotherapy was not performed, due to low mitotic index and low histological grade. The 1st patient had an overall survival of 240 days, and death was due to recurrence and disease progression; and the 2nd did not show recurrence nor metastasis after 1200 days. Discussion: Proper and individualized surgical planning and histopathological evaluation are extremely important to guide treatment decisions. However, immunohistochemistry can be important in MTB cases, to help define which patients should be submitted to surgery alone and which patients could be benefited from adjuvant chemotherapy.

Foramen magnum in dogs of small and toy breeds - morphometric study

Introduction: The foramen magnum is located in the occipital bone and communicates the cranial cavity with the spinal canal of the vertebral column. Variations in the shape and size of this foramen, such as the presence of a notch in its dorsal contour, characterize occipital dysplasia and may occur due to a defect in the supraoccipital bone ossification process during the gestational period. Occipital dysplasia has been reported primarily in small, toy, and brachycephalic breeds, and its clinical relevance remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the size of the foramen magnum in asymptomatic dogs of small and toy breeds. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Center for Rural Health and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos Campus, located in Paraíba state, Brazil. Twelve (n = 12) asymptomatic, small and toy breed dogs, with variable sex and over 10 months of age, were referred to the Veterinary Hospital for elective surgical procedures and were used in this study. All dogs underwent complete neurological examination to confirm the asymptomatic status and were radiographed in rostrocaudal position, with their mouths closed and the hard palate at an angle of approximately 70º to 80º with the table of the X-ray apparatus. The foramen magnum of each specimen was evaluated in the radiographs using a precision caliper. The analyzed parameters included height (H), the height of the dorsal notch (N), total height (H+N), and width (W), and the obtained data were used to establish the degree of occipital dysplasia and determine the shape of the foramen magnum. Of the 12 animals studied, 75% (n = 9) exhibited a dorsal notch in the foramen magnum, which varied between 3.00 and 10.00 millimeters (mm) in height, characterizing occipital dysplasia. Among the affected animals, 77.77% (n = 7) were classified as grade 1 for the alteration, 11.11% (n = 1) as grade 2 and one animal (11.11%) as grade 3. The prevalent shape observed for the foramen magnum was oval (83.3%). Discussion: Although occipital dysplasia has been associated with the occurrence of nonspecific neurological clinical signs, such as tremors, ataxia, and epileptic seizures, the presence of this alteration in asymptomatic dogs indicates that the formation alone is just an anatomical variation, as demonstrated herein and in previous studies conducted over the past few years. This hypothesis has been increasingly supported by scientific evidence through publications that portray occipital dysplasia in dogs of various breeds and sizes without clinical manifestations. The clinical signs attributed to occipital dysplasia may originate in situations where there is a coexistence of other conditions. Occipital dysplasia has been reported several times in conjunction with other pathologies, such as occipital hypoplasia and syringomyelia, in symptomatic dogs. The dorsal notch-shaped occipital defect is covered by a fibrous tissue membrane in dogs affected by occipital dysplasia. The presence of this soft tissue membrane has been related to the late onset of syringomyelia due to the decompressive effect that it provides to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. When occipital dysplasia is identified in symptomatic dogs, it is suggested that the lesion be correctly located within the nervous system and that, according to its neurolocalization, a thorough investigation of other underlying causes for the occurrence of the neurological clinical manifestation be carried out. To date, there is no evidence characterizing occipital dysplasia as a single entity causing neurological deficits.

Pathology of chronic ovine periodontitis / Patologia da periodontite crônica em ovinos

Periodontitis is an inflammatory process of infectious origin affecting the teeth and their supporting structures, causing significant economic losses and reducing animal welfare. Bacteria in the gingival biofilm are one of the main factors in initiating inflammatory lesions. Bacteria act directly on tissues or indirectly through substances that cause tissue damage. Studies on the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis in Brazilian sheep herds are scarce. The present study aimed to characterize histologically periodontal lesions of culled sheep from the Brazilian breed, Santa Inês. Periodontal lesions, such as periodontal pockets containing plant tissue and bacteria, replacement of the periodontal ligament by connective tissue and inflammatory cells, superficial pustules, hydropic epithelial degeneration, and epithelium hyperplasia, were observed. Submucosal changes were characterized by granulation tissue, edema, swelling of the endothelial cells, bacteria, and predominantly perivascular lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate. In the alveolar bone, osteoclastic resorption and bone apposition were observed. This study revealed subacute to chronic inflammation, alveolar bone resorption, and cortical bone apposition in ovine periodontitis. Thus, these findings can contribute to the evolution of knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of ovine periodontitis and, possibly, the development of measures to control the disease.

A periodontite é um processo inflamatório de origem infecciosa que afeta os dentes e suas estruturas de suporte, causando perdas econômicas significativas e redução do bem-estar animal. As bactérias do biofilme gengival são um dos principais fatores envolvidos no início das lesões inflamatórias. As bactérias agem diretamente nos tecidos ou indiretamente por meio de substâncias que causam dano tecidual. Estudos sobre a etiopatogenia da periodontite em rebanhos ovinos brasileiros são escassos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar histologicamente as lesões periodontais de ovinos de descarte da raça brasileira Santa Inês. Foram observadas lesões periodontais, como bolsas periodontais contendo tecido vegetal e bactérias, substituição do ligamento periodontal por tecido conjuntivo e células inflamatórias, pústulas superficiais, degeneração hidrópica epitelial e hiperplasia do epitélio. As alterações da submucosa foram caracterizadas por tecido de granulação, edema, tumefação das células endoteliais, bactérias e infiltrado inflamatório linfoplasmocitário predominantemente perivascular. No osso alveolar, observou-se reabsorção osteoclástica e aposição óssea. Este estudo revelou inflamação subaguda a crônica, reabsorção óssea alveolar e aposição de osso cortical na periodontite ovina. Assim, esses achados podem contribuir para a evolução do conhecimento sobre a etiopatogenia da periodontite ovina e para o desenvolvimento de medidas de controle da doença.

Osteoporosis in swine / Osteoporose em suínos

Forty-six pigs presented muscle weakness, hind limb paresis and paralysis, weight loss, lateral recumbency, and death in a clinical course of 7 to 10 days. Two pigs were necropsied and exhibited bone fragility, bone callus formation, and multiple fractures in the limbs, ribs, and vertebrae. Microscopically, there was a diffuse and marked decrease in thickness and number of trabeculae. These were disconnected, with a "free-floating" appearance, while the cortex of the long bones was thinned, with an increase of the cortical porosity by enlargement of Haversian canals and endosteal erosion and decreased osteoblastic activity. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry in liver samples revealed significant zinc overload (>2300ppm) and copper deficiency (<33.1ppm). In this communication, we present the first pathologic description of an outbreak of osteoporosis in pigs, and we also provide a brief review of metabolic bone diseases in pigs.

Quarenta e seis suínos apresentaram fraqueza muscular, paresia e paralisia de membros pélvicos, perda de peso, decúbito lateral e morte, com um curso clínico de 7 a 10 dias. Dois suínos foram submetidos a necropsia e exibiram fragilidade óssea, formação de calo ósseo, e múltiplas fraturas em membros, costelas e vértebras. Microscopicamente notou-se difusamente um marcado decréscimo na espessura e número de trabéculas ósseas. Essas estavam desconexas, com uma aparência de flutuação, enquanto o córtex dos ossos longos estava afinado, com um aumento da porosidade pela dilatação dos canais de Haversian, erosão endosteal e diminuição da atividade osteoblástica. Espectrofotometria por chama foi realizada em amostras de fígado, e revelou um excesso de zinco (>2300ppm) e deficiência de cobre (<33.1ppm). Neste trabalho, apresentamos a primeira descrição patológica de um surto de osteoporose em suínos, além de fornecer uma breve revisão de doenças metabólicas em suínos.

Osteoma in Agapornis roseicollis / Osteoma em Agapornis roseicollis

Neoplasias are important causes of illness and death in domestic animals. However, in birds, they are less frequent compared with other species such as dogs and cats. Moreover, benign tumors of bone are even less frequent in captive birds being considered sporadic, which make it a poorly understood entity due to the lack of clinical and histopathological data. Thus, we present a case of an osteoma in a Peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) approaching clinical and morphological aspects. A two-years-old lovebird was referred to the veterinary hospital with a 4-month evolution round to oval tumoral mass on the wing. The nodule was firm, painful when manipulated. Radiographic examination revealed a radiopaque mass in the radius and ulna bones. The animal has died during the surgical procedures. The affected wing was submitted to pathology service and histopathology revealed an osteoma.

As neoplasias são importantes causas de doença e morte em animais domésticos. No entanto, em aves, são menos frequentes em comparação com outras espécies, como cães e gatos. Além disso, tumores ósseos benignos são ainda menos frequentes em aves de cativeiro sendo considerados esporádicos, o que o torna uma entidade pouco compreendida devido à falta de dados clínicos e histopatológicos. Assim, apresentamos um caso de osteoma em Periquito cara-de-pêssego (Agapornis roseicollis) abordando aspectos clínicos e morfológicos. Um periquito de dois anos foi encaminhado ao hospital veterinário com uma massa tumoral ovalada na asa com evolução de 4 meses. O nódulo era firme, doloroso quando manipulado. O exame radiográfico revelou uma massa radiopaca nos ossos rádio e ulna. O animal morreu durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos. A asa afetada foi submetida ao serviço de patologia e a histopatologia revelou um osteoma.

Characterization of macrophage polarization in lesions of dogs inoculated with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (BH401) strain

The aim of this work was to describe the anatomical pathology of dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum strain MCAN / BR / 2002 / BH401, a Brazilian form of L. infantum isolated from a symptomatic dog from an endemic area. For this, five beagles (three months old and both sexes) composed the experimental group. Markers of macrophage subpopulations M1 and M2 (related to resistance and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis) and the tissue cytokine transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1) (one of the main cytokines related to the fibrosis process and anti-inflammatory action) were evaluated in livers, lungs and kidneys. The BH 401 L. infantum strain induced classical lesions of the visceral disease where all evaluated organs showed a chronic inflammatory reaction and tissue parasitism associated with a higher expression of CD163 and TGF-ß1 markers, might be related to the progression of the disease. In this work it was possible to conclude that the BH 401 strain reproduces canine visceral leishmaniasis that occurs naturally.(AU)

Equine podotrochlear apparatus - histologic characterization

Background: The navicular syndrome may be associated with alterations in other podotrochlear apparatus components,such as the deep digital flexor tendon, collareral sesamoid and distal sesamoid ligaments, podotrochlear bursa and distalsesamoid bone. However, the clinical significance and nature of these changes are not well understood, many of descriptive reports about distal sesamoid bone lesions are rarely accompanied by a complete and comprehensive comparisonwith animals of the control group. The aim of this study was to described histologically findings of the podrotrochlearapparatus components, allowing the understanding of the inserts and their microscopic appearance, thus providing thefuture recognize of their alterations.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen samples of the podotrochlear apparatus were taken out of 44 equine thoracic limbsspecimens, separated at the radiocarpal joint of Crioulo and Thoroughbred horses, with an average age of 6.0-year-old,coming from a private clinic in southern Brazil. The thoracic limbs specimens were refrigerated at 4ºC at the clinic and thenthey were sent to the University Federal of Santa Maria (UFSM). Once at the University laboratory, the specimens weredissected to isolate the podotrochlear apparatus from each one. Subsequently, transversal and longitudinal samples fromthe distal sesamoid bone, deep digital flexor tendo, distal sesamoid ligament, colateral sesamoid ligament, were collectedand podotrochlear bursa which were processed at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the UFSM and University Federalof Santa Catarina (UFSC). The tissues samples were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for 14 days and routinely processed for histology. The samples were sectioned at 3 µm and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) routine method.The bone samples, after fixation, underwent a decalcified process in a formic acid-sodium citrate aqueous...

Equine podotrochlear apparatus - histologic characterization

Background: The navicular syndrome may be associated with alterations in other podotrochlear apparatus components,such as the deep digital flexor tendon, collareral sesamoid and distal sesamoid ligaments, podotrochlear bursa and distalsesamoid bone. However, the clinical significance and nature of these changes are not well understood, many of descriptive reports about distal sesamoid bone lesions are rarely accompanied by a complete and comprehensive comparisonwith animals of the control group. The aim of this study was to described histologically findings of the podrotrochlearapparatus components, allowing the understanding of the inserts and their microscopic appearance, thus providing thefuture recognize of their alterations.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen samples of the podotrochlear apparatus were taken out of 44 equine thoracic limbsspecimens, separated at the radiocarpal joint of Crioulo and Thoroughbred horses, with an average age of 6.0-year-old,coming from a private clinic in southern Brazil. The thoracic limbs specimens were refrigerated at 4ºC at the clinic and thenthey were sent to the University Federal of Santa Maria (UFSM). Once at the University laboratory, the specimens weredissected to isolate the podotrochlear apparatus from each one. Subsequently, transversal and longitudinal samples fromthe distal sesamoid bone, deep digital flexor tendo, distal sesamoid ligament, colateral sesamoid ligament, were collectedand podotrochlear bursa which were processed at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the UFSM and University Federalof Santa Catarina (UFSC). The tissues samples were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for 14 days and routinely processed for histology. The samples were sectioned at 3 µm and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) routine method.The bone samples, after fixation, underwent a decalcified process in a formic acid-sodium citrate aqueous...(AU)

Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of the bone marrow from femur and sternal manubrium of dogs reactive for leishmaniasis by DPP® and ELISA tests / Avaliações histológica e imunoistoquímica da medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal de cães reagentes para leishmaniose aos testes DPP® e ELISA

As the bone marrow is one of the most organs affected by canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), samples from this are frequently taken for parasitological tests, with occurrence of myelodysplastic changes, with consequent anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the histological and immunohistochemical changes in the bone marrow of the femur and sternal manubrium of dogs reactive for leishmaniasis by DPP® and ELISA tests. For this, thirteen canines from the epidemiological routine for CVL carried out by the Directorate of Zoonosis Surveillance of Goiânia (DVZ), GO, Brazil, were subjected to anatomopathological examination. 46.2% of bone marrow samples from the femur showed a higher proportion of the red series, and 53.9% of bone marrow of the sternal manubrium evidenced a higher proportion of the red series. Also, there were varied macrophage hyperplasia, hemosiderosis, and megakaryocytic emperipolesis. Amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. in the bone marrow of the femur and sternal manubrium to histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations were observed, with good agreement them, but without difference in the parasite intensity between the bone marrow of these anatomical sites. It was concluded that bone marrow of the femur and sternal manubrium of dogs reactive for leishmaniasis by DPP® and ELISA tests has histological changes resulting from the disease, regardless of the parasite presence or intensity, with macrophage hyperplasia, hemosiderosis, and emperipolesis being the main medullary changes in these animals. Also, the bone marrow of the femur and sternal manubrium are useful anatomical sites for the diagnosis of CVL by direct methods.

Como a medula óssea é um dos órgãos mais acometidos pela leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC), amostras desta são frequentemente colhidas para exames parasitológicos, sendo possível a ocorrência de alterações mielodisplásicas, com consequente anemia, leucopenia e trombocitopenia. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar alterações histológicas e imunoistoquímicas na medula óssea do fêmur e manúbrio esternal de cães reativos para leishmaniose aos testes DPP® e ELISA. Para isso, 13 caninos da rotina epidemiológica para LVC realizada pela Diretoria de Vigilância de Zoonoses de Goiânia (DVZ), GO, Brasil, foram submetidos ao exame anatomopatológico. 46,2% e 53,9% das amostras de medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal apresentaram maior proporção da série vermelha, respectivamente. Além disso, havia variados graus de hiperplasia macrofágica, hemossiderose e emperipolese megacariocítica. Formas amastigotas de Leishmania spp. na medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal às avaliações histopatológicas e imunoistoquímicas foram observadas, com boa concordância entre essas, mas sem diferença na intensidade parasitária entre a medula óssea desses sítios anatômicos. Conclui-se que a medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal de cães reativos para leishmaniose aos testes DPP® e ELISA apresenta alterações histológicas decorrentes da doença, independente da presença ou intensidade do parasito, sendo hiperplasia de macrófagos, hemossiderose e emperipolese as principais alterações medulares nesses animais. Além disso, a medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal compreendem sítios anatômicos úteis ao diagnóstico de LVC por métodos diretos.

Desordens hiperostóticas em American Bully / Hiperostotic disorders in american bully

O complexo de desordens hiperostóticas é uma condição rara e autolimitante, que tem as mesmas características histopatológicas, que cursa com proliferação óssea de caráter não neoplásico. Acomete cães jovens de raças distintas, com variabilidade quanto ao tipo de proliferação óssea e quanto aos ossos acometidos. O complexo é composto pela osteopatia craniomandibular, hiperostose da calota craniana e osteodistrofia hipertrófica. Podendo estar presente nos ossos da calota craniana, mandíbulas, coluna cervical e esqueleto apendicular. O presente relato, descreveu o quadro de uma cadela, da raça American Bully, não castrada, três meses de idade, que foi atendida com queixa de aumento de volume doloroso das mandíbulas, hiporexia e sialorreia há 15 dias, apresentando ao exame físico, amplitude de movimento diminuída e sensibilidade dolorosa da articulação temporomandibular, espessamento firme bilateral do crânio em região de fossa temporal, espessamento palpável de consistência firme das mandíbulas e crepitação respiratória. Após avaliação clínica e realização de exames complementares, chegou-se ao diagnóstico presuntivo, de complexo de desordens hiperostóticas. Foi instituído como conduta terapêutica o suporte analgésico, sendo eficaz para a manutenção das necessidades fisiológicas até a paciente alcançar a fase adulta. O prognóstico para esta paciente foi considerado bom, uma vez que não havia indícios de anquilose da articulação temporomandibular e/ou manifestações neurológicas.

The complex of hyperostotic disorders is a rare and self-limiting condition, which has the same histophatological characteristics, which courses with non-neoplastic bone proliferations. It affects young dogs of different breeds, with variability the bones affected. The complex is composed of craniomandibular osteopathy, calvarial hyperostotic syndrome and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. It may be present in the bones of the skullcap, jaws, cervical spine and appendicular skeleton. The present report describes the condition of a female dog, American Bully breed, entire, three months old, with a complaint of painful swelling of the jaws, hyporexia and drooling for 15 days, presenting on physical examination, reduced amplitude and pain of the temporomandibular joint, bilateral firm thickening of the skull in the temporal fossa region, palpable firm-consistent thickening of the mandibles and respiratory crackle. After clinical evaluation and complementary tests, a presumptive diagnosis of hyperostotic disorders complex was reached. It was instituted pain management as a treatment, being effective for the maintenance of physiological needs until the patient reaches the adulthood. The prognosis for this patient was considered good, since there was no evidence of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and/or neurological manifestations.

Atypical mandibular osteomyelitis in an ewe caused by coinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus raffinolactis

Background: Osteomyelitis is defined as a bone inflammation involving the cortical and medullary regions, usually caused by the local invasion of opportunistic microorganisms. The inflammatory reaction of bone may extend to the periosteum and soft tissues, compromising adjacent structures far from the initially infected foci. Different classifications of transmission routes, gravity levels, and tissues involved in animal and human osteomyelitis are available. In humans, the infection can reach bone tissue by exogenous or hematogenous pathways. This paper reports an atypical case of mandibular pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis in an ewe caused by concomitant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus raffinolactis infection. Case: The animal presented a 1-month history of progressive mandibular enlargement refractory to conventional therapy. In a physical examination, an increased volume located in the ventrolateral region of the right ramus of the mandible was observed. Fine-needle aspiration of the lesion enabled isolation in bacteriological culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus raffinolactis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDITOF MS). Besides support care procedures and antimicrobial treatment approaches for the sheep based on in vitro tests, the animal died due to the severity of the clinical signs and the progressive worsening of the general health status. The radiographic image examination of the mandibular region revealed a severe and infiltrative periodontal reaction, with a predominance of a great number of neutrophils and macrophages, necrotic areas, and bone destruction, characterized histologically as a pyogranulomatous rection. At post mortem examination, a large pyogranuloma was observed in the entire horizontal branch of the mandible as well, showing a dark yellowish content of coarse consistency, caseous appearance, and bone fragmentation. Discussion: Ovine mandibular osteomyelitis is a well-established bone inflammation involving the cortical and medullary regions, characterized clinically by local enlargement, asymmetry, pain sensitivity, edema, hyperthermia, infiltrate caseous or suppurative material, and bone rarefaction. In the current report, 1-month history of progressive enlargement of the mandibular region, prostration, and weight loss in an ewe were referred. Where clinical and epidemiological features, bacteriological, cytological, histological, and mass spectrometry diagnostic approaches were assessed to diagnostic. Most reports involving the etiology of ovine mandibular osteomyelitis have been diagnosed based on classical phenotypic tests. Here, the concomitant identification of P. aeruginosa and L. raffinolactis infection was possible using mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), highlighting the importance of molecular methods in the diagnosis of animal diseases. In addition, the differentiation between Lactococcus and Enterococcus species is difficult, which could underestimate the diagnosis of Lactococcus species as a primary pathogen from animal diseases. We report, for the first time, a fatal case of mandibular pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis in a sheep caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus raffinolactis coinfection.

Polysaccharides from aloe vera target the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway to impact the tooth density of pulpitis rats

Purpose: To investigate the mechanism of polysaccharides from aloe vera (PAV), a main active ingredient of Aloe vera, treatment in pulpitis rats. Methods: Pulpitis were modeled by drilling the occlusal central fossa with Sprague Dawley rats. Next, the rats were treated with 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg PAV for three weeks, respectively. Computed tomography scanning assay, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining were used to detect the pathology change. Then, levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, prostaglandin E2, and ciclooxigenase 2 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of bone morphogenetic protein 2 human (BMP-2), osteocalcin, osterix, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting (WB). Finally, Wnt3a expression, p-GSK3ß/GSK3ß and p-ß-catenin/ß-catenin ratio were analyzed by WB. Results: PAV up regulated the bone mineral density, and reduced the breakage of the crown and cervical structures, and the necrosis of the crown and root pulp of pulpitis rats. In addition, results indicated that PAV could inhibit osteoblast formation. While osteoblasts' number was decreased, proteins of BMP-2, osteocalcin, osterix, and Runx2 were up-regulated by PAV. Furthermore, PAV increased the Wnt3a expression and the p-ß-catenin/ß-catenin ratio, and decreased p-GSK3ß/GSK3ß ratio. Interestingly, these effects were all in dose dependence. Conclusions: PAV could inhibit pulp inflammation and promote osteoblasts differentiation via suppressing the activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, enhancing the dental bone density.

Colesteatoma em orelha média de cão / Middle ear cholesteatoma in dog

Colesteatoma aural é um cisto epidermoide preenchido por material escamoso, com conteúdo queratinótico e que se desenvolve no ouvido médio. A etiopatogenia não é totalmente esclarecida, mas infere-se que seja uma rara complicação da otite crônica média ou externa. Desta forma, trata-se de uma afecção incomum e, logo, pouco relatada em cães. Os exames de imagem, em especial a tomografia computadorizada, são ferramentas importantes para a abordagem diagnóstica. No entanto, a confirmação do colesteatoma aural é dada por meio da avaliação histopatológica. A principal modalidade terapêutica para tal afecção é a remoção cirúrgica da lesão. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi é descrever um caso de colesteatoma aural em uma cadela com histórico de otite recorrente. Os achados clínicos e da tomografia computadorizada permitiram o planejamento terapêutico e o diagnóstico. Sendo assim, foi realizada a ablação do conduto auditivo esquerdo e a osteotomia ventral da bula timpânica. A cirurgia permitiu a colheita de material para o exame histopatológico, o qual constatou colesteatoma aural. O tratamento possibilitou a remissão completa dos sinais clínicos e a resolução definitiva da otite recorrente.

Aural cholesteatoma is an epidermoid cyst filled with squamous material with keratinotic content that develops in the middle ear. The etiopathogenesis is not fully understood, but it is inferred that it is a rare complication of chronic otitis media or external. Thus, it is an uncommon condition and, therefore, little reported in dogs. Imaging tests, especially computed tomography, are important tools for the diagnostic approach. However, the confirmation of aural cholesteatoma is given through histopathological evaluation. The main therapeutic modality for this condition is the surgical removal of the lesion. Thus, this study aimed to describe a case of aural cholesteatoma in a bitch with a history of recurrent otitis. Clinical and computed tomography findings allowed for therapeutic and diagnostic planning. Therefore, the ablation of the left ear canal and the ventral osteotomy of the tympanic bulla were performed. The surgery allowed the collection of material for the histopathological examination, which determined cholesteatoma aural. The treatment allowed the complete remission of clinical signs and the definitive resolution of the recurrent otitis.

Fibrous osteodystrophy due to secondary renal hyperparathyroidism in a senile dog / Osteodistrofia fibrosa decorrente de hiperparatireodismo secundário renal em cão senil

Renal hyperparathyroidism stands out among the complications of kidney disease in dogs due to phosphorus retention with a predisposition to hypocalcemia, parathyroid hormone stimulation with mobilization of calcium from the bones, characterizing fibrous osteodystrophy, unusual in the elderly. The objective was to report it in 12-year-old Labrador with polyuria, polydipsia, and emesis for five months due to maxillary and mandibular volume increase, followed by loosely fixed teeth, and facial deformity. Blood tests showed anemia, thrombocytosis, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia and hyperphosphatemia and urinalysis showed low density, glycosuria, proteinuria, and moderate caudate and transitional epithelial cells. Oral x-rays showed loss of dental bone support and decreased bone radiopacity. Chest radiographs showed decreased density in the ribs and costochondral junction; on the other hand, organs of the cardiorespiratory system showed no changes. The electrocardiogram and echocardiogram did not show impairment. Abdominal ultrasound revealed kidneys with asymmetry, increased echogenicity of the cortical and poorly preserved cortico-medullary definition. Oral histopathology showed intense fibroplasia associated with bone reabsorption. Support therapy was instituted, but the patient died ten days after consultation. Thus, although uncommon in the elderly, fibrous osteodystrophy should be investigated in dogs with advanced-stage chronic kidney disease and, even with conservative therapies, the prognosis is unfavorable.

O hiperparatireoidismo renal destaca-se entre as complicações da doença renal em cães, pela retenção de fósforo com predisposição à hipocalcemia, estimulação de paratormônio com mobilização do cálcio dos ossos, caracterizando a osteodistrofia fibrosa, incomum em idosos. O objetivo foi relatá-la em Labrador de 12 anos com poliúria, polidipsia e vômitos há cinco meses, além de aumento de volume maxilar e mandibular seguido de dentes frouxamente fixados e deformidade facial. Os exames sanguíneos denotaram anemia, trombocitose, azotemia, hipoalbuminemia, hiperfosfatemia, urinálise, baixa densidade, glicosúria, proteinúria e moderadas células caudadas e epiteliais de transição. Pelos raios X orais, houve perda da sustentação óssea dentária e diminuição da radiopacidade óssea. As radiografias de tórax demonstraram diminuição da densidade óssea na região dos arcos costais e junção costocondral; em contrapartida, órgãos do sistema cardiorrespiratório se mostraram sem alterações aparentes. O eletrocardiograma e o ecocardiograma não incidiram comprometimento. O ultrassom abdominal revelou rins com assimetria, aumento da ecogenicidade cortical e definição corticomedular pouco preservada, e a histopatologia oral apontou intensa fibroplasia associada à reabsorção óssea. Foi instituída terapia suporte, mas o paciente veio a óbito 10 dias após a consulta. Assim, mesmo que incomum em idosos, a osteodistrofia fibrosa deve ser investigada em cães com doença renal crônica em estágio avançado, mesmo com as terapias conservadoras, o prognóstico é desfavorável.

Tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) nasal em cães / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) in dogs

Background: Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT) are naturally occurring neoplasms that can be transmitted throughcopulation or cell transplantation. It is a disease that affects canines, has no preference for sex or breed, and generallynoticed in the external genital apparatus. Extragenital occurrence may eventually be seen; however, nasal involvementhas been described in only a few reports of studies conducted in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this study is to report3 cases of nasal TVT in dogs who were treated in 2 municipalities in the mountainous region of Santa Catarina, Brazil.Cases: This case report includes 3 male mixed-breed canines of age 3-13. Only 1 of the animals was castrated. As per themedical history, some points, such as an enlarged nasal region, sneezing, nasal discharge, and hoarseness, reported by thedogs’ respective owners were similar among all the dogs. Likewise, nosebleed was observed on physical examination inall the cases. The result of cytological examination was inconclusive only in 1 case. Rhinoscopy, incisional biopsy, andhistopathological examination were then performed for achieving a definitive diagnosis. In the 2 cases wherein cytologygave conclusive results, the cytological smears showed changes suggestive of TVT, such as cells with eccentric nuclei andlittle cytoplasm, which had vacuoles inside them. In 2 cases, radiographic examinations of the skull were also performed.The images showed changes in bone radiopacity, conformation of trabeculae with areas of bone lysis and cell proliferation,and irregularity in the contour of the nasal bone. After TVT diagnosis was confirmed, chemotherapy was initiated usingvincristine at a dose of 0.75 mg/m2 for 2 cases and 0.025 mg/kg for the remaining case...

Tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) nasal em cães / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) in dogs

Background: Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT) are naturally occurring neoplasms that can be transmitted throughcopulation or cell transplantation. It is a disease that affects canines, has no preference for sex or breed, and generallynoticed in the external genital apparatus. Extragenital occurrence may eventually be seen; however, nasal involvementhas been described in only a few reports of studies conducted in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this study is to report3 cases of nasal TVT in dogs who were treated in 2 municipalities in the mountainous region of Santa Catarina, Brazil.Cases: This case report includes 3 male mixed-breed canines of age 3-13. Only 1 of the animals was castrated. As per themedical history, some points, such as an enlarged nasal region, sneezing, nasal discharge, and hoarseness, reported by thedogs respective owners were similar among all the dogs. Likewise, nosebleed was observed on physical examination inall the cases. The result of cytological examination was inconclusive only in 1 case. Rhinoscopy, incisional biopsy, andhistopathological examination were then performed for achieving a definitive diagnosis. In the 2 cases wherein cytologygave conclusive results, the cytological smears showed changes suggestive of TVT, such as cells with eccentric nuclei andlittle cytoplasm, which had vacuoles inside them. In 2 cases, radiographic examinations of the skull were also performed.The images showed changes in bone radiopacity, conformation of trabeculae with areas of bone lysis and cell proliferation,and irregularity in the contour of the nasal bone. After TVT diagnosis was confirmed, chemotherapy was initiated usingvincristine at a dose of 0.75 mg/m2 for 2 cases and 0.025 mg/kg for the remaining case...(AU)

Compressive lesions in the central nervous system of cattle: a retrospective study of 50 cases in the Amazon biome / Lesões compressivas no sistema nervoso central de bovinos: um estudo retrospectivo de 50 casos no bioma amazônico

The present study gathered epidemiological and clinical-pathological information about cattle with compressive lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). The retrospective study included observations made in 50 cattle from 1998 to 2021 by reviewing the clinical records of animals with compressive lesions in the CNS treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Veterinary Medicine Institute of the Federal University of Pará. The animals had clinical signs and were subjected to general and specific clinical examination of the nervous system. Blood samples were collected from 13 animals for complete blood counts, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from four animals for physical evaluation. Twenty-nine cattle underwent necropsy. The most affected sites were the T3-L3 (46%, 23/50), C1-C5 (22%, 11/50), C6-T2 (14%, 7/50), sacrococcygeal vertebrae, (4%, 2/50), L4-S2 (2%, 1/50), brain (8%, 4/50) and cerebellum (4%, 2/50). The age of the affected cattle ranged from 20 days to 16 years, with a higher occurrence in animals younger than 12 months (56%, 28/50). More Females were affected (58%, 29/50) than males (42%, 21/50). The clinical signs varied according to the location of the lesion and were mainly represented by ataxia, paresis or paralysis of the limbs, inability to stand and walk, postural changes, hyperesthesia in the extremities, and loss of skin sensitivity at the location of the lesion. The necropsy findings revealed changes such as abscesses in the vertebral body; intervertebral space in the medullary canal, pituitary and cerebellum; granuloma in the arch of the vertebra; fractures of the body of the vertebrae; subarachnoid haematoma; congenital bone alteration causing spinal cord compression; and spondylitis. Detailed anamnesis and clinical examination of the CNS, associated with necropsy findings, were important to determine the cause of the disease, correlate with the clinical picture and locate the affected segments of the CNS in the cattle. It is important to include these diseases in the list of differential diagnoses in cattle with nervous symptoms.

O presente trabalho reúne informações epidemiológicas e clínicopatológicas de bovinos com lesões compressivas no sistema nervoso central (SNC). O estudo retrospectivo compreendeu as observações realizadas em 50 bovinos durante os anos de 1998 a 2021, por meio da revisão dos arquivos de fichas clínicas de animais com lesões compressivas no SNC atendidos pelo Hospital Veterinário do Instituto de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Pará. Os animais atendidos com sinais clínicos foram submetidos a exame clínico geral e específico do sistema nervoso. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 13 animais para realização de hemograma e amostras de líquido cefalorraquidiano de quatro animais para avaliação física. Foram submetidos à necropsia 29 bovinos. Os locais mais acometidos foram as vértebras T3-L3 (46%, 23/50), C1-C5 (22%, 11/50), C6-T2 (14%, 7/50), sacrococcígea (4%, 2/50) e L4-S2 (2%, 1/50); cérebro (8%, 4/50) e cerebelo (4%, 2/50). A idade dos bovinos afetados variou de 20 dias a 16 anos, com maior ocorrência em animais com menos de 12 meses (56%, 28/50). As fêmeas foram mais acometidas (58%, 29/50) do que os machos (42%, 21/50). Os sinais clínicos variaram de acordo com a localização da lesão e foram representados principalmente por ataxia, paresia ou paralisia dos membros, incapacidade de se levantar e de ficar em estação, alterações posturais, hiperestesia nas extremidades, além de perda da sensibilidade cutânea relacionada com a localização da lesão. Os achados de necropsia revelaram alterações como abscessos no corpo vertebral, no espaço intervertebral, no canal medular, para-hipofisário e no cerebelo; granuloma no arco da vértebra, fraturas do corpo das vértebras; hematoma subaracnoide; alteração óssea congênita causando compressão medular e espondilite. Anamnese detalhada e exame clínico do SNC, associados aos achados de necropsia foram importantes para determinar a causa da doença, correlacionar com o quadro clínico e localizar os segmentos acometidos do SNC dos bovinos. Torna-se importante incluir estas enfermidades na lista de diagnósticos diferenciais em bovinos que apresentem sintomatologia nervosa.

Hip dislocation in a calf - treatment with iliofemoral suture

Background: Coxofemoral dislocation is uncommon in large animals, due to anatomical particularities that provide greater stability to this joint. The most common causes of hip dislocation in large animals are related to hypocalcemia, mount trauma, sudden falls on hard surfaces or dystocia. Treatment can be performed by closed reduction, but the reported results are not satisfactory with complications. Several surgical techniques have already been described and successfully used in small animals in the treatment of hip dislocation. The present work aims to describe the technique and the result of the iliofemoral suture in the treatment of hip dislocation in a Girolando heifer. Case: A heifer was attended with a history of difficulty in getting up. According to the owner, the clinical manifestation was sudden, after remaining in a paddock with other animals of different age groups. The calf had reduced skin sensitivity on the croup, and it was impossible to remain in the quadrupedal position, often remaining in sternal recumbency with the left pelvic limb in extension. From the clinical examination, spinal cord injury was suspected and clinical treatment was instituted with dexamethasone, vitamins B1, B12 and dimethylsulfoxide. At the end of the clinical treatment, the animal did not show a favorable evolution, so radiographic examination of the coxofemoral region was performed, revealing dislocation of the left femoral head, indicating surgical correction. Xylazine was administered as pre-anesthetic medication, followed by anesthetic induction with midazolam associated with ketamine, followed by orotracheal intubation. Anesthetic maintenance was instituted with isoflurane and monitoring was performed with a multiparameter monitor. An epidural block was performed with bupivacaine and morphine. A craniolateral approach to the left hip joint was performed. After the dislocation was reduced, sutures were used to better stabilize the joint in question. Following the evolution of the surgical procedure, it was possible to confirm that the femoral head remained in place. After 15 days, the skin stitches were removed and the animal was discharged from the hospital and returned to its original property. The calf was asked to remain in the stall for at least 60 days, gradually releasing it into larger spaces and only after 120 days could it remain in the paddock with other animals. During three months, the tutor was consulted about the evolution of the condition, reporting that the animal was clinically well, being able to get up and walk without difficulty and with a mild degree of lameness, thus suggesting the success of the surgical procedure. Discussion: There are few studies of successful surgical treatments of hip dislocation in large animals, and that number is even smaller when considering cattle alone. It is believed that this is due to difficulties related to the surgical technique and to postoperative handling, given the animal's weight. The iliofemoral suture technique performed on the animal in the present study is commonly employed in small animals, and excellent results have been observed. However, reports on the use of this technique in large animals have not been found. The iliofemoral suture technique has advantages over other reported surgical techniques in cattle. When compared to the femoral head and neck resection, the iliofemoral suture has several advantages, as it allows preservation of the joint and achievement of superior biomechanical results. When compared to the technique of reinforcement of the joint capsule with synthetic material, also reported in cattle, the iliofemoral suture appears to be faster, simpler and more economic, and provides similar stability. We conclude that the iliofemoral suture proved to be a satisfactory alternative for the treatment of hip dislocations in young cattle.

Acute erythroid leukemia in a cat infected with feline leukemia virus

Background: Erythroid leukemia is a myeloproliferative hematopoietic disorder considered acute when there is a predominance of blasts in the bone marrow. It is frequently reported in cats infected with feline leukemia virus, but it is unclear whether this virus is involved in the oncogenesis. The clinical signs in cats are anorexia, apathy, weight loss, with evolution from 2 weeks to 2 months, pale mucous membranes, hemorrhages, ascites, salivation, and dyspnea due to pleural effusion. This affection responds little to chemotherapy with an unfavorable prognosis. The aim of this study is to report a case of a feline leukemia virus infected cat with the onset of severe hemolytic anemia. Case: A 8-year-old male mixed breed cat was attended with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia, apathy, progressive weight loss, and yellowish color of urine for 7 days. Laboratorial exams showed anemia (with metarubricytes, acanthocytes and ghost cells), leukocytosis and FeLV reagent test. The cat underwent treatment with methylprednisolone acetate and supportive care. One day later, the animal returned with icteric mucous membranes, and emesis. A blood count was performed that found worsening anemia, increased leukocytosis, and lymphocytosis. Abdominal ultrasound showed cholangiohepatitis and lymphadenomegaly in mesenteric lymph nodes. Treatment was started with ondansetron, metronidazole, and amoxicilin with potassium clavulanate. The cat returned after 3 days and laboratorial exams revealed worsening of blood parameters, so blood transfusion was performed. After 2 days, the patient started with dyspnea and hypothermia, that evolved to cardiorespiratory arrest. The body was sent to necropsy and histopathology, where blast cells and rubricytes were found in blood vessels of various organs. The bone marrow was markedly cellular with complete disappearance of adipose tissue. Most of the cells were blasts with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nucleus with finely dotted chromatin and a large nucleolus. There were rubricytes, which made possible to confirm acute erythroid leukemia as a morphological diagnosis. Discussion: The clinical signs observed in acute erythroid leukemia are lethargy, inappetence, fever, splenomegaly, mild lymphadenomegaly, associated with leukocytosis, severe anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The reported animal presented signs similar to those described in the literature except that there was no change in platelet counts. The diagnosis of leukemia was reached after histopathology, and it is made when is observed more than 30% of myeloblasts and monoblasts together or when the blast cells count including rubriblasts is greater than 30%. Although chemotherapy, the prognosis is usually poor. It is essential to perform the myelogram for the diagnosis of myeloid leukemias in vivo. In this report, we only achieve final diagnosis after the cat's death, due to the aggressive behavior of the disease. Clinicians must be aware of the likely development of acute erythroid leukemia whenever a feline leukemia virus infected cat presents hemolytic anemia to get an early diagnosis, since this is an extremely aggressive disease, to propose prompt chemotherapy and give the patient a longer survival period.