Erythrogram and oxidative stress in confined cattle fed with Brachiaria sp hay and supplemented with antioxidants / Eritrograma e estresse oxidativo em bovinos confinados alimentados com feno de Brachiaria sp. e suplementados com antioxidantes

Brachiaria sp contains sporidesmin that can be oxidized by lipoperoxidation and cause oxidative stress. In the present study we evaluated the effects of different antioxidants on lipoperoxidation of erythrocytes from Nelore cattle fed with Brachiaria sp hay. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in which 40 whole male cattle were divided into five treatments (G1: control - no supplementation; G2: selenium and vitamin E supplementation; G3: zinc supplementation; G4: selenium supplementation and G5: vitamin E supplementation) and allocated in feedlot pens for 105 days. The samples heparinized and withethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were obtained every 28 days for hematological and oxidative stress evaluation (0, 28 56, 84 and 105 days). In the erythrogram total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (Ht) were measured. For the evaluation of oxidative stress, in order to analyze the characteristics of the erythrocyte membrane, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione (GSH-T), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. The results showed that regardless of the treatment there was no oxidative stress during the experimental confinement period and that the joint association of selenium and vitamin E in the bovine diet provided a lower incidence of deleterious alterations on erythrocytes.

As Brachiaria sp contêm esporidesminas que podem ser oxidadas por lipoperoxidação e ocasionar estresse oxidativo. No presente estudo foram avaliados os efeitos de diferentes antioxidantes na lipoperoxidação dos eritrócitos de bovinos da raça Nelore, alimentados com feno de Brachiaria sp. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em que 40 bovinos machos, inteiros, foram divididos, em cinco tratamentos (G1: controle - sem suplementação; G2: suplementação de selênio e vitamina E; G3: suplementação de zinco; G4: suplementação de selênio e G5: suplementação de vitamina E) e alocados em baias de confinamento, por 105 dias. As amostras de plasma heparinizado ou com ácido etilenodiamino tetra-acético (EDTA) foram obtidas a cada 28 dias para avaliação hematológica e de estresse oxidativo (0, 28 56, 84 e 105 dias). No eritrograma foi mensurado a contagem total de eritrócitos, a hemoglobina e o volume globular (VG). Para a avaliação do estresse oxidativo, com o objetivo de analisar as características da membrana do eritrócito foram determinadas as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutationa total (GSH-T), glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD). Os resultados demonstraram que independente do tratamento não houve estresse oxidativo durante o período do confinamento experimental e que a associação conjunta de selênio e vitamina E na dieta dos bovinos proporcionaram menor incidência de alterações deletérias sobre os eritrócitos.

Endophytic fungi from Brachiaria grasses in Brazil and preliminary screening of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum antagonists

Fungal endophytes of Brachiaria, a nonhost of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, may harbor species with antagonistic effects against this plant pathogen. The objective of this work was to investigate the diversity of endophytic fungi associated with different Brachiaria species and hybrids and evaluate their potential to inhibit the plant pathogen S. sclerotiorum. Stem samples from 39 Brachiaria spp. plants were collected in pasture fields and experimental areas of three states of Brazil resulting in 74 endophytes isolated. Twenty-eight species were identified by sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 18S rDNA regions. Paraconiothyrium sp. was the most abundant endophyte, accounting for 24 % (14 isolates) of total, and it was isolated from B. ruziziensis, B. decumbens, B. humidicola, and B. brizantha. Phoma sorghina was the second most abundant taxon, followed by Sarocladium strictum, and Plenodomus sp. In vitro analyses showed that Paraconiothyrium sp., Sarocladium kiliense, Acremonium curvulum, Setophoma terrestris, Dissoconium sp., and Cladosporium flabelliforme exhibited antagonistic activity against S. sclerotiorum, with percentages of growth inhibition ranging from 25 to 60 (p < 0.05). Paraconiothyrium sp. BBXE1 (60 %), BBPB4.1 (60 %), BCMT4.1 (54 %), and S. kiliense (54 %) showed the highest values of Antagonism Percentages (AP). Therefore, fungi with inhibitory activity against S. sclerotiorum such as Paraconiothyrium sp. are naturally endophytic in Brachiaria grasses.

Endophytic fungi from Brachiaria grasses in Brazil and preliminary screening of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum antagonists

Fungal endophytes of Brachiaria, a nonhost of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, may harbor species with antagonistic effects against this plant pathogen. The objective of this work was to investigate the diversity of endophytic fungi associated with different Brachiaria species and hybrids and evaluate their potential to inhibit the plant pathogen S. sclerotiorum. Stem samples from 39 Brachiaria spp. plants were collected in pasture fields and experimental areas of three states of Brazil resulting in 74 endophytes isolated. Twenty-eight species were identified by sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 18S rDNA regions. Paraconiothyrium sp. was the most abundant endophyte, accounting for 24 % (14 isolates) of total, and it was isolated from B. ruziziensis, B. decumbens, B. humidicola, and B. brizantha. Phoma sorghina was the second most abundant taxon, followed by Sarocladium strictum, and Plenodomus sp. In vitro analyses showed that Paraconiothyrium sp., Sarocladium kiliense, Acremonium curvulum, Setophoma terrestris, Dissoconium sp., and Cladosporium flabelliforme exhibited antagonistic activity against S. sclerotiorum, with percentages of growth inhibition ranging from 25 to 60 (p < 0.05). Paraconiothyrium sp. BBXE1 (60 %), BBPB4.1 (60 %), BCMT4.1 (54 %), and S. kiliense (54 %) showed the highest values of Antagonism Percentages (AP). Therefore, fungi with inhibitory activity against S. sclerotiorum such as Paraconiothyrium sp. are naturally endophytic in Brachiaria grasses.(AU)

Estoque de carbono orgânico total e fracionamento granulométrico da matéria orgânica em sistemas de uso do solo no cerrado / Total organic carbon stock and granulometric fractioning of organic matter in soil use systems in cerrado

Os sistemas de uso do solo apresentam potencial de alterar os estoques de carbono orgânico, podendo permanecer estáveis, aumentar ou diminuir em relação à área sem interferência antrópica. Com isso, objetivou-se quantificar e comparar os estoques de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais, carbono orgânico particulado e calcular o índice de manejo de carbono em solos cultivados sob diferentes sistemas de uso. Os tratamentos foram representados por seis sistemas de uso do solo: vegetação nativa de cerrado, seringueira solteira, seringueira consorciada com abacaxi, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. com 30 anos, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. com três anos e sistema de plantio convencional.  Em cada sistema foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm para avaliar os teores e estoques de carbono no solo, e amostras indeformadas com anéis volumétricos para estimar a densidade do solo. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p≤0,05). O carbono orgânico total e as frações granulométricas da matéria orgânica mostraram ser um atributo promissor para avaliação da qualidade do solo. O carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico particulado e carbono orgânico associado aos minerais foram superiores para vegetação nativa, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. 30 anos, seguidos pelos sistemas com seringueira. O índice de manejo de carbono...

Soil use systems have the potential to alter organic carbon stocks and may remain stable, increase, or decrease relative to the area without anthropogenic interference. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the total organic carbon stock, organic carbon associated with minerals, particulate organic carbon, and calculate the carbon management index in soils grown under different systems of use. The treatments were represented by six systems of soil use: native vegetation of cerrado, single rubber tree, rubber tree with pineapple, Brachiaria sp. with 30 years, a pasture of Brachiaria sp. with three years, and conventional planting system. In each system, soil samples were collected in the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers to evaluate soil carbon contents and stocks, and undisturbed samples with volumetric rings to estimate soil density. The results were analyzed by Scott-Knott test (p≤0.05). The total organic carbon and the grain size fractions of the organic matter showed to be a promising attribute for soil quality evaluation. Total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and organic carbon associated with minerals were higher for native vegetation, Brachiaria sp. 30 years, followed by systems with rubber trees. The calculated carbon management index indicated that the use of rubber trees adds benefits to the soil in the medium and long term, followed by the...

Estoque de carbono orgânico total e fracionamento granulométrico da matéria orgânica em sistemas de uso do solo no cerrado / Total organic carbon stock and granulometric fractioning of organic matter in soil use systems in cerrado

Os sistemas de uso do solo apresentam potencial de alterar os estoques de carbono orgânico, podendo permanecer estáveis, aumentar ou diminuir em relação à área sem interferência antrópica. Com isso, objetivou-se quantificar e comparar os estoques de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais, carbono orgânico particulado e calcular o índice de manejo de carbono em solos cultivados sob diferentes sistemas de uso. Os tratamentos foram representados por seis sistemas de uso do solo: vegetação nativa de cerrado, seringueira solteira, seringueira consorciada com abacaxi, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. com 30 anos, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. com três anos e sistema de plantio convencional.  Em cada sistema foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm para avaliar os teores e estoques de carbono no solo, e amostras indeformadas com anéis volumétricos para estimar a densidade do solo. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p≤0,05). O carbono orgânico total e as frações granulométricas da matéria orgânica mostraram ser um atributo promissor para avaliação da qualidade do solo. O carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico particulado e carbono orgânico associado aos minerais foram superiores para vegetação nativa, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. 30 anos, seguidos pelos sistemas com seringueira. O índice de manejo de carbono...(AU)

Soil use systems have the potential to alter organic carbon stocks and may remain stable, increase, or decrease relative to the area without anthropogenic interference. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the total organic carbon stock, organic carbon associated with minerals, particulate organic carbon, and calculate the carbon management index in soils grown under different systems of use. The treatments were represented by six systems of soil use: native vegetation of cerrado, single rubber tree, rubber tree with pineapple, Brachiaria sp. with 30 years, a pasture of Brachiaria sp. with three years, and conventional planting system. In each system, soil samples were collected in the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers to evaluate soil carbon contents and stocks, and undisturbed samples with volumetric rings to estimate soil density. The results were analyzed by Scott-Knott test (p≤0.05). The total organic carbon and the grain size fractions of the organic matter showed to be a promising attribute for soil quality evaluation. Total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and organic carbon associated with minerals were higher for native vegetation, Brachiaria sp. 30 years, followed by systems with rubber trees. The calculated carbon management index indicated that the use of rubber trees adds benefits to the soil in the medium and long term, followed by the...(AU)

Crop-livestock integration and the physical resilience of a degraded Latosol / Integração agricultura-pecuária e resiliência física de um Latossolo degradado

The degradation of pastures in Brazil is a problem of agronomic and environmental importance because it impairs the productive capacity of the soil and the hydrological cycle. In this context, the integration of agriculture and livestock emerges as a promising practice in recovering degraded soils through aggregation, increasing organic carbon in the soil and breaking compacted layers via the growth of grass roots. This study aimed to evaluate suitable indicators of physical quality in regard to mitigating structural changes of a Latosol cultivated with different species of the genus Brachiaria. We evaluated the grasses Brachiaria brizantha (Xaraés, Piatã, Marandu), Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis and adopted fallow and conventional tillage as controls. Soil samples were used to evaluate the parameters total organic carbon, soil aggregation via wet sieving and the least limiting water range (LLWR). Total organic carbon and aggregate stability were not suitable indicators for quantifying soil structural changes, remaining high in the evaluated conservation systems, with a difference observed only in the control with conventional tillage. The LLWR varied among all systems and layers evaluated. Xaraés palisadegrass, followed by the Piatã and Marandu cultivars, stood out in terms of biological soil loosening ability, being similar to the recovery caused by soil tillage. Furthermore, B. decumbens showed intermediate performance, while B. ruziziensis showed activity similar to that in the fallow treatment, indicating limited potential for soil physical recovery.

A degradação das pastagens no Brasil é um problema de ordem agronômica e ambiental, pois compromete a capacidade produtiva do solo e o ciclo hidrológico. Neste contexto, a integração agricultura-pecuária surge como uma prática promissora na recuperação de solos degradados, através da agregação, aumento dos estoques de carbono no solo e do rompimento de camadas compactadas pelo crescimento radicular das gramíneas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o indicador adequado de qualidade física na mitigação da compactação de um Latossolo cultivado com espécies do gênero Brachiaria. Foram avaliadas as gramíneas: Brachiaria brizantha (Xaraés, Piatã, Marandu); Brachiaria decumbens e Brachiaria ruziziensis. Adotou-se como controle: pousio e cultivo convencional. Amostras de solo foram utilizadas para avaliar o carbono orgânico total, a agregação do solo via peneiramento úmido e o intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO). O carbono orgânico e a estabilidade dos agregados não foram indicadores adequados para quantificação das alterações estruturais do solo, permanecendo alta nos sistemas de conservação avaliados e diferindo apenas do controle com preparo convencional. O IHO variou entre todos os sistemas e camadas avaliadas. O capim Xaraés, seguido por Piatã e Marandu, destacou-se na escarificação biológica do solo, similarmente à recuperação via preparo do solo, e B. decumbens apresentou desempenho intermediário, enquanto B. ruziziensis apresentou atividade semelhante ao pousio, indicando potencial limitado de recuperação física do solo.

Crop-livestock integration and the physical resilience of a degraded Latosol / Integração agricultura-pecuária e resiliência física de um Latossolo degradado

The degradation of pastures in Brazil is a problem of agronomic and environmental importance because it impairs the productive capacity of the soil and the hydrological cycle. In this context, the integration of agriculture and livestock emerges as a promising practice in recovering degraded soils through aggregation, increasing organic carbon in the soil and breaking compacted layers via the growth of grass roots. This study aimed to evaluate suitable indicators of physical quality in regard to mitigating structural changes of a Latosol cultivated with different species of the genus Brachiaria. We evaluated the grasses Brachiaria brizantha (Xaraés, Piatã, Marandu), Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis and adopted fallow and conventional tillage as controls. Soil samples were used to evaluate the parameters total organic carbon, soil aggregation via wet sieving and the least limiting water range (LLWR). Total organic carbon and aggregate stability were not suitable indicators for quantifying soil structural changes, remaining high in the evaluated conservation systems, with a difference observed only in the control with conventional tillage. The LLWR varied among all systems and layers evaluated. Xaraés palisadegrass, followed by the Piatã and Marandu cultivars, stood out in terms of biological soil loosening ability, being similar to the recovery caused by soil tillage. Furthermore, B. decumbens showed intermediate performance, while B. ruziziensis showed activity similar to that in the fallow treatment, indicating limited potential for soil physical recovery.(AU)

A degradação das pastagens no Brasil é um problema de ordem agronômica e ambiental, pois compromete a capacidade produtiva do solo e o ciclo hidrológico. Neste contexto, a integração agricultura-pecuária surge como uma prática promissora na recuperação de solos degradados, através da agregação, aumento dos estoques de carbono no solo e do rompimento de camadas compactadas pelo crescimento radicular das gramíneas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o indicador adequado de qualidade física na mitigação da compactação de um Latossolo cultivado com espécies do gênero Brachiaria. Foram avaliadas as gramíneas: Brachiaria brizantha (Xaraés, Piatã, Marandu); Brachiaria decumbens e Brachiaria ruziziensis. Adotou-se como controle: pousio e cultivo convencional. Amostras de solo foram utilizadas para avaliar o carbono orgânico total, a agregação do solo via peneiramento úmido e o intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO). O carbono orgânico e a estabilidade dos agregados não foram indicadores adequados para quantificação das alterações estruturais do solo, permanecendo alta nos sistemas de conservação avaliados e diferindo apenas do controle com preparo convencional. O IHO variou entre todos os sistemas e camadas avaliadas. O capim Xaraés, seguido por Piatã e Marandu, destacou-se na escarificação biológica do solo, similarmente à recuperação via preparo do solo, e B. decumbens apresentou desempenho intermediário, enquanto B. ruziziensis apresentou atividade semelhante ao pousio, indicando potencial limitado de recuperação física do solo.(AU)

Apparent selectivity of sheep in deferred marandu palisadegrass pastures with variable initial heights / Seletividade aparente de ovinos em pastos de capim-marandu diferidos com alturas iniciais variáveis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the apparent selectivity of sheep in marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) pastures with four heights at the beginning of the deferment period (15, 25, 35 and 45cm). The deferment period was 92 days and started on 03/21/2014. Evaluations occurred in the beginning (first week), middle (45th day) and end (92nd day) of the grazing period, in winter (06/21/2014 to 09/21/2014). Deferred pastures with 15 and 25cm presented lower forage mass (FM), but higher live leaf (LL) percentage in FM than deferred pastures with 35 and 45cm. The live stem percentage in the FM and the apparent selectivity index (ASI) of the LL were superior in the deferred pasture with 45cm. The dead stem (DS) percentage in the grazing simulation (GS) and the ASI of this morphological component were lower in the pasture with 15cm, compared to the deferred pasture with 45cm. The FM and the LL percentages in FM and in the GS sample decreased, while the DS percentages in FM and in GS sample increased with the grazing period. Marandu palisadegrass with 15cm at beginning of the deferment period improves the morphology of the deferred pasture. Selective grazing is difficult during the grazing period.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade aparente de ovinos em pastos de capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) com quatro alturas no início do diferimento (15, 25, 35 e 45cm). O período de diferimento foi de 92 dias e iniciou em 21/03/2014. As avaliações ocorreram no início (primeira semana), meio (45° dia) e fim (92° dia) do período de pastejo, no inverno (21/06/2014 a 21/09/2014). Os pastos diferidos com 15 e 25cm apresentaram menor massa de forragem (MF), mas maior percentual de folha viva (FV) na MF do que os pastos diferidos com 35 e 45cm. O percentual de colmo vivo na MF e o índice de seletividade aparente (ISA) da FV foram superiores no pasto diferido com 45cm. O percentual de colmo morto (CM) na simulação de pastejo (SP) e o ISA desse componente morfológico foram menores no pasto diferido com 15cm, em comparação ao diferido com 45cm. A MF e os percentuais de FV na MF e na amostra de SP se reduziram, enquanto os percentuais de CM na MF e na amostra de SP aumentaram com o período de pastejo. O capim-marandu com 15cm no início do período de diferimento melhora a morfologia do pasto diferido. O pastejo seletivo é dificultado no decorrer do período de pastejo.(AU)

Apparent selectivity of sheep in deferred marandu palisadegrass pastures with variable initial heights / Seletividade aparente de ovinos em pastos de capim-marandu diferidos com alturas iniciais variáveis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the apparent selectivity of sheep in marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) pastures with four heights at the beginning of the deferment period (15, 25, 35 and 45cm). The deferment period was 92 days and started on 03/21/2014. Evaluations occurred in the beginning (first week), middle (45th day) and end (92nd day) of the grazing period, in winter (06/21/2014 to 09/21/2014). Deferred pastures with 15 and 25cm presented lower forage mass (FM), but higher live leaf (LL) percentage in FM than deferred pastures with 35 and 45cm. The live stem percentage in the FM and the apparent selectivity index (ASI) of the LL were superior in the deferred pasture with 45cm. The dead stem (DS) percentage in the grazing simulation (GS) and the ASI of this morphological component were lower in the pasture with 15cm, compared to the deferred pasture with 45cm. The FM and the LL percentages in FM and in the GS sample decreased, while the DS percentages in FM and in GS sample increased with the grazing period. Marandu palisadegrass with 15cm at beginning of the deferment period improves the morphology of the deferred pasture. Selective grazing is difficult during the grazing period.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade aparente de ovinos em pastos de capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) com quatro alturas no início do diferimento (15, 25, 35 e 45cm). O período de diferimento foi de 92 dias e iniciou em 21/03/2014. As avaliações ocorreram no início (primeira semana), meio (45° dia) e fim (92° dia) do período de pastejo, no inverno (21/06/2014 a 21/09/2014). Os pastos diferidos com 15 e 25cm apresentaram menor massa de forragem (MF), mas maior percentual de folha viva (FV) na MF do que os pastos diferidos com 35 e 45cm. O percentual de colmo vivo na MF e o índice de seletividade aparente (ISA) da FV foram superiores no pasto diferido com 45cm. O percentual de colmo morto (CM) na simulação de pastejo (SP) e o ISA desse componente morfológico foram menores no pasto diferido com 15cm, em comparação ao diferido com 45cm. A MF e os percentuais de FV na MF e na amostra de SP se reduziram, enquanto os percentuais de CM na MF e na amostra de SP aumentaram com o período de pastejo. O capim-marandu com 15cm no início do período de diferimento melhora a morfologia do pasto diferido. O pastejo seletivo é dificultado no decorrer do período de pastejo.(AU)

Detection and characterization of bovine rumen microorganismsresistant to sodium fluoroacetate

Background: Poisoning of animals due to toxic plants is found in Brazil and other countries. One of the known toxic plantsin Brazil, with the active ingredient sodium fluoroacetate (SF), is Palicourea marcgravii. Dehalogenases that inactivatethe fluor-carbon bonds are enzymes found in microorganisms and may prevent intoxication. This study evaluated the occurrence of rumen microorganisms naturally resistant to SF.Materials, Methods & Results: Two samples of rumen fluid of cattle from the Experimental Farm of Federal University ofMato Grosso fed with Brachiaria sp. were obtained via fistula in flasks. An aliquot of 2 mL was placed in a microtube andcentrifuged at 9000 g for 1 min. Then, the sample was inoculated into 2 tubes, one containing 100 µL of clarified rumenfluid in 2 mL of modified liquid culture medium (0.1% ammonium sulfate, 0.1% potassium phosphate monobasic, 0.05%sodium phosphate dibasic, 0.01% magnesium sulfate, 0.01% yeast extract, pH 7.0) and 0.4% of SF and the other samplecontaining 2 mL of liquid culture medium and 100 µL of clarified rumen fluid. The 2 samples were incubated at 40°C for24 h. Dilutions were performed under the same conditions every 24 h until the attainment of microorganisms resistant toSF, and the finaldilution containing 50 µL of each sample was plated in the middle containing SF (0.4%) and incubated at40°C for 24 h for the isolation of bacteria. The bacterial colonies resistant to SF were identified by morphological methods, stained, and subjected to DNA extraction sequencing using the universal primers 27f and 1492r (16S rDNA) for theidentification of the bacterial genus using Blast DNA identity analysis. These bacteria were cultured with and without SF(0.4%), and the presence of fluoride ions was detected by an ion-selective electrode (fluoride) during incubation for 0, 30,60, 90, and 120 min. Two resistant microorganisms were isolated, one was a Gram-positive coccus and the other was aGram-positive rod...

Detection and characterization of bovine rumen microorganismsresistant to sodium fluoroacetate

Background: Poisoning of animals due to toxic plants is found in Brazil and other countries. One of the known toxic plantsin Brazil, with the active ingredient sodium fluoroacetate (SF), is Palicourea marcgravii. Dehalogenases that inactivatethe fluor-carbon bonds are enzymes found in microorganisms and may prevent intoxication. This study evaluated the occurrence of rumen microorganisms naturally resistant to SF.Materials, Methods & Results: Two samples of rumen fluid of cattle from the Experimental Farm of Federal University ofMato Grosso fed with Brachiaria sp. were obtained via fistula in flasks. An aliquot of 2 mL was placed in a microtube andcentrifuged at 9000 g for 1 min. Then, the sample was inoculated into 2 tubes, one containing 100 µL of clarified rumenfluid in 2 mL of modified liquid culture medium (0.1% ammonium sulfate, 0.1% potassium phosphate monobasic, 0.05%sodium phosphate dibasic, 0.01% magnesium sulfate, 0.01% yeast extract, pH 7.0) and 0.4% of SF and the other samplecontaining 2 mL of liquid culture medium and 100 µL of clarified rumen fluid. The 2 samples were incubated at 40°C for24 h. Dilutions were performed under the same conditions every 24 h until the attainment of microorganisms resistant toSF, and the finaldilution containing 50 µL of each sample was plated in the middle containing SF (0.4%) and incubated at40°C for 24 h for the isolation of bacteria. The bacterial colonies resistant to SF were identified by morphological methods, stained, and subjected to DNA extraction sequencing using the universal primers 27f and 1492r (16S rDNA) for theidentification of the bacterial genus using Blast DNA identity analysis. These bacteria were cultured with and without SF(0.4%), and the presence of fluoride ions was detected by an ion-selective electrode (fluoride) during incubation for 0, 30,60, 90, and 120 min. Two resistant microorganisms were isolated, one was a Gram-positive coccus and the other was aGram-positive rod...(AU)

Pleurotus spp. cultivation on Brachiaria sp. straw treatment with alkaline water

Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of aqueous alkali-treated Brachiaria straw for the cultivation of appropriate species of oyster mushroom. The substrate used in the cultivation of various Pleurotus spp. was soaked for 20 min by using two different procedures: (i) 0.52.0% Ca(OH)2 in 100 L water, and (ii) 50250 L water. As a result, 1% Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 100 L water and 3.5 kg of Brachiaria straw presented the best production. The most suitable species for the application of the present method were P. pulmonarius and P. sapidus. The success of this technique is directly related to the concentration of Ca(OH)2 and water, the species, and the origin and quality of raw material used as the substrate in the production of oyster mushroom.

Pleurotus spp. cultivation on Brachiaria sp. straw treatment with alkaline water

The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of aqueous alkali-treated Brachiaria straw for the cultivation of appropriate species of oyster mushroom. The substrate used in the cultivation of various Pleurotus spp. was soaked for 20 min by using two different procedures: (i) 0.5–2.0% Ca(OH)2 in 100 L water, and (ii) 50–250 L water. As a result, 1% Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 100 L water and 3.5 kg of Brachiaria straw presented the best production. The most suitable species for the application of the present method were P. pulmonarius and P. sapidus. The success of this technique is directly related to the concentration of Ca(OH)2 and water, the species, and the origin and quality of raw material used as the substrate in the production of oyster mushroom.(AU)

Survival and injuries of Deois flavopicta (Stal, 1854) in pastures under seed treatment with insecticides and dry mass yield / Sobrevivência e injúrias ocasionadas por Deois flavopicta (Stal, 1854) em pastagens submetidas a tratamento de sementes com inseticidas e produtividade de massa seca

The present study evaluated the survival and injuries of Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in pastures of Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) decumbens and U. brizantha, submitted to seed treatment with fipronil (Amulet®) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser 350 FS®), and dry mass yield. The experiment, carried out at the APTA Experimental Unity, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, was designed in randomly blocks, with six treatments (factorial 2x3) and four replications. Sowing was manual, with 12.0 kg ha-1 seeds. Twenty adults were released on the plot, in a 40x40x70 cm cage, forty-nine days after sowing. The insects were sampled every two days during twelve days, without replacement of dead insects. Injuries caused by the spittlebug were evaluated by a rating scale and by productivity (dry mass yield). Data were analyzed by F-test and means compared by Tukey's test (p≤0.05). The survival of adults was higher in the U. decumbens pasture than in the U. brizantha pasture. Results show that seed treatment with thiamethoxam reduced the survival of D. flavopicta in pasture formation, but did not influence the injuries caused by insect and the dry mass yield of forage species.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a sobrevivência e injúrias causadas por Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) em pastagens de Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) decumbens e U. brizantha, submetidas a tratamento de sementes com fipronil (Amulet®) e tiametoxam (Cruiser 350 FS®), bem como à produtividade de massa seca. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de São José do Rio Preto/Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, sob o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (fatorial 2x3) e quatro repetições. A semeadura foi realizada manualmente, distribuindo 12,0 kg ha-1 de sementes. Para infestação, foram liberados 20 adultos, em gaiolas de 0,40x0,40x0,70 m, aos 49 dias após a semeadura, e a contagem dos insetos nas gaiolas foi conduzida a cada dois dias, por um período de 12 dias, sem a substituição dos insetos mortos. Em avaliação visual foram atribuídas notas de injúrias causadas pela cigarrinha-das-pastagens às gramíneas. Para produtividade, foi efetuada avaliação de massa seca. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e comparação de média pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). A sobrevivência de D. flavopicta foi maior em pastagem de U. decumbens do que em U. brizantha. O tratamento de sementes com tiametoxam reduziu a porcentagem de cigarrinhas sobreviventes em pastagens em formação, embora não tenha influenciado nas injúrias causadas pelo inseto-praga e na produtividade de massa seca das forrageiras.(AU)

Effectiveness of Cratylia argentea as an animal feed supplement in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep / Eficácia de Cratylia argentea como suplemento alimentar animal no controle das nematodioses gastrointestinais em ovinos

Gastrointestinal nematodes are considered one of the most important sanitary problems affectingruminants globally; whether parasitizing alone or acting with other pathogens, they are responsiblefor severe economic losses related to animal husbandry. Endoparasites in small ruminants areusually controlled with anti-helminthic drugs. However, certain strains of endoparasites are resistantto such drugs. Supplementation of the diet with protein-rich foods is one strategy for reducing thenegative impact of gastrointestinal parasites. Cratylia argentea has anthelmintic properties and othercharacteristics that favor its use as an animal feed supplement. In the present study, we subdividedcrossbred lambs into homogeneous groups and fed them C. argentea (G1), C. argentea plus Brachiariaspp. (G2), or Brachiaria spp. (G3) only. The animals in group G1 had a lower average number of eggsper gram of feces (EPG) at Day 42 (p 0.05), indicating the absenceof anemia and normal globular volume. This reinforces the importance of the measurement of EPG; thisis a quantitative method and does not depend on the subjective interpretation of the results.

Os nematódeos gastrointestinais são considerados um dos problemas sanitários mais importantes dosruminantes no mundo, seja em infecções isoladas ou atuando com outros patógenos, são responsáveis porseveras perdas econômicas relacionadas à produção animal. O controle dos endoparasitas em pequenosruminantes normalmente é feito por meio de drogas anti-helmínticas. No entanto, determinadas cepasde endoparasitos são resistentes a esses fármacos. A suplementação da dieta com alimentos ricos emproteína é uma estratégia para reduzir o impacto negativo das parasitoses gastrointestinais. Cratylia argentea tem efeito anti-helmíntico, além de outras características que favorecem seu uso comosuplemento para alimentação animal. No presente estudo, borregas cruzadas foram subdivididas emgrupos homogêneos e alimentadas com C. argentea (G1), C. argentea mais Brachiaria spp. (G2) ouapenas Brachiaria spp. (G3). Os animais do grupo G1 apresentaram menor valor médio de ovos porgrama de fezes (OPG) aos 42 dias (p0,05), indicando ausência de anemia e volume globularnormal. Isso reforça a importância da avaliação por OPG, que é um método quantitativo e não dependede interpretação subjetiva de resultados.

Effectiveness of Cratylia argentea as an animal feed supplement in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep / Eficácia de Cratylia argentea como suplemento alimentar animal no controle das nematodioses gastrointestinais em ovinos

Gastrointestinal nematodes are considered one of the most important sanitary problems affectingruminants globally; whether parasitizing alone or acting with other pathogens, they are responsiblefor severe economic losses related to animal husbandry. Endoparasites in small ruminants areusually controlled with anti-helminthic drugs. However, certain strains of endoparasites are resistantto such drugs. Supplementation of the diet with protein-rich foods is one strategy for reducing thenegative impact of gastrointestinal parasites. Cratylia argentea has anthelmintic properties and othercharacteristics that favor its use as an animal feed supplement. In the present study, we subdividedcrossbred lambs into homogeneous groups and fed them C. argentea (G1), C. argentea plus Brachiariaspp. (G2), or Brachiaria spp. (G3) only. The animals in group G1 had a lower average number of eggsper gram of feces (EPG) at Day 42 (p < 0.05), and the average count was ten times lower than that inthe control at the last evaluated time-point (Day 56). The animals exhibited linear weight gain, andthose in group G1 gained the most weight. The combined use of drugs and plants containing bioactivecompounds can minimize the evolution of multidrug resistance, prolonging the efficacy of the drugs.The FAMACHA® score showed little variation during the experiment (p > 0.05), indicating the absenceof anemia and normal globular volume. This reinforces the importance of the measurement of EPG; thisis a quantitative method and does not depend on the subjective interpretation of the results.(AU)

Os nematódeos gastrointestinais são considerados um dos problemas sanitários mais importantes dosruminantes no mundo, seja em infecções isoladas ou atuando com outros patógenos, são responsáveis porseveras perdas econômicas relacionadas à produção animal. O controle dos endoparasitas em pequenosruminantes normalmente é feito por meio de drogas anti-helmínticas. No entanto, determinadas cepasde endoparasitos são resistentes a esses fármacos. A suplementação da dieta com alimentos ricos emproteína é uma estratégia para reduzir o impacto negativo das parasitoses gastrointestinais. Cratylia argentea tem efeito anti-helmíntico, além de outras características que favorecem seu uso comosuplemento para alimentação animal. No presente estudo, borregas cruzadas foram subdivididas emgrupos homogêneos e alimentadas com C. argentea (G1), C. argentea mais Brachiaria spp. (G2) ouapenas Brachiaria spp. (G3). Os animais do grupo G1 apresentaram menor valor médio de ovos porgrama de fezes (OPG) aos 42 dias (p<0,05) e sua contagem média foi dez vezes mais baixa que a docontrole no último período de tempo avaliado (56 dias). Os animais apresentaram aumento linear doganho de peso e aqueles do grupo G1 apresentaram o maior ganho. O escore FAMACHA® mostroupouca variação durante o experimento (p>0,05), indicando ausência de anemia e volume globularnormal. Isso reforça a importância da avaliação por OPG, que é um método quantitativo e não dependede interpretação subjetiva de resultados.(AU)

Inclusion of copaiba oil (Copaifera sp. ) as additive in supplements for cattle on pasture / Inclusão de óleo de copaíba (“Copaifera sp. ”) como aditivo em suplementos para bovinos em pastagens

This study analyzed the effect of including copaiba oil as an additive for cattle supplemented on pasture, during the dry season. Four crossbred steers, castrated, with 245 ± 25 kg, aged about 18 months, fitted with permanent rumen cannula; were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square. All animals were housed in individual paddocks (0.3 ha), uniformly covered with Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, with through and drinking fountain; and were given a concentrate at 500g/100 kg BW containing 380 g/kg crude protein (%DM). The copaiba oil was added to the supplement as a spray, in the proportions of 0, 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg DM intake. Spraying supplementation was performed daily at the time of supply of the supplement. Data of intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein synthesis were tested by analysis of variance and polynomial regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The inclusion of copaiba oil quadratically affected total dry matter intake (P=0.030) and CP digestibility (P=0.043), without altering ruminal metabolism (P>0.05) and microbial protein synthesis (P>0.05) of the animals kept on pasture.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão do óleo de copaíba, como aditivo, para bovinos suplementados a pasto, durante a época da seca do ano. Foram utilizados quatro novilhos, castrados, de 245 ± 25 kg, com idade de aproximadamente 18 meses, providos de cânula ruminal, dispostos aleatoriamente em delineamento quadrado latino 4×4. Os animais foram mantidos em piquetes individuais de Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, de 0,3 hectares providos de cocho e bebedouro e alimentados com suplemento contendo 380 g/kg de PB (%MS) na proporção de 500g/100 kg de PC. O óleo de copaíba foi acrescido ao suplemento na forma de spray nas proporções de 0, 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 g/kg de MS ingerida. A pulverização do suplemento foi realizada diariamente no momento do fornecimento do suplemento. Os dados de consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal e a síntese de proteína microbiana dos animais foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão polinomial, adotando-se nível de significância de 0,05. A adição do óleo de copaíba afetou quadraticamente o consumo de matéria seca total (P=0,030) e o coeficiente de digestibilidade da PB (P=0,043); sem alterar os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal (P>0,05) e a síntese de proteína microbiana (P>0,05) dos animais mantidos a pasto.(AU)

Inclusion of copaiba oil (Copaifera sp. ) as additive in supplements for cattle on pasture / Inclusão de óleo de copaíba (“Copaifera sp. ”) como aditivo em suplementos para bovinos em pastagens

This study analyzed the effect of including copaiba oil as an additive for cattle supplemented on pasture, during the dry season. Four crossbred steers, castrated, with 245 ± 25 kg, aged about 18 months, fitted with permanent rumen cannula; were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square. All animals were housed in individual paddocks (0.3 ha), uniformly covered with Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, with through and drinking fountain; and were given a concentrate at 500g/100 kg BW containing 380 g/kg crude protein (%DM). The copaiba oil was added to the supplement as a spray, in the proportions of 0, 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg DM intake. Spraying supplementation was performed daily at the time of supply of the supplement. Data of intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein synthesis were tested by analysis of variance and polynomial regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The inclusion of copaiba oil quadratically affected total dry matter intake (P=0.030) and CP digestibility (P=0.043), without altering ruminal metabolism (P>0.05) and microbial protein synthesis (P>0.05) of the animals kept on pasture.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão do óleo de copaíba, como aditivo, para bovinos suplementados a pasto, durante a época da seca do ano. Foram utilizados quatro novilhos, castrados, de 245 ± 25 kg, com idade de aproximadamente 18 meses, providos de cânula ruminal, dispostos aleatoriamente em delineamento quadrado latino 4×4. Os animais foram mantidos em piquetes individuais de Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, de 0,3 hectares providos de cocho e bebedouro e alimentados com suplemento contendo 380 g/kg de PB (%MS) na proporção de 500g/100 kg de PC. O óleo de copaíba foi acrescido ao suplemento na forma de spray nas proporções de 0, 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 g/kg de MS ingerida. A pulverização do suplemento foi realizada diariamente no momento do fornecimento do suplemento. Os dados de consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal e a síntese de proteína microbiana dos animais foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão polinomial, adotando-se nível de significância de 0,05. A adição do óleo de copaíba afetou quadraticamente o consumo de matéria seca total (P=0,030) e o coeficiente de digestibilidade da PB (P=0,043); sem alterar os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal (P>0,05) e a síntese de proteína microbiana (P>0,05) dos animais mantidos a pasto.

Survival and injuries of Deois flavopicta (Stal, 1854) in pastures under seed treatment with insecticides and dry mass yield / Sobrevivência e injúrias ocasionadas por Deois flavopicta (Stal, 1854) em pastagens submetidas a tratamento de sementes com inseticidas e produtividade de massa seca

The present study evaluated the survival and injuries of Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in pastures of Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) decumbens and U. brizantha, submitted to seed treatment with fipronil (Amulet®) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser 350 FS®), and dry mass yield. The experiment, carried out at the APTA Experimental Unity, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, was designed in randomly blocks, with six treatments (factorial 2x3) and four replications. Sowing was manual, with 12.0 kg ha-1 seeds. Twenty adults were released on the plot, in a 40x40x70 cm cage, forty-nine days after sowing. The insects were sampled every two days during twelve days, without replacement of dead insects. Injuries caused by the spittlebug were evaluated by a rating scale and by productivity (dry mass yield). Data were analyzed by F-test and means compared by Tukey's test (p≤0.05). The survival of adults was higher in the U. decumbens pasture than in the U. brizantha pasture. Results show that seed treatment with thiamethoxam reduced the survival of D. flavopicta in pasture formation, but did not influence the injuries caused by insect and the dry mass yield of forage species.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a sobrevivência e injúrias causadas por Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) em pastagens de Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) decumbens e U. brizantha, submetidas a tratamento de sementes com fipronil (Amulet®) e tiametoxam (Cruiser 350 FS®), bem como à produtividade de massa seca. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de São José do Rio Preto/Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, sob o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (fatorial 2x3) e quatro repetições. A semeadura foi realizada manualmente, distribuindo 12,0 kg ha-1 de sementes. Para infestação, foram liberados 20 adultos, em gaiolas de 0,40x0,40x0,70 m, aos 49 dias após a semeadura, e a contagem dos insetos nas gaiolas foi conduzida a cada dois dias, por um período de 12 dias, sem a substituição dos insetos mortos. Em avaliação visual foram atribuídas notas de injúrias causadas pela cigarrinha-das-pastagens às gramíneas. Para produtividade, foi efetuada avaliação de massa seca. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e comparação de média pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). A sobrevivência de D. flavopicta foi maior em pastagem de U. decumbens do que em U. brizantha. O tratamento de sementes com tiametoxam reduziu a porcentagem de cigarrinhas sobreviventes em pastagens em formação, embora não tenha influenciado nas injúrias causadas pelo inseto-praga e na produtividade de massa seca das forrageiras.(AU)

Germinative potential of encrusted seed of tropical forage species / Potencial germinativo de sementes incrustadas de espécies forrageiras tropicais

Brazil is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of seeds of forage species, thus the adoption of new technologies for expansion and maintenance of this market is of great importance. The aim of this work was to evaluate encrustation effect on germination potential in seeds of Brachiaria sp. species. The experiment was carried out in Biofabrica laboratory from June to August 2014, in Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista-BA. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 6x2, with two treatments (with and without coating) and four replications. For germination quality of seeds were evaluated germination and vigor (emergence, emergence speed index, total length of seedling, shoot and root). The encrustation affected positively the germination of seeds in all species tested and encrustation did not affect the total length, shoot and root of the seedlings. Coating after chemical scarification is an alternative to improve germination of the seeds of tropical forage species.

O Brasil é o maior produtor, consumidor e exportador mundial de sementes de espécies forrageiras, necessitando da adoção de novas tecnologias para manutenção e expansão deste mercado. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da incrustação sobre o potencial germinativo de sementes de espécies de Brachiaria sp. O experimento foi conduzido no laboratório da Biofábrica de junho a agosto de 2014, na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista-BA, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6x2, sendo seis cultivares e dois tratamentos (com e sem revestimento). Para determinação da qualidade das sementes, foram avaliados a germinação e o vigor (emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento total de plântula, da parte aérea e da raiz). A incrustação afetou positivamente a germinação das sementes de todas as espécies testadas e não afetou o comprimento total, da parte aérea e da raiz de plântulas. O revestimento após escarificação química é uma alternativa que melhora o desempenho germinativo de sementes de espécies forrageiras tropicais.