Chromium adsorption studies using brewer's spent grain biochar: kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics / Estudo da adsorção de cromo usando biochar proveniente de bagaço de malte: cinética e termodinâmica

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a residue from brewery production, that can be reused as adsorbent of heavy metals like Chromium (Cr). In this study, BSG was used as a biochar for Cr adsorption in batch adsorption experiments. The biochar pyrolysis temperature (500, 600 and 700ºC), pyrolysis time (30, 105 and 180 minutes) and zinc chloride concentration (5, 12.5 and 20%) were evaluated and optimized from a fractional factorial design. An equilibrium adsorption capacity of 78.13 mg.g-1 and a yield of 26.42% were achieved using 700ºC, 30 min, 12.5%. This biochar was applied to the adsorption of Cr in aqueous solution, under different stirring speeds (100, 150 and 200 rpm). The higher agitation speed reduced the adsorption capacity of the coal from 90 to 72 mg.L-1. In addition, the Cr adsorption equilibrium was reached before 100 min. The pseudo-first order model best described the Cr adsorption kinetics. The Redlich-Peterson isothermal model best fitted the experimental data, with the parameter g (close to 1) suggesting Langmuir's assumptions as the most appropriate to describe the adsorption of Cr on the optimized activated carbon.

O bagaço de malte (BM) é um resíduo da produção cervejeira, que pode ser reaproveitado como adsorvente de metais pesados como o Cromo (Cr). Neste estudo, BM foi usado como um biochar para adsorção de Cr em experimentos de adsorção em batelada. O biochar foi avaliado e otimizado a partir de um planejamento fatorial fracionário com as variáveis: temperatura de pirólise (500, 600 e 700ºC), tempo de pirólise (30, 105 e 180 minutos) e concentração de cloreto de zinco (5, 12,5 e 20%). Uma capacidade de adsorção em equilíbrio de 78,13 mg.g-1 e um rendimento de 26,42% foram obtidos usando 700ºC, 30 min, 12,5%. Este biochar foi aplicado na adsorção de Cr em solução aquosa, sob diferentes velocidades de agitação (100, 150 e 200 rpm). Maior velocidade de agitação reduziu a capacidade de adsorção do biochar de 90 para 72 mg.L-1. Além disso, o equilíbrio de adsorção de Cr foi alcançado antes de 100 min. O modelo de pseudo-primeira ordem melhor descreveu a cinética de adsorção de Cr. O modelo isotérmico de Redlich-Peterson foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais, com o parâmetro g (próximo de 1) sugerindo as hipóteses de Langmuir como as mais apropriadas para descrever a adsorção de Cr no carvão ativado otimizado.

Effects of dietary brewery spent grain inclusion on egg laying performance and quality parameters of bovans brown chickens

Poultry rations are composed mainly of conventional cereal grains and proteins. Using non-conventional agro-industrial by-products may reduce the cost of production and thereby improve productivity. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary brewery spent grain inclusion on egg laying performance, quality parameters of bovans brown and profitability of the rations. A total of 200 pullets with similar body weight and age were randomly distributed to five treatments with four replications. The treatments were brewery spent grain (BSG) inclusion of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The CP and ME contents of treatment rations were 16.54-17.04% and 2871-2903 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Inclusion of the BSG in the layers ration did not affect dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency and hen-day egg production (58.79, 57, 56.11, 55.11 and 54.13% (SEM=0.92)). Likewise, the inclusion of the BSG in the diets did not affect (albumen, yolk, shell) quality. However, feed cost decreased with the increasing level of the BSG in the rations because of its lower purchasing price. To conclude, a 40% inclusion of BSG in the diet of layers does not affect the production and the quality of the eggs and it can be economically profitable.(AU)

Effects of dietary brewery spent grain inclusion on egg laying performance and quality parameters of bovans brown chickens

Poultry rations are composed mainly of conventional cereal grains and proteins. Using non-conventional agro-industrial by-products may reduce the cost of production and thereby improve productivity. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary brewery spent grain inclusion on egg laying performance, quality parameters of bovans brown and profitability of the rations. A total of 200 pullets with similar body weight and age were randomly distributed to five treatments with four replications. The treatments were brewery spent grain (BSG) inclusion of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The CP and ME contents of treatment rations were 16.54-17.04% and 2871-2903 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Inclusion of the BSG in the layers ration did not affect dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency and hen-day egg production (58.79, 57, 56.11, 55.11 and 54.13% (SEM=0.92)). Likewise, the inclusion of the BSG in the diets did not affect (albumen, yolk, shell) quality. However, feed cost decreased with the increasing level of the BSG in the rations because of its lower purchasing price. To conclude, a 40% inclusion of BSG in the diet of layers does not affect the production and the quality of the eggs and it can be economically profitable.

Contribuição da inclusão de polpa cítrica e casca de soja para a qualidade da silagem de resíduo úmido de cervejaria / Contribution of citrus pulp and soybean hulls for silage quality of brewery waste

Com o objetivo de avaliar a produção da silagem e o uso de aditivos no processo de ensilagem do resíduo úmido de cervejaria, foram realizados 5 tratamentos: controle (C: ensilagem de 100% de resíduo úmido de cervejaria); PC15 (15% de polpa cítrica); PC30 (30% de polpa cítrica); CS15 (15% de casca de soja); CS30 (30% de casca de soja) - com base na matéria fresca do resíduo de cervejaria. As silagens foram confeccionadas em baldes plásticos com 252mm de altura e 245mm de diâmetro (0,06174m³), e amostras foram coletadas para análises bromatológicas, pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, digestão in vitro de matéria seca, ácidos orgânicos e perfil microbiológico. Os resultados foram analisados pelo programa computacional Statistical Analysis System (Statistical..., 1985), sendo verificada a normalidade dos resíduos pelo Teste de Shapiro-Wilk (PROC UNIVARIATE), e as variâncias, pelo Teste de Hartley. Os efeitos dos níveis de adição foram separados por meio de contrastes polinomiais utilizando o nível de significância de 5%. Houve aumento do teor de matéria seca, carboidratos solúveis, ácido lático, digestão in vitro de matéria seca, da população de bactérias ácido láticas e redução do pH, ácido butírico, propiônico e nitrogênio amoniacal a partir das inclusões de polpa cítrica e casca de soja, sendo os melhores resultados encontrados para o tratamento com inclusão de 30% de polpa cítrica (P<0,05). A ensilagem do bagaço de malte por si só é uma alternativa para o produtor rural como suporte alimentar e confecção de silagem de qualidade que pode ser incrementada com o uso de aditivos a serem avaliados de acordo com a relação custo-benefício para eficiência da produção.(AU)

In order to evaluate the production and use of silage additives in ensiling process of brewery residue were distributed in a completely randomized 5 treatments and 4 replicates: control (C: 100% silage brewery residue); PC15 (15% citrus pulp), PC30 (30% citrus pulp), CS15 (15% soybean hulls), CS30 (30% soybean hulls) - based on the fresh matter brewer. The material was ensiled in plastic buckets with 252 mm height and 245mm in diameter (0.06174m³) and samples were collected for chemical analyzes, pH, ammonia nitrogen, digestion "in vitro" dry matter, organic acids and microbial profile. The results were analyzed by the computer program Statistical Analysis System ( Statistical... , 1985), and verified the normality of residuals by the Shapiro-Wilk (PROC univariate) and the variances for the Test of Hartley. The effects of addition levels were separated by means of contrasts polynomial using a significance level of 5%. There was an increase in dry matter content, soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid, digestion "in vitro" dry matter, the population of lactic acid bacteria and reduced pH, butyric acid, propionic acid and ammonia nitrogen from the inclusion of citrus pulp and peel soybean, being the best results for the treatment including 30% of citrus pulp (P<0.05). The ensiling of spent grain by itself is an alternative for farmers as food support and making silage quality can be enhanced with the use of additives to be evaluated according to the cost: benefit ratio for production efficiency.(AU)

TERMINAÇÃO DE CORDEIROS EM CONFINAMENTO COM RESÍDUO ÚMIDO DE CERVEJARIA COMO FONTE DE VOLUMOSO

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de níveis crescentes de resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC) como fonte de volumoso sobre o consumo de nutrientes, o ganho de peso e a viabilidade econômica, a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, o balanço de nitrogênio e o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros, machos, não castrados, oriundos de parto simples e duplo, desmamados com média de 50 dias de idade e provenientes de cruzamento alternado contínuo entre as raças Texel e Ile de France. A dieta foi composta por volumoso, sendo este o RUC, e por concentrado, composto de milho desintegrado, farelo de soja, calcário calcítico e sal mineral. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro níveis de RUC como volumoso da dieta (% da MS), sendo: 31, 44, 57 e 70%. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB) e carboidratos totais (CHT), nas diversas formas em que foram expressos, foram influenciados de forma quadrática pelo aumento de inclusão de RUC nas dietas. Os consumos de extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foram influenciados de forma linear crescente enquanto o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) de forma linear decrescente. O ganho médio diário (GMD) foi influenciado de forma quadrática, sendo no ponto máximo de 0,375g, com nível de 46,9% de RUC. A lucratividade foi linear crescente com a elevação dos níveis de RUC. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da matéria orgânica apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente. As excreções de nitrogênio fecal e urinário e, consequentemente, de nitrogênio total, não foram influenciadas significativamente (P>0,05) pelo nível de RUC. A quantidade de nitrogênio retido no corpo dos animais diminuiu linearmente (P0,05) com o aumento do nível de RUC como alimento volumoso da dieta. Verificou-se aumento linear (P0,05) do tempo e da porcentagem de ingestão, ruminação, e como consequência, no tempo e porcentagem de mastigação total (alimentação + ruminação) com o aumento do nível de RUC na dieta, e redução no tempo dispendido para ócio. A utilização do RUC como fonte de volumoso da dieta de cordeiros terminados em confinamento é uma boa alternativa, mesmo nos níveis mais elevados de 70%, demonstrando ser um alimento com bom potencial de utilização para cordeiros em terminação no sistema de confinamento.

This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of increasing levels of wet brewery grain (WBG) as a source of bulk on nutrient intake, weight gain and economic viability, apparent nutrient digestibility, nitrogen and the ingestive behavior of lambs finished in feedlot. We used 32 male, uncastrated lambs, from single and double lambs, weaned with an average of 50 days of age and from continuous alternating crossbreeding between the Texel and Ile de France breeds. The diet was composed of bulky, this being the WBG, and by concentrate, composed of disintegrated corn, soybean meal, calcitic limestone and mineral salt. The treatments were constituted by four levels of WBG as dietary bulk (% of DM), being: 31, 44, 57 and 70%. Consumption of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and total carbohydrate (TCH) in the various forms in which they were expressed were influenced in a quadratic manner by the increase of WBG inclusion in the diets. Ethereal extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intakes were linearly influenced while total digestible nutrient intakes (TDN) in a linearly decreasing manner. The average daily gain (ADG) was influenced in a quadratic manner, being at the maximum point of 0.375g, with a level of 46.9% WBG. Profitability was linearly increasing with the elevation of WBG levels. The coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter showed a linear decreasing behavior. Excretions of fecal and urinary nitrogen and, consequently, of total nitrogen, were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by the level of WBG. The amount of nitrogen retained in the animals' body decreased linearly (P0.05) with the increase of the WBG level as a bulky food of the diet. There was a linear increase (P<0.05) in the time and percentage of ingestion, rumination, and as a consequence, in the time and percentage of total chewing (feeding + rumination) with increasing WBG level in the diet, and reduction in the time spent for leisure. The use of the WBG as a source of feed of finished in confinement is a good alternative, even at the highest levels of the 70%, proving to be a food with good potential for use in finishing lambs in the feedlot system.

"A comparison between sugar consumption and ethanol production in wort by immobilized Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Saccharomyces Ludwigii and Saccharomyces Rouxii on Brewer's Spent Grain"

The immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 70424, Saccharomyces ludwigii DSM 3447 and Saccharomyces rouxii DSM 2531 on brewer's spent grain and then ethanol production and sugar consumption of these immobilized yeasts were investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the abilities of these three immobilized yeasts for producing alcohol for brewing at two temperatures (7 and 12 °C) using two different sugar levels (one at original level supplied in the brewery and one with 2.5% (w/v), added glucose to the wort). Increasing both parameters resulted in higher alcohol production by all the yeasts studied. At 7 °C and with original wort density the ethanol content at the end of fermentation was 2.7% (v/v) for S. cerevisiae, 1.7% for S. ludwigii and 2.0% for S. rouxii. After the addition of 2.5% (w/v) glucose at the same temperature (7 °C), the alcohol production was increased to 4.1, 2.8 and 4.1%, respectively. Similar improvements were observed when the fermentation was carried out at 12 °C with/without the addition of glucose to the wort. However, temperature indicated greater influence on S. ludwigii than did on S. rouxii and S. cerevisiae. The immobilization as carried out in this study impacted both S. ludwigii and S. rouxii in a way that they could consume maltose under certain conditions.