Eficácia dos tratamentos da pododermatite em aves

A pododermatite é uma inflamação podal que evolui para uma infecção por bactérias e fungos e acomete aves em ambiente cativo. O objetivo do tratamento da pododermatite é diminuir a inflamação/infecção, diminuir a pressão sobre o membro e remover o fator predisponente. Foram selecionados sete artigos. As terapias obtiveram regressão das lesões podais, porém nenhum artigo demonstrou a eficácia dos tratamentos, com embasamento científico, devido ao número restrito de animais utilizados. Portanto, para a determinação da eficácia dos tratamentos da pododermatite em aves seria necessária a realização de estudos clínicos randomizados e controlados. (AU)

Pododermatitis is a foot inflammation evolving into an infection by bacteria and fungi and affects birds in a captive environment. The goal of treatment of podomermatitis is to decrease inflammation / infection, decrease pressure on the limb and remove the predisposing factor. Seven articles were selected. The therapies achieved regression of the foot lesions, but no article demonstrated the effectiveness of the treatments, with scientific basis, due to the restricted number of animals used. Therefore, to determine the effectiveness of treatments of pododermatitis it would be necessary to conduct randomized and controlled clinical studies.(AU)

Eficácia dos tratamentos da pododermatite em aves

A pododermatite é uma inflamação podal que evolui para uma infecção por bactérias e fungos e acomete aves em ambiente cativo. O objetivo do tratamento da pododermatite é diminuir a inflamação/infecção, diminuir a pressão sobre o membro e remover o fator predisponente. Foram selecionados sete artigos. As terapias obtiveram regressão das lesões podais, porém nenhum artigo demonstrou a eficácia dos tratamentos, com embasamento científico, devido ao número restrito de animais utilizados. Portanto, para a determinação da eficácia dos tratamentos da pododermatite em aves seria necessária a realização de estudos clínicos randomizados e controlados.

Pododermatitis is a foot inflammation evolving into an infection by bacteria and fungi and affects birds in a captive environment. The goal of treatment of podomermatitis is to decrease inflammation / infection, decrease pressure on the limb and remove the predisposing factor. Seven articles were selected. The therapies achieved regression of the foot lesions, but no article demonstrated the effectiveness of the treatments, with scientific basis, due to the restricted number of animals used. Therefore, to determine the effectiveness of treatments of pododermatitis it would be necessary to conduct randomized and controlled clinical studies.

Pododermite em cisne negro (Cygnus atratus) em Moçambique / Bumblefoot in free-living black swan (Cygnus atratus) in Mozambique

Background: Black Swan (Cygnus atratus Linnaeus 1766) is an aquatic bird native to Australia and non-migratory birds. Bumblefoot is a chronic, progressive, degenerative and granulomatous disease that affects the plantar region and causes inflammation and degenerative changes in plantar tissues. Given that bumblefoot incidence in free-living wild birds is low and that the literature lacks publications about bumblefoot in free-living Black Swans, the aim of the current study is to describe the first bumblefoot case reported in a free-living Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) in Mozambique who was subjected to surgical procedure.Case: An adult intact Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) weighing 7.2 kg was presented to Veterinary Hospital of the Veterinary Medicine School, Mozambique with reluctance to support the left hind limb. Water intake was not unsettled and urine and feces were normal. A brown mass with 3 cm diameter approximately was identified in the footpad of the left hind limb; there were local bleeding and ulcers and pain. Footpad radiographic images of the left hind limb showed no abnormalities in the bone tissue. An incisional biopsy was performed with patient under sedation. The cytopathological examination was suggestive of bumblefoot. An excisional biopsy was performed with patient under anesthesia. The mass was excised with surgical margin of 1 cm and the local was subjected to debridement. The sample was sent to histopathological examination. The histopathological examination confirmed a chronic Bumblefoot Type 2. The patient started to support the left hind limb three days after surgery and twenty days after surgery, the footpad sutures were removed. Fifty days after the surgical procedure the patient was released in the site it was rescued.[...]

Pododermite em cisne negro (Cygnus atratus) em Moçambique / Bumblefoot in free-living black swan (Cygnus atratus) in Mozambique

Background: Black Swan (Cygnus atratus Linnaeus 1766) is an aquatic bird native to Australia and non-migratory birds. Bumblefoot is a chronic, progressive, degenerative and granulomatous disease that affects the plantar region and causes inflammation and degenerative changes in plantar tissues. Given that bumblefoot incidence in free-living wild birds is low and that the literature lacks publications about bumblefoot in free-living Black Swans, the aim of the current study is to describe the first bumblefoot case reported in a free-living Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) in Mozambique who was subjected to surgical procedure.Case: An adult intact Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) weighing 7.2 kg was presented to Veterinary Hospital of the Veterinary Medicine School, Mozambique with reluctance to support the left hind limb. Water intake was not unsettled and urine and feces were normal. A brown mass with 3 cm diameter approximately was identified in the footpad of the left hind limb; there were local bleeding and ulcers and pain. Footpad radiographic images of the left hind limb showed no abnormalities in the bone tissue. An incisional biopsy was performed with patient under sedation. The cytopathological examination was suggestive of bumblefoot. An excisional biopsy was performed with patient under anesthesia. The mass was excised with surgical margin of 1 cm and the local was subjected to debridement. The sample was sent to histopathological examination. The histopathological examination confirmed a chronic Bumblefoot Type 2. The patient started to support the left hind limb three days after surgery and twenty days after surgery, the footpad sutures were removed. Fifty days after the surgical procedure the patient was released in the site it was rescued.[...](AU)

Footpad dermatitis in broilers: differences between strains and gender

Pododermatitis, also known as "bumblefoot", is an inflammatory lesion of the footpad. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of genetic strain and sex on the incidence of footpad lesions in broilers. The experiment was carried out at São Paulo State University, using 480 broilers distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 2X2 factorial arrangement (2 strains X2 sexes), with four replicates of 30 broilers each, totaling 16 experimental units. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and livability were evaluated at 21, 35 and 42 days of age; production efficiency factor was determined at the end of the rearing period. On day 42, the footpads of 100 broilers were grossly examined and assigned a lesion score in a 1-3 scale (Almeida Paz & Martins, 2014). Three samples per score within treatment were collected for microscopic evaluation. Analysis of variance was applied and performance parameter means were compared by Tukey's test. Footpad lesion incidence was analyzed by the c2 test using SAS (version8.2). Ross(r) broilers presented higher feed intake during all evaluated periods, and higher weight gain only in the period 1 to 21 days compared with Cobb(r) broilers. On the other hand, Cobb(r) presented better feed conversion ratio in the periods of 1 to 35 and 1 to 42 days. The incidence of foot pad lesions was statistically different (p < 0.05) between strains and sexes, but there were no interactions between these factors. The lesion scores assigned were compatible with the histopathological results, showing that the higher the score, the more severe were the dermal and epidermal lesions.

Footpad dermatitis in broilers: differences between strains and gender

Pododermatitis, also known as "bumblefoot", is an inflammatory lesion of the footpad. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of genetic strain and sex on the incidence of footpad lesions in broilers. The experiment was carried out at São Paulo State University, using 480 broilers distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 2X2 factorial arrangement (2 strains X2 sexes), with four replicates of 30 broilers each, totaling 16 experimental units. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and livability were evaluated at 21, 35 and 42 days of age; production efficiency factor was determined at the end of the rearing period. On day 42, the footpads of 100 broilers were grossly examined and assigned a lesion score in a 1-3 scale (Almeida Paz & Martins, 2014). Three samples per score within treatment were collected for microscopic evaluation. Analysis of variance was applied and performance parameter means were compared by Tukey's test. Footpad lesion incidence was analyzed by the c2 test using SAS (version8.2). Ross(r) broilers presented higher feed intake during all evaluated periods, and higher weight gain only in the period 1 to 21 days compared with Cobb(r) broilers. On the other hand, Cobb(r) presented better feed conversion ratio in the periods of 1 to 35 and 1 to 42 days. The incidence of foot pad lesions was statistically different (p < 0.05) between strains and sexes, but there were no interactions between these factors. The lesion scores assigned were compatible with the histopathological results, showing that the higher the score, the more severe were the dermal and epidermal lesions.(AU)

Reducing bumblefoot lesions in a group of captive Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) with the use of environmental enrichment / A redução do bumblefoot com a utilização de enriquecimento ambiental para um grupo de pinguim-de-Magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus) mantido em cativeiro

Captive penguins are prone to pododermatitis (bumblefoot) lesions due to sedentary habits, changes in normal activity patterns, prolonged time on hard and abrasive surfaces, and less time swimming in the water. Environmental enrichment allows the use of creative and ingenious techniques that aim to keep the captive animals occupied by increasing the range and the diversity of behavioral opportunities always respecting the ethological needs of the species. The main goal of this work was to use environmental enrichment techniques to reduce pododermatitis in a group of captive penguins. Five captive Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) that were showing bumblefoot lesions were followed during this project. To monitor the lesions, all animals were physically restraint 3 times a week over a period of 12 weeks. Environmental enrichment was introduced daily in the water with the goal of enhancing their time in the water for one extra hour daily. The results demonstrate that in a twelve weeks period, four animals showed significant reduction of the lesions in both feet and in two animals the lesions were completely healed. With these results we can conclude that aquatic environmental enrichment allowed this group of penguins to spend more time in the water, favoring the reduction of the bumblefoot lesions.(AU)

Os pinguins cativos estão predispostos a pododermatite (bumblefoot) devido ao sedentarismo, mudanças dos padrões normais de atividade, tempo prolongado de permanência em pisos duros e abrasivos, diminuição da natação e tempo na água. O enriquecimento ambiental permite a utilização de técnicas imaginativas e engenhosas que visam manter os animais cativos ocupados e com uma maior diversidade de oportunidades comportamentais, sempre respeitando as necessidades etológicas da espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental para reduzir as lesões de pododermatite em um grupo de pingüins. Cinco indivíduos da espécie Pinguim-de-Magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus) foram monitorados durante este projeto. Todos os animais foram contidos fisicamente 3 vezes por semana para a realização do acompanhamento do tamanho das lesões, durante 12 semanas. Enriquecimento ambiental foi introduzido diariamente na água, objetivando aumentar em uma hora o tempo em que os animais passavam na água. Os resultados mostraram que, ao longo das 12 semanas, 4 animais apresentaram redução significativa das lesões em ambas as patas, sendo que em dois animais as lesões desapareceram. Com isto, podemos concluir que o enriquecimento ambiental aquático para este grupo de pingüins permitiu um maior tempo de permanência dos animais na água favorecendo a redução das lesões de bumblefoot.(AU)

Septicemia decorrente de pododermatites em canários de cor (Serinus canarius) / Septicemia resulting from bumblefoot in color canaries (Serinus canarius)

Relataram-se um surto de pododermatite e quadro septicêmico em aves de um canaril comercial. Quarenta e quatro canários de cor foram escolhidos de forma aleatória, sem distinção de sexo, idade ou cor, os quais vieram a óbito naturalmente, após terem sido afetados pela pododermatite, sem que tivessem se submetido a tratamento prévio. As aves mortas foram encaminhadas para o exame necroscópico, onde amostras de tecidos das áreas afetadas foram colhidas para exames microbiológico, micológico e histológico. Todas as aves necropsiadas apresentavam pododermatite, com inflamação em um ou mais dedos, de aspecto nodular, com ou sem presença de úlceras ou necrose. Staphylococcus aureus plasma coagulase positivo foi isolado dos pés e do fígado de todas as aves. Foi observado que todas as linhagens isoladas foram resistentes aos antimicrobianos da classe das penicilinas (penicilina G e ampicilina) e parcialmente sensíveis ou resistentes à ciprofloxacina. Apenas metade dos isolados foram sensíveis à neomicina e à estreptomicina. Problemas de saúde pública podem estar relacionados ao surgimento de animais reservatórios de cepas multirresistentes para seres humanos contactantes, como neste caso.(AU)

An outbreak of bumblefoot and septicemia was reported in birds of commercial breeding. Forty-four color canaries chosen at random, without regard to sex, age or color, which died naturally having been affected with pododermatitis and not undergoing any prior treatment were used. The dead birds were sent for necropsy in which tissue samples from affected areas were taken for microbiological, mycological and histological examination. All necropsied birds had bumblefoot, inflammation in one or more fingers, nodular, with or without the presence of ulcers and necrosis. Staphylococcus aureus plasma-coagulase positive was isolated from the liver and the feet of all birds. It was observed that all isolates were resistant to the penicillin class of antibiotics (penicillin G and ampicillin) and partially sensitive or resistant to ciprofloxacin. Only half of the isolates were sensitive to neomycin and streptomycin. Public health problems may be related to the emergence of animal reservoirs of multi-resistant strains for contacted humans, as in this case.(AU)

Study of bacteria isolated from the foot pad of Spheniscus magellanicus with and without bumblefoot / Estudo de bactérias isoladas de coxins plantares de Spheniscus magellanicus com e sem bumblefoot

The bumblefoot or pododermatitis is among the diseases with the highest morbidity in Magellanic penguins, sometimes evolving to septicemia and death. Therefore, this study aimed to relate the main species involved in the disorder, as well as the in vitro susceptibility profile of the microorganisms against routine antimicrobial usage in Veterinary Medicine. During two years in vivo material was harvested from 200 footpads (n=100 animals) for microbiological analysis and in vitro susceptibility tests against the Antibiotic enrofloxacin, streptomycin, penicillin and cephalosporin. Bacteria have been identified both as part of permanent and transient microbiota, also being associated to 100% of the pododermatitis cases. The most prevalent genus were Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium. The antibiograms of all the isolated bacteria resulted in greater susceptibility of the strains facing cephalosporin, followed by enrofloxacin, streptomycin and penicillin.(AU)

O bumblefoot ou pododermatite está entre as afecções de maior morbidade em pinguins-de-magalhães, podendo evoluir para septicemia e óbito. Portanto, o presente estudo objetivou relacionar as principais espécies bacterianas envolvidas na afecção, bem como o perfil de susceptibilidade in vitro destes microrganismos frente a antimicrobianos de uso rotineiro em medicina veterinária. Durante o período de dois anos, foi realizada colheita de material in vivo de 200 coxins plantares (n=100 animais) para análise microbiológica e testes de susceptibilidade in vitro frente aos antibióticos enrofloxacina, estreptomicina, penicilina e cefalosporina. Bactérias foram identificadas tanto como parte da microbiota permanente quanto da transitória, bem como estiveram associadas a 100% dos casos de pododermatite. Os gêneros mais prevalentes foram Staphylococcus e Corynebacterium. Os antibiogramas de todas as bactérias isoladas resultaram em maior sensibilidade das cepas frente à cefalosporina, seguida de enrofloxacina, estreptomicina e penicilina.(AU)

SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE -MANANASE EM DIETAS PARA FRANGOS DE CORTE CRIADOS EM CONDIÇÕES EXPERIMENTAIS E COMERCIAIS

RESUMO Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da suplementação de -mananase em três situações distintas: aumento da inclusão de fibra bruta na dieta, desafio experimental com Eimeria sp. e em condições de criação comercial sobre o desempenho zootécnico, qualidade intestinal, perfil imunológico e caracterização da microbiota intestinal de frangos de corte. Experimento I: o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de -mananase e fibra sobre o desempenho produtivo, a morfometria intestinal e o rendimento de carcaça. Foram alojados 1440 pintinhos machos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (sem e com enzima e nível baixo e moderado de fibra). A enzima -mananase foi incluída na dose de 400g/ton e a fibra na quantidade de 3,0 e 4,5%, respectivamente. Aos 21 dias, houve interação significativa (p<0,05) entre a inclusão de enzima e fibra sobre a conversão alimentar. Dietas com nível moderado de fibra e suplementadas com a enzima apresentaram resultado semelhante a dietas com baixa fibra e sem enzimas. Os melhores resultados para ganho de peso e consumo de ração de 1 a 42 dias de idade foram encontrados nas aves que receberam dieta com nível moderado de fibra (p<0,05) independente da suplementação enzimática. Aos 21 dias a morfometria intestinal do duodeno, jejuno e íleo (comprimento do vilo, profundidade da cripta, relação vilo:cripta e área de absorção) não foi alterada pelos tratamentos, enquanto que aos 42 dias as aves que não receberam a suplementação com a -mananase, apresentaram um maior comprimento de vilo e consequentemente, uma maior área de absorção (p<0,05). Observou-se ainda aumento (p<0,05) dos pesos absoluto e relativo do intestino a partir de dietas com nível moderado de fibra e também, do fígado (p<0,05) em função da adição de enzima ou fibra aos 21 dias de idade. Houve interação significativa (p<0,05) entre fibra e enzima para os pesos absoluto e relativo do fígado aos 42 dias. Níveis moderados de fibra sem a suplementação enzimática resultaram nos maiores valores para peso de fígado. O rendimento de carcaça aos 42 dias de idade das aves não foi influenciado pelo nível de fibra das dietas e a -mananase. Porém, houve interação significativa (p<0,05) para a gordura abdominal, onde dietas com nível moderado de fibra acrescidas da enzima resultaram em menor percentual de gordura na carcaça. Não foi encontrado diferenças estatísticas (p>0,05) na qualidade da cama (umidade e pH) com a inclusão da enzima nas dietas. O uso de -mananase em dietas com maior concentração de fibra melhora a conversão alimentar de frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias e pode ser uma importante estratégia nutricional e econômica em situações de indisponibilidade de matéria prima de melhor qualidade. Dietas com níveis moderados de fibra resultaram em maior ganho de peso aos 42 dias. Experimento II: o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o efeito da suplementação de -mananase em dietas de frangos de corte desafiados com Eimeria sp. sobre o desempenho zootécnico, a morfometria intestinal, o perfil imunológico e a microbiota intestinal. Foram alojadas 320 pintinhos machos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (sem e com enzima e sem e com desafio). A enzima -mananase foi incluída na dose de 400g/ton e as aves foram desafiadas com vacina contra coccidiose aos 14 dias de idade. O consumo de ração, uma semana após o desafio experimental, foi maior (p<0,05) nas aves que não receberam a suplementação enzimática. No período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, o peso vivo e o ganho de peso foram maiores (p<0,05) para as aves que não foram suplementadas. De 1 a 42 dias, a pior conversão alimentar foi encontrada nas aves que não receberam a -mananase. Uma semana após o desafio, as aves que consumiram dietas controle e foram desafiadas apresentaram maior proporção (p<0,05) de populações de linfócitos T CD8 ativados. Nesta mesma idade, observou-se maior profundidade de cripta, menor relação vilo:cripta e maior número de células caliciformes nas aves desafiadas. Entretanto, aos 42 dias, as aves desafiadas apresentaram maior relação vilo:cripta, menor número de células caliciformes. Já, as aves que receberam a suplementação enzimática apresentaram uma menor profundidade de cripta (p<0,05), o que resultou na melhor relação vilo:cripta. Independente da presença da Eimeria sp., a enzima aumentou (p<0,05) o número de espécies e a diversidade no intestino delgado, em comparação com o tratamento controle, sendo que no ceco apenas aumentou (p<0,05) a diversidade. A melhor compreensão sobre a interação entre os compostos vegetais não-digeríveis, seus metabólitos intestinais, a microbiota intestinal e o hospedeiro abrirá novas possibilidades de produzir novos aditivos nutricionalmente otimizados que promovem a saúde do hospedeiro, através da manipulação da comunidade microbiana do intestino. Experimento III: o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de -mananase em dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja sobre a morfometria intestinal, perfil imunológico, ocorrência de calos de pés, rendimento de carcaça e a caracterização da microbiota intestinal de frangos de corte criados em granjas comerciais. Foram utilizados 4 aviários dark house, e em cada um foram alojados 34 mil pintos de 1 dia de idade da linhagem Cobb Slow. Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão ou não da enzima -mananase, sendo a mesma dieta para cada 2 aviários, compostas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade das aves, 16 aves/tratamento foram capturadas de forma aleatória para análise histomorfométrica do intestino (altura e largura dos vilos e a profundidade e largura das criptas e contagem de células caliciformes.). O rendimento de carcaça de cortes comerciais de 40 aves/tratamento foi determinado aos 46 dias de idade das aves em um abatedouro comercial. Também foram coletados 3600 pés/tratamento para a avaliação de ocorrência de calos de pés. Não houve efeito significativo da adição de -mananase sobre nenhuma das medidas morfométricas de intestino, rendimento de carcaça ou perfil imunológico. A suplementação das dietas com enzima resultou em maior grau de laves com lesão leve, em comparação com o grau médio e grave. A avaliação da microbiota intestinal mostrou a ocorrência de espécies distintas não somente entre os tratamentos, mas pouco compartilhada entre os aviários da mesma granja. A inclusão de -mananase não trouxe melhorias nas respostas produtivas de frangos de corte criados em condições comerciais.

ABSTRACT Three experiments to study the effect of -mannanase suplementation in different situations were made: increase in inclusion of crude fiber in the diet, experimental challenge with Eimeria sp. and in comercial breeding conditions upon the performance, quality intestinal, imune profile and characterization of intestinal microbiota of broilers. Experiment I: the aim of this study was to assess the effect of -mannanase and fiber on performance, gut morphometry and carcass yield. 1440 male chicks were housed and placed following a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 2 x 2 (with and without enzyme and low and moderate levels of fiber). -mannanase was added in a dose of 400g/ton; fiber levels of 3,0 and 4,5%, respectively. At 21 days of age, there was a significant interaction (p<0,05) between the enzyme and the fiber on feed conversion; diets with moderate level of fiber and enzyme inclusion showed similar result to those diets with low percentage of fiber and without enzyme. Fowls that received moderate level of fiber (p<0,05) obtained the best results for weight gain and feed intake from 1 to 42 days of age, regardless the enzyme addition. In addition, while at 21 days of age the gut morphometry of duodenum, jejunum and ileum (villus length, crypt depth, villus: crypt ratio and absorption surface) did not suffer any change by the treatments, at 42 days-old the fowls which did not receive -mannanase supplementation had higher villus length. As a result, a larger absorption surface was seen (p<0,05). There was also an increase (p<0,05) of absolute and relative gut weight of those birds that underwent treatment with moderate fiber level; as well as the liver, due to the enzyme or fiber inclusion at 21 days of age. A significant interaction (p<0,05) could be observed between fiber and enzyme on relative and absolute weights of the liver at 42 days of age; furthermore, moderate levels of fiber without the enzyme contributed to heavier livers. The fiber level in diets containing -mannanase did not influence carcass yield at 42 days of age. However, there was a significant interaction (p<0, 05) in diets with moderate level of fiber and -mannanase on abdominal fat pad, which influenced on a lower amount of fat in the carcass. Diets with moderate levels of fiber reflected in higher weight gain at 42 days of age. Regarding litter quality (pH and moisture), no statistical differences were found (p>0.05) when adding the enzyme. Indeed, the presence of -mannanase in diets with higher levels of fiber improved feed conversion of broilers from day 1 to day 21. This feature could be an important economical and nutritional strategy when lacking quality products. Experiment II: the aim of this study was to access the effect of -mannanase addition in diets of Eimeria-challenged broilers on performance, intestinal morphometry, immunological profile and gut microbiota. There were housed 320 male chicks following a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 2 x 2 (with and without enzyme and with and without the challenge). The enzyme -mannanase was added according to the dose of 400g/ton and the birds were challenged with vaccine against coccidiosis at 14 days of age. One week after the challenge, feed intake was higher (p<0,05) in those birds that did not receive enzymatic supplementation. From 1 to 21 days of age, the live weight and the weight gain showed higher numbers (p<0,05) on birds that were not supplemented. In terms of feed conversion ratio, animals that did not receive -mannanase showed the worst result from 1 to 42 days. Challenged fowls fed with control diet presented a better proportion (p<0,05) of T CD8 activated lymphocytes one week after the challenge implementation. In addition, at this same age, crypt depth was greater, lower villus: crypt proportion and higher number of goblet cells in challenged birds. However, at 42 days of age, challenged birds showed greater villus: crypt proportion and less goblet cells while birds that received enzymatic supplementation presented lower crypt depth (p<0,05), which reflects in a greater villus: crypt proportion. Regardless the Eimeria sp., the enzyme increased (p<0,05) the species number and diversity into the small intestine when comparing to the control; nonetheless, in the cecum only diversity increased (p<0,05). In summary, a better understanding about the interaction between non-digestible vegetable components, its intestinal metabolites and microbiota and host will reveal new options to produce new nutritionally optimized additives. This feature could improve the hosts health through the manipulation of the gut microbial community. Experiment III: the aim of this study was to access the effect of -mannanase addition in corn and soybean meal-based diets over gut morphometry, immunological profile, bumblefoot, carcass yield and description of gut microbiota of broilers raised in commercial barns. There were four dark house barns; on each of them, 34 thousand Cobb Slow chicks (1 day-old) were housed. The treatments were with and without -mannanase, and every two barns received the same diet, which was made of corn and soybean meal. At 21 and 42 days of age, sixteen fowls per treatment were randomly taken in order to analyze intestinal histomorphometry (height and width of the villi, depth and width of the crypts and goblet cell count). The carcass yield of commercial cuts from 40 fowls/treatment was performed at 46 days of age in a commercial slaughterhouse. 3600 feet/treatment were also collected for bumblefoot evaluation. There was no significant effect of -mannanase on morphometric measures, carcass yield or immunological profile. The enzyme supplementation reflected in a higher number of birds with mild lesion in comparison with medium and severe. The evaluation of the gut microbiota showed the occurrence of different species not only between treatments, but among poultry barns in the same farm as well. The inclusion of -mannanase did not bring improvements in productive responses of broiler chickens raised on commercial terms. Keywords

A bumblefoot outbreak and fatal septicemia in captive aquatic birds in Brazil

A bumblefoot outbreak with different prognosis according to host species was studied in captive aquatic avian species. Six wood ducks (Aix sponsa), three scarlet-ibis (Eudocimus ruber), two black-swans (Cygnus atratus), five white-faced ducks (Dendrocygna viduata) and two roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja) were kept in a common pen with abrasive pavement pond margin, predisposing to podal skin wear. Incoordination and mortality occurred in the two roseate spoonbils and one black swan. Coagulase-positive penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the synovial fluid and from the liver. All birds sharing the pen presented active or cicatricial foot lesions, indicating a possible challenge to the environmental Staphylococci. However, except for the roseate spoonbill and the black swan, which had fatal disease, for all other species the case did not evolve to a clinically debilitating or fatal disease. The different susceptibility to a fatal Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive infection is discussed.

Este trabalho relata um surto de esparavão em aves aquáticas cativas com prognóstico variado conforme a espécie de ave. Foram examinados um marreco carolina (Aix sponsa), três guarás (íbis vermelha) (Eudocimus ruber), dois cisnes negros (Cygnus atratus), cinco marrecas piadeiras (Dendrocygna viduata) e dois colhereiros (Platalea ajaja) mantidos em recinto comunitário, em cativeiro e em criatório. No recinto, a piscina é margeada por borda de cimento abrasivo que possibilita a abrasão da pele podal. Todas as aves apresentaram erosões da pele na face de apoio dos pés, indicando fator predisponente (erosão) similar e possível semelhante desafio infeccioso. Entretanto, incoordenação e mortalidade ocorreram em colhereiros e no cisne negro, mas não nas outras espécies. Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positivo e resistente à penicilina foi isolado do líquido sinovial e do fígado das aves recém-mortas e conservadas em geladeira. A susceptibilidade diferenciada das espécies aquáticas estudadas à infecção por S. aureus coagulase positivo é discutida.

A bumblefoot outbreak and fatal septicemia in captive aquatic birds in Brazil

A bumblefoot outbreak with different prognosis according to host species was studied in captive aquatic avian species. Six wood ducks (Aix sponsa), three scarlet-ibis (Eudocimus ruber), two black-swans (Cygnus atratus), five white-faced ducks (Dendrocygna viduata) and two roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja) were kept in a common pen with abrasive pavement pond margin, predisposing to podal skin wear. Incoordination and mortality occurred in the two roseate spoonbils and one black swan. Coagulase-positive penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the synovial fluid and from the liver. All birds sharing the pen presented active or cicatricial foot lesions, indicating a possible challenge to the environmental Staphylococci. However, except for the roseate spoonbill and the black swan, which had fatal disease, for all other species the case did not evolve to a clinically debilitating or fatal disease. The different susceptibility to a fatal Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive infection is discussed.

Este trabalho relata um surto de esparavão em aves aquáticas cativas com prognóstico variado conforme a espécie de ave. Foram examinados um marreco carolina (Aix sponsa), três guarás (íbis vermelha) (Eudocimus ruber), dois cisnes negros (Cygnus atratus), cinco marrecas piadeiras (Dendrocygna viduata) e dois colhereiros (Platalea ajaja) mantidos em recinto comunitário, em cativeiro e em criatório. No recinto, a piscina é margeada por borda de cimento abrasivo que possibilita a abrasão da pele podal. Todas as aves apresentaram erosões da pele na face de apoio dos pés, indicando fator predisponente (erosão) similar e possível semelhante desafio infeccioso. Entretanto, incoordenação e mortalidade ocorreram em colhereiros e no cisne negro, mas não nas outras espécies. Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positivo e resistente à penicilina foi isolado do líquido sinovial e do fígado das aves recém-mortas e conservadas em geladeira. A susceptibilidade diferenciada das espécies aquáticas estudadas à infecção por S. aureus coagulase positivo é discutida.