Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil

Abstract Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations /1 - Valença, /2 - Taperoá, /3 - Ilhéus and /4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the /5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.

Resumo Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais /1 - Valença, /2 - Taperoá, /3 - Ilhéus e /4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a /5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.

Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil / Elementos químicos em sedimentos e em moluscos bivalves de regiões estuarinas do sul do Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil

Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus and #4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.

Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus e #4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.

Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil / Elementos químicos em sedimentos e em moluscos bivalves de regiões estuarinas do sul do Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil

Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus and #4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.(AU)

Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus e #4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.(AU)

Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil / Elementos químicos em sedimentos e em moluscos bivalves de regiões estuarinas do sul do Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus and #4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.

Resumo Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus e #4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.

Antiparkinsoniano para tratamento de sequelas neurológicas causadas pela cinomose / Antiparkinsonian for treatment of neurological sequels caused by canine distemper

Background: Canine distemper (CD) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV). In dogs, CDV infection is characterized by the presentation of systemic and/or neurological signs with viral persistence in some organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). Neurological damages resulting from CD are a defiance for veterinarians, due to occasioned clinical sequels that influence the patient quality of life. The treatment of sequelae should seek to promote the resolution or decrease of the deleterious effects that impede the patient independence. Thus, the present report aims to describe the action of antiparkinsonian medication (levodopa associated with carbidopa) administered to 3 dogs who presented neurological sequels resulting from the canine distemper. Cases: Dog 1. A 9-month-old male mixed breed; Dog 2. A 6-month-old male Shih Tzu. Dog 3. A 8-years-old bitch mixed breed. All animals were referred for neurological care because presented neurological damages after distemper involvement. Only the Dog 2 was vaccinated to CD. Dog 1 (mixed male) had severe myoclonus, lack of proprioception, decreased of muscle tonus and paralysis in both pelvic limbs, associated with a marked thoracolumbar kyphosis. Dog 2 (a puppy Shih Tzu male) presented myoclonus in PL, proprioceptive loss in thoracic and pelvic limbs, absence of withdrawal reflex in thoracic and pelvic limbs, decrease in muscle tonus in pelvic limb and increase in thoracic limb. Dog 3 (adult unneutered bitch) presented intense myoclonus, absence of proprioception, decrease in muscle tonus and paresis of pelvic limb. All patients were treated with antiparkinsonian medication (levodopa 250 mg associated with carbidopa 25 mg) with following dosages: Dog 1 received a commercially available tablet, orally once a day for 30 days, while Dogs 2 and 3 had doses calculated by extrapolation allometric. For the Dog 2 it was prescribed 0.25 mg of levodopa and 0.025 mg of carbidopa daily for 30 days. Dog 3 was treated with 1 mg of levodopa and 0.1 mg of carbidopa patient day for the same period. Thirty days after starting the treatment, the 3 patients were evaluated again, and showed improvement of the motor signs, and the treatment was maintained. At the next return (30 days): Dog 1 showed significant improvement, however, Dog 2 started to present epileptic seizures and nystagmus that were treated with levetiracetam, while the Dog 3 not returned. As Dog 1 had a better prognosis, treatment was maintained for 1 year, with the frequency being changed from 24 h x 24 h to 48 h x 48 h after 30 days and 72x72 h after another 30 days. Unfortunately, Dog 2 had a worsening of epileptic condition and died, while Dog 3 died by road-kill. Discussion: The cases reported are uncommon, because not exist information about the use of antiparksonian to treatment of neurological damages occasioned by canine distemper. Although there are emerging therapies, such as the use of mesenchymal stem cells, that can reduce these sequels, the access is still restricted to a few professionals. Thus, the use of medications for demyelinating diseases, as antiparkinsonian, may be an alternative. In fact, the three reported patients showed recovery of the motor and sensorial damages observed, which corroborates with the possibility of a new treatment using antiparkinsonian or other drugs to demyelinating diseases.

Effect of Different Conditioning Temperatures and Times on the Pellet Quality, Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Ileal Microbial Population, and Apparent Metabolizable Energy in Broiler Chickens

This experiment was conducted for 42 days, and aimed to investigate the effect of conditioning temperature and time on feed quality, performance, jejunum morphology, ileal microbial population, and apparent metabolizable energy in broilers. According to the completely randomized design (CRD) in a factorial arrangement 2*3 (conditioning temperatures: 65 and 75 °C; conditioning times: 30, 60, and 90 second), 540 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly distributed among six treatments with six replications, each replicate including 15 birds. Treatments included: 1) 65-30, 2) 65-60, 3) 65-90, 4) 75-30, 5) 75-60, 6) 75-90. The results showed that 60 seconds of conditioning at 75 °C increased the pellet durability index (PDI) in the starter diets (p<0.05). In the grower and finisher diets, groups (65-60) and (65-90) showed the highest PDI (p<0.05). Broilers fed diets conditioned at 75 °C for 60 s showed more body weight gain (p<0.05). On days 25 and 42, the highest villus height (VH) was observed in treatment (75-60), and 60 s steam conditioning increased crypt depth (CD) (p<0.05). At 75 oC, the number of goblet cells decreased, while their highest number was observed at 30 and 60 s on 25 d (p<0.05). Conditioning at 75 °C for 60 s enhanced the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) in broilers (p<0.05). In conclusion, 60 s conditioning at 75 °C improved the PDI of starter diets, performance, villus height, and AME, while the suitable temperature and pelleting time for grower and finisher diets were (65-60) and (65-90).(AU)

Ameliorative effects of Sargassum stolonifoliumamendment on physiological and biochemical parameters in Brassica chinensis L. under cadmium contaminated soil / Efeitos remediadores do uso de Sargassum stolonifolium sobre parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos de Brassica chinensis L. sob solo contaminado por cádmio

This research was carried out to examine the effects of Sargassum stolonifolium on reducing cadmium in Brassica chinensis L. tissue, its influential roles on physiological parameters and antioxidant mechanism in B. chinensis exposed to cadmium stress. Different levels of Cd (50 mg and 100 mg) with and without S. stolonifolium (25g, 50g and 100g) under five replications were explored in this study. Biomass, photosynthetic pigment, relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant activity (TAA), non-protein thiol (NPT), protein thiol (PT), protein bound thiol, glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) were determined. The results revealed that Cd stress significantly (P < 0.05) reduced plant biomass and physiological attributes, and accumulated higher Cd concentrations in plant tissues with the increasing rate of Cd concentration in the soil. However, incorporation of S. stolonifolium at 100 g rate in 50 mg Cd (T4) spiked soil increased the FW (40.6%) and DW (72.2%) relative to the respective treatment without S. stolonifolium. Similarly, Cd accumulation in roots, stem and leaves was decreased by 90.25%, 82.93% and 84.6% respectively compared to T1 (50 mg Cd) and thereby reducing leaf MDA and H2O2 contents by 40.1% and 68.8%, respectively, at 50 mg Cd kg−1 spiked soil relative to T1. An increase was noticed in the chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, SPAD and RWC with a value of 114.6%, 20.7%, 73.7%, 44.8%, and 6.3%, respectively, over the control (T0). DPPH scavenging activity and TAA increased 119.8 and 81.5% percent respectively over the T0. Concentration increment of NPT, TT, GSH and PCs by 66.7%, 49.1%, 60.1%, 96.1% and 3.4% respectively, was noticed in T4 compared to T0. Antioxidant enzymes activities increased by APX (92.8%), CAT (73.1%), SOD (20.9%) and POD (88.9%) for T4 compared to the control. S. stolonifolium has the potential to improve growth and increase the defensive system of B. chinensis and ameliorate cadmium phytotoxicity as well as immobilization.(AU)

Esta pesquisa foi realizada para examinar os efeitos de Sargassum stolonifolium na biossorção de cádmio em tecido de Brassica chinensis L., e a influência em parâmetros fisiológicos e antioxidantes em B. chinensis exposta ao estresse por cádmio. Foram avaliados níveis de Cd (50 mg e 100 mg), com ou sem S. stolonifolium (25g, 50g e 100g), em cinco repetições. Biomassa, pigmento fotossintético, teor relativo de água (RWC), malondialdeído (MDA), peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), atividade antioxidante total (TAA), tiol não proteico (NPT), tiol proteico (PT), tiol ligado às proteínas, glutationa (GSH), fitoquelatinas, ascorbato peroxidase (APX), Catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e guaiacol peroxidase (POD) foram determinados. Os resultados revelaram que o estresse por Cd reduziu significativamente (P < 0,05) a biomassa vegetal e os atributos fisiológicos, e acumulou maiores concentrações de Cd nos tecidos vegetais com o aumento da taxa de concentração de Cd no solo. No entanto, a incorporação de S. stolonifolium na dose de 100 g em solo aumentou a AF (40,6%) PD (72,2%) em relação ao respectivo tratamento sem S. stolonifolium. Da mesma forma, o acúmulo de Cd nas raízes, caule e folhas foi reduzido em 90,25%, 82,93% e 84,6%, respectivamente, comparando T1 e, assim, reduzindo os teores de MDA e H2O2 nas folhas em 40,1% e 68,8%, respectivamente, a 50 mg Cd kg−1 de solo enriquecido em relação a T0 e T1. Um aumento foi observado na clorofila a, b, carotenoide, SPAD e RWC de 114,6%, 20,7%, 73,7%, 44,8% e 6,3%, respectivamente, em relação ao controle. Aumento da concentração de NPT, TT, GSH e PCs em 66,7%, 49,1%, 60,1%, 96,1% e 3,4%, respectivamente, foi observado em T4 em relação a T0. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes APX (92,8%), CAT (73,1%), SOD (20,9%) e POD (88,9%) aumentam em T4, em relação ao controle. S. stolonifolium tem potencial para promover o crescimento e aumentar o sistema de defesa de B. chinensis e reduzir os efeitos negativos da fitotoxicidade do cádmio, bem como a sua imobilização.(AU)

Use of blood residue as alternative source of phosphorus in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ) cultivation / [Utilização de resíduo de sangue como fonte alternativa de fósforo no cultivo de girassol (Helianthus annuus L. )]

The aim of this work was to increase the aerial part, biometry, and yield of achenes from sunflower plants on the effect of increasing doses of blood residue, as an alternative source of phosphorus (P), in a clayey-textured red Oxisol. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of five doses of blood residue (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48m3 ha-1) and a control treatment that received phosphate chemical fertilization, 80kg ha-1 of P2O5. The increasing doses of blood residue and chemical fertilization do not show disproportionality for P concentration in soil, leaf, plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), chapter diameter (CD) and achene production. The analysis of the principal component (PC) revealed that the first PC presents the greatest accumulated variation (74%). Based on the first PC, the dose of 12m-3 ha-1 has greater influence for PH, SC, and CD. Due to the greater influence on the biometric characteristics of sunflower plants, the blood residue (12m-3 ha-1 = 98.4kg P ha-1), can be used as an alternative source of phosphorus for the cultivation of sunflower in clayey oxisols.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar biometria de parte aérea, rendimento de aquênios de plantas de girassol sobre o efeito de doses crescentes de resíduo de sangue, como fonte alternativa de fósforo (P), em um Latossolo vermelho de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco doses de resíduo de sangue (0, 6, 12, 24 e 48m3 ha-1) e um tratamento que recebeu a adubação fosfatada química, 80kg ha-1 de P2O5. As doses crescentes de resíduo de sangue e adubação química não demostram desproporcionalidade para a concentração de P no solo, folha, altura de planta (AP), diâmetro de caule (DC), diâmetro de capítulo (DCP) e produção de aquênios. A análise de componentes (CP) principais revelou que o primeiro CP apresenta maior variação acumulada (74%). Baseado no primeiro CP, a dose de 12 m-3 ha-1exibe maior influência para AP, DC e DCP. Devido a maior influência sobre as características biométricas em plantas de girassol, o resíduo de sangue (12m-3 ha-1 = 98,4kg P ha-1), pode ser utilizado como fonte alternativa de fósforo para o cultivo de girassol em Latossolos de textura argilosa.

Effect of amino acid supplementation and choline chloride for low protein diet on nitrogen efficiency and methane emission of dairy cows / Efeito da suplementação de aminoácidos e cloreto de colina para dieta pobre em proteínas na eficiência de nitrogênio e emissão de metano de vacas leiteiras

Ruminants are one of the largest anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Therefore, the hypothesis was to study the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) level on environmental contaminators when rumen-protected amino acids and choline chloride were supplemented. Sixty Holstein dairy cows were used during the experiment. Test diets were: (1) CD = Control diet with16.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM); (2) LM = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + methionine ; (3) LL = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + lysine; (4) LML = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + methionine + lysine; (5) LMLC = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + methionine + lysine + choline. Dry matter and NDF intake were not different, but the control group received higher CP and ADF compared with other groups (P < 0.05). Fecal CP and ADF of control group were lower (P < 0.05), but no differences were observed for fecal dry matter (DM) and NDF. Milk yield and protein content were higher for LML and LMLC like control group (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake, urinary N, urinary urea N and total excreta N decreased (P < 0.05) when animals fed low protein. There was no difference in ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio, whereas the ruminal ammonia-N decreased with the low protein (P < 0.05). The 120-h gas production test, showed no difference on the kinetics of digestion and in vitro methane emission. However, the inclusion of DMI in the calculations revealed that low protein can reduce (P < 0.05) methane emission. Overall, our findings indicated that low protein can be compensated for by adding rumen-protected amino acids, not only to maintain the animal performance, but also to decrease nitrogen excretion and methane emission.(AU)

Os ruminantes são uma das maiores emissões antropogênicas de metano e óxido nitroso. Portanto, a hipótese foi estudar os efeitos da redução do nível de proteína bruta (PB) na dieta sobre os contaminantes ambientais quando aminoácidos protegidos no rúmen e cloreto de colina foram suplementados. Sessenta vacas leiteiras Holstein foram utilizadas durante o experimento. As dietas teste foram: (1) CD = dieta controle com 16.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de MS); (2) LM = Dieta pobre em proteínas com 14.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de DM + metionina; (3) LL = Dieta pobre em proteínas com 14.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de MS + lisina; (4) LML = Dieta pobre em proteínas com 14.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de DM + metionina + lisina; (5) LMLC = Dieta pobre em proteínas com 14.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de DM + metionina + lisina + colina. O consumo de matéria seca e FDN não foi diferente, mas o grupo controle recebeu maior PB e FDA em comparação com os outros grupos (P < 0.05). A PB e FDA fecal do grupo controle foram menores (P < 0.05), mas não foram observadas diferenças para matéria seca (MS) e FDN fecal. A produção de leite e o teor de proteína foram maiores para LML e LMLC como grupo controle (P < 0.05). A ingestão de nitrogênio, N urinário, N urinário urinário e N excreta total diminuíram (P < 0.05) quando os animais foram alimentados com baixa proteína. Não houve diferença no pH ruminal e na relação acetato / propionato, enquanto o N-amônia ruminal diminuiu com o baixo teor de proteína (P < 0.05). O teste de produção de gás de 120 h, não mostrou diferença na cinética de digestão e emissão de metano in vitro. No entanto, a inclusão do CMS nos cálculos revelou que a baixa proteína pode reduzir (P < 0.05) a emissão de metano. No geral, nossos resultados indicaram que o baixo teor de proteína pode ser compensado pela adição de aminoácidos protegidos no rúmen, não apenas para manter o desempenho animal, mas também para diminuir a excreção de nitrogênio e a emissão de metano.(AU)

Comprehension of the zinc chloride's ameliorative apoptotic and genotoxic effects on mice with cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity

Cadmium is a typical heavy metal quite dangerous to humans and animals. Zinc supplementation protects the biological system from Cd toxicity and alleviates Cd-induced toxicity. The present study was assessed to evaluate the preventive effects of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) on male mice with liver damage induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2). Metals accumulation was quantified in the liver. Body weight, liver weight ratio, lipid peroxidation, caspase 3, and DNA damage were determined in the liver of male mice after receiving an intraperitoneal (IP) a single dose of CdCl2 at 1.5 and 3 mg/kg or/and ZnCl2 10 mg/kg during 21 days. The LD50 was 6.023 mg/kg for CdCl2 and 89.05 mg/kg for ZnCl2. The results indicate that mice in control and Zn groups gained body weight at the end of the experiment, while other treated groups significantly decreased. The relative weight of the liver revealed a significant increase in experimental groups. In addition, an increase in malondialdehyde level, Metallothionein concentration, and caspase-3 level was detected in Cd and Zn groups alone or in combination. Strand breaks of DNA of hepatocytes showed a significant increase in tail length of groups treated with cadmium. Co-treatment with zinc reduced these parameters compared to those measured in cells treated with cadmium. The outcome of this study implied that cadmium chloride causes oxidative stress, DNA damage, and elevated apoptosis markers in mice livers at low and medium doses. By pinpointing the target organ involved, the study results have also added some understanding of the impacts of zinc chloride injection to ameliorate cadmium toxicity in a low dose at 10 mg/kg.

Assessment of cadmium tolerance and biosorptive potential of Bacillus Cereus GCFSD01 isolated from cadmium contaminated soil / Avaliação da tolerância ao cádmio e do potencial biossorptivo de Bacillus Cereus GCFSD01 isolado de solo contaminado com cádmio

Continuous occurrence of heavy metals is a major cause of environmental pollution due to its toxic effects. At minimum concentrations, these metals are highly reactive and can gather in the food chains and food web, causing major dangers to public health concerns. Soil samples were collected from Paharang drain, Faisalabad. Cadmium tolerant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Cd. The isolated bacterial strain GCFSD01 showed MIC value upto 30 mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Cd was selected for further study. Molecular characterization of bacterial isolate GCFSD01 was performed by 16S rRNA which confirmed it as Bacillus cereus. Optimum growth conditions of bacterial strain were also evaluated. Strain GCFSD01 showed optimum growth at pH 7 and 37 °C temperature. Our result revealed that B. cereus strain GCFSD01 reduced 61.3% Cd after 48 hrs. Multiple metal tolerance and Cd reduction by B. cereus indicate its potential for further use for decontamination of polluted soil.

A ocorrência contínua de metais pesados é uma das principais causas de poluição ambiental devido aos seus efeitos tóxicos. A contaminação por metais pesados representa um grande risco para todas as formas de vida encontradas no meio ambiente. Em concentrações mínimas, esses metais são altamente reativos e podem se acumular nas cadeias alimentares e na cadeia alimentar, causando grandes perigos às preocupações com a saúde pública. Amostras de solo foram coletadas no esgoto de Paharang, Faisalabad. Bactérias tolerantes ao cádmio foram isoladas da amostra coletada pelo método da placa de ágar. As colônias separadas individuais selecionadas foram avaliadas quanto às suas concentrações inibitórias mínimas contra Cd. A cepa bacteriana isolada GCFSD01 apresentou valores de CIM de 30 mM/L. A colônia bacteriana que apresentou maior resistência contra o Cd foi selecionada para identificação. Após seleção da maior colônia bacteriana resistente ao Cd, coloração de Gram e diferentes testes bioquímicos foram realizados para a caracterização da bactéria isolada. A caracterização molecular do isolado bacteriano GCFSD01 foi realizada por PCR 16S rRNA confirmando a presença de Bacillus cereus. Após a identificação molecular, as condições ótimas de crescimento da cepa bacteriana também foram verificadas. A cepa GCFSD01 apresentou crescimento ótimo em pH 7 e temperatura de 37 °C. Nosso resultado revelou que a cepa de B. cereus GCFSD01 reduziu 61,3% de Cd após 48 horas. A tolerância a múltiplos metais e a redução de Cd por B. cereus indicam seu potencial para uso posterior na descontaminação do solo poluído.

Assessment of cadmium tolerance and biosorptive potential of Bacillus Cereus GCFSD01 isolated from cadmium contaminated soil / Avaliação da tolerância ao cádmio e do potencial biossorptivo de Bacillus Cereus GCFSD01 isolado de solo contaminado com cádmio

Continuous occurrence of heavy metals is a major cause of environmental pollution due to its toxic effects. At minimum concentrations, these metals are highly reactive and can gather in the food chains and food web, causing major dangers to public health concerns. Soil samples were collected from Paharang drain, Faisalabad. Cadmium tolerant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Cd. The isolated bacterial strain GCFSD01 showed MIC value upto 30 mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Cd was selected for further study. Molecular characterization of bacterial isolate GCFSD01 was performed by 16S rRNA which confirmed it as Bacillus cereus. Optimum growth conditions of bacterial strain were also evaluated. Strain GCFSD01 showed optimum growth at pH 7 and 37 °C temperature. Our result revealed that B. cereus strain GCFSD01 reduced 61.3% Cd after 48 hrs. Multiple metal tolerance and Cd reduction by B. cereus indicate its potential for further use for decontamination of polluted soil.(AU)

A ocorrência contínua de metais pesados é uma das principais causas de poluição ambiental devido aos seus efeitos tóxicos. A contaminação por metais pesados representa um grande risco para todas as formas de vida encontradas no meio ambiente. Em concentrações mínimas, esses metais são altamente reativos e podem se acumular nas cadeias alimentares e na cadeia alimentar, causando grandes perigos às preocupações com a saúde pública. Amostras de solo foram coletadas no esgoto de Paharang, Faisalabad. Bactérias tolerantes ao cádmio foram isoladas da amostra coletada pelo método da placa de ágar. As colônias separadas individuais selecionadas foram avaliadas quanto às suas concentrações inibitórias mínimas contra Cd. A cepa bacteriana isolada GCFSD01 apresentou valores de CIM de 30 mM/L. A colônia bacteriana que apresentou maior resistência contra o Cd foi selecionada para identificação. Após seleção da maior colônia bacteriana resistente ao Cd, coloração de Gram e diferentes testes bioquímicos foram realizados para a caracterização da bactéria isolada. A caracterização molecular do isolado bacteriano GCFSD01 foi realizada por PCR 16S rRNA confirmando a presença de Bacillus cereus. Após a identificação molecular, as condições ótimas de crescimento da cepa bacteriana também foram verificadas. A cepa GCFSD01 apresentou crescimento ótimo em pH 7 e temperatura de 37 °C. Nosso resultado revelou que a cepa de B. cereus GCFSD01 reduziu 61,3% de Cd após 48 horas. A tolerância a múltiplos metais e a redução de Cd por B. cereus indicam seu potencial para uso posterior na descontaminação do solo poluído.(AU)

Seroprevalence of Chagas disease in southern Brazilian cardiac patients and their knowledge about the parasitosis and vectors / Soroprevalência da doença de Chagas em pacientes cardíacos do sul do Brasil e seu conhecimento sobre a parasitose e vetores

Chagas disease (CD) is considered a typical low-income population sickness of the developing countries in Latin America. Given the historical relevance of CD in individuals in southern Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State, Brazil, the aim of this study was to identify the knowledge of the CD and its vectors by cardiac patients, and the prevalence of anti-T cruzi antibodies in these individuals in Pelotas, city located in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil. The subjects with cardiac disease were submitted to a semi-structured questionnaire as well as two serological tests in order to detect anti-T. cruzi IgG antibodies. Of the individuals that born in municipalities showing the highest triatomine infestation rates in recent decades, 81.8% were able to recognize the vector insect (p = 0.0042; OR = 5.9), and 83.3% reported either themselves or someone in their families to have CD (p = 0.043, OR = 5.2). Of the 54 patients submitted to serological analysis, only 01 patient (1.9%) was positive for anti-T. cruzi antibodies, a 55 year old man from the rural area of Canguçu county. This study provides support for the evaluation to be extended to other cardiology centers, given the importance of Chagas disease in Brazil.(AU)

A doença de Chagas (DC) é considerada uma doença típica da população de baixa renda dos países em desenvolvimento da América Latina. Dada a relevância histórica da DC em indivíduos do sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o conhecimento da doença de Chagas (DC) e seus vetores em pacientes cardíacos, e a prevalência de anticorpos anti-T cruzi nesses indivíduos, em Pelotas, cidade localizada no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Os pacientes cardiopatas foram submetidos a um questionário semiestruturado, e também a dois testes sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos anti-T. cruzi IgG. Dos indivíduos que nasceram em municípios com as maiores taxas de infestação por triatomíneos nas últimas décadas, 81,8% foram capazes de reconhecer o inseto vetor (p = 0,0042; OR = 5,9), e 83,3% relataram que eles próprios ou alguém em suas famílias tem DC (p = 0,043, OR = 5,2). Dos 54 pacientes submetidos à análise sorológica, apenas 01 paciente (1,9%) foi positivo para anticorpos anti-T.cruzi, um homem de 55 anos da área rural do município de Canguçu. Este estudo fornece subsídios para que a avaliação seja estendida a outros centros de cardiologia, devido à importância da doença de Chagas no Brasil.(AU)

Prevalence, risk factors and survival in dogs with myxomatous valve degeneration / [Prevalência, fatores de risco e sobrevivência em cães com degeneração mixomatosa valvar]

The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence, survival time, and risk factors of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs by a retrospective observational cohort study design of a Brazilian veterinary center, admitted from 2012 to 2018 (2.585 days). Considering the 105 dog files confirmed as MMVD, the prevalence of the disease was higher in small-breed dogs with ages from 10 to 19 years (30.3%). The survival time of the dogs at B1 stage (1.854 ± 145 days) was higher than the B2 (1.508+209) and C/D (930 ± 209). Higher risks of death (hazard ratio) were detected in the presence of syncope (2.5), pulmonary crackling (2.0), dyspnea (1.9), and higher values of vertebral heart scale (1.7), radiographic left atrium dimension (1.8), the ACVIM staging (1.7), and the duration of QRS complex (1.05). The results achieved demonstrated higher prevalence of MMVD in old small-breed dogs, associated with longer survival time in the B1 stage of the disease, and higher risk of death related to the presence of clinical signs, such as dyspnea, syncope, and pulmonary crackling, beyond some radiographic, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic variables of heart or atrial enlargement.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a prevalência, o tempo de sobrevivência e os fatores de risco da doença mixomatosa valvar mitral (DMVM) em cães, por meio de estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo, os quais foram atendidos em um centro veterinário de 2012 a 2018 (2.585 dias). Considerando os 105 arquivos de cães com confirmação da DMVM, maior prevalência foi observada em raças pequenas com idades entre 10 e 19 anos (30,3%). O tempo de sobrevivência de cães em estágio B1 (1.854+145 dias) foi superior ao B2 (1.508+209) e ao C/D (930+209). Maior risco de morte (hazard ratio) foi observado na presença de síncope (2,5), crepitação pulmonar (2,0), dispneia (1,9), bem como de valores superiores de VHS (1,7), dimensão radiográfica do átrio esquerdo (1,8), estadiamento ACVIM (1,7) e duração do complexo QRS (1,05). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram maior prevalência de DMVM em cães idosos de raças pequenas, associada a maior tempo de sobrevida no estágio B1 da doença e a maior risco de morte relacionado à presença de sinais clínicos como dispneia, síncope e crepitação pulmonar, além de algumas variáveis radiográficas, ecocardiográficas e eletrocardiográficas de cardiomegalia ou aumento atrial esquerdo.(AU)

Assessment of cadmium tolerance and biosorptive potential of Bacillus Cereus GCFSD01 isolated from cadmium contaminated soil

Abstract Continuous occurrence of heavy metals is a major cause of environmental pollution due to its toxic effects. At minimum concentrations, these metals are highly reactive and can gather in the food chains and food web, causing major dangers to public health concerns. Soil samples were collected from Paharang drain, Faisalabad. Cadmium tolerant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Cd. The isolated bacterial strain GCFSD01 showed MIC value upto 30 mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Cd was selected for further study. Molecular characterization of bacterial isolate GCFSD01 was performed by 16S rRNA which confirmed it as Bacillus cereus. Optimum growth conditions of bacterial strain were also evaluated. Strain GCFSD01 showed optimum growth at pH 7 and 37 °C temperature. Our result revealed that B. cereus strain GCFSD01 reduced 61.3% Cd after 48 hrs. Multiple metal tolerance and Cd reduction by B. cereus indicate its potential for further use for decontamination of polluted soil.

Resumo A ocorrência contínua de metais pesados é uma das principais causas de poluição ambiental devido aos seus efeitos tóxicos. A contaminação por metais pesados representa um grande risco para todas as formas de vida encontradas no meio ambiente. Em concentrações mínimas, esses metais são altamente reativos e podem se acumular nas cadeias alimentares e na cadeia alimentar, causando grandes perigos às preocupações com a saúde pública. Amostras de solo foram coletadas no esgoto de Paharang, Faisalabad. Bactérias tolerantes ao cádmio foram isoladas da amostra coletada pelo método da placa de ágar. As colônias separadas individuais selecionadas foram avaliadas quanto às suas concentrações inibitórias mínimas contra Cd. A cepa bacteriana isolada GCFSD01 apresentou valores de CIM de 30 mM/L. A colônia bacteriana que apresentou maior resistência contra o Cd foi selecionada para identificação. Após seleção da maior colônia bacteriana resistente ao Cd, coloração de Gram e diferentes testes bioquímicos foram realizados para a caracterização da bactéria isolada. A caracterização molecular do isolado bacteriano GCFSD01 foi realizada por PCR 16S rRNA confirmando a presença de Bacillus cereus. Após a identificação molecular, as condições ótimas de crescimento da cepa bacteriana também foram verificadas. A cepa GCFSD01 apresentou crescimento ótimo em pH 7 e temperatura de 37 °C. Nosso resultado revelou que a cepa de B. cereus GCFSD01 reduziu 61,3% de Cd após 48 horas. A tolerância a múltiplos metais e a redução de Cd por B. cereus indicam seu potencial para uso posterior na descontaminação do solo poluído.

Germination of forage species in the presence of cadmium, copper and lead / Germinação de espécies forrageiras na presença de cádmio, cobre e chumbo

Soil contaminated with trace elements needs to introduce tolerant species and rapid growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination of forage species Brachiaria humidicola cv. Tupi, Panicum maximum cultivars Aruana and Tanzania in the presence of trace elements cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory for Seed Analysis (CAV-UDESC), the tests were conducted in the absence of the elements (control - 0 mg L-1), and in the concentrations of 3, 180 and 200 mg L-1 for Cd, Pb and Cu respectively. Germination percentage (G), Germination Speed Index (GSI), Vigor (V) and tolerance index for aerial parts (AP) and root (R) were calculated. The presence of Cu inhibited the germination, root emission and aerial part of the species P. maximum cv. Aruana, as for vigor index was affected by the presence of Cu for the species P. maximum cv. Tanzânia and B. humidicola cv. Tupi. The percentage of germination, germination speed index and shoot length of the three species studied were affected by the presence of Cd. The presence of Pb affected shoot length and root length, and vigor index for P. maximum cv. Aruana and P. maximum cv. Tanzânia. The decreasing order of species sensitivity in the presence of Cd and Pb was P. maximum cv. Aruana > P. maximum cv. Tanzânia > B. humidicola cv. Tupi

Solo contaminado com elementos-traço tem necessidade de introduzir espécies tolerantes e de crescimento rápido. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a germinação das espécies forrageiras Brachiaria humidicola cv. Tupi, Panicum maximum cultivares Aruana e Tanzânia na presença dos elementos-traço cádmio (Cd), cobre (Cu) e chumbo (Pb). O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório para Análise de Sementes (CAV-UDESC), os testes foram conduzidos na ausência dos elementos (testemunha - 0 mg    L-1), e nas concentrações de 3, 180 e 200 mg L-1 para Cd, Pb e Cu, respectivamente. Foram calculados a porcentagem de germinação (G), Índice de Velocidade de Germinação (IVG), Vigor (V) e Índice de tolerância para parte aérea (PA) e raiz (RA). A presença do Cu inibiu a germinação, emissão de raiz e parte aérea da espécie P. maximum cv.  Aruana, bem como o índice de vigor foi afetado pela presença do Cu para as espécies P. maximum cv.  Tanzânia e B. humidicola cv. Tupi. A porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e comprimento de parte aérea das três espécies estudadas foram afetadas pela presença do Cd. A presença do Pb afetou o comprimento de parte aérea e raiz, e índice de vigor para P. maximum cv.  Aruana e P. maximum cv.  Tanzânia. A ordem decrescente de sensibilidade das espécies na presença de Cd e Pb foi P. maximum cv.  Aruana > P. maximum cv.  Tanzânia

Germination of forage species in the presence of cadmium, copper and lead / Germinação de espécies forrageiras na presença de cádmio, cobre e chumbo

Soil contaminated with trace elements needs to introduce tolerant species and rapid growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination of forage species Brachiaria humidicola cv. Tupi, Panicum maximum cultivars Aruana and Tanzania in the presence of trace elements cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory for Seed Analysis (CAV-UDESC), the tests were conducted in the absence of the elements (control - 0 mg L-1), and in the concentrations of 3, 180 and 200 mg L-1 for Cd, Pb and Cu respectively. Germination percentage (G), Germination Speed Index (GSI), Vigor (V) and tolerance index for aerial parts (AP) and root (R) were calculated. The presence of Cu inhibited the germination, root emission and aerial part of the species P. maximum cv. Aruana, as for vigor index was affected by the presence of Cu for the species P. maximum cv. Tanzânia and B. humidicola cv. Tupi. The percentage of germination, germination speed index and shoot length of the three species studied were affected by the presence of Cd. The presence of Pb affected shoot length and root length, and vigor index for P. maximum cv. Aruana and P. maximum cv. Tanzânia. The decreasing order of species sensitivity in the presence of Cd and Pb was P. maximum cv. Aruana > P. maximum cv. Tanzânia > B. humidicola cv. Tupi(AU)

Solo contaminado com elementos-traço tem necessidade de introduzir espécies tolerantes e de crescimento rápido. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a germinação das espécies forrageiras Brachiaria humidicola cv. Tupi, Panicum maximum cultivares Aruana e Tanzânia na presença dos elementos-traço cádmio (Cd), cobre (Cu) e chumbo (Pb). O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório para Análise de Sementes (CAV-UDESC), os testes foram conduzidos na ausência dos elementos (testemunha - 0 mg    L-1), e nas concentrações de 3, 180 e 200 mg L-1 para Cd, Pb e Cu, respectivamente. Foram calculados a porcentagem de germinação (G), Índice de Velocidade de Germinação (IVG), Vigor (V) e Índice de tolerância para parte aérea (PA) e raiz (RA). A presença do Cu inibiu a germinação, emissão de raiz e parte aérea da espécie P. maximum cv.  Aruana, bem como o índice de vigor foi afetado pela presença do Cu para as espécies P. maximum cv.  Tanzânia e B. humidicola cv. Tupi. A porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e comprimento de parte aérea das três espécies estudadas foram afetadas pela presença do Cd. A presença do Pb afetou o comprimento de parte aérea e raiz, e índice de vigor para P. maximum cv.  Aruana e P. maximum cv.  Tanzânia. A ordem decrescente de sensibilidade das espécies na presença de Cd e Pb foi P. maximum cv.  Aruana > P. maximum cv.  Tanzânia(AU)

Seroprevalence of Chagas disease in Southern Brazilian cardiac patients and their knowledge about the parasitosis and vectors

Abstract Chagas disease (CD) is considered a typical low-income population sickness of the developing countries in Latin America. Given the historical relevance of CD in individuals in southern Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State, Brazil, the aim of this study was to identify the knowledge of the CD and its vectors by cardiac patients, and the prevalence of anti-T cruzi antibodies in these individuals in Pelotas, city located in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil. The subjects with cardiac disease were submitted to a semi-structured questionnaire as well as two serological tests in order to detect anti-T. cruzi IgG antibodies. Of the individuals that born in municipalities showing the highest triatomine infestation rates in recent decades, 81.8% were able to recognize the vector insect (p = 0.0042; OR = 5.9), and 83.3% reported either themselves or someone in their families to have CD (p = 0.043, OR = 5.2). Of the 54 patients submitted to serological analysis, only 01 patient (1.9%) was positive for anti-T. cruzi antibodies, a 55 year old man from the rural area of Canguçu county. This study provides support for the evaluation to be extended to other cardiology centers, given the importance of Chagas disease in Brazil.

Resumo A doença de Chagas (DC) é considerada uma doença típica da população de baixa renda dos países em desenvolvimento da América Latina. Dada a relevância histórica da DC em indivíduos do sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o conhecimento da doença de Chagas (DC) e seus vetores em pacientes cardíacos, e a prevalência de anticorpos anti-T cruzi nesses indivíduos, em Pelotas, cidade localizada no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Os pacientes cardiopatas foram submetidos a um questionário semiestruturado, e também a dois testes sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos anti-T. cruzi IgG. Dos indivíduos que nasceram em municípios com as maiores taxas de infestação por triatomíneos nas últimas décadas, 81,8% foram capazes de reconhecer o inseto vetor (p = 0,0042; OR = 5,9), e 83,3% relataram que eles próprios ou alguém em suas famílias tem DC (p = 0,043, OR = 5,2). Dos 54 pacientes submetidos à análise sorológica, apenas 01 paciente (1,9%) foi positivo para anticorpos anti-T.cruzi, um homem de 55 anos da área rural do município de Canguçu. Este estudo fornece subsídios para que a avaliação seja estendida a outros centros de cardiologia, devido à importância da doença de Chagas no Brasil.

Hepatoprotective effect of Zinc and Magnesium against subchronicCadmium toxicity on biochemical, histopathological andneurobehavioral parameters in Wistar rats

The aim of this study was carried out to investigate the possible hepato protective effect of Zinc and Magnesium against subchronic cadmium toxicity on biochemical, histopathological and neurobehavioral parameters in Wistar rats during 90 days. Fourty Wistar rats, were randomly divided in four experimental group: 1, control only water; 2, water and oral administration (Cd); 3, (Cd+Mg) in water oral administration; 4, (Cd+Zn) in water oral administration. Zinc and Magnesium was used to reduce hepatoxicity and neurobehavioral disorders induced by Cadmium in Wistar rats. The Cd-Zn and Cd-Mg groups received 10 mg/kg of ZnCl2, 10 mg/kg of MgCl2 added to drinking water. The Cd group received 15mg / kg of CdCl2. Blood glucose level and body weight were measured every day. According to the results, which have been obtained. There was a reduction in body weight gain due to Cd group and an increase liver weight. The results indicated also changes in biochemical parameters, which are characterized by an increase in serum glucose, serum urea, serum creatinine, of animals contaminated with cadmium compared to the control animals. However, the supplementation of (Zn) and Mg combination improved some but not all the previous parameters. Moreover, the findings showed variation in hematological parameters of Cd treated animals. In other word, there was a rise in number of white cells, and reduction of red cells counts, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percentage, but all these parameters returned approximately to their normal values after combined Zn and Mg addition. The neurobehavioral test shows an increase in the number of cells crossed, the number of straightening in the test. Open field in the group exposed to Cd resulting in locomotors hyperactivity compared to the control and it is minimal in other groups treated with Zn and Mg...(AU)

Hepatoprotective effect of Zinc and Magnesium against subchronicCadmium toxicity on biochemical, histopathological andneurobehavioral parameters in Wistar rats

The aim of this study was carried out to investigate the possible hepato protective effect of Zinc and Magnesium against subchronic cadmium toxicity on biochemical, histopathological and neurobehavioral parameters in Wistar rats during 90 days. Fourty Wistar rats, were randomly divided in four experimental group: 1, control only water; 2, water and oral administration (Cd); 3, (Cd+Mg) in water oral administration; 4, (Cd+Zn) in water oral administration. Zinc and Magnesium was used to reduce hepatoxicity and neurobehavioral disorders induced by Cadmium in Wistar rats. The Cd-Zn and Cd-Mg groups received 10 mg/kg of ZnCl2, 10 mg/kg of MgCl2 added to drinking water. The Cd group received 15mg / kg of CdCl2. Blood glucose level and body weight were measured every day. According to the results, which have been obtained. There was a reduction in body weight gain due to Cd group and an increase liver weight. The results indicated also changes in biochemical parameters, which are characterized by an increase in serum glucose, serum urea, serum creatinine, of animals contaminated with cadmium compared to the control animals. However, the supplementation of (Zn) and Mg combination improved some but not all the previous parameters. Moreover, the findings showed variation in hematological parameters of Cd treated animals. In other word, there was a rise in number of white cells, and reduction of red cells counts, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percentage, but all these parameters returned approximately to their normal values after combined Zn and Mg addition. The neurobehavioral test shows an increase in the number of cells crossed, the number of straightening in the test. Open field in the group exposed to Cd resulting in locomotors hyperactivity compared to the control and it is minimal in other groups treated with Zn and Mg...