Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of several big chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes / Conteúdo fenólico total e flavonóide, atividades antioxidantes e inibitórias da α-glucosidase de vários genótipos de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.)

ABSTRACT: Big chili has the largest fruit size compared to other types of chili. In addition to having a spicy taste, big chilies contain other beneficial biochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidants, and α-glucosidase inhibitors that have the potential to be developed for functional tropical plants. Information on the content is still not widely found. Therefore, this study identified biochemical compounds (TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, AGI) in several genotypes of big chili peppers. From October to November 2021, we conducted a study using the microplate reader method. We repeated the experiment three times. The research design used was a completely randomized design with a single factor genotype. A total of 22 genotypes of big chili were used in this study. The big chili genotype F6074136-2-3-2-3 had the highest content of α-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidant FRAP compared to other genotypes 67.62% and 71.20 mol TE/g extract. The genotypes CK 12 and F6074077-1-1-3-1 indicated the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. The correlation between biochemical parameters showed that TPC-AGI and TPC-DPPH were significantly negatively correlated. The conclusion is that the information in this study can be the basis for the development of functional tropical plants in future research.

RESUMO: O pimentão grande tem o maior tamanho de fruta em comparação com outros tipos de pimentão. Além de ter um sabor picante, os pimentões grandes contêm outros bioquímicos benéficos, como fenólicos, flavonóides, antioxidantes e inibidores de α-glicosidase, que têm potencial para serem desenvolvidos para plantas tropicais funcionais. Informações sobre o conteúdo ainda não são amplamente encontradas. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar compostos bioquímicos (TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, AGI) em diversos genótipos de pimentão. O estudo foi conduzido de outubro a novembro de 2021 usando o método do leitor de microplaca. Os dados obtidos foram repetidos três vezes. O desenho de pesquisa usado foi um desenho inteiramente casualizado com um genótipo de fator único. Um total de 22 genótipos de pimentão grande foi usado neste estudo. O genótipo big chili F6074136-2-3-2-3 apresentou o maior teor de inibidor de α-glucosidase e antioxidante FRAP em comparação com outros genótipos 67,62% e 71,20 mol TE / g de extrato. O maior teor de fenólicos e flavonóides neste estudo foi indicado pelos genótipos CK 12 e F6074077-1-1-3-1. A correlação entre os parâmetros bioquímicos mostrou que TPC-AGI e TPC-DPPH foram significativamente correlacionados negativamente. Conclui-se que as informações deste estudo podem servir de base para o desenvolvimento de plantas tropicais funcionais em pesquisas futuras.

Sheep naturally infected with Anaplasma ovis - evaluation of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers

Background: Anaplasmosis, also called gall sickness or tropical bovine ehrlichiosis, is an infectious disease caused by species belonging to the genus Anaplasma in domestic and wild animals in tropical and subtropical regions. Anaplasma ovis and A. phagocytophilum are important pathogens of sheep. A. ovis is considered the most common species affecting sheep. The infection is usually subclinical and progresses with high fever, anaemia, icterus, weight loss and abortions. This study aimed to investigate changes in cardiac damage markers, oxidative stress and antioxidant status, cytokines, and acute phase proteins in sheep naturally infected with A. ovis. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, a total of 40 animals, including 20 healthy sheep and 20 sheep infected with anaplasmosis, were used. A. ovis was diagnosed based on clinical findings and peripheral blood smear. Blood smears were prepared from the ear vein. The smears were stained with Giemsa and examined for the presence of Anaplasma spp. Infection was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The genomic DNA was isolated from blood, and the MSP-4 gene region was amplified as A. ovis specific target gene. Twenty clinically healthy sheep of the same age group, reared under the same conditions and testing negative in the molecular assessment were used as controls. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein and and centrifuged to obtain serum. The serum stored at -20°C until the analysis stage. Serum samples were used for the analysis of cardiac damage markers [troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST)], oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], cytokines [interleukins IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-10, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] and acute phase proteins [C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp)]. cTnI and CK-MB levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT, GPx, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, SAA and Hp levels were measured by an ELISA reader. LDH, AST and CRP levels were measured in an autoanalyzer. cTnI and LDH levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The concentration of AST was decreased in infected animals. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT and GPx levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The levels of the inflammatory parameters such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-10 and IFN-γ were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). Hp level were significantly increased in the infected group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in CK-MB, SAA and CRP concentrations in the infected animals (P > 0.05). Discussion: Ovine anaplasmosis is an obligate intracellular arthropod disease that causes widespread changes in haematobiochemical, immune response and oxidative stress parameters. Cardiac damage is often overlooked in field conditions due to the lack of adequate knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease. Our results showed that A. ovis infection leads to significant changes in cardiac biomarkers and that the parasite can cause cardiac dysfunction. This is the first report on cardiac damage markers in Anaplasma-infected sheep. Additionally, the levels of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers that may cause functional disorders were also found to be increased. Thus, measuring markers of cardiac function, oxidative stress and inflammation can be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of ovine anaplasmosis.

Kukoamine A activates Akt/GSK-3ß signaling pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and relieve myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Purpose: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury refers to a pathological condition of treatment of myocardial infarction. Oxidative stress and inflammation are believed to be important mechanisms mediating MI/R injury. Kukoamine A (KuA), a sperm, is the main bioactive component extracted from the bark of goji berries. In this study, we wanted to investigate the possible effects of KuA on MI/R injury. Methods: In this experiment, all rats were divided into sham operation group, MI/R group, KuA 10 mg + MI/R group, KuA 20 mg + MI/R group. After 120 min of ischemia/reperfusion treatment, left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), maximal rates of rising and fall of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dtmax), and ischemic area were detected. Serum samples of rats in each group were collected. The enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), CK muscle/brain (CK-MB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The apoptosis of myocardium in each group was detected according to the instructions of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expressions of mammalian target of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSH-3ß) and protein kinase B (Akt) mRNA level in myocardial tissues were detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: MI/R rats showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, we showed that KuA significantly improved the myocardial function such as LVSP, left ventricular ejection fraction, +dp/dt, and -dp/dt. Here, it attenuated dose-dependent histological damage in ischemia-reperfused myocardium, which is associated with the enzyme activities of SOD, GSH-PX, and levels of MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, L-1ß. Conclusions: KuA inhibited gene expression of Akt/GSK-3ß, inflammation, oxidative stress and improved MR/I injury. Taken together, our results allowed us to better understand the pharmacological activity of KuA against MR/I injury.

Polymyositis associated with brainstem signs in a dog

Background: Polymyositis is a generalized inflammatory myopathy which can lead to rhabdomyolysis. This affection may have several origins, including degenerative, metabolic, autoimmune, infectious, inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic, by drug use, induced by toxins and also of idiopathic origin. Diagnosis is made with seric dosage, electrodiagnostic tests and muscle biopsy. Lesions in the rostral oblong medulla may affect the central vestibular system, and there may be signs such as opisthotonos, nystagmus, and strabismus. The aim of this report is to describe a case of a mixed breed dog with manifestation of polymyositis associated with brainstem signs of probable idiopathic origin. Case: A 5-year-old mixed breed male dog was attended with opisthotonos episodes for 2 days, and pelvic limbs extension and thoracic limbs flexion that lasted 10 to 20 min at intervals of approximately 1 h. The animal was anorexic and had also presented one episode of emesis. Upon neurological examination, ventromedial strabismus and Horner's syndrome was observed on the right side, besides vertical nystagmus, flaccid tetraparesis and absence of proprioception in the four limbs. Biochemical analyses revealed creatine kinase (CK) increased (2,433.9 UI/L - reference: 1.5-28.4 UI/L), and urinalysis showed dark color and presence of occult blood without, however, erythrocyturia. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed QS wave and deviation of the electrical axis. Treatment with prednisolone (1 mg/kg, BID), phenobarbital (2 mg/kg, BID), maropitant citrate (1 mg/kg in 2 doses), and crystalloid fluid therapy (50 mL/kg/day) were prescribed. On the 4th day, the dog was more active and feeding without a tube, so it recommended keep the treatment at home. On the 10th day, the animal had proprioception present on the 4 limbs and normorexia. Biochemical analyses and urinalysis showed no alterations, but normochromic normochromic anemia with thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis by neutrophilia showed in blood count exam. PCR to Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon sp., and Babesia canis resulted negative. On the 15th day, blood count, biochemical analyses and urinalysis showed no alterations. Neurological examination revealed only positional vertical nystagmus. which remained as a sequel. Discussion: Polymyositis may be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, characterized by acute muscle necrosis, increased CK and myoglobinuria. The animal had polymyositis of acute onset, with myoglobinuria and elevated CK values, whose presentation included myalgia and muscle weakness. In humans, polymyositis is accompanied by changes in electrocardiographic tracing without clinical alterations. In dogs, the first report that showed cardiac involvement was compatible with myocarditis. The changes in ECG in the present case was attributed to failure in myocardial electrical conduction. The patient also showed signs of brainstem and central vestibular system injuries. Stress myopathy, intoxication, snakebite, infectious, and metabolic diseases were discarded leading to a clinical suspicion as idiopathic origin. Similar to a published case, the patient of this report received symptomatic and supportive treatment, being discharged from the hospital 20 days after the onset of clinical signs. Thus, polymyositis may be accompanied by signs indicative of brainstem injury. Patients with rhabdomyolysis require intense monitoring due to the high risk of developing acute renal failure. Since no causative agent was identified, symptomatic treatment combined with the prevention of possible complications were fundamental for the maintenance of the animal's life.

Stress indicators in cattle submitted to different pre-slaughter rest times / Indicadores de estresse em bovinos submetidos a diferentes tempos de descanso no pré-abate

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pre-slaughter time about some blood constituents used as stress indicators in the evaluation of animal welfare in cattle. In the practice of ethology, animal welfare is assessed through physiological and behavioral indicators. For the determination of serum biomarkers of animal stress, a total of 180 animals was used, divided into two major groups according to the time of pre-slaughter. In the acceptable group, the animals had a pre-slaughter time up to 24 hours and in the not acceptable group the pre-slaughter time was greater than 24 h. These two groups were split up into three animal categories (males, females and castrated males). In this study, 30 samples were collected from each animal category of the two groups, acceptable and not acceptable, totaling 180 samples. Samples were separated for analysis of muscle enzymes creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (CK and LDH), glucose and cortisol. Physiological values, regardless of the animal category and pre-slaughter time, were higher than the normal values of reference, expressing the prior management effect on animal welfare. The data clearly show a need to update and adapt the entire production chain to animal welfare practices, with the objective of producing competitive quality meat in the world market.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de pré-abate sobre alguns constituintes sanguíneos utilizados como indicadores de estresse na avaliação do bem-estar animal em bovinos. Na prática da etologia, o bem-estar animal é avaliado por meio de indicadores fisiológicos e comportamentais. Para a determinação sérica de biomarcadores de estresse animal utilizaram-se 180 animais, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo de pré-abate: até 24 horas ou acima de 24 horas. Esses dois grupos subdividiram-se em três categorias animais (machos não-castrados, machos castrados ou fêmeas). Foram coletadas 30 amostras de cada categoria animal nos dois grupos, totalizando 180 amostras. Foram separadas amostras para análise de enzimas musculares creatina quinase e lactato desidrogenase (CK e LDH), glicose e cortisol. Os valores fisiológicos, independentemente da categoria animal e do tempo de pré-abate, foram superiores aos valores de referência, expressando o efeito do manejo prévio sobre o bem-estar dos animais. Os dados evidenciam claramente a necessidade de atualização e adequação de toda a cadeia produtiva às práticas de bem-estar animal, com o objetivo de produzir carne de qualidade competitiva no mercado mundial.(AU)

Cardioprotective action of aprepitant in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusioninduced myocardial injury: role of PI3K-AkT-GSK-3ß-HIF-1α signaling pathway

Purpose: The present study explored the role and mechanism involved in aprepitant-induced cardioprotective effects in rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: The isolated hearts of Wistar male albino rats were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury on Langendorff apparatus. The extent of myocardial injury was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase 1 and CK-MB release in the coronary effluent. The rats were treated with aprepitant (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) before isolating hearts. After injury, the levels of HIF-1α, p-AkT, p-GSK-3ß/GSK-3ß were measured in heart homogenates. LY294002 was employed as PI3K inhibitor. Results: Ischemia-reperfusion led to significant myocardial injury and decreased the levels of HIF-1α, p-AkT and ratio of p-GSK-3ß/GSK-3ß. Aprepitant attenuated myocardial injury and restored the biochemical changes in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with LY294002 (10 and 20 mg/kg) abolished aprepitant-mediated cardioprotective effects and restored the biochemical parameters in the heart homogenate. Conclusions: Aprepitant may be effective in preventing ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial injury, which may be due to activation of PI3K-AkT-GSK-3ß and HIF-1α signaling pathway.

Biliary cystadenoma in a lion (Panthera leo)

Animals in human care often exceed the life expectancy of animals in the wild when they have veterinarian follow-ups, no competition for space or food, and continuous care. Advanced age favors the development of mutations that often trigger cancer, which sometimes causes death. There are reports in the literature on neoplasms in lions in the liver, which are one of the main organs affected. A 20-year-old lion specimen was received for necropsy at the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. Multiple cystic dilations were observed in the liver. Histologically, they were internally covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium, similar to that observed in the bile ducts, without cellular atypia. The adjacent liver parenchyma presented with mild disorganization of the hepatocyte cords. Biliary cystadenomas are benign growths formed by a thin opaque capsule filled with a slightly yellowish translucent fluid compressing the adjacent liver parenchyma, as highlighted in this case. The epithelium of the cysts was positive for anti-cytokeratin (CK) (EIA/A3E) and anti-CK7, confirming histogenesis in the bile ducts. This study reports a case of biliary cystadenoma in a Panthera leo specimen.(AU)

Beneficial role of oleuropein in sepsis-induced myocardial injury: possible involvement of GSK-3beta/NF-kB pathway

Purpose The present study explored the potential therapeutic role of oleuropein in sepsis-induced heart injury along with the role of GSK-3beta/NF-kB signaling pathway. Methods Sepsis-induced myocardial injury was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. The cardiac injury was assessed by measuring the levels of cTnI and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Sepsis-induced inflammation was assessed by measuring interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 and HMGB1 levels. The different doses of oleuropein (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) were given prior to CLP. Oleuropein (20 mg/kg) was administered after 6 hof CLP. The expressions of GSK-3beta, p-GSK-3beta (Ser9) and nuclear factor-B (NF-B) were measured in heart homogenates. Results Cecal ligation and puncture was associated with myocardial injury, an increase in IL-6, a decrease in IL-10 and an increase in HMGB1. Moreover, it decreased the ratio of p-GSK-3beta/GSK-3beta and increased the expression of p-NF-kB. Pretreatment with oleuropein attenuated CLP-induced myocardial injury and systemic inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of oleuropein after the onset of CLP also attenuated cardiac injury and inflammation. It also restored CLP-induced changes in the HMGB1 levels, the ratio of p-GSK-3beta/GSK-3beta and expression of p- NF-kB. Conclusions Oleuropein attenuates sepsis-induced systemic inflammation and myocardial injury by inhibiting NF-kB and GSK-3beta signaling.(AU)

Outbreak of monensin poisoning in cattle due to supplementation error / Surto de intoxicação por monensina em bovinos devido a erro de suplementação

Iatrogenic intoxications occur in domestic animals. Mortality was observed in a group of calves, reaching 20 deaths until the day of the technical visit, with or without sudden clinical signs, on a farm in the city of Pires do Rio, State of Goiás, Brazil. Deaths after the visit were not accounted systematically. Clinical signs included muscle weakness, ataxia, recumbency, bilateral jugular distention, and death. Suspected diagnosis of poisoning by ionophore antibiotics was made based on clinical and laboratory findings from nine animals, which included high plasma CK and LDH levels, as well as on anatomopathological findings of a recently dead calf, which showed myocardial and skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis. Monensin overdose (25.5 µg/kg in skeletal muscle and 209.4 µg/kg in the liver) was detected by liquid-chromatography and mass-spectrophotometry analysis, contributing to the confirmation of ionophore poisoning diagnosis.(AU)

Intoxicações iatrogênicas ocorrem em animais domésticos. Um lote de bezerros apresentou mortalidade, chegando a 20 mortes até o dia da visita técnica, após sinais clínicos súbitos ou ausência destes, em uma propriedade rural do município de Pires do Rio, estado de Goiás, Brasil. As mortes após a visita não foram sistematicamente contabilizadas. Os sinais incluíam fraqueza muscular, ataxia, decúbito, distensão bilateral da veia jugular e morte. Baseado nos achados clínicos e laboratoriais de nove bovinos, que incluíram níveis de CK e LDH elevados no plasma, assim como degeneração e necrose miocárdica e na musculatura esquelética à avaliação anatomopatológica em um dos bezerros mortos, que apresentou degeneração e necrose em miocárdio e músculo esquelético. Uma sobredosagem de monensina (25,5 µg/g no músculo esquelético e 209,4 µg/g no fígado) foi detectada com análise por cromatografia líquida e espectrofotometria de massas, contribuindo para a confirmação do diagnóstico de intoxicação por ionóforos.(AU)

Abate halal com e sem insensibilização em ovinos: implicações sobre o bem-estar animal e a eficiência da sangria / [Halal slaughter with and without stunning in sheep: implications on animal welfare and bleeding efficiency]

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as implicações sobre o bem-estar animal e a eficiência da sangria no abate halal com e sem insensibilização em ovinos. Foram avaliados 102 ovinos, em abate comercial, separados randomicamente pelo peso em dois grupos: com insensibilização (CI) e sem insensibilização (SI). Verificou-se que os animais sem insensibilização apresentaram sinais de endireitamento e vocalização após 20 segundos da degola. Houve diferença significativa para hemácias (P<0,01), hemoglobina (P<0,01), leucócitos totais (P<0,001), bem como para os biomarcadores de estresse, como CK (P<0,01) e lactato (P<0,001). Apesar de não apresentarem diferença estatística significativa, o LDH e o cortisol ficaram acima dos valores basais em ambos os grupos. Não foram observadas alterações séricas para glicose e AST. Houve diferença estatística significativa para eficiência da sangria (P<0,01). Os resultados demonstraram que houve estresse no abate halal com e sem insensibilização e melhor eficiência da sangria em animais não insensibilizados.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the implications on animal welfare and the sangria efficiency in halal slaugther with and without stunning in sheep. 102 sheep were appraised in a commercial slaugthter, divided randomly for the weight in two groups: with stunning (CI) and without stunning (SI). It was verified that the animals without stunning presented straighten signs and vocalization after 20 seconds of decapitation. There was significant difference for erythrocytes (P<0.05), hemoglobin (P<0.01), leucocytes (P<0.01), stress of biomarkers CK (P<0.01) and lactate (P<0.01). Alterations in serum were not observed for glucose and AST. There was significant statistical difference for bleeding efficiency (P<0.01). The results demonstrated that there was stress in the halal slaugther with and without stunning and better bleeding efficiency in animals with traditional religious slaughter without stunning.(AU)

Pharmacological modulation of b-adrenoceptors as a new cardioprotective strategy for therapy of myocardial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion

Purpose: To evaluate the cardioprotective response of the pharmacological modulation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) in animal model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (CIR), in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (NWR) rats. Methods: CIR was induced by the occlusion of left anterior descendent coronary artery (10 min) and reperfusion (75 min). The SHR was treated with β-AR antagonist atenolol (AT, 10 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR, and NWR were treated with β-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 0.5 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR. Results: The treatment with AT increased the incidence of VA, AVB and LET in SHR, suggesting that spontaneous cardioprotection in hypertensive animals was abolished by blockade of β-AR. In contrast, the treatment with ISO significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular blockade and lethality in NWR (30%, 20% and 20%, respectively), suggesting that the activation of β-AR stimulate cardioprotection in normotensive animals. Serum CK-MB were higher in SHR/CIR and NWR/CIR compared to respective SHAM group (not altered by treatment with AT or ISO). Conclusion: The pharmacological modulation of β-AR could be a new cardioprotective strategy for the therapy of myocardial dysfunctions induced by CIR related to cardiac surgery and cardiovascular diseases.(AU)

Avaliação preliminar do uso de torta de mamona no manejo da hérnia das crucíferas em couve-flor / Preliminary evaluation of the use of castor bean cake in the management of clubroot in cauliflower

A produção de couve-flor e demais brássicas vem sendo impactada, em nível mundial, devido à ocorrência da doença hérnia das crucíferas, causada por Plasmodiophora brassicae (Wor.). Diante disso, torna-se necessário a busca por estratégias de manejo que possam contribuir na redução das perdas causadas pela doença. Este trabalho objetivou, de forma preliminar, avaliar os efeitos de doses de torta de mamona (TM) na severidade da hérnia das crucíferas e no crescimento de plantas de couve-flor. Foram realizados dois ensaios em casa de vegetação, em tubetes e em vasos, respectivamente. No primeiro, avaliou-se os efeitos de doses de TM (0, 10, 20 e 40 Mg ha-1) na incidência da doença e na massa seca da parte aérea(MSPA). No segundo, avaliou-se o efeito das doses de TM (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 Mg ha-1) na severidade da doença, atributos das raízes e acúmulo de biomassa nas plantas. Observou-se redução da incidência e aumento da MSPA com o aumento das doses de TM (p<0,05). Observou-se ainda, decréscimos na severidade da doença e incrementos no crescimento das raízes sadias em função das doses (p<0,05). Adicionalmente, observaram-se efeitos positivos das doses de TM na altura das plantas, número e massa seca das folhas, e massa seca de caule e raízes. Conclui-se que a utilização de TM é uma alternativa promissora no manejo da doença e que novos estudos devem ser realizados em condições de campo e com ciclo mais longo.

The production of cauliflower and other brassicas has been impacted worldwide due to the occurrence of the disease clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae (Wor.). Therefore, it is necessary to search for disease management strategies that may contribute to reducing the losses caused. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of doses of castor bean cake (CK) on the severity of the disease and on the growth of cauliflower plants. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse where, in tubes and pots, respectively. In the first one, the effects of CK doses (0, 10, 20 and 40 Mg ha-1) on the disease incidence and dry mass of the aerial part of plants (DMAP) were evaluated. In the second, the effects of the doses of CK (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 Mg ha-1) on disease severity, root attributes and biomass accumulation in plants were evaluated. Significant differences were observed in incidence, which decreased, and DMAP, that increased, as a function of doses. There were decreases in the severity of the disease and increases in the growth of healthy roots. In addition, positive effects on plant height, number of leaves and dry mass of leaves, stems and roots were observed. It is concluded that the use of castor bean cake was promising and further studies should be performed under field conditions and with longer cycle times.

Avaliação preliminar do uso de torta de mamona no manejo da hérnia das crucíferas em couve-flor / Preliminary evaluation of the use of castor bean cake in the management of clubroot in cauliflower

A produção de couve-flor e demais brássicas vem sendo impactada, em nível mundial, devido à ocorrência da doença hérnia das crucíferas, causada por Plasmodiophora brassicae (Wor.). Diante disso, torna-se necessário a busca por estratégias de manejo que possam contribuir na redução das perdas causadas pela doença. Este trabalho objetivou, de forma preliminar, avaliar os efeitos de doses de torta de mamona (TM) na severidade da hérnia das crucíferas e no crescimento de plantas de couve-flor. Foram realizados dois ensaios em casa de vegetação, em tubetes e em vasos, respectivamente. No primeiro, avaliou-se os efeitos de doses de TM (0, 10, 20 e 40 Mg ha-1) na incidência da doença e na massa seca da parte aérea(MSPA). No segundo, avaliou-se o efeito das doses de TM (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 Mg ha-1) na severidade da doença, atributos das raízes e acúmulo de biomassa nas plantas. Observou-se redução da incidência e aumento da MSPA com o aumento das doses de TM (p<0,05). Observou-se ainda, decréscimos na severidade da doença e incrementos no crescimento das raízes sadias em função das doses (p<0,05). Adicionalmente, observaram-se efeitos positivos das doses de TM na altura das plantas, número e massa seca das folhas, e massa seca de caule e raízes. Conclui-se que a utilização de TM é uma alternativa promissora no manejo da doença e que novos estudos devem ser realizados em condições de campo e com ciclo mais longo.(AU)

The production of cauliflower and other brassicas has been impacted worldwide due to the occurrence of the disease clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae (Wor.). Therefore, it is necessary to search for disease management strategies that may contribute to reducing the losses caused. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of doses of castor bean cake (CK) on the severity of the disease and on the growth of cauliflower plants. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse where, in tubes and pots, respectively. In the first one, the effects of CK doses (0, 10, 20 and 40 Mg ha-1) on the disease incidence and dry mass of the aerial part of plants (DMAP) were evaluated. In the second, the effects of the doses of CK (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 Mg ha-1) on disease severity, root attributes and biomass accumulation in plants were evaluated. Significant differences were observed in incidence, which decreased, and DMAP, that increased, as a function of doses. There were decreases in the severity of the disease and increases in the growth of healthy roots. In addition, positive effects on plant height, number of leaves and dry mass of leaves, stems and roots were observed. It is concluded that the use of castor bean cake was promising and further studies should be performed under field conditions and with longer cycle times.(AU)

Biochemical parameters of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) of the Brazilian Cerrado

ABSTRACT: The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is classified as a vulnerable species on Brazils list of species at risk of extinction mainly due to deforestation and forest fires. This has contributed to a considerable increase in detailed clinical case records of the treatment of wild species at veterinary institutions. However, the paucity of serum biochemical profiles of healthy giant anteaters has made it difficult to evaluate these animals, preventing diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The objective of this work was to collect data about the biochemical profile of healthy giant anteaters from the Brazilian Cerrado raised in captivity, in order to better understand the physiological characteristics inherent to this species. Eighteen analytes from 12 healthy giant anteaters were measured. The following means and standard deviations were found in the biochemical analyses: albumin 3.29±0.33g/dL, ALT 15.49±7.98 IU/L, amylase 1037.92±149.04 IU/L, AST 21, 12±7.50 IU/L, total cholesterol 62.79±20.08mg/dL, HDL cholesterol 14.73±4.98mg/dL, LDL cholesterol 26.60±11.05mg/dL, VLDL cholesterol 2.14±1.06mg/dL, CK 111.61±70.16 IU/L, creatinine 1.05±0.37mg/dL, iron 194.64±81.17g/dL, GGT 65.18±54.57 IU/L, glucose 103.71±29.63mg/dL, globulins 2.76±0.36g/dL, lipase 28.80±5.11 IU/L,TSP 6.05±0.56g/dL, triglycerides 10.71±5.29mg/dL, and urea 53.46±18.28mg/dL. The values found in this study can be used as references for the laboratory evaluation of giant anteaters living in conditions similar to those of this study. This is one of the first reports of biochemical examinations on giant anteaters of the Cerrado biome.

RESUMO: O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) está classificado como espécie vulnerável na lista brasileira de espécies ameaçadas de extinção devido principalmente ao desmatamento e aos incêndios florestais. Tal fato contribuiu com o aumento da casuística de atendimento de espécies silvestres em instituições veterinárias. Porém, a escassez de valores bioquímicos séricos em tamanduás-bandeiras hígidos tem dificultado a avaliação destes animais, impedindo o diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fornecer dados sobre o perfil bioquímico de tamanduás-bandeiras saudáveis do cerrado brasileiro, criados em cativeiro, a fim de compreender melhor as características fisiológicas inerentes a esta espécie. Foram mensurados 18 analitos de 12 tamanduás-bandeiras hígidos. As médias e o desvio padrão correspondentes às análises bioquímicas foram: albumina 3,29±0,33g/dL; ALT 15,49±7,98 UI/L; amilase 1037,92±149,04 UI/L; AST 21, 12±7,50 UI/L; colesterol total 62,79±20,08mg/dL; colesterol HDL 14,73±4,98mg/dL; colesterol LDL 26,60±11,05mg/dL; colesterol VLDL 2,14±1,06mg/dL; CK 111,61±70,16 UI/L; creatinina 1,05±0,37mg/dL; ferro 194,64±81,17g/dL; GGT 65,18±54,57 UI/L; glicose 103,71±29,63mg/dL; globulinas 2,76±0,36g/dL; lipase 28,80±5,11 UI/L; PST 6,05±0,56g/dL; triglicerídeos 10,71±5,29mg/dL; ureia 53,46±18,28mg/dL. Os valores encontrados neste estudo podem ser utilizados como referência para a avaliação laboratorial de tamanduás-bandeiras que vivam em condições similares ao do presente estudo. Este é um dos primeiros estudos a relatar exames bioquímicos em tamanduás-bandeiras do bioma cerrado.

Biochemical parameters of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) of the Brazilian Cerrado / Parâmetros bioquímicos de tamanduás-bandeiras (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) do cerrado brasileiro

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is classified as a vulnerable species on Brazil's list of species at risk of extinction mainly due to deforestation and forest fires. This has contributed to a considerable increase in detailed clinical case records of the treatment of wild species at veterinary institutions. However, the paucity of serum biochemical profiles of healthy giant anteaters has made it difficult to evaluate these animals, preventing diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The objective of this work was to collect data about the biochemical profile of healthy giant anteaters from the Brazilian Cerrado raised in captivity, in order to better understand the physiological characteristics inherent to this species. Eighteen analytes from 12 healthy giant anteaters were measured. The following means and standard deviations were found in the biochemical analyses: albumin 3.29±0.33g/dL, ALT 15.49±7.98 IU/L, amylase 1037.92±149.04 IU/L, AST 21, 12±7.50 IU/L, total cholesterol 62.79±20.08mg/dL, HDL cholesterol 14.73±4.98mg/dL, LDL cholesterol 26.60±11.05mg/dL, VLDL cholesterol 2.14±1.06mg/dL, CK 111.61±70.16 IU/L, creatinine 1.05±0.37mg/dL, iron 194.64±81.17µg/dL, GGT 65.18±54.57 IU/L, glucose 103.71±29.63mg/dL, globulins 2.76±0.36g/dL, lipase 28.80±5.11 IU/L,TSP 6.05±0.56g/dL, triglycerides 10.71±5.29mg/dL, and urea 53.46±18.28mg/dL. The values found in this study can be used as references for the laboratory evaluation of giant anteaters living in conditions similar to those of this study. This is one of the first reports of biochemical examinations on giant anteaters of the Cerrado biome.(AU)

O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) está classificado como espécie vulnerável na lista brasileira de espécies ameaçadas de extinção devido principalmente ao desmatamento e aos incêndios florestais. Tal fato contribuiu com o aumento da casuística de atendimento de espécies silvestres em instituições veterinárias. Porém, a escassez de valores bioquímicos séricos em tamanduás-bandeiras hígidos tem dificultado a avaliação destes animais, impedindo o diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fornecer dados sobre o perfil bioquímico de tamanduás-bandeiras saudáveis do cerrado brasileiro, criados em cativeiro, a fim de compreender melhor as características fisiológicas inerentes a esta espécie. Foram mensurados 18 analitos de 12 tamanduás-bandeiras hígidos. As médias e o desvio padrão correspondentes às análises bioquímicas foram: albumina 3,29±0,33g/dL; ALT 15,49±7,98 UI/L; amilase 1037,92±149,04 UI/L; AST 21, 12±7,50 UI/L; colesterol total 62,79±20,08mg/dL; colesterol HDL 14,73±4,98mg/dL; colesterol LDL 26,60±11,05mg/dL; colesterol VLDL 2,14±1,06mg/dL; CK 111,61±70,16 UI/L; creatinina 1,05±0,37mg/dL; ferro 194,64±81,17µg/dL; GGT 65,18±54,57 UI/L; glicose 103,71±29,63mg/dL; globulinas 2,76±0,36g/dL; lipase 28,80±5,11 UI/L; PST 6,05±0,56g/dL; triglicerídeos 10,71±5,29mg/dL; ureia 53,46±18,28mg/dL. Os valores encontrados neste estudo podem ser utilizados como referência para a avaliação laboratorial de tamanduás-bandeiras que vivam em condições similares ao do presente estudo. Este é um dos primeiros estudos a relatar exames bioquímicos em tamanduás-bandeiras do bioma cerrado.(AU)

Biochemical parameters of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) of the Brazilian Cerrado / Parâmetros bioquímicos de tamanduás-bandeiras (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) do cerrado brasileiro

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is classified as a vulnerable species on Brazil's list of species at risk of extinction mainly due to deforestation and forest fires. This has contributed to a considerable increase in detailed clinical case records of the treatment of wild species at veterinary institutions. However, the paucity of serum biochemical profiles of healthy giant anteaters has made it difficult to evaluate these animals, preventing diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The objective of this work was to collect data about the biochemical profile of healthy giant anteaters from the Brazilian Cerrado raised in captivity, in order to better understand the physiological characteristics inherent to this species. Eighteen analytes from 12 healthy giant anteaters were measured. The following means and standard deviations were found in the biochemical analyses: albumin 3.29±0.33g/dL, ALT 15.49±7.98 IU/L, amylase 1037.92±149.04 IU/L, AST 21, 12±7.50 IU/L, total cholesterol 62.79±20.08mg/dL, HDL cholesterol 14.73±4.98mg/dL, LDL cholesterol 26.60±11.05mg/dL, VLDL cholesterol 2.14±1.06mg/dL, CK 111.61±70.16 IU/L, creatinine 1.05±0.37mg/dL, iron 194.64±81.17µg/dL, GGT 65.18±54.57 IU/L, glucose 103.71±29.63mg/dL, globulins 2.76±0.36g/dL, lipase 28.80±5.11 IU/L,TSP 6.05±0.56g/dL, triglycerides 10.71±5.29mg/dL, and urea 53.46±18.28mg/dL. The values found in this study can be used as references for the laboratory evaluation of giant anteaters living in conditions similar to those of this study. This is one of the first reports of biochemical examinations on giant anteaters of the Cerrado biome.(AU)

O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) está classificado como espécie vulnerável na lista brasileira de espécies ameaçadas de extinção devido principalmente ao desmatamento e aos incêndios florestais. Tal fato contribuiu com o aumento da casuística de atendimento de espécies silvestres em instituições veterinárias. Porém, a escassez de valores bioquímicos séricos em tamanduás-bandeiras hígidos tem dificultado a avaliação destes animais, impedindo o diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fornecer dados sobre o perfil bioquímico de tamanduás-bandeiras saudáveis do cerrado brasileiro, criados em cativeiro, a fim de compreender melhor as características fisiológicas inerentes a esta espécie. Foram mensurados 18 analitos de 12 tamanduás-bandeiras hígidos. As médias e o desvio padrão correspondentes às análises bioquímicas foram: albumina 3,29±0,33g/dL; ALT 15,49±7,98 UI/L; amilase 1037,92±149,04 UI/L; AST 21, 12±7,50 UI/L; colesterol total 62,79±20,08mg/dL; colesterol HDL 14,73±4,98mg/dL; colesterol LDL 26,60±11,05mg/dL; colesterol VLDL 2,14±1,06mg/dL; CK 111,61±70,16 UI/L; creatinina 1,05±0,37mg/dL; ferro 194,64±81,17µg/dL; GGT 65,18±54,57 UI/L; glicose 103,71±29,63mg/dL; globulinas 2,76±0,36g/dL; lipase 28,80±5,11 UI/L; PST 6,05±0,56g/dL; triglicerídeos 10,71±5,29mg/dL; ureia 53,46±18,28mg/dL. Os valores encontrados neste estudo podem ser utilizados como referência para a avaliação laboratorial de tamanduás-bandeiras que vivam em condições similares ao do presente estudo. Este é um dos primeiros estudos a relatar exames bioquímicos em tamanduás-bandeiras do bioma cerrado.(AU)

Effect of diets with different levels of guanidinoacetic acid on newly weaned piglets / Efeito de dietas com diferentes níveis de ácido guanidinoacético para leitões recém-desmamados

Ninety barrow piglets weaned at 21 days old were used to evaluate the effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation on their performance and blood creatinine and creatine kinase (CK) levels during the nursery phase (21 to 63 days old). The piglets were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% GAA inclusion), six repetitions, and three animals per repetition. The experimental rations were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for the phases of 21 to 32, 33 to 42 and 43 to 63 days of age. The experimental diets and water were offered ad libitum throughout the experimental period. At 42 and 63 days old, blood was collected from one animal in each experimental unit for creatinine and creatine kinase analysis. The analysed variables were daily weight gain (DFG), daily feed intake (DFI), and feed conversion (FC) in the 21 to 42 days old and 21 to 63 days old of the nursery phase. All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. We adopted α = 0.05, and considered a trend to be present when α was between 0.05 and 0.10. In the pre-initial period (21 to 42 days old), there was an increasing trend in daily weight (P = 0.069), which increased to the level of 0.97% of GAA inclusion. The DFI and FC were not significantly affected by the addition of different GAA levels in the diet. Creatinine levels in the blood at 42 and 63 days old were not significantly influenced by the treatments. The level of CK at 42 days old showed an increasing trend (P = 0.077) that occurred quadratically to the level of 0.085% of GAA inclusion, with no significant difference for this variable at 63 days old. The use of GAA did not promote improvements in performance or blood creatinine and CK levels in piglets in the nursery phase.

Para se avaliar os efeitos do uso do ácido guanidinoacético (AGA) em rações de leitões na fase de creche (21 aos 63 dias de idade) sobre o desempenho e níveis de creatina quinase (CQ) e creatinina sanguínea, foram utilizados 90 leitões, machos castrados desmamados aos 21 dias de idade. Os leitões foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (0; 0,05; 0,10, 0,15 e 0,20% de inclusão do AGA), seis repetições e três animais por repetição. As rações experimentais foram formuladas para atender as exigências nutricionais para as fases de 21 a 32, 33 a 42 e 43 a 63 dias de idade. Água e ração foram oferecidas à vontade durante todo o período experimental. Aos 42 e aos 63 dias de idade foi coletado sangue de um animal por unidade experimental para análise de creatinina e creatina quinase. Foram analisadas as variáveis de ganho de peso diário (GPD), consumo de ração diário (CDR) e conversão alimentar (CA) nos períodos chamados pré-inicial (21 a 42 dias de idade) e no período total da fase de creche (21 a 63 dias de idade). Todas as variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e à análise de regressão. Foi adotado α = 0,05 e foi considerado tendência quando α ocorreu entre 0,05 e 0,10. Na fase pré-inicial (21-42 dias), ocorreu tendência de aumento para o parâmetro de ganho de peso diário (P= 0,069) que aumentou até o nível de 0,97% de inclusão de AGA. O consumo de ração diário e conversão alimentar não foram influenciados significativamente pela adição de diferentes níveis de AGA na dieta. Já para as variáveis sanguíneas, os níveis de creatinina aos 42 e aos 63 dias não foram influenciados significativamente pelos tratamentos. O nível de creatina quinase aos 42 dias apresentou uma tendência (P=0,077) de aumento que ocorreu de forma quadrática até o nível de 0,085% de inclusão do AGA, não havendo diferença significativa para essa variável aos 63 dias.

Effect of diets with different levels of guanidinoacetic acid on newly weaned piglets / Efeito de dietas com diferentes níveis de ácido guanidinoacético para leitões recém-desmamados

Ninety barrow piglets weaned at 21 days old were used to evaluate the effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation on their performance and blood creatinine and creatine kinase (CK) levels during the nursery phase (21 to 63 days old). The piglets were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% GAA inclusion), six repetitions, and three animals per repetition. The experimental rations were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for the phases of 21 to 32, 33 to 42 and 43 to 63 days of age. The experimental diets and water were offered ad libitum throughout the experimental period. At 42 and 63 days old, blood was collected from one animal in each experimental unit for creatinine and creatine kinase analysis. The analysed variables were daily weight gain (DFG), daily feed intake (DFI), and feed conversion (FC) in the 21 to 42 days old and 21 to 63 days old of the nursery phase. All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. We adopted α = 0.05, and considered a trend to be present when α was between 0.05 and 0.10. In the pre-initial period (21 to 42 days old), there was an increasing trend in daily weight (P = 0.069), which increased to the level of 0.97% of GAA inclusion. The DFI and FC were not significantly affected by the addition of different GAA levels in the diet. Creatinine levels in the blood at 42 and 63 days old were not significantly influenced by the treatments. The level of CK at 42 days old showed an increasing trend (P = 0.077) that occurred quadratically to the level of 0.085% of GAA inclusion, with no significant difference for this variable at 63 days old. The use of GAA did not promote improvements in performance or blood creatinine and CK levels in piglets in the nursery phase.(AU)

Para se avaliar os efeitos do uso do ácido guanidinoacético (AGA) em rações de leitões na fase de creche (21 aos 63 dias de idade) sobre o desempenho e níveis de creatina quinase (CQ) e creatinina sanguínea, foram utilizados 90 leitões, machos castrados desmamados aos 21 dias de idade. Os leitões foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (0; 0,05; 0,10, 0,15 e 0,20% de inclusão do AGA), seis repetições e três animais por repetição. As rações experimentais foram formuladas para atender as exigências nutricionais para as fases de 21 a 32, 33 a 42 e 43 a 63 dias de idade. Água e ração foram oferecidas à vontade durante todo o período experimental. Aos 42 e aos 63 dias de idade foi coletado sangue de um animal por unidade experimental para análise de creatinina e creatina quinase. Foram analisadas as variáveis de ganho de peso diário (GPD), consumo de ração diário (CDR) e conversão alimentar (CA) nos períodos chamados pré-inicial (21 a 42 dias de idade) e no período total da fase de creche (21 a 63 dias de idade). Todas as variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e à análise de regressão. Foi adotado α = 0,05 e foi considerado tendência quando α ocorreu entre 0,05 e 0,10. Na fase pré-inicial (21-42 dias), ocorreu tendência de aumento para o parâmetro de ganho de peso diário (P= 0,069) que aumentou até o nível de 0,97% de inclusão de AGA. O consumo de ração diário e conversão alimentar não foram influenciados significativamente pela adição de diferentes níveis de AGA na dieta. Já para as variáveis sanguíneas, os níveis de creatinina aos 42 e aos 63 dias não foram influenciados significativamente pelos tratamentos. O nível de creatina quinase aos 42 dias apresentou uma tendência (P=0,077) de aumento que ocorreu de forma quadrática até o nível de 0,085% de inclusão do AGA, não havendo diferença significativa para essa variável aos 63 dias. (AU)

Immunohistochemistry characterization of a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma mixed subtype in cat

A 12 year-old mixed breed female cat was present with signs of dyspnea, cyanosis and drooling, followed by sudden death. At necropsy we observed nodules measuring 0.5 x 0.5 to 2.0 x 2.0 cm in the pulmonary parenchyma showed multifocal atelectasis associated with discrete emphysema. The histopathological examination of lung masses revealed neoplastic epithelial cells compatible with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). The immunohistochemical analysis of tumor cells showed positive labeling for pan-Cytokeratin, CK 7, CK 20 and TTF-1. According to macroscopic features, as well as histological and immunohistochemical findings, this tumor was diagnostic as BAC mixed subtype.

Immunohistochemistry characterization of a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma mixed subtype in cat

A 12 year-old mixed breed female cat was present with signs of dyspnea, cyanosis and drooling, followed by sudden death. At necropsy we observed nodules measuring 0.5 x 0.5 to 2.0 x 2.0 cm in the pulmonary parenchyma showed multifocal atelectasis associated with discrete emphysema. The histopathological examination of lung masses revealed neoplastic epithelial cells compatible with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). The immunohistochemical analysis of tumor cells showed positive labeling for pan-Cytokeratin, CK 7, CK 20 and TTF-1. According to macroscopic features, as well as histological and immunohistochemical findings, this tumor was diagnostic as BAC mixed subtype.(AU)