Beneficial Impact of Hypercapnic Conditions During Early Incubation on Broiler Hatchability. Embryo Mortality and Postnatal Performance

We assessed the extent to which CO2 levels altered different hatching and chick parameters. In Experiments 1 and 2, a total of 16,184 eggs from Cobb 500 breeders were incubated in single stage incubators under three different conditions: (a) standard ventilated incubator (CON, Exp.1 and 2); (b) increasing CO2 levels during the first 10 days of incubation until 0.7% (V7000, Exp. 1) and (c) until 0.8% (V8000, Exp. 2). High levels of CO2 improved hatchability, possibly due to lower embryo mortality from ED18 to ED21. Internal and external pipping in experiment V8000 started later than in CON; nevertheless, the hatch still occurred before in V8000 as a result of the shorter durations of external pipping and hatch. In Experiment 3, a total of 12,138 eggs from Cobb 500 were incubated in single stage incubators under three different conditions: (a) standard ventilated incubator (CON); (b) increasing CO2 levels until 1.0% with ventilation (V10000); and (c) increasing CO2 levels until 1.0% without ventilation (NV10000). Hypercapnic conditions led to better hatchability and lower embryo mortality from ED18 to ED21. Internal pipping started earlier in NV10000, but only V10000 differed from CON in terms of the average time for hatch. Hypercapnic groups also showed shorter durations of external pipping and hatch when compared to CON. Post-hatch analysis revealed no differences among incubation conditions in terms of body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality by sudden death syndrome, and production factor. Nevertheless, V10000 showed a lower mortality by ascites and a better viability when compared to CON, while NV10000 presented a higher mortality by other causes. Altogether, our findings indicate that in addition to not being detrimental to embryo survival, high CO2 levels reduce embryonic mortality at 18-21 days of incubation and increase hatchability.(AU)

Impacts of scenarios RCP4. 5 and RCP8. 5 on plant physiology in Tapajos National Forest in the Brazilian Amazon using the ED2. 2 model / Impactos dos cenários RCP4. 5 e RCP8. 5 na fisiologia vegetal na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, na Amazônia brasileira, através do modelo ED2. 2

Models that simulate the process of stomatal conductance (gs) for a given set of environmental conditions are important, as this process is the main mechanism that controls the gas exchange of terrestrial plants absorbing atmospheric CO2 in tropical forests. Simulations were performed for the Tapajós National Forest, in the western Brazilian Amazon, observing the gs process under the current climate scenario (control) and under the scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (2071 - 2100), using the ED2.2 ecosystem demography model. The results showed that the lower availability of soil water for the plants reduced photosynthesis due to the closing of the stomata. The model results for gross primary productivity (GPP) are similar to those observed in the field, varying about ≈24 MgC ha-1 year-1 for the rainy season and ≈23 MgC ha-1 year-1 for the dry season (average 2002 to 2010) in the control scenario. In the RCP4.5 scenario, simulated GPP was 30.7 and 30 MgC ha-1year-1 for the rainy and dry season, respectively (30.5 and 25 MgC ha-1year-1, respectively, for the RCP8.5 scenario). Our results also show that there may be a limitation on the increase in biomass carbon with the concentration of CO2, as GPP was lower in RCP8.5, despite this scenario having a higher value of atmospheric CO2 relative to RCP4.5.(AU)

Modelos que simulam o processo de condutância estomática (gs) para um determinado conjunto de condições ambientais são importantes, pois esse processo é o principal mecanismo que controla as trocas gasosas das plantas terrestres ao absorver o CO2 atmosférico em florestas tropicais. Realizamos simulações para a Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, observando o processo da gs sob o cenário climático atual (controle) e sob os cenários RCP4.5 e RCP8.5 (2071 - 2100) usando o modelo demográfico de ecossistema ED2.2. Os resultados mostraram que a menor disponibilidade de água no solo para as plantas reduziu a fotossíntese devido ao fechamento dos estômatos. Os resultados do modelo para produtividade primária bruta (PPB) foram semelhantes aos observados em campo, variando cerca de ≈24 MgC ha-1 ano-1 para a estação chuvosa e ≈23 MgC ha-1 ano-1 para a estação seca (média 2002 a 2010) no cenário controle. No cenário RCP4.5, o resultado da PPB simulado foi de 30,7 e 30 MgC ha-1ano-1 para as estações chuvosa e seca, respectivamente (30,5 e 25 MgC ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente, para o cenário RCP8.5). Nossos resultados mostram que pode haver uma limitação no aumento do carbono da biomassa com a concentração de CO2, uma vez que a PPB foi menor no RCP8.5, apesar deste cenário ter um valor maior de CO2 atmosférico em relação ao RCP4.5.(AU)

Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of purple araçá essential oil (Psidium rufum, Myrtaceae) / Avaliação das atividades antibacteriana e antioxidante do óleo essencial do araçá-roxo (Psidium rufum, Myrtaceae)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oil (EO) from fresh leaves of Psidium rufum. The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Antioxidant activity was determined by ß-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation system, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and iron reduction methods. Hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes were the predominant class, indicating 1,8 cineole, α-longipinene as major. The EO was tested against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 2,500 µg/mL and MBC = 20,000 µg/mL); Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 2,500µg/mL and MBC > 20,000µg/mL) and Escherichia coli (MIC > 20,000µg/mL and MBC > 20,000µg/mL). The EO showed antioxidant potential due to ß-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation system, with 76.63% of oxidation inhibition (1.0mg/mL) and due to the iron reduction power (5,38 µmol Fe 2+ /mg sample). The results are promising in recommending this species for the development of food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as atividades antibacteriana e antioxidante do óleo essencial (OE) das folhas frescas de Psidium rufum. O OE foi extraído por hidrodestilação e identificado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Foi avaliada a atividade antibacteriana, determinando-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). A atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelo sistema de co-oxidação ß-caroteno/ácido linoleico, pelos métodos de sequestro do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil e de redução do ferro. Sesquiterpenos hidrocarbonetos foram a classe predominante, indicando 1,8 cineol, α-longipineno como majoritário. O OE foi testado contra as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CIM = 2,500µg/mL e CBM = 20.000µg/mL); Enterococcus faecalis (CIM=2,500µg/mL e CBM > 20.000µg/mL) e Escherichia coli (CIM > 20.000µg/mL e CBM > 20.000µg/mL). O OE apresentou potencial antioxidante pelo sistema co-oxidação ß-caroteno/ácido linoleico com 76,63% de inibição da oxidação (1,0mg/mL) e pelo poder de redução de ferro (5,38 µmol Fe2+/mg amostra). Os resultados são promissores em indicar essa espécie para o desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios, cosméticos e farmacêuticos.

Physiology and production of sugar-apple under water stress and application of proline / Fisiologia e produção de pinheira sob estresse hídrico e aplicação de prolina

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiology and production of sugar-apple as a function of irrigation intervals and foliar application of proline under the conditions of Paraíba's semi-arid region. A randomized block design was laid out in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, with treatments resulting from the combination of four irrigation intervals (1, 4, 8 and 12 days) and two concentrations of proline (0 and 10 mM), with four replicates, and the plot consisted of four usable plants. Increase in irrigation intervals reduced the gas exchange of sugar-apple plants at 298 days after transplanting. Exogenous application of proline at concentration of 10 mM increased contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids and fruit fresh mass in plants grown under 12-day irrigation intervals.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a fisiologia e a produção da pinheira em função dos turnos de rega e aplicação foliar de prolina em condições do semiárido Paraibano. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, cujos tratamentos resultam da combinação de quatro turno de rega (1, 4, 8 e 12 dias) e duas concentrações de prolina (0 e 10 mM), com quatro repetições, cuja a parcela foi constituída de quatro plantas úteis. O incremento nos turnos de rega reduziu as trocas gasosas das plantas de pinheira, aos 298 dias após o transplantio. A aplicação de prolina na concentração de 10 mM aumentou o extravasamento de eletrólitos no limbo foliar, a condutância estomática e diminuiu a concentração interna de CO2 das plantas de pinheira. A aplicação exógena de prolina na concentração de 10 mM aumentou os teores de clorofila a, b, total e carotenoides e a massa fresca de frutos nas plantas cultivadas sob turno de rega de 12 dias.

Effects of oxygen supplementation in ewes subjected to laparoscopic ovum pick-up under total intravenous anesthesia / Efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas à aspiração de folículos por laparoscopia sob anestesia intravenosa total

Laparoscopy procedures are useful tools to perform some assisted reproductive biotechnologies in ewes, it requi-res general anesthesia and manoeuvres that might result in alteration of the cardiopulmonary function. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the effects of oxygen supplementation as a therapeutic measure to mitigate these alterations in ewes submitted to laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Twenty-four healthy adult ewes were submitted to two LOPUs with a 21 days interval, under ketamine-midazolam anesthesia, and receiving each of the two experimental in random order, oxygen treatment (OT) 50 mL/kg/min of oxygen via endotracheal tube and control treatment (CT) not receive any inhalation treatment. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (RT), end-tidal CO2 concentration (EtCO2) and recovery anesthesia time were evaluated during LOPU, arterial blood gases and electrolytes were evaluated after induction of anesthesia and at the end of the LOPU. Variables were compared between groups and moments using ANOVA. MAP, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 and pH were higher in OT, while EtCO2, PaCO2, temperature loss and recovery time were lower. These results allow to conclude that oxy-gen supplementation in ewes submitted to LOPU under TIVA provides benefits in order to mitigate physiological alterations.(AU)

Os procedimentos de laparoscopia são ferramentas úteis para realizar algumas biotecnologias de reprodução assistida em ovelhas, requer anestesia geral e manobras que podem resultar em alteração da função cardiopulmonar. Por esse motivo, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio como medida terapêutica para atenuar as alterações em ovelhas submetidas à Aspiração Folicular guiada por Laparoscopia (LOPU) sob anestesia venosa total (TIVA). Vinte e quatro ovelhas adultas saudáveis foram submetidas a duas LOPUs com intervalo de 21 dias, sob anestesia com cetamina-midazolam, recebendo cada um dos dois experimentos em ordem aleatória, tratamento com oxigênio (OT) 50 mL/kg/min de oxigênio via tubo endotraqueal e tratamento de controle (CT) não recebem nenhum tratamento por inalação. Frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), pressão arterial média (PAM), temperatura retal (TR), concentração expirada de CO2 (EtCO2) e tempo de recuperação da anestesia foram avaliados durante LOPU, arterial gasometria e eletrólitos foram avaliados após a indução da anestesia e ao final da COL. As variáveis foram comparadas entre grupos e momentos por meio de ANOVA. PAM, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 e pH foram maiores no TO, enquanto EtCO2, PaCO2, perda de temperatura e tempo de recuperação foram menores. Estes resultados permitem concluir que a suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas a LOPU sob TIVA proporciona benefícios no sentido de atenuar as alterações fisiológicas.(AU)

Hydrogen peroxide in the mitigation of salt stress in bell pepper / Peróxido de hidrogênio na mitigação do estresse salino em pimentão

Bell pepper is a vegetable of great socioeconomic importance in the Brazilian market. However, in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil, its cultivation is limited by the high concentrations of salts in water sources. On this basis, this study was developed to determine the effect of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide in mitigating salt stress by evaluating gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, and growth in 'All Big' bell pepper plants. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design with a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement corresponding to five levels of irrigation-water electrical conductivity (ECw: 0.8, 1.2, 2.0, 2.6, and 3.2 dS m-1) and five concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2: 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 µM), with three replicates and one plant per plot. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at the concentration of 15 µM attenuated the effects of salt stress in 'All Big' bell pepper plants irrigated with saline water at ECw of up to 1.4 dS m-1. Hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 15 µM associated with water salinity of 0.8 dS m-1 increased stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and the growth of the bell pepper plants. Application of hydrogen peroxide at concentrations greater than 15 µM intensified the deleterious effects of salt stress in 'All big' bell pepper at 90 days after sowing.

O pimentão é uma hortícola de grande importância socioeconômica no mercado brasileiro. Contudo, no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro seu cultivo é limitado devido a ocorrência de fontes hídricas com elevadas concentrações de sais. Deste modo, objetivou-se com o presente estudo, avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio na mitigação do estresse salino nas trocas gasosas, nos pigmentos fotossintéticos e no crescimento das plantas de pimentão 'All Big'. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de casa de vegetação, em Campina Grande-PB. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 5, correspondendo a cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação ­ CEa (0,8; 1,2; 2,0; 2,6 e 3,2 dS m-1) e cinco concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio ­ H2O2 (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 µM), com três repetições e uma planta por parcela. A aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio na concentração de 15 µM atenuou os efeitos do estresse salino em plantas de pimentão 'All Big' irrigadas com águas salinas em CEa de até 1,4 dS m-1. O peróxido de hidrogênio na concentração de 15 µM associado à salinidade da água de 0,8 dS m-1 proporcionou aumento na condutância estomática, na taxa de assimilação de CO2, na eficiência instantânea de carboxilação e no crescimento das plantas de pimentão. Aplicação de peróxido de hidrogênio em concentrações maiores que 15 µM, intensificou os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino em pimentão 'All big', aos 90 dias após o semeio.

ISOLATION AND AMPLIFICATION OF Anaplasma marginale IN CHICKEN EMBRYO FIBROBLAST CELL CULTURE / ISOLATION AND AMPLIFICATION OF Anaplasma marginale IN CHICKEN EMBRYO FIBROBLAST CELL CULTURE

Anaplasma marginale is an important agent for animal livestock, its presence in herds of cattle, sheep and goats leads to losses for Brazilian agribusiness. The present study aimed to describe an isolation technique for A. marginale, using chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture. For this, blood and tick samples were collected from 5 calves, between 2 and 3 months of age, which due to anemia, jaundiced mucous membranes and prostration, were considered supposedly infected with A.marginale. For the diagnosis, DNA extraction and PCR was performed from the blood and tick samples collected. All the tick and blood samples were positive in the PCR test. Additionally, ticks were crushed with the aid of a blender for inoculation in CEF cell culture. After inoculation, the cultures were kept at 37ºC and 5% CO2 for 15 days. The cell supernatant of cell cultures were again analyzed by PCR and by the technique Wrighte stain to confirm A. marginale isolation. Cell cultures were positive in PCR and the presence of the agent was demonstrated by Wrighte stain. Therefore, using CEF cell culture was possible to isolate and amplify the A. marginale in a concentration of 1.3 x 107.2 bodies per ml. The CEF cells are undemanding, easy to maintain and they are an option for isolation and production of A. marginale in the laboratory condition.

Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) is a worldwide pathogen that infects a variety ofruminants, but mostly cattle. The present study aimed to describe an isolation technique for A. marginale, using chicken embryo Þ broblast (CEF) cell culture. Blood and tick samples were collected from 5 calves from 2 to 3 months old, which were considered to be infected with A.marginale due to anemia, jaundiced mucous membranes, and prostration. DNA extractionand PCR were performed for diagnosis using blood and tick samples. All tick and blood samples tested positive in PCR. Additionally,ticks were crushed with the aid of a blender for inoculation in CEF cell culture. After inoculation, the cultures were kept at 37ºC and 5%CO2 for 15 days. The cell supernatant of cell cultures was again analyzed using PCR and Wright stain method to conÞ rm A. marginaleisolation. Cell cultures tested positive in PCR, and the presence of the agent was demonstrated by Wright stain. Therefore, by using CEFcell culture it was possible to isolate and amplify the A. marginale in a concentration of 1.3x 107.2 bodies per mL. The CEF cells are undemanding and easy to preserve; they are anoption for isolation and production of A. marginale under laboratory conditions.

Does doses and time of 2, 4-D application interfere in the physiology and wheat grains yield components?

The identification of the application stage and correct dose of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide is important so that wheat is not harmed. In view of this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2,4-D doses applied at different development stages of wheat crop. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, arranged in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with four replications. In factor A, the application stages (before tillering, tillering, first node and booting) were allocated and the doses of 2,4-D (0, 349, 698, 1047 and 1396 g.ha­1) were allocated in factor B. The variables evaluated were phytotoxicity at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application of the treatments (DAT), photosynthetic activity, CO2 internal concentration, stomatal conductance, efficient water use and carboxylation efficiency. The number of spikes·m­2, spike length and number of full and sterile grains were determined in the preharvest. Thousand grain mass, grain yield and hectoliter weight were determined after harvest. The results demonstrate that the herbicide caused phytotoxicity to wheat, being greater in increasing doses and mainly before tillering, causing grain sterility and decreased productivity. The other yield components did not present difference when increasing the dose and application in different stages as well as the physiological variables. The increase of the 2,4-D doses applied before tillering and in the booting stage caused linear decrease in wheat grain yield.

Shade stress on maize seedlings biomass production and photosynthetic traits / Efeitos do estresse de sombra na produção de biomassa de mudas de milho e características fotossintéticas

The responses of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars, 'LY336' (shade tolerant) and 'LC803' (shade sensitive), to shade stress in a pot experiment conducted in the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons were investigated. The impact of 50% shade stress treatment on shoot biomass, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was evaluated. The shoot biomass of the two maize hybrids was decreased significantly by shade stress treatment, for shade stress 7 d, the LC803 and LY336 were reduced by 56.7% and 44.4% compared with natural light. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of LY336 were not significantly affected by shade stress, whereas those of LC803 were significantly affected, the Fo increased under shade stress; however Fm, FV/FM and ΦPSII were decreased under shade stress. Among photosynthetic parameters measured, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate were significantly decreased compared with natural light, LY336 and LC803 reduction by 28.0%, 22.2%, 57.7% and 35.5%, 18.9%, 62.4%; however, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was significantly increased, for the two cultivars. Under shade stress for different durations (1, 3, 5, 7 d), Pn, Gs, Ci, and MDA content differed significantly between the two cultivars. Results indicated that different maize genotypes showed different responses to shading. Shade-tolerant genotypes are only weakly affected by shade stress.

As respostas de duas cultivares de milho (Zea mays L.), 'LY336' (tolerante à sombra) e 'LC803' (sensível à sombra), ao estresse de sombra em um experimento em vaso conduzido nas safras de 2015 e 2016 foram investigadas. O impacto do tratamento de estresse de sombra de 50% na biomassa da parte aérea, parâmetros fotossintéticos, fluorescência da clorofila e teor de malondialdeído (MDA) foi avaliado. A biomassa da parte aérea dos dois híbridos de milho foi reduzida significativamente pelo tratamento de estresse de sombra, para estresse de sombra 7 d, o LC803 e LY336 foram reduzidos em 56,7% e 44,4% em comparação com a luz natural. Os parâmetros de fluorescência da clorofila de LY336 não foram significativamente afetados pelo estresse de sombra, enquanto aqueles de LC803 foram significativamente afetados, o Fo aumentou sob estresse de sombra, porém Fm, FV / FM e ΦPSII diminuíram sob estresse de sombra. Entre os parâmetros fotossintéticos medidos, a taxa fotossintética líquida (Pn), a condutância estomática (Gs) e a taxa de transpiração diminuíram significativamente em comparação com a luz natural, redução de LY336 e LC803 em 28,0%, 22,2%, 57,7% e 35,5%, 18,9%, 62,4 %, porém a concentração intercelular de CO2 (Ci) aumentou significativamente para as duas cultivares. Sob estresse de sombra para diferentes durações (1, 3, 5, 7 d), os teores de Pn, Gs, Ci e MDA diferiram significativamente entre as duas cultivares. Os resultados indicam que diferentes genótipos de milho apresentam diferentes respostas ao sombreamento. Os genótipos tolerantes à sombra são apenas fracamente afetados pelo estresse de sombra.

Isolation and amplification of Anaplasma marginale in chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture / Isolamento e amplificação de Anaplasma marginale em cultivos celulares de fibroblastos de embriões de galinhas

Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) is a worldwide pathogen that infects a variety of ruminants, but mostly cattle. The present study aimed to describe an isolation technique for A. marginale, using chicken embryo Þ broblast (CEF) cell culture. Blood and tick samples were collected from 5 calves from 2 to 3 months old, which were considered to be infected with A.marginale due to anemia, jaundiced mucous membranes, and prostration. DNA extraction and PCR were performed for diagnosis using blood and tick samples. All tick and blood samples tested positive in PCR. Additionally, ticks were crushed with the aid of a blender for inoculation in CEF cell culture. After inoculation, the cultures were kept at 37ºC and 5% CO2 for 15 days. The cell supernatant of cell cultures was again analyzed using PCR and Wright stain method to conÞ rm A. marginale isolation. Cell cultures tested positive in PCR, and the presence of the agent was demonstrated by Wright stain. Therefore, by using CEF cell culture it was possible to isolate and amplify the A. marginale in a concentration of 1.3 x 107.2 bodies per mL. The CEF cells are undemanding and easy to preserve; they are an option for isolation and production of A. marginale under laboratory conditions.(AU)

Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) é um patógeno mundial que infecta uma variedade de ruminantes, mas principalmente bovinos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever uma técnica de isolamento para A. marginale, utilizando cultivo celular de Þ broblastos de embriões (CFE) de galinhas. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras de sangue e de carrapatos de 5 bezerros, entre 2 e 3 meses de idade, os quais, devido a anemia, icterícia de mucosas e prostração, foram considerados supostamente infectados com A. marginale. Ethics Approval This study was approved by Credenciamento Institucional para Atividades com Animais em Ensino ou Pesquisa (CIAEP: 02.0420.2021). Consent to participate Not applicable Consent to publish Not applicable Data availability Not applicable Para o diagnóstico, realizaram-se extração de DNA e posterior PCR a partir das amostras de sangue e de carrapatos coletados. Todos os carrapatos e amostras de sangue foram positivas para o teste de PCR. Além disso, os carrapatos foram triturados com o auxílio de um liquidiÞ cador para inoculação em CFE. Após a inoculação, as culturas foram mantidas a 37ºC e a 5% de CO2 durante 15 dias. O sobrenadante celular das culturas foi novamente analisado por PCR e pela técnica de coloração de Wright para conÞ rmar o isolamento de Anaplasma marginale. As culturas celulares foram po sitivas por PCR, e a presença do agente foi comprovada por meio da coloração de Wright. Portanto, utilizando CFE, foi possível isolar e ampliÞ car o A. marginale em uma concentração de 1,3x107,2 bactérias por ml. As células da CEF são pouco exigentes, de fácil manutenção e uma boa opção para isolamento e produção de A. marginale em condição laboratorial.(AU)

Foliar application of H2O2 as salt stress attenuator in 'BRS Rubi do Cerrado' sour passion fruit / Aplicação foliar de H2O2 como atenuante do estresse salino em maracujazeiro-azedo 'BRS Rubi do Cerrado'

Irrigation with saline water causes a reduction in yield, especially in semi-arid regions. Cultivation strategies have been developed to mitigate salt stress on plants, such as the use of hydrogen peroxide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the attenuating effect of hydrogen peroxide on the gas exchange and growth of 'BRS Rubi do Cerrado' sour passion fruit cultivated under irrigation with saline water. The design was completely randomized in split-plot plots, with water salinity levels ECw (0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0 dS m-1) considered the plots and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (0, 15, 30, and 45 µM) considered the subplots, with three replicates. Gas exchange (stomatal conductance, transpiration, CO2 assimilation rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, instantaneous water use efficiency, and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency), and absolute and relative growth rates in stem diameter were evaluated. An increase in irrigation water salinity from 0.6 dS m-1 reduced gas exchange, and exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide did not promote a significant effect on gas exchange. However, foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at 15 µM increased the growth of 'BRS Rubi do Cerrado' sour passion fruit.(AU)

A irrigação com águas salinas causa redução na produtividade, principalmente nas regiões semiáridas. Estratégias de cultivo vêm sendo desenvolvidas, a exemplo uso de peróxido de hidrogênio para mitigar o estresse salino sobre as plantas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito atenuante do peróxido de hidrogênio sobre as trocas gasosas e o crescimento do maracujazeiro-azedo 'BRS Rubi do Cerrado' cultivado sob irrigação com águas salinas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, sendo os níveis de salinidade da água - CEa (0,6, 1,2, 1,8, 2,4 e 3,0 dS m-1) consideradas as parcelas, e as concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio ­ H2O2 (0, 15, 30 e 45 µM) as subparcelas, com três repetições. Foram avaliadas as trocas gasosas (condutância estomática, transpiração, taxa de assimilação de CO2, concentração intercelular de CO2, eficiência instantânea no uso da água e eficiência instantânea de carboxilação), e a taxa de crescimento absoluto e relativo do caule. O aumento na salinidade da água de irrigação a partir da salinidade de 0,6 dS m-1 reduziu as trocas gasosas; a aplicação exógena de peróxido de hidrogênio não promoveu efeito significativos sob as trocas gasosas. A aplicação foliar de 15 µM de peróxido de hidrogênio aumentou o crescimento do maracujazeiro-azedo 'BRS Rubi do Cerrado'.(AU)

Changes in somatic cell count, composition and cytokine levels in milk from cows with mastitis due to mixed infections

Mastitis is a mammary gland inflammation that is very common worldwide, mostly caused by bacteria, and causes enormous economic losses. Many microorganisms cause this disease. The most common causes of mastitis by these microorganisms are Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae). The anti-inflammatory properties of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß include: 1) limiting interferon (IFN)-γ production; 2) increasing the expression of the interleukine (IL)-1 receptor antagonist; 3) inhibiting macrophage production of chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen intermediates; and 4) increasing macrophage clearance of bacterial debris and damaged parenchymal cells. It is stated that cytokines and milk composition change in case of mastitis. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the changes in milk TGF-ß1 and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations and milk composition in mixed infections caused by three pathogens causing mastitis. In this study, milk samples from 90 cows were divided into 5 groups. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TGF-ß1 concentrations and milk composition were determined in these milk samples. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to the cows included in the study and scoring was done. According to the CMT results of the milk samples taken, CMT(-) cows were included in group 1 (n = 22). Those with the CMT(+) were sent to the microbiology laboratory for analysis within 2 h. After the bacteria was determined, combination groupings were formed. Group 2 (n = 17), in which S. aureus and E. coli grew together, group 3 (n = 21), in which S. aureus and S. agalactiae grew together, group 4 (n = 8), in which S. agalactiae and E. coli grew together in milk samples, and milk samples without any bacterial growth in CMT (+) formed group 5 (n = 22), respectively. Somatic cell count was measured with the DeLaval Cell Counter® (Cell Counter DCC) device. Mineral matter, fat, protein, lactose, electrical conductivity and specific gravity were measured in milk samples using Lactoscan Milk Analyzer (Milkotronic/EUROPE). Milk samples were then stored at -80°C to measure TGF-ß1 and TNF-α. Tumor necrosis factor-α and TGF-ß1 concentrations in milk samples were measured using ELISA kits (Sunred Biological Technology). Changes in milk TNF-α and TGF-ß1 concentration and milk composition were determined in milk samples with mastitis caused by mixed infection. The TNF-α concentration of group 4 was higher than the other groups. On the other hand, the highest concentration of TGF-ß1 was found in group 2. While the number of somatic cells in group 1 was lower than in groups 2, 3, and 4, there was no statistical difference between groups 1 and 5. The lowest milk fat ratio was found in group 1, and it was found to be statistically lower than groups 2, 3, and 4. While the rate of solid-non-fat of group 1 increased compared to groups 2 and 3, the highest protein ratio was found in groups 1 and 5. There was no difference between the 5 groups in terms of mineral matter ratios. While the specific gravity was highest in group 1, there was no statistical difference between the other 4 groups. Overall, it was concluded that there was an increase in TNF-α and TGF-ß1 concentrations and a change in milk composition in samples with bacterial growth.(AU)

Gas exchange, growth, and quality of passion fruit seedlings cultivated with saline water / Trocas gasosas, crescimento e qualidade de mudas de maracujazeiro cultivadas com águas salinas

This study was conducted to evaluate the gas exchange, growth, and quality of passion fruit cultivars under irrigation with waters of different salinity levels. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in Pombal-PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 ? 2 factorial arrangement, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1) and two passion fruit cultivars (BRS Sol do Cerrado and Guinezinho), with three plants per plot and four replicates. The reduction in transpiration, intercellular CO2 concentration and CO2 assimilation rate in passion fruit plants grown with saline water was related to factors of stomatal and non-stomatal origin. Gas exchange and growth of passion fruit cultivars were negatively affected by water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1 at 75 days after sowing. Despite the reduction in the growth of the passion fruit cultivars, irrigation with water of up to 3.5 dS m-1 could be used to obtain seedlings with acceptable quality. Based on the relative yield of total dry phytomass, the passion fruit cultivars BRS Sol do Cerrado and Guinezinho were classified as moderately sensitive to water salinity during the seedling phase.

Desenvolveu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar as trocas gasosas, o crescimento e a qualidade de cultivares de maracujazeiro sob irrigação com águas de diferentes níveis salinos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em Pombal-PB, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 5 × 2, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7 e 3,5 dS m-1) e duas cultivares de maracujazeiro (BRS Sol do Cerrado e Guinezinho), com três plantas por parcela e quatro repetições. A redução na transpiração, concentração intercelular de CO2 e taxa de assimilação de CO2 nas plantas de maracujazeiro cultivadas com águas salinas está relacionado a fatores de origem estomáticos e não estomáticos. As trocas gasosas e o crescimento das cultivares de maracujazeiro foram afetados de forma negativa pela salinidade da água a partir de 0,3 dS m-1, aos 75 dias após o semeio. Apesar da redução no crescimento nas cultivares de maracujazeiro, a irrigação com água de até 3,5 dS m-1 pode ser utilizada para obtenção de mudas com qualidade aceitável. Com base no rendimento relativo de fitomassa seca total, as cultivares de maracujazeiro BRS Sol do Cerrado e Guinezinho foram classificados como moderadamente sensível a salinidade da água na fase de formação de mudas.

Gas exchange, growth, and quality of passion fruit seedlings cultivated with saline water / Trocas gasosas, crescimento e qualidade de mudas de maracujazeiro cultivadas com águas salinas

This study was conducted to evaluate the gas exchange, growth, and quality of passion fruit cultivars under irrigation with waters of different salinity levels. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in Pombal-PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 ? 2 factorial arrangement, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1) and two passion fruit cultivars (BRS Sol do Cerrado and Guinezinho), with three plants per plot and four replicates. The reduction in transpiration, intercellular CO2 concentration and CO2 assimilation rate in passion fruit plants grown with saline water was related to factors of stomatal and non-stomatal origin. Gas exchange and growth of passion fruit cultivars were negatively affected by water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1 at 75 days after sowing. Despite the reduction in the growth of the passion fruit cultivars, irrigation with water of up to 3.5 dS m-1 could be used to obtain seedlings with acceptable quality. Based on the relative yield of total dry phytomass, the passion fruit cultivars BRS Sol do Cerrado and Guinezinho were classified as moderately sensitive to water salinity during the seedling phase.(AU)

Desenvolveu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar as trocas gasosas, o crescimento e a qualidade de cultivares de maracujazeiro sob irrigação com águas de diferentes níveis salinos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em Pombal-PB, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 5 × 2, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7 e 3,5 dS m-1) e duas cultivares de maracujazeiro (BRS Sol do Cerrado e Guinezinho), com três plantas por parcela e quatro repetições. A redução na transpiração, concentração intercelular de CO2 e taxa de assimilação de CO2 nas plantas de maracujazeiro cultivadas com águas salinas está relacionado a fatores de origem estomáticos e não estomáticos. As trocas gasosas e o crescimento das cultivares de maracujazeiro foram afetados de forma negativa pela salinidade da água a partir de 0,3 dS m-1, aos 75 dias após o semeio. Apesar da redução no crescimento nas cultivares de maracujazeiro, a irrigação com água de até 3,5 dS m-1 pode ser utilizada para obtenção de mudas com qualidade aceitável. Com base no rendimento relativo de fitomassa seca total, as cultivares de maracujazeiro BRS Sol do Cerrado e Guinezinho foram classificados como moderadamente sensível a salinidade da água na fase de formação de mudas.(AU)

Attenuation of salt stress on the physiology and production of bell peppers by treatment with salicylic acid / Atenuação do estresse salino na fisiologia e produção de pimentões por tratamento com ácido salicílico

The use of saline water for irrigation in semi-arid regions has become a reality due to the water scarcity that occurs in most of the year. In this scenario, exogenous application of salicylic acid may be a strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress on plants and ensure the production of socioeconomically important crops in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil, such as bell pepper. Thus, this study examines the osmoprotective effect of salicylic acid on gas exchanges, chloroplast pigments and production components of 'All Big' bell pepper plants irrigated with water with different saline levels. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. Treatments consisted of four levels of electrical conductivity on the irrigation water (0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2 dS m-¹) and four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 mM), which were distributed in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement in a randomized block design with three replicates. Increases in irrigation water salinity from 0.8 dS m-¹ resulted in changes in gas exchange and total chlorophyll levels of 'All Big' bell pepper plants. The estimated salicylic acid concentration of 1.7 mM reduced the effects of salinity on stomatal conductance, transpiration, CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, total chlorophyll and fruit diameters. Irrigation with water of 1.8, 0.8 and 1.6 dS m-¹ salinity associated with the estimated salicylic acid concentration of 1.6 mM increased the biosynthesis of chlorophylls a and b and the number of fruits, respectively, in bell pepper plants.

A utilização de água salina para irrigação, em regiões semiáridas, tem se tornado uma realidade em funçãoda escassez hídrica que ocorre na maior parte do ano. Assim, a aplicação exógena de ácido salicílico pode ser uma estratégia capaz de amenizar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino sobre as plantas e garantira produção agrícola de culturas socioeconomicamente importantes no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro, como o pimentão. Deste modo, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a capacidade osmoprotetora do ácido salicílico sobre as trocas gasosas, pigmentos cloroplastídicos e componentes de produção de plantas de pimentão 'All Big' irrigadas com águas de diferentes níveis salinos. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de casa de vegetação, em Campina Grande-PB. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, correspondendo a quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,8, 1,6; 2,4 e 3,2 dS m-¹) e quatro concentrações de ácido salicílico - AS (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 mM), com três repetições. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação a partir de 0,8 dS m-¹ resultou em alterações nas trocas gasosas e nos teores de clorofila total das plantas de pimentão 'All Big'. A concentração estimada em 1,7 mM de ácido salicílico amenizou os efeitos da salinidade sobre a condutância estomática, a transpiração, a taxa de assimilação de CO2, a eficiência instantânea da carboxilação, clorofila total e os diâmetros dos frutos. A irrigação com água de 1,8, 0,8 e 1,6dS m-¹, associada a concentração estimada de 1,6 mM de ácido salicílico incrementou respectivamente, a biossíntese de clorofila a e b, e o número de frutos em plantas de pimentão.

Attenuation of salt stress on the physiology and production of bell peppers by treatment with salicylic acid / Atenuação do estresse salino na fisiologia e produção de pimentões por tratamento com ácido salicílico

The use of saline water for irrigation in semi-arid regions has become a reality due to the water scarcity that occurs in most of the year. In this scenario, exogenous application of salicylic acid may be a strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress on plants and ensure the production of socioeconomically important crops in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil, such as bell pepper. Thus, this study examines the osmoprotective effect of salicylic acid on gas exchanges, chloroplast pigments and production components of 'All Big' bell pepper plants irrigated with water with different saline levels. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. Treatments consisted of four levels of electrical conductivity on the irrigation water (0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2 dS m-¹) and four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 mM), which were distributed in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement in a randomized block design with three replicates. Increases in irrigation water salinity from 0.8 dS m-¹ resulted in changes in gas exchange and total chlorophyll levels of 'All Big' bell pepper plants. The estimated salicylic acid concentration of 1.7 mM reduced the effects of salinity on stomatal conductance, transpiration, CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, total chlorophyll and fruit diameters. Irrigation with water of 1.8, 0.8 and 1.6 dS m-¹ salinity associated with the estimated salicylic acid concentration of 1.6 mM increased the biosynthesis of chlorophylls a and b and the number of fruits, respectively, in bell pepper plants.(AU)

A utilização de água salina para irrigação, em regiões semiáridas, tem se tornado uma realidade em funçãoda escassez hídrica que ocorre na maior parte do ano. Assim, a aplicação exógena de ácido salicílico pode ser uma estratégia capaz de amenizar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino sobre as plantas e garantira produção agrícola de culturas socioeconomicamente importantes no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro, como o pimentão. Deste modo, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a capacidade osmoprotetora do ácido salicílico sobre as trocas gasosas, pigmentos cloroplastídicos e componentes de produção de plantas de pimentão 'All Big' irrigadas com águas de diferentes níveis salinos. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de casa de vegetação, em Campina Grande-PB. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, correspondendo a quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,8, 1,6; 2,4 e 3,2 dS m-¹) e quatro concentrações de ácido salicílico - AS (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 mM), com três repetições. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação a partir de 0,8 dS m-¹ resultou em alterações nas trocas gasosas e nos teores de clorofila total das plantas de pimentão 'All Big'. A concentração estimada em 1,7 mM de ácido salicílico amenizou os efeitos da salinidade sobre a condutância estomática, a transpiração, a taxa de assimilação de CO2, a eficiência instantânea da carboxilação, clorofila total e os diâmetros dos frutos. A irrigação com água de 1,8, 0,8 e 1,6dS m-¹, associada a concentração estimada de 1,6 mM de ácido salicílico incrementou respectivamente, a biossíntese de clorofila a e b, e o número de frutos em plantas de pimentão.(AU)

Anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of the Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae) on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the Western Amazon Region / Atividade anti-helmíntica do extrato de etanol de Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae) em ovos e larvas de nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos na região da Amazônia Ocidental

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of the root and stem of Uncaria guianensis on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes from naturally infected sheep. The extracts of the root and stem of Uncaria guianensis were applied in different concentrations. The animals were divided into groups of five animals each, where each group received an extract of the plant and a dose / concentration. Ten ml was applied orally on treatment days, in a single dose. Stool samples were collected weekly for parasitological analysis and blood for hematocrit. Regarding the percentage of reduction in the number of eggs per gram of feces, they were found only in the group treated with Uncaria guianensis root at a concentration of 1.14mg / ml and in the chemically treated group, where they obtained a statistically significant reduction , when compared to the other treated groups, presenting 69% and 66% respectively in the reduction percentage. Regarding the number of third stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes recovered from sheep, after treatment with Uncaria guianensis observed that the groups treated with closantel, Uncaria guianensis root at a concentration of 1.14mg / ml and the stem of Uncaria guianensis at a concentration of 1.25mg / ml were statistically different  from the other treatments, presenting 68%, 68 % and 86%

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito anti-helmíntico da raiz e do caule de Uncaria guianensis sobre ovos e larvas de nematóides gastrointestinais de ovelhas naturalmente infectadas. O extrato da raiz de Uncaria guianensis foi testado nas concentrações de 0,57mg / mL e 1,14mg / mL e o extrato do caule de Uncaria guianensis nas concentrações de 1,25mg / mL e 2,5mg / mL. Os animais foram divididos em grupos de cinco animais cada, onde quatro grupos receberam o extrato vegetal e uma dose / concentração, um grupo recebeu o anti-helmíntico closantel e outro grupo recebeu apenas água destilada, totalizando seis grupos tratados. Foram aplicados dez mL por via oral nos dias de tratamento, em dose única para os grupos tratados com o extrato, o grupo closantel recebeu a dose preconizada pelo fabricante e o grupo negativo recebeu 10 mL de água destilada. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas semanalmente para análise parasitoló-gica e sangue para hematócrito. Os resultados do OPG foram analisados após transformação logarítmica (x + 1) e submetidos à análise de variância unilateral (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As larvas L3 de terceiro estágio foram recuperadas da co-cultura e submetidas ao teste de tukey a 5%.

Anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of the Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae) on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the Western Amazon Region / Atividade anti-helmíntica do extrato de etanol de Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae) em ovos e larvas de nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos na região da Amazônia Ocidental

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of the root and stem of Uncaria guianensis on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes from naturally infected sheep. The extracts of the root and stem of Uncaria guianensis were applied in different concentrations. The animals were divided into groups of five animals each, where each group received an extract of the plant and a dose / concentration. Ten ml was applied orally on treatment days, in a single dose. Stool samples were collected weekly for parasitological analysis and blood for hematocrit. Regarding the percentage of reduction in the number of eggs per gram of feces, they were found only in the group treated with Uncaria guianensis root at a concentration of 1.14mg / ml and in the chemically treated group, where they obtained a statistically significant reduction , when compared to the other treated groups, presenting 69% and 66% respectively in the reduction percentage. Regarding the number of third stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes recovered from sheep, after treatment with Uncaria guianensis observed that the groups treated with closantel, Uncaria guianensis root at a concentration of 1.14mg / ml and the stem of Uncaria guianensis at a concentration of 1.25mg / ml were statistically different  from the other treatments, presenting 68%, 68 % and 86%(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito anti-helmíntico da raiz e do caule de Uncaria guianensis sobre ovos e larvas de nematóides gastrointestinais de ovelhas naturalmente infectadas. O extrato da raiz de Uncaria guianensis foi testado nas concentrações de 0,57mg / mL e 1,14mg / mL e o extrato do caule de Uncaria guianensis nas concentrações de 1,25mg / mL e 2,5mg / mL. Os animais foram divididos em grupos de cinco animais cada, onde quatro grupos receberam o extrato vegetal e uma dose / concentração, um grupo recebeu o anti-helmíntico closantel e outro grupo recebeu apenas água destilada, totalizando seis grupos tratados. Foram aplicados dez mL por via oral nos dias de tratamento, em dose única para os grupos tratados com o extrato, o grupo closantel recebeu a dose preconizada pelo fabricante e o grupo negativo recebeu 10 mL de água destilada. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas semanalmente para análise parasitoló-gica e sangue para hematócrito. Os resultados do OPG foram analisados após transformação logarítmica (x + 1) e submetidos à análise de variância unilateral (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As larvas L3 de terceiro estágio foram recuperadas da co-cultura e submetidas ao teste de tukey a 5%.(AU)

Clinical, hematological, blood gasometric and electrolytic changes in dogs receiving whole blood transfusions

Blood transfusion is a tool capable of saving lives. Patients undergoing blood transfusion usually present several alterations in the acid-base and electrolyte balance, aggravating the condition of critically ill patients. Some studies have demonstrated haematological alterations in certain species that received whole blood transfusions, however, few studies have evaluated acid base and electrolyte changes in dogs undergoing whole blood haemotherapy. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical, hematological, blood gas and electrolyte changes in anemic dogs after whole blood transfusion. Twenty nine dogs transfused due to anemia were enrolled in the study. Donors blood was collected in a transfusion bag containing citrate phosphate adenine dextrose and stored up to 24 h. Blood collections and evaluations were made before and 24 h after the transfusion. Data distribution normality was tested by the Shapiro Wilk Test. The means of the variables were compared by paired t-test. It was observed an increase in diastolic blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate (P < 0.05). There was a not significant increase in systolic blood pressure, temperature, and a reduction in respiratory rate per minute. Erythrocyte, haemoglobin and haematocrit averages were significantly increased after blood transfusion (P < 0.05). It was observed a reduction in the mean values of pH (P < 0.05), potassium (P > 0.05) and ionized calcium (P > 0.05) and an increase in the mean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) (P < 0.001), bicarbonate (P > 0.05) and sodium (P < 0.05). The probable cause of anemia was monocytic ehrlichiosis (14/29), visceral leishmaniasis (1/29), babesiosis (1/29), co-infection of Ehrlichia canis and Leishmania infantum (2/29), co-infection of E. canis and Babesia vogeli (1/29). It was not possible to determine the etiology of the anemia in ten dogs. Heart rate significantly reduced after transfusion, probably because of the increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte values. It may be justified by the displacement of extravascular fluid to the intravascular space. Mean values of systolic blood pressure were slightly elevated before transfusion and remained elevated afterwards, while diastolic and mean arterial pressure increased significantly after transfusion. These changes may be due to the morbid condition and may be influenced by many other factors. Haematocrit, haemoglobin and erythrocyte values increased significantly after transfusion, according to what was observed in other studies. The significant reduction in pH and increase in pCO2 reflects the compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis to increase ventilation, leading to pCO2 reduction and changes in pH. The reduction in pH due to the contact of the collected blood with conservative solutions is one of the main changes thar occurs during blood storage. It was described significantly lower pH in dogs' whole blood samples stored for more than 24 h in vacutainer plastic containing CPDA-1. We may assume there was no intense pH reduction in the present study because the bags were stored for up to 24 h. Although not statistically significant, the increase of pO2 mean reflects the improvement of tissue oxygen perfusion. It was observed a significant increase in sodium ions. The mean sodium ion concentration before transfusion was very close to the maximum reference value. Hyperkalaemia was not observed, nor was there significant reduction of potassium ions after transfusion. Several studies report hyperkalaemia and transfusion-associated cardiac arrests in humans, associated with infusion of large volumes of blood. Whole blood transfusion increased erythrogram values and did not negatively affect the electrolyte or acid-base status, representing a safe and useful tool in the intensive care of small animals.(AU)

Acerola seed meal (Malpighia emarginata) as a source of dietary fibre in starter piglet diets / Farelo de semente de acerola (Malpighia emarginata) como fonte de fibra dietética em dietas de leitões iniciantes

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value and the effect of acerola seed meal (ASM) for starter piglet diets on feed digestibility, nitrogen balance (NB), growth performance and blood metabolites. Twenty-four crossbred entire male piglets (21.07 ± 3.07 kg) were assigned to a digestibility assay (Exp. I) and distributed in a randomised block design (RBD) with two treatments composed of reference diet (RD) or test diet (20% replacement with ASM), 12 replications and with one pig per experimental unit (EU). An NB study (Exp. II) was conducted with four levels of ASM (0, 4, 8 and 12%) and 24 crossbred entire male piglets (20.78 ± 1.84 kg) allocated in an RBD of six replications and one pig per EU. The growth performance study (Exp. III) involved 120 crossbred piglets: 60 entire males and 60 females (13.85 ± 1.49 kg). Treatments consisted of a gender combination and five levels of ASM (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%), distributed in an RBD with six replications and four animals per EU. The physicochemical composition results indicated 86.12% of dry matter (DM), 8.03% of crude protein (CP) and 4,553 kcal kg-1 of gross energy (GE) as well as apparent digestibility coefficients of 39.04 and 28.21% for CP and GE, respectively. The levels of ASM that provided the maximum estimate for final body weight, daily body weight gain and average daily feed intake were 2.93% (p = 0.037), 3.05% (p = 0.040) and 4.27% (p = 0.043), respectively. ASM can be indicated as a dietary fibre source for starter piglet diets because it contains relevant nutritional and energy values, without affecting the nitrogen balance and blood urea concentration.(AU)

Três experimentos foram realizados para determinar o valor nutricional e o efeito do uso do farelo da semente de acerola (FSA) na dieta de leitões em fase inicial sobre a digestibilidade de ração, balanço de nitrogênio (BN), desempenho zootécnico e metabólito sanguíneo. Vinte e quatro leitões mestiços, machos inteiros (21,07 ± 3,07 kg) foram atribuídos a um ensaio de digestibilidade (Exp. I.) e distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de bloco ao acaso (DBC), com dois tratamentos, compostos de uma dieta referência ou teste (substituição em 20% por FSA na dieta referência), 12 repetições e com um suíno por unidade experimental (UE). O ensaio de BN (Exp. II) foi conduzido com quatro níveis crescentes de inclusão de FSA (0, 4, 8 e 12%) e 24 leitões mestiços machos inteiros (20,78 ± 1,84 kg), alocados em um DBC de seis repetições e um suíno por UE. O estudo de desempenho zootécnico (Exp. III) envolveu 120 leitões mestiços, 60 machos inteiros e 60 fêmeas (13,85 ± 1,49 kg). Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de dois gêneros e cinco níveis crescentes de inclusão de FSA (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%), distribuídos em um DBC com seis repetições e quatro animais por UE. Os resultados de composição físico-química do FSA indicaram 86,12% de matéria seca (MS), 8,03% de proteína bruta (PB) e 4.553 kcal kg -1 de energia bruta (EB), e coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de 39,04 e 28,21% para PB e EB, respectivamente. Os níveis de FSA que proporcionaram a máxima estimativa de peso corporal final, ganho de peso corporal diário (GPCDM) e consumo de ração diário médio foram 2,93% (p = 0,0372), 3,05% (p = 0,0407) e 4,27% (p = 0,0432), respectivamente. O FSA pode ser indicado como uma fonte de fibra dietética na alimentação de suínos em fase inicial por conter valores nutricionais e de energia relevantes sem afetar o balanço de nitrogênio e concentração de ureia no sangue.(AU)