Is herbicide resistance an undissolute problem?

Recently, Weed Science journal published a special issue on weed resistance to herbicides (Weed Science, Volume 64, 2016), regarding many issues on the importance and the impact of the weed resistance on agronomic and social aspects. This brief note regards topics covered by some authors.Sarah Ward wrote about the human dimensions of herbicide resistance (WARD 2016). She said herbicide resistance has become a major topic of international research in weed science, with a steady stream of presentations and papers on various aspects of the biology of herbicide resistant weeds. According to her, several sources indicate recommendations for preventing and managing herbicide resistance, however the problem continues to increase in field conditions. She explains a part of this problem occurs due to an insufficient attention to the human component of herbicide resistance evolution and management.David R. Shaw implied herbicide resistance has no clear causes or solutions, and thus it is difficult or impossible to solve, becoming a wicked problem (SHAW 2016) for everyone involved in herbicide use. He emphasized if we expect to achieve success in herbicide resistance management, different approaches will be essential, culminating in a call to action for everyone involved in the decision-making process. In addition, Raymond A. Jussaume Jr. and David Ervin indicated that findin

Advertisement call of Dendropsophus microps (Anura: Hylidae) from two populations from southeastern Brazil

In anurans, acoustic communication is a major mechanism of pre-zygotic isolation, since it carries information about species recognition. Detailed descriptions of the acoustic properties of anuran advertisement calls provide important data to taxonomist and to the understanding of the evolution of the group. Herein we re-describe the advertisement call of the hylid frog Dendropsophus microps (Peters, 1872) after analyzing a larger sample than that of previous descriptions. We also compare the acoustic properties of the call in two populations and discuss the effect of the presence of the sister species, Dendropsophus giesleri (Mertens, 1950), a potential competitor, in one of the populations. Additionally, we provide information on calling sites and size of males. Males of D. microps emit two types of calls, which differ mainly in pulse repetition rate. Type "A" call has a mean frequency band varying from 4574 to 5452 Hz, (mean dominant frequency = 4972 Hz). Type "B" call has a mean frequency band varying from 4488 to 5417 Hz (mean dominant frequency = 4913 Hz). The calls of D. microps and D. giesleri are the only in the D. parviceps species group that have harmonic structure. The spectral properties of the call showed low intra-individual variation, being considered static, while the temporal properties were highly variable. Compared with males from the Boracéia population, males from the Ribeirão Grande population called from lower perches, and their calls had slightly lower frequency bands and significantly higher pulse rates in their type "B" calls. Inter-populational differences in acoustic properties, body size and use of calling sites could be related to selective forces associated with the presence of the sister species, a potential competitor for the population from Ribeirão Grande.

Advertisement call of Dendropsophus microps (Anura: Hylidae) from two populations from southeastern Brazil

In anurans, acoustic communication is a major mechanism of pre-zygotic isolation, since it carries information about species recognition. Detailed descriptions of the acoustic properties of anuran advertisement calls provide important data to taxonomist and to the understanding of the evolution of the group. Herein we re-describe the advertisement call of the hylid frog Dendropsophus microps (Peters, 1872) after analyzing a larger sample than that of previous descriptions. We also compare the acoustic properties of the call in two populations and discuss the effect of the presence of the sister species, Dendropsophus giesleri (Mertens, 1950), a potential competitor, in one of the populations. Additionally, we provide information on calling sites and size of males. Males of D. microps emit two types of calls, which differ mainly in pulse repetition rate. Type "A" call has a mean frequency band varying from 4574 to 5452 Hz, (mean dominant frequency = 4972 Hz). Type "B" call has a mean frequency band varying from 4488 to 5417 Hz (mean dominant frequency = 4913 Hz). The calls of D. microps and D. giesleri are the only in the D. parviceps species group that have harmonic structure. The spectral properties of the call showed low intra-individual variation, being considered static, while the temporal properties were highly variable. Compared with males from the Boracéia population, males from the Ribeirão Grande population called from lower perches, and their calls had slightly lower frequency bands and significantly higher pulse rates in their type "B" calls. Inter-populational differences in acoustic properties, body size and use of calling sites could be related to selective forces associated with the presence of the sister species, a potential competitor for the population from Ribeirão Grande.(AU)

Is herbicide resistance an undissolute problem?

Recently, Weed Science journal published a special issue on weed resistance to herbicides (Weed Science, Volume 64, 2016), regarding many issues on the importance and the impact of the weed resistance on agronomic and social aspects. This brief note regards topics covered by some authors.Sarah Ward wrote about the human dimensions of herbicide resistance (WARD 2016). She said herbicide resistance has become a major topic of international research in weed science, with a steady stream of presentations and papers on various aspects of the biology of herbicide resistant weeds. According to her, several sources indicate recommendations for preventing and managing herbicide resistance, however the problem continues to increase in field conditions. She explains a part of this problem occurs due to an insufficient attention to the human component of herbicide resistance evolution and management.David R. Shaw implied herbicide resistance has no clear causes or solutions, and thus it is difficult or impossible to solve, becoming a wicked problem (SHAW 2016) for everyone involved in herbicide use. He emphasized if we expect to achieve success in herbicide resistance management, different approaches will be essential, culminating in a call to action for everyone involved in the decision-making process. In addition, Raymond A. Jussaume Jr. and David Ervin indicated that findin

Vocalizations of primary forest frog species in the Central Amazon

The calls of 18 species of Amazonian forest frogs were recorded in 3 localities: the Tapajos National Park near Itaituba, the Reserva Ducke near Manaus, and the INPA-WWF reserves near Manaus. Structural and time parameters and sonographs of these calls including previously undescribed vocalization by 10 species are presented. Unlike open habitat species, several forest frong species characteriscally demonstrated one on more of the following temporal parameters: very low call rates, sporadic intervals, infrequent nights of calling and synchronized chorusing. It is hypothesized that predation has influenced the evolution of vocal behaviour in Amazonian forest frogs.

As vocalizações de 18 espécies de anuros da floresta amazônica foram gravadas em 3 locais: O Parque Nacional de Tapajós, perto de Itaituba, a Reserva Ducke, perto de Manaus, e as reservas do INPA-WWF, perto de Manaus. Parâmetros estruturais e temporais e sonografias dessas vocalizações são apresentadas, incluindo vocalizações não descritas previamente de Phyllobates femoralis, Centrolenella oyampiensis, Osteocephalous taurinus, Osteocephalous sp., Phrynohyas resinifictrix, Phyllomedusa bicolor; P. tarsius, P. tomopterna, Eleutherodactylus fenestratus e Synapturanus salseri. Ao contrário das espécies de habitat aberto, várias espécies de anuros florestais caracteristicomente demonstram um ou mais dos seguintes parâmetros temporais; baixa taxa de vocalizações, intervalos esporadicos de vocalizações, noites infrequentes de vocalizações e côros sincronizados. Também, a densidade, de vocalizações de anuros é muito mais baixa na floresta do que no habitat aberto. Hipotetizamos que a predação tem influenciado a evolução do comportamento vocal nos anuros amazônicos. Côros de vocalizações sincronizadas entre indivíduos de espécies florestais acredita-se que seja uma forma acústica da hipótese da " manada egoística " de Hamilton. Desta maneira, se um anuro vocalizasse o mais perto possível dos seus vizinhos, suas chances de ser escolhido por um predador que se orienta acusticamente tendem a ser reduzidas em comparação com indivíduos que vocalizam isoladamente. Phyllomedusa bicolor e P. tomopternausam vocalizações compostas. É desconhecida a função de cada nota nessas vocalizações de notas duplas. Foram gravadas vocalizações complexas de Hyla geographica, Eleutherodactylus fenestratus , e. Phrynohyas resinifictrix. Até hoje não se sabe qual é a função dessa vocalização não estereotipada.

Vocalizations of primary forest frog species in the Central Amazon.

The calls of 18 species of Amazonian forest frogs were recorded in 3 localities: the Tapajos National Park near Itaituba, the Reserva Ducke near Manaus, and the INPA-WWF reserves near Manaus. Structural and time parameters and sonographs of these calls including previously undescribed vocalization by 10 species are presented. Unlike open habitat species, several forest frong species characteriscally demonstrated one on more of the following temporal parameters: very low call rates, sporadic intervals, infrequent nights of calling and synchronized chorusing. It is hypothesized that predation has influenced the evolution of vocal behaviour in Amazonian forest frogs.

As vocalizações de 18 espécies de anuros da floresta amazônica foram gravadas em 3 locais: O Parque Nacional de Tapajós, perto de Itaituba, a Reserva Ducke, perto de Manaus, e as reservas do INPA-WWF, perto de Manaus. Parâmetros estruturais e temporais e sonografias dessas vocalizações são apresentadas, incluindo vocalizações não descritas previamente de Phyllobates femoralis, Centrolenella oyampiensis, Osteocephalous taurinus, Osteocephalous sp., Phrynohyas resinifictrix, Phyllomedusa bicolor; P. tarsius, P. tomopterna, Eleutherodactylus fenestratus e Synapturanus salseri. Ao contrário das espécies de habitat aberto, várias espécies de anuros florestais caracteristicomente demonstram um ou mais dos seguintes parâmetros temporais; baixa taxa de vocalizações, intervalos esporadicos de vocalizações, noites infrequentes de vocalizações e côros sincronizados. Também, a densidade, de vocalizações de anuros é muito mais baixa na floresta do que no habitat aberto. Hipotetizamos que a predação tem influenciado a evolução do comportamento vocal nos anuros amazônicos. Côros de vocalizações sincronizadas entre indivíduos de espécies florestais acredita-se que seja uma forma acústica da hipótese da " manada egoística " de Hamilton. Desta maneira, se um anuro vocalizasse o mais perto possível dos seus vizinhos, suas chances de ser escolhido por um predador que se orienta acusticamente tendem a ser reduzidas em comparação com indivíduos que vocalizam isoladamente. Phyllomedusa bicolor e P. tomopternausam vocalizações compostas. É desconhecida a função de cada nota nessas vocalizações de notas duplas. Foram gravadas vocalizações complexas de Hyla geographica, Eleutherodactylus fenestratus , e. Phrynohyas resinifictrix. Até hoje não se sabe qual é a função dessa vocalização não estereotipada.

Perfil higiênico-sanitário dos telefones públicos em São Luís, MA / Profile hygienic of payphones in Sao Luis, MA

A evolução na área das telecomunicações trouxe mudanças radicais à sociedade moderna, possibilitando aos seres humanos a expansão de suas fronteiras e, como conseqüência, a integração das pessoas em locais geográficos distantes. Conseqüentemente, o uso dos aparelhos de telefone públicos ( os orelhões), tornou-se cada vez mais freqüente, proporcionando sua contaminação. Foi utilizada a técnica Spread-Plate, para inoculação das amostras e na pesquisa das espécies a metodologia da American Public Health Association (APHA, 1992). Os resultados mostraram que 100 por cento das amostras apresentaram contaminação por Staphylococcus sp e 5,55 por cento por Escherichia coli, dentre outras espécies das famílias Enterobecteriaceae e Micrococcaceae.(AU)

Evolution in the telecommunication sector promoted changes in modern society, leading human beings to expand their frontiers and allowing his integration into distant geographic locations. Consequently, the use of communication tools such as the telephone became each time more frequent, thus causing the contamination of public apparatus called "orelhões". As to evaluate this contamination,there were collected samples from 90 of such devices. For sample inoculation it was used the Spread-Plate technique, and to search out the species the American Public Heath Association (APHA, 2001) method was followed. Results showed that 100% were contaminated with Staphylococcus sp and 5.55% with Escherichia coli, among other species belonging to the families Enterobecteriaceae and Micrococcaceae. (AU)