Influence on clinical biochemistry values of black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane / Influência sobre valores de bioquímica clínica de saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) anestesiados com isoflurano ou sevoflurano

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical biochemistry behavior of Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillatta) submitted to blood collection without sedation and after general anesthesia with anesthetics isoflurane or sevoflurane. Blood collections were performed on (M1) day before anesthesia by physical restraint, and (M2) after anesthesia. There were four groups: Isoflurane (GI) and Sevoflurane (GS) using an anesthetic box. GIM: isoflurane induction with mask for a shorter period. Control group (GP): physical restraint in both moments. Plasma was separated and frozen to measure clinic biochemistry values. Urea was higher at M2 in groups GI and GP. AST was higher in M2 in GI, GS, and GP and only GI showed an increase in CK in M2. Glucose was higher in M1 in the GI, GS, and GP groups and fructosamine was higher in M2 in the GI. Stress caused by physical restraint can cause biochemical changes and these must be considered when interpreting the exams. Both the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane and sevoflurane did not cause clinically significant changes in clinical biochemistry results.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da bioquímica clínica de saguis-do-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillatta) submetidos à coleta sanguínea sem sedação e após anestesia geral, com os anestésicos isoflurano ou sevoflurano. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas: (M1) dia antes da anestesia por contenção física e (M2) após anestesia. Foram definidos quatro grupos: isoflurano (GI) e sevoflurano (GS), utilizando caixa anestésica; GIM: indução com isoflurano com máscara por um período menor; grupo controle (GCF): contenção física em ambos os momentos. O plasma com EDTA foi separado e congelado para realizar dosagem da bioquímica clínica. A ureia foi maior no M2 nos grupos GI e GCF. A AST foi maior no M2 nos GI, GS e GCF e somente o GI apresentou aumento de CK no M2. A glicose foi maior no M1 nos grupos GI, GS e GCF, e a frutosamina foi maior no M2 no GI. O estresse causado pela contenção física pode causar alterações bioquímicas e essas devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos exames. Tanto o anestésico inalatório isoflurano quanto o sevoflurano não causaram alterações clinicamente significantes nos resultados da bioquímica clínica.

Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and sevoflurane in Callithrix penicillatac

Background: The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is a measure of quantitative anesthetic potency and has become the standard index for the evaluation and comparison of volatile anesthetics, in addition to guiding dose administration. Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are primates present in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary hospitals, as well as experimental models, especially in neuroscience. Few studies have evaluated the potency of the main volatile anesthetics in this species. This study aimed to determine the MAC of isoflurane and sevoflurane in C. penicillata using the up-and-down method and to evaluate the effects of these drugs on the quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four animals of undetermined age were used. All marmosets were healthy according to hematological and physical evaluation. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: ISOMAC and SEVOMAC. Each animal was induced to general anesthesia in an anesthetic box with oxygen (5 L/min) and sevoflurane at 7% in the SEVOMAC group or isoflurane at 5% in the ISOMAC. Upon reaching lateral decubitus, orotracheal intubation was performed. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane diluted in oxygen (0.8 L/min) using a non-rebreathing delivery system under spontaneous ventilation. As defined in the pilot study, the first animal from ISOMAC started the maintenance of anesthesia with 2.6% isoflurane, while the first animal in SEVOMAC received 4% sevoflurane. After finishing the instrumentation to assess heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and rectal temperature, a 15-min wait to reach anesthetic equilibrium was allowed, and then an electrical noxious stimulation (50 mA and 50 Hz) was performed on the lateral aspect of the thigh (a faradic current of 3 consecutive single stimuli, followed by 2 continuous stimuli). The animals' responses to the electrical stimulus were observed. The presence of a positive response (gross movement of the limbs, head, or vocalization) or a negative response (absence of gross movements) determined the increase or reduction, respectively, of the inhalation anesthetic concentration by 10% in the subsequent marmoset. The quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scale that measured the intensity of agitation, coughing, nausea, and vomiting. Physiological variables were recorded before (M0) and after (M1) applying the nociceptive stimulus. Isoflurane and sevoflurane MAC values in C. penicillata were 2.29 ± 0.10% and 3.93 ± 0.61 % respectively. Physiological parameters, quality of anesthetic induction and recovery did not differ significantly between groups. However, isoflurane caused irritation of the airway and ocular mucous membranes, more coughing episodes, and tearing at induction. There was no difference between groups for time to extubation and recovery time to regain sternal position. Discussion: Previous studies in primates found lower MAC values for both anesthetics, except for Lemur catta. Those findings may be explained by the use of different nociceptive stimuli and the MAC determination method employed, although no differences in MAC values have been described between bracketing or up-and-down methods in human primates and dogs. It is unlikely that the stimulus and technique alone are the determining factors for the high concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane observed in the present study since MAC was high with both halogenates, indicating that dose extrapolation from other species can lead to the wrong anesthetic dosage.

Comparative study between S-(+)-ketamine­midazolam and fentanyl­droperidol in black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) / Estudo comparativo entre S-(+)cetamina-midazolam e fentanil-droperidol em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata)

Sedative and antinociceptive effects of two anesthetic protocols in black-tufted marmosets were compared in this study. Twenty-six marmosets underwent chemical immobilization for physical examination, blood sampling, tattooing, and microchipping. Animals were randomly treated with S-(+)-ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) or fentanyl (12.5 µg/kg) and droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD) given by intramuscular injection. Heart and respiratory rates were recorded. Sedation, antinociception, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory, and visual responses were evaluated using a scoring system. Sedation in KM was achieved faster (p < 0.001) and lasted for a shorter period of time (p = 0.0009). KM was similar to FD in its cardiorespiratory effects, auditory and visual responses. Both protocols promoted adequate sedation to allow manipulation. Animals in KM assumed lateral recumbency while animals in FD maintained a quadrupedal posture during evaluation. FD produced less intense sedation and muscle relaxation but a higher degree of antinociception compared to KM and is suitable for procedures that require analgesia in black-tufted marmosets.(AU)

O presente estudo comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, sedativos e antinociceptivos de dois protocolos anestésicos em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata). Vinte e seis saguis foram submetidos à contenção química para exame físico, coleta de sangue, tatuagem de identificação e microchip. Os animais foram tratados aleatoriamente com a associação de S-(+)-cetamina (10 mg/kg) e midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) ou fentanil (12,5 µg/kg) e droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD), administrados por injeção intramuscular. Foram avaliadas frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, sedação, antinocicepção, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta ao estímulo auditivo e visual. A sedação em KM foi alcançada mais rapidamente (p <0,001) e teve um tempo hábil mais curto (p = 0,0009). KM foi semelhante a FD nos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, respostas auditivas e visuais. Os dois protocolos promoveram sedação adequada para manipulação. Os animais do grupo KM permaneceram em decúbito lateral durante a avaliação, enquanto os animais em FD mantiveram postura quadrupedal. FD resultou em sedação e relaxamento muscular de menor intensidade, porém com maior escore de antinocicepção em comparação com KM, sendo adequada para procedimentos que requerem analgesia em saguis-de-tufo-preto.(AU)

Social play of wild black-tufted-marmosets in the forest

Locomotion can affect the performance (amount) of play behavior in marmosets due to high metabolic costs for primates. In addition, climatic conditions are known to limit the daily activities of marmosets. This study investigates the behavior of social play in wild marmosets and somelimitations related to locomotion activities, daily travel and the seasonality of play. Two wild groups were observed with the focal method during the dry and wet seasons and all occurrences of play and locomotion were recorded. Adults played significantly less than juveniles, which played more than infants, and infants, more than the adults did. The reproductive couples played minimally. There was not a relationship between the distance traveled and the mean frequency of play. Nevertheless, all the age categories played significantly more in the wet season than the dry season. The independence to move and forage can explain higher play behavior of juveniles in relation to the infants. The adults and the reproductive couples, have higher energy costs in the group activities, such reproduction, compared to other ageclass, limiting their amount of play in relation to the juveniles and infants. We conclude that play behavior of juveniles black-tufted marmosets, does could not be impacted by daily locomotion unequivocally, but adults and infants, otherwise, are limited by other energetic costs and dependence to locomotion, respectively.(AU)

Social play of wild black-tufted-marmosets in the forest

Locomotion can affect the performance (amount) of play behavior in marmosets due to high metabolic costs for primates. In addition, climatic conditions are known to limit the daily activities of marmosets. This study investigates the behavior of social play in wild marmosets and somelimitations related to locomotion activities, daily travel and the seasonality of play. Two wild groups were observed with the focal method during the dry and wet seasons and all occurrences of play and locomotion were recorded. Adults played significantly less than juveniles, which played more than infants, and infants, more than the adults did. The reproductive couples played minimally. There was not a relationship between the distance traveled and the mean frequency of play. Nevertheless, all the age categories played significantly more in the wet season than the dry season. The independence to move and forage can explain higher play behavior of juveniles in relation to the infants. The adults and the reproductive couples, have higher energy costs in the group activities, such reproduction, compared to other ageclass, limiting their amount of play in relation to the juveniles and infants. We conclude that play behavior of juveniles black-tufted marmosets, does could not be impacted by daily locomotion unequivocally, but adults and infants, otherwise, are limited by other energetic costs and dependence to locomotion, respectively.

Fragment shape and size, landscape permeability and fragmentation level as predictors of primate occupancy in a region of Brazilian Cerrado

Human activities result in the formation of a mosaic of forest patches within a non-habitat matrix. The response of the local biodiversity to changes in land-use may occur at different scales. It is important to evaluate the effects of the attributes of both the patches and the surrounding landscape on the occupancy of forest patches by animal populations. Here, we assessed the predictive potential of local (basal area, tree density), patch (size, shape) and landscape scale (total area of forest, number of patches, matrix permeability, patch proximity) variables on the occupancy of forest patches by the syntopic primates Alouatta caraya, Sapajus libidinosus and Callithrix penicillata in the city of Goiânia in the Cerrado region of central Brazil. We used playback to survey primate populations in 22 focal patches and assessed the landscape within a 1000 m buffer zone around each site. In A. caraya, occupancy was influenced by the shape of the focal patches, the amount of forest and fragmentation level of the landscape. Focal patch size and the permeability of the matrix were the principal determinants of the occupancy of S. libidinosus. None of the predictors influenced patch occupancy in C. penicillata, and the structure of the vegetation did not influence occupancy in any of the species. The preservation of as many forest patches as possible, both large and small, as well as gallery forests, and the enhancement of matrix permeability will be essential for the long-term conservation of the syntopic primates of the Cerrado of central Brazil.

Fragment shape and size, landscape permeability and fragmentation level as predictors of primate occupancy in a region of Brazilian Cerrado

Human activities result in the formation of a mosaic of forest patches within a non-habitat matrix. The response of the local biodiversity to changes in land-use may occur at different scales. It is important to evaluate the effects of the attributes of both the patches and the surrounding landscape on the occupancy of forest patches by animal populations. Here, we assessed the predictive potential of local (basal area, tree density), patch (size, shape) and landscape scale (total area of forest, number of patches, matrix permeability, patch proximity) variables on the occupancy of forest patches by the syntopic primates Alouatta caraya, Sapajus libidinosus and Callithrix penicillata in the city of Goiânia in the Cerrado region of central Brazil. We used playback to survey primate populations in 22 focal patches and assessed the landscape within a 1000 m buffer zone around each site. In A. caraya, occupancy was influenced by the shape of the focal patches, the amount of forest and fragmentation level of the landscape. Focal patch size and the permeability of the matrix were the principal determinants of the occupancy of S. libidinosus. None of the predictors influenced patch occupancy in C. penicillata, and the structure of the vegetation did not influence occupancy in any of the species. The preservation of as many forest patches as possible, both large and small, as well as gallery forests, and the enhancement of matrix permeability will be essential for the long-term conservation of the syntopic primates of the Cerrado of central Brazil.(AU)

Gestação trigemelar em Callithrix penicillata (primates: callitrichidae) de vida livre: relato de caso / Trigemelar gestation in wildlife Callithrix penicillata (primates: callitrichidae): case report

O Brasil é considerado um dos países com maior diversidade biológica, e o cerrado, considerado como o segundo maior bioma nacional, abriga grandes comunidades de primatas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de gestação trigemelar em Callithrix penicillata de vida livre. Um exemplar de vida livre de sagui-de-tufo-preto fêmea, adulto, foi encaminhado pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS-DF), com histórico de queda e paralisia dos membros pélvicos. No exame físico observou-se uma distensão abdominal significativa e, devido à suspeita de gestação, foi realizado o exame ultrassonográfico em que se evidenciou a presença de três fetos aparentemente viáveis. A fêmea foi mantida em observação, mas no dia seguinte apresentou fadiga e foi encaminhada para uma cesária de emergência após constatar-se o óbito dos fetos. O relato de gestação trigemelar em Callithrix é relacionado ao manejo de cativeiro, entretanto, desconhece-se registros em animais de vida livre como o exemplar do presente estudo.

Brazil is considered one of the countries with the highest biological diversity, and the second largest national biome, the Cerrado, is shelter to large primate communities. The present work has the objective to report a case of trigemelar gestation in wildlife Callithrix penicillata. An example of wildlife black-tufted-ear marmoset, an adult female, was forwarded from the Wild Animals Triage Center (CETAS-DF), with fall history and paralysis of the pelvic limbs. Physical examination showed significant abdominal distention and, due to the suspicion of gestation, the ultrasonographic examination was carried out and evidenced the presence of three viable fetuses. The female was kept under observation, but, on the next day, it presented fatigue and was referred to an emergency cesarean after the death of the fetuses. The report of trigemelar gestation in Callithrix is related to the captivity management, however, records are not known in free-living animals like the one of this report.

Gestação trigemelar em Callithrix penicillata (primates: callitrichidae) de vida livre: relato de caso / Trigemelar gestation in wildlife Callithrix penicillata (primates: callitrichidae): case report

O Brasil é considerado um dos países com maior diversidade biológica, e o cerrado, considerado como o segundo maior bioma nacional, abriga grandes comunidades de primatas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de gestação trigemelar em Callithrix penicillata de vida livre. Um exemplar de vida livre de sagui-de-tufo-preto fêmea, adulto, foi encaminhado pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS-DF), com histórico de queda e paralisia dos membros pélvicos. No exame físico observou-se uma distensão abdominal significativa e, devido à suspeita de gestação, foi realizado o exame ultrassonográfico em que se evidenciou a presença de três fetos aparentemente viáveis. A fêmea foi mantida em observação, mas no dia seguinte apresentou fadiga e foi encaminhada para uma cesária de emergência após constatar-se o óbito dos fetos. O relato de gestação trigemelar em Callithrix é relacionado ao manejo de cativeiro, entretanto, desconhece-se registros em animais de vida livre como o exemplar do presente estudo.(AU)

Brazil is considered one of the countries with the highest biological diversity, and the second largest national biome, the Cerrado, is shelter to large primate communities. The present work has the objective to report a case of trigemelar gestation in wildlife Callithrix penicillata. An example of wildlife black-tufted-ear marmoset, an adult female, was forwarded from the Wild Animals Triage Center (CETAS-DF), with fall history and paralysis of the pelvic limbs. Physical examination showed significant abdominal distention and, due to the suspicion of gestation, the ultrasonographic examination was carried out and evidenced the presence of three viable fetuses. The female was kept under observation, but, on the next day, it presented fatigue and was referred to an emergency cesarean after the death of the fetuses. The report of trigemelar gestation in Callithrix is related to the captivity management, however, records are not known in free-living animals like the one of this report.(AU)

Cryptosporidium parvum in captive primates of Parque Municipal Danilo Galafassi, Paraná, Brazil / Cryptosporidium parvum em primatas cativos do Parque Municipal Danilo Galafassi, Paraná, Brasil

A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animal species have been identified as hosts of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., which are important pathogens, however, little is known about their distribution in wild populations. Recent studies associating parasitological findings and molecular techniques have provided a new insight into host specificity and its potential transmission to humans.The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in feces of Callithrixsp. and Ateles paniscus, identify the species, and evaluate their phylogenetic relationships with other representatives of the genus. Four samples of feces were collected from an enclosure where three Callithrix jacchus and one Callithrix penicillate live; in addition, five samples were collected from an enclosure of an Ateles paniscus from Parque Municipal Danilo Galafassi, located in the city of Cascavel-PR. These samples were sent to the UFPR Biotechnology Laboratory, where the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique was performed on microscope slides with fecal smear. Positive samples were submitted to DNA purification, extraction, PCR, and sequencing of the nuclear SSU rRNA region. Phylogenetic analysis based on Maximum Parcimony and Bayesian Inference were performed. Fifty percent (2: 4) of the feces samples from the enclosure of the Callithrix spp. and 60 % (3: 5) of samples from the Ateles paniscus enclosure were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the parasite found in both species of primates was recovered nested with others genotypes of C. parvum, and the genotype found in Callithrix spp. has high similarity with that one founded in several domestic animals. This is the first report of C. parvum in A. paniscus. Because it is an important zoonosis which does not have treatment, preventive measures must be adopted to avoid the spread of the disease.(AU)

Uma grande variedade de espécies animais terrestres e aquáticas tem sido identificada como hospedeiros de espécies e genótipos de Cryptosporidium spp., que são importantes agentes patogênicos, mas pouco se conhece sobre a sua distribuição nas populações silvestres. Estudos recentes associando achados parasitológicos e técnicas moleculares têm proporcionado uma nova visão em relação à especificidade do hospedeiro e seu potencial de transmissão para o homem. O objetivo desse estudo foi pesquisar a presença de Cryptosporidium spp. em fezes de Callithrix spp. e Ateles paniscus, identificar a espécie e avaliar o seu relacionamento filogenético com outros representantes do gênero. Foram coletadas quatro amostras de fezes de um recinto onde convivem três Callithrix jacchus e um Callithrix penicillata e cinco amostras de um recinto onde vive um Ateles paniscus do Parque Municipal Danilo Galafassi localizado na cidade de Cascavel-PR. As amostras foram enviadas ao Laboratório de Biotecnologia da UFPR onde foi realizada a técnica de coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado em lâminas de esfregaço de fezes. As amostras positivas foram submetidas à purificação, extração de DNA, PCR, e sequenciamento da região nuclear SSU rRNA. Foram realizadas análises filogenéticas baseadas em Máxima Parcimônia e Inferência Bayesiana. Cinquenta por cento (2:4) das amostras de fezes do recinto dos Callithrix...(AU)

Leucismo em Callithrix penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812) (Primates: Callitrichidae) em uma área urbana de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil / Leucism in Callithrix penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812) (Primates: Callitrichidae) in an urban area

O gênero Callithrix possui seis espécies, todas endêmicas do Brasil, com coloração variável dentro do grupo, os animais desse gênero caracterizam-se pela presença de tufos auriculares e uma mancha branca na testa, ausente apenas em Callithrix geoffroyi (É. Geoffroy, 1812). Neste estudo, foram registrados pela primeira vez em Minas Gerais durante os meses de dezembro de 2017, janeiro e fevereiro de 2018 indivíduos de Callithrix penicillata leucísticos. Os animais foram encontrados em uma área verde urbana na Zona da Mata Mineira, onde o isolamento geográfico e a endogamia propiciou o surgimento dessas alterações na coloração, o baixo número de predadores no ambiente urbano contribuiu para a sobrevivência desses primatas nesse local.

The genus Callithrix has six species all endemic to Brazil, the color within the group is variable, the animals of this genus are characterized by the presence of auricular tufts and a white spot on the forehead, absent in Callithrix geoffroyi (Geoffroy, 1812). In this study, individuals of Callithrix penicillata leucistic were registered for the first time in Minas Gerais during the months of December 2017, January and February of 2018. The groups were found in a green area in the Zona da Mata Mineira, where geographic isolation and endogamy led to changes in coloration. The low number of predators in the urban environment contributed to the survival of these primates.

Leucismo em Callithrix penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812) (Primates: Callitrichidae) em uma área urbana de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil / Leucism in Callithrix penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812) (Primates: Callitrichidae) in an urban area

O gênero Callithrix possui seis espécies, todas endêmicas do Brasil, com coloração variável dentro do grupo, os animais desse gênero caracterizam-se pela presença de tufos auriculares e uma mancha branca na testa, ausente apenas em Callithrix geoffroyi (É. Geoffroy, 1812). Neste estudo, foram registrados pela primeira vez em Minas Gerais durante os meses de dezembro de 2017, janeiro e fevereiro de 2018 indivíduos de Callithrix penicillata leucísticos. Os animais foram encontrados em uma área verde urbana na Zona da Mata Mineira, onde o isolamento geográfico e a endogamia propiciou o surgimento dessas alterações na coloração, o baixo número de predadores no ambiente urbano contribuiu para a sobrevivência desses primatas nesse local.(AU)

The genus Callithrix has six species all endemic to Brazil, the color within the group is variable, the animals of this genus are characterized by the presence of auricular tufts and a white spot on the forehead, absent in Callithrix geoffroyi (Geoffroy, 1812). In this study, individuals of Callithrix penicillata leucistic were registered for the first time in Minas Gerais during the months of December 2017, January and February of 2018. The groups were found in a green area in the Zona da Mata Mineira, where geographic isolation and endogamy led to changes in coloration. The low number of predators in the urban environment contributed to the survival of these primates.(AU)

Control de la población de especies silvestres invasoras mediante ligadura de trompas y vasectomía en primatas Callithrix penicillata: informe del caso / Population control of invasive wild species through tubal ligation and vasectomy in primates Callithrix penicillata: case report / Controle populacional de espécies silvestres invasoras por meio de laqueadura e vasectomia em primatas Callithrix penicillata: relato de caso

Los titíes de Pincel Negro (Callithrix penicillata) son considerados especies invasoras en las regiones del sur y el surdste de Brasil. Las especies invasoras interfieren con la dinámica de los ecosistemas en las áreas em las que fueron introducidas. La hibridación, la competencia y la depredación de otros animales son algunos de los problemas causados por estos callitrícidos. La esterilización de los primatas que se encuentran en Centros de Recuperación de Animales Silvestres es un procedimiento necessário dedicado a controlar la población de la especie destinada a su liberación. Técnicas como la ligadura de trompas y la vasectomía, las cuales preservan las glándulas sexuales, son imprescindibles para estos primatas ya que necesitan su producción hormonal para establecerse y vivir en grupos en la naturaleza. Portanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la técnica quirúrgica de esterilización de un macho y una hembra de la especie C. penicillata.(AU)

Black-tufted marmosets (Callitrhix penicillata) are considered invasive species in the regions of Southern and Southeast of Brazil. Invasive species interfere with the dynamics of ecosystem in areas which they were introduced. The hybridization, the competition and the predation of other animals are some of the problems caused by callitrichids. The sterilization of primates that are in wildlife rehabilitation centers is a necessary procedure because it is intended to control the population growth from species destined to reintroduction into the wild. Technics like tubal ligation and vasectomy that maintain the sexual glands are essential to these primates since they need their hormones production to be able to live in groups in the wild. Therefore the aim of this work is to describe in details the sterilization technique of a male and a female of C. penicillata.(AU)

Saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) são consideradas espécies invasoras em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Espécies invasoras interferem com a dinâmica do ecossistema em áreas as quais foram introduzidas. A hibridização, a competição e a predação de outros animais são alguns dos problemas causados por estes calitriquídeos. A esterilização de primatas que se encontram em Centros de Recuperação para Animais Silvestres é um procedimento necessário que visa o controle populacional da espécie quando são destinadas para soltura. Técnicas como a de laqueadura e vasectomia, que preservam as glândulas sexuais que são imprescindíveis nestes primatas, pois necessitam de sua produção hormonal para se estabelecer e viver em grupos na natureza. Sendo assim, objetivou-se descrever a técnica cirúrgica de esterilização de um macho e uma fêmea da espécie C. penicillata.(AU)

Control de la población de especies silvestres invasoras mediante ligadura de trompas y vasectomía en primatas Callithrix penicillata: informe del caso / Population control of invasive wild species through tubal ligation and vasectomy in primates Callithrix penicillata: case report / Controle populacional de espécies silvestres invasoras por meio de laqueadura e vasectomia em primatas Callithrix penicillata: relato de caso

Los titíes de Pincel Negro (Callithrix penicillata) son considerados especies invasoras en las regiones del sur y el surdste de Brasil. Las especies invasoras interfieren con la dinámica de los ecosistemas en las áreas em las que fueron introducidas. La hibridación, la competencia y la depredación de otros animales son algunos de los problemas causados por estos callitrícidos. La esterilización de los primatas que se encuentran en Centros de Recuperación de Animales Silvestres es un procedimiento necessário dedicado a controlar la población de la especie destinada a su liberación. Técnicas como la ligadura de trompas y la vasectomía, las cuales preservan las glándulas sexuales, son imprescindibles para estos primatas ya que necesitan su producción hormonal para establecerse y vivir en grupos en la naturaleza. Portanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la técnica quirúrgica de esterilización de un macho y una hembra de la especie C. penicillata.

Black-tufted marmosets (Callitrhix penicillata) are considered invasive species in the regions of Southern and Southeast of Brazil. Invasive species interfere with the dynamics of ecosystem in areas which they were introduced. The hybridization, the competition and the predation of other animals are some of the problems caused by callitrichids. The sterilization of primates that are in wildlife rehabilitation centers is a necessary procedure because it is intended to control the population growth from species destined to reintroduction into the wild. Technics like tubal ligation and vasectomy that maintain the sexual glands are essential to these primates since they need their hormones production to be able to live in groups in the wild. Therefore the aim of this work is to describe in details the sterilization technique of a male and a female of C. penicillata.

Saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) são consideradas espécies invasoras em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Espécies invasoras interferem com a dinâmica do ecossistema em áreas as quais foram introduzidas. A hibridização, a competição e a predação de outros animais são alguns dos problemas causados por estes calitriquídeos. A esterilização de primatas que se encontram em Centros de Recuperação para Animais Silvestres é um procedimento necessário que visa o controle populacional da espécie quando são destinadas para soltura. Técnicas como a de laqueadura e vasectomia, que preservam as glândulas sexuais que são imprescindíveis nestes primatas, pois necessitam de sua produção hormonal para se estabelecer e viver em grupos na natureza. Sendo assim, objetivou-se descrever a técnica cirúrgica de esterilização de um macho e uma fêmea da espécie C. penicillata.

Nephroblastoma in a black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) / Nefroblastoma em um sagui-de-tufos-pretos (Callithrix penicillata)

A renal nephroblastoma is described in a free-living black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in Central Brazil. The monkey was found dead and subjected to necropsy. Gross anatomic changes consisted of a ruptured left kidney, which was almost completely effaced by a white to yellow, partially encapsulated friable mass. The left ureter was distended due to obstruction by a red, spherical, 2mm in diameter friable mass. The urinary bladder was also distended. Histologically the renal and ureteral masses consisted of a triphasic embryonal neoplasm composed of embryonic epithelium forming glomeruli and tubules, polygonal blastemal cells, and a mesenchymal stroma. The embryonic epithelium exhibited rare nuclear immunoreactivity for WT-1, whereas blastemal cells exhibited robust cytoplasmic and rare nuclear immunoreactivity for WT-1; blastemal cells were also immunoreactive for vimentin. No immunoreactivity was detected for pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), actin, and desmin. Morphological and immunohistochemical features of the present neoplasm are consistent with those described for renal nephroblastoma.(AU)

Descreve-se um caso de nefroblastoma maligno em um sagui de vida livre no Brasil Central. O macaco foi encontrado morto e encaminhado para necropsia. Na macroscopia, o rim esquerdo apresentava-se rompido e o parênquima estava substituído por um tecido neoplásico friável, parcialmente encapsulado e de superfície natural branca e de corte amarela. O ureter esquerdo apresentava-se distendido devido à obstrução por uma massa friável, vermelha, esférica, de 2mm de diâmetro. Histologicamente, as massas renal e ureteral consistiam de uma neoplasia embrionária composta por três populaçõies de células neoplásicas, composta por epitélio embrionário formando glomérulos e túbulos, células blastemais poligonais e um estroma mesenquimal. O epitélio embrionário exibiu imunorreactividade nuclear rara para WT-1, enquanto que as células blastemais exibiram imunorreactividade nuclear citoplasmática e rara para WT-1; As células blastemais também foram imunorreativas à vimentina. Nenhuma imunorreatividade foi detectada para pan-citoqueratina (AE1/AE3), actina e desmina. As características morfológicas e imuno-histoquímicas da presente neoplasia são consistentes com as descritas para o nefroblastoma renal.(AU)

Nephroblastoma in a black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) / Nefroblastoma em um sagui-de-tufos-pretos (Callithrix penicillata)

A renal nephroblastoma is described in a free-living black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in Central Brazil. The monkey was found dead and subjected to necropsy. Gross anatomic changes consisted of a ruptured left kidney, which was almost completely effaced by a white to yellow, partially encapsulated friable mass. The left ureter was distended due to obstruction by a red, spherical, 2mm in diameter friable mass. The urinary bladder was also distended. Histologically the renal and ureteral masses consisted of a triphasic embryonal neoplasm composed of embryonic epithelium forming glomeruli and tubules, polygonal blastemal cells, and a mesenchymal stroma. The embryonic epithelium exhibited rare nuclear immunoreactivity for WT-1, whereas blastemal cells exhibited robust cytoplasmic and rare nuclear immunoreactivity for WT-1; blastemal cells were also immunoreactive for vimentin. No immunoreactivity was detected for pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), actin, and desmin. Morphological and immunohistochemical features of the present neoplasm are consistent with those described for renal nephroblastoma.(AU)

Descreve-se um caso de nefroblastoma maligno em um sagui de vida livre no Brasil Central. O macaco foi encontrado morto e encaminhado para necropsia. Na macroscopia, o rim esquerdo apresentava-se rompido e o parênquima estava substituído por um tecido neoplásico friável, parcialmente encapsulado e de superfície natural branca e de corte amarela. O ureter esquerdo apresentava-se distendido devido à obstrução por uma massa friável, vermelha, esférica, de 2mm de diâmetro. Histologicamente, as massas renal e ureteral consistiam de uma neoplasia embrionária composta por três populaçõies de células neoplásicas, composta por epitélio embrionário formando glomérulos e túbulos, células blastemais poligonais e um estroma mesenquimal. O epitélio embrionário exibiu imunorreactividade nuclear rara para WT-1, enquanto que as células blastemais exibiram imunorreactividade nuclear citoplasmática e rara para WT-1; As células blastemais também foram imunorreativas à vimentina. Nenhuma imunorreatividade foi detectada para pan-citoqueratina (AE1/AE3), actina e desmina. As características morfológicas e imuno-histoquímicas da presente neoplasia são consistentes com as descritas para o nefroblastoma renal.(AU)

Morphological and genetic diversity in Callithrix hybrids in an anthropogenic area in southeastern Brazil (Primates: Cebidae: Callitrichinae)

Two species of Callithrix, C. jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812), are considered invasive in Rio de Janeiro. This study determined the genetic and morphological diversity and verified the species involved in the hybridization of 10 individuals from the municipalities of Silva Jardim (N = 9) and Rio das Ostras (N = 1). We compared the external morphology and skull of C. jacchus (N = 15) and C. penicillata (N = 14) specimens deposited in the collection of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro (MN- UFRJ). Phylogenetic (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) and phylogeographical analyses (network analysis) were performed based on cytochrome b sequences. These analyses included hybrids from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (N = 3), C. penicillata (N = 2), C. jacchus (N = 2), C. geoffroyi (N = 2), C. kuhlii (N = 2), C. aurita (N = 1), and as outgroups, Mico emiliae (N = 1) and Saguinus mystax (N = 1). The pelage and skull characters of most hybrids were more closely related to C. jacchus. Skull morphometric analysis revealed an intermediate state for the hybrids. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high similarity between the hybrids and C. penicillata. Six haplotypes of hybrids were identified. Network analysis including them and C. penicillata recovered the topology generated by phylogenetic analysis. The results corroborate that C. jacchus and C. penicillata participate in the hybridization process. There was no geographic structure between hybrids from the coastal lowlands and from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.

Morphological and genetic diversity in Callithrix hybrids in an anthropogenic area in southeastern Brazil (Primates: Cebidae: Callitrichinae)

Two species of Callithrix, C. jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. penicillata (É. Geoffroy, 1812), are considered invasive in Rio de Janeiro. This study determined the genetic and morphological diversity and verified the species involved in the hybridization of 10 individuals from the municipalities of Silva Jardim (N = 9) and Rio das Ostras (N = 1). We compared the external morphology and skull of C. jacchus (N = 15) and C. penicillata (N = 14) specimens deposited in the collection of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro (MN- UFRJ). Phylogenetic (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) and phylogeographical analyses (network analysis) were performed based on cytochrome b sequences. These analyses included hybrids from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (N = 3), C. penicillata (N = 2), C. jacchus (N = 2), C. geoffroyi (N = 2), C. kuhlii (N = 2), C. aurita (N = 1), and as outgroups, Mico emiliae (N = 1) and Saguinus mystax (N = 1). The pelage and skull characters of most hybrids were more closely related to C. jacchus. Skull morphometric analysis revealed an intermediate state for the hybrids. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high similarity between the hybrids and C. penicillata. Six haplotypes of hybrids were identified. Network analysis including them and C. penicillata recovered the topology generated by phylogenetic analysis. The results corroborate that C. jacchus and C. penicillata participate in the hybridization process. There was no geographic structure between hybrids from the coastal lowlands and from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.(AU)

Controle populacional de espécies silvestres invasoras por meio de laqueadura e vasectomia em primatas Callithrix penicillata: relato de caso / Population control of invasive wild species through tubal ligation and vasectomy in primates Callithrix penicillata: case report / Control de la población de especies silvestres invasoras mediante ligadura de trompas y vasectomía en primates Callithrix penicillata: informe del caso

Saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) são consideradas espécies invasoras em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Espécies invasoras interferem com a dinâmica do ecossistema em áreas nas quais foram introduzidas. A hibridização, a competição e a predação de outros animais são alguns dos problemas causados por estes calitriquídeos. A esterilização de primatas que se encontram em Centros de Recuperação para Animais Silvestres é um procedimento necessário que visa o controle populacional da espécie quando são destinadas para soltura. Técnicas como a de laqueadura e vasectomia, que preservam as glândulas sexuais que são imprescindíveis nestes primatas, pois necessitam de sua produção hormonal para se estabelecer e viver em grupos na natureza. Sendo assim, objetivou-se descrever a técnica cirúrgica de esterilização de um macho e uma fêmea da espécie C. penicillata.(AU)

Black-tufted marmosets (Callitrhix penicillata) are considered invasive species in the regions of Southern and Southeast of Brazil. Invasive species interfere with the dynamics of ecosystem in areas which they were introduced. The hybridization, the competition and the predation of other animals are some of the problems caused by callitrichids. The sterilization of primates that are in wildlife rehabilitation centers is a necessary procedure because it is intended to control the population growth from species destined to reintroduction into the wild. Technics like tubal ligation and vasectomy that maintain the sexual glands are essential to these primates since they need their hormones production to be able to live in groups in the wild. Therefore the aim of this work is to describe in details the sterilization technique of a male and a female of C. penicillata.(AU)

Los titíes de Pincel Negro (Callithrix penicillata) son considerados especies invasoras en las regiones del sur y el surdeste de Brasil. Las especies invasoras interfieren con la dinámica de los ecosistemas en las áreas en las que fueron introducidas. La hibridación, la competencia y la depredación de otros animales son algunos de los problemas causados por estos callitrícidos. La esterilización de los primatas que se encuentran en Centros de Recuperación de Animales Silvestres es un procedimiento necessário dedicado a controlar la población de la especie destinada a su liberación. Técnicas como la ligadura de trompas y la vasectomía, las cuales preservan las glándulas sexuales, son imprescindibles para estos primatas ya que necesitan su producción hormonal para establecerse y vivir en grupos en la naturaleza. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la técnica quirúrgica de esterilización de un macho y una hembra de la especie C. penicillata.(AU)

Controle populacional de espécies silvestres invasoras por meio de laqueadura e vasectomia em primatas Callithrix penicillata: relato de caso / Population control of invasive wild species through tubal ligation and vasectomy in primates Callithrix penicillata: case report / Control de la población de especies silvestres invasoras mediante ligadura de trompas y vasectomía en primates Callithrix penicillata: informe del caso

Saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) são consideradas espécies invasoras em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Espécies invasoras interferem com a dinâmica do ecossistema em áreas nas quais foram introduzidas. A hibridização, a competição e a predação de outros animais são alguns dos problemas causados por estes calitriquídeos. A esterilização de primatas que se encontram em Centros de Recuperação para Animais Silvestres é um procedimento necessário que visa o controle populacional da espécie quando são destinadas para soltura. Técnicas como a de laqueadura e vasectomia, que preservam as glândulas sexuais que são imprescindíveis nestes primatas, pois necessitam de sua produção hormonal para se estabelecer e viver em grupos na natureza. Sendo assim, objetivou-se descrever a técnica cirúrgica de esterilização de um macho e uma fêmea da espécie C. penicillata.

Black-tufted marmosets (Callitrhix penicillata) are considered invasive species in the regions of Southern and Southeast of Brazil. Invasive species interfere with the dynamics of ecosystem in areas which they were introduced. The hybridization, the competition and the predation of other animals are some of the problems caused by callitrichids. The sterilization of primates that are in wildlife rehabilitation centers is a necessary procedure because it is intended to control the population growth from species destined to reintroduction into the wild. Technics like tubal ligation and vasectomy that maintain the sexual glands are essential to these primates since they need their hormones production to be able to live in groups in the wild. Therefore the aim of this work is to describe in details the sterilization technique of a male and a female of C. penicillata.

Los titíes de Pincel Negro (Callithrix penicillata) son considerados especies invasoras en las regiones del sur y el surdeste de Brasil. Las especies invasoras interfieren con la dinámica de los ecosistemas en las áreas en las que fueron introducidas. La hibridación, la competencia y la depredación de otros animales son algunos de los problemas causados por estos callitrícidos. La esterilización de los primatas que se encuentran en Centros de Recuperación de Animales Silvestres es un procedimiento necessário dedicado a controlar la población de la especie destinada a su liberación. Técnicas como la ligadura de trompas y la vasectomía, las cuales preservan las glándulas sexuales, son imprescindibles para estos primatas ya que necesitan su producción hormonal para establecerse y vivir en grupos en la naturaleza. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la técnica quirúrgica de esterilización de un macho y una hembra de la especie C. penicillata.