Spontaneous poisoning by Baccharis vulneraria Backer in cattle / Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis vulneraria Backer em bovinos

Baccharis vulneraria Backer is a sub-shrub frequently found in southern Brazil, which leads to gastrointestinal tract intoxication. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of two cases of B. vulneraria poisoning in cattle. Two bovines from two different municipalities in the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil were necropsied and performed the histopathological evaluation and botanical classification of the plant found in the pasture. Bovine 1 had dehydration, ruminal atony, diarrhea, congested mucous membranes and hypothermia for 20 hours, and died during clinical care. At necropsy, there was moderate multifocal detachment and reddening of the forestomachs mucosa. Bovine 2 presented anorexia, dry feces, ruminal atony, vocalization and muscle tremors for ten days, unresponsive to treatments, evolving to death. At necropsy were seen loosening of the mucosa with marked diffuse reddening and transmural edema. The microscopic exam revealed degeneration, necrosis, vesiculation, and detachment of the forestomachs' mucosa, associated with moderate multifocal neutrophilic infiltrate (Bovine 1); marked diffuse transmural necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and marked fibrinous exudation (Bovine 2). A large amount of B. vulneraria was found in the pastures, with signs of consumption. In this report, a case of subacute evolution of B. vulneraria poisoning was observed, since the poisoning by this plant is usually acute. More knowledge about poisoning by this plant is necessary for the prevention and control, avoiding new mortality cases.

Baccharis vulneraria Backer é um subarbusto frequentemente encontrado no sul do Brasil, que leva a um quadro de intoxicação nocivo ao trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de dois casos de intoxicação por B. vulneraria em bovinos. Foram necropsiados dois bovinos de dois municípios do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com avaliação histopatológica dos órgãos e classificação botânica dos exemplares da planta localizada nos piquetes. No exame clínico do Bovino 1 foram constatados desidratação, atonia ruminal, diarreia, mucosas congestas e hipotermia durante 20 horas, com morte durante atendimento clínico. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento e avermelhamento multifocais moderados na mucosa dos proventrículos. Já o Bovino 2 teve manifestações clínicas de anorexia, fezes secas, atonia ruminal, vocalização e tremores musculares por 10 dias, não responsivas a tratamento, evoluindo para óbito. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento da mucosa dos proventrículos, com avermelhamento e edema transmural difusos acentuados. No exame histológico havia degeneração e necrose da mucosa proventricular, vacuolização e desprendimento do epitélio, infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal moderado (Bovino 1), e necrose transmural difusa acentuada, edema, hemorragia e exsudação fibrinosa acentuados (Bovino 2). Grande quantidade de B. vulneraria foi encontrada nas pastagens dos bovinos, com sinais de consumo. É relatado um caso de evolução subaguda de intoxicação por B. vulneraria, visto que a intoxicação por essa planta geralmente tem curso agudo. Conhecimentos acerca desta planta são necessários para prevenção e controle da intoxicação, evitando novos casos de mortalidade.

Spontaneous poisoning by Baccharis vulneraria Backer in cattle / Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis vulneraria Backer em bovinos

Baccharis vulneraria Backer is a sub-shrub frequently found in southern Brazil, which leads to gastrointestinal tract intoxication. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of two cases of B. vulneraria poisoning in cattle. Two bovines from two different municipalities in the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil were necropsied and performed the histopathological evaluation and botanical classification of the plant found in the pasture. Bovine 1 had dehydration, ruminal atony, diarrhea, congested mucous membranes and hypothermia for 20 hours, and died during clinical care. At necropsy, there was moderate multifocal detachment and reddening of the forestomachs mucosa. Bovine 2 presented anorexia, dry feces, ruminal atony, vocalization and muscle tremors for ten days, unresponsive to treatments, evolving to death. At necropsy were seen loosening of the mucosa with marked diffuse reddening and transmural edema. The microscopic exam revealed degeneration, necrosis, vesiculation, and detachment of the forestomachs' mucosa, associated with moderate multifocal neutrophilic infiltrate (Bovine 1); marked diffuse transmural necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and marked fibrinous exudation (Bovine 2). A large amount of B. vulneraria was found in the pastures, with signs of consumption. In this report, a case of subacute evolution of B. vulneraria poisoning was observed, since the poisoning by this plant is usually acute. More knowledge about poisoning by this plant is necessary for the prevention and control, avoiding new mortality cases.(AU)

Baccharis vulneraria Backer é um subarbusto frequentemente encontrado no sul do Brasil, que leva a um quadro de intoxicação nocivo ao trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de dois casos de intoxicação por B. vulneraria em bovinos. Foram necropsiados dois bovinos de dois municípios do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com avaliação histopatológica dos órgãos e classificação botânica dos exemplares da planta localizada nos piquetes. No exame clínico do Bovino 1 foram constatados desidratação, atonia ruminal, diarreia, mucosas congestas e hipotermia durante 20 horas, com morte durante atendimento clínico. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento e avermelhamento multifocais moderados na mucosa dos proventrículos. Já o Bovino 2 teve manifestações clínicas de anorexia, fezes secas, atonia ruminal, vocalização e tremores musculares por 10 dias, não responsivas a tratamento, evoluindo para óbito. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento da mucosa dos proventrículos, com avermelhamento e edema transmural difusos acentuados. No exame histológico havia degeneração e necrose da mucosa proventricular, vacuolização e desprendimento do epitélio, infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal moderado (Bovino 1), e necrose transmural difusa acentuada, edema, hemorragia e exsudação fibrinosa acentuados (Bovino 2). Grande quantidade de B. vulneraria foi encontrada nas pastagens dos bovinos, com sinais de consumo. É relatado um caso de evolução subaguda de intoxicação por B. vulneraria, visto que a intoxicação por essa planta geralmente tem curso agudo. Conhecimentos acerca desta planta são necessários para prevenção e controle da intoxicação, evitando novos casos de mortalidade.(AU)

Antifungal and antioxidant effect of the lachnophyllum ester, isolated from the essential oil of Baccharis trinervis (Lam. ) Pers., against dermatophytes fungi / Efeito antifúngico e antioxidante do éster lacnofilum, isolado do óleo essencial de Baccharis trinervis (Lam. ) Pers., contra fungos dermatófitos

Dermatophytes are hyaline fungi that parasitize the keratinized tissue of humans and animals causing mycotic infections. Natural products are promising molecules for the development of new antifungal drugs, due to the phenomenon of resistance and toxicity. This study reports the isolation and identification of lachnophyllum ester and evaluates its antioxidant, antifungal and modulatory activities against dermatophytes fungi. Lachnophyllum ester was obtained using a silica gel column chromatography of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Baccharis trinervis and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the broth microdilution method. The modulatory activity assays were performed by the checkerboard technique using lachnophyllum ester and ketoconazole as standard. The lachnophyllum ester exhibited good antioxidant activity as measured by a β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching system, with 71.43% ± 0.01% inhibition rate. In addition, it showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis strains. In the modulatory assay, interaction between lachnophyllum ester and ketoconazole was synergistic, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the antifungal drug and modulating its antifungal action against dermatophyte strains. In conclusion, lachnophyllum ester has been shown to act as a natural antioxidant compound, as well as an antimicrobial alternative against dermatophyte fungi of the genus Trichophyton and Microsporum.(AU)

Dermatófitos são fungos hialinos que parasitam o tecido queratinizado de humanos e animais causando infecções fúngicas. Os produtos naturais são moléculas promissoras para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos antifúngicos, devido ao fenômeno de resistência e a toxicidade. Este estudo relata o isolamento e a identificação do éster lacnofilum e avalia sua atividade antioxidante, antifúngica e modulatória contra fungos dermatófitos. O éster lacnofilum foi obtido por cromatografia em coluna de sílica gel do óleo essencial das partes aéreas da Baccharis trinervis e analisado por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa. A atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Os ensaios de atividade modulatória foram realizados pela técnica de checkerboard, utilizando éster lacnofilum e cetoconazol como padrão. O éster lacnofilum exibiu boa atividade antioxidante, medida pelo sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoléico, com taxa de inibição de 71,43% ± 0,01%. Além disso, mostrou atividade antifúngica contra as cepas de Trichophyton rubrum e Microsporum canis. No ensaio modulatório, a interação entre éster lacnofilum e cetoconazol foi sinérgica, reduzindo os valores concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do antifúngico e modulando sua ação antifúngica contra cepas de dermatófitos. Em conclusão, o éster lacnofilum demonstrou atuar como um composto antioxidante natural, bem como uma alternativa antimicrobiana contra fungos dermatófitos do gênero Trichophyton e Microsporum.(AU)

Botanical source investigation and evaluation of the effect of seasonality on Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera L

Bees generally use different botanical sources of resins for the production of propolis. The elucidation of botanical sources of propolis and identification of the effects of seasonality on the chemical profile of propolis are recognized as two important aspects in the development of a high quality product. Thus, our objective was to elucidate the botanical source and identify the effect of the seasons on the chemical profile of propolis produced in southern Brazil. The chemical profile of the samples was analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques and the results were coupled to multivariate analysis. Field observation of the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera L. revealed its preference for the Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. species. p-Coumaric acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, drupanin, and artepillin C which were identified in both plant and propolis samples. Moreover, higher artepillin C amounts have been detected in samples collected in the summer and autumn, while the main compounds of p-coumaric acid and quercetin were available in spring and winter sampled propolis, respectively. Baccharis dracunculifolia has been identified as a plant species preferred by A. mellifera in foraging resin for the production of propolis in southern Brazil. The contents of balsam, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids varied significantly over the seasons, with values above the minimum required by the legislation, thus assuring a quality pattern for this biomass.

Botanical source investigation and evaluation of the effect of seasonality on Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera L

Bees generally use different botanical sources of resins for the production of propolis. The elucidation of botanical sources of propolis and identification of the effects of seasonality on the chemical profile of propolis are recognized as two important aspects in the development of a high quality product. Thus, our objective was to elucidate the botanical source and identify the effect of the seasons on the chemical profile of propolis produced in southern Brazil. The chemical profile of the samples was analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques and the results were coupled to multivariate analysis. Field observation of the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera L. revealed its preference for the Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. species. p-Coumaric acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, drupanin, and artepillin C which were identified in both plant and propolis samples. Moreover, higher artepillin C amounts have been detected in samples collected in the summer and autumn, while the main compounds of p-coumaric acid and quercetin were available in spring and winter sampled propolis, respectively. Baccharis dracunculifolia has been identified as a plant species preferred by A. mellifera in foraging resin for the production of propolis in southern Brazil. The contents of balsam, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids varied significantly over the seasons, with values above the minimum required by the legislation, thus assuring a quality pattern for this biomass.(AU)

Insecticidal efficacy of aqueous extracts of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides on adults of Alphitobius diaperinus / Eficácia inseticida de extratos aquosos do Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus

Seeking alternative strategies for health management to control mealworm in poultry barns, in vitro study evaluated the insecticide effect of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts against adults of Alphitobius diaperinus. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 8%. To study insecticidal effects was designed an experiment containing groups with 20 adults in 3 replicates for each treatment, evaluating the mortality percentage of 1, 3, 16 and 24 hours after treatment with counting of live and dead adults. Greater insecticidal effect was observed in treated mealworm with 8 % of R. communis aqueous extract (59.0%) compared to C. ambrosioides and B. trimera which had percentages of mortality of 44.6% and 0.0% at the same concentration, respectively. The aqueous extracts of R. communis and C. ambrosioides at 8% showed promising results for the control of adults mealworm. However, pharmacological studies must be designed to determine strategies and formulations for viable application of these extracts in poultry facilities, as well as to determinate the formulations stability, clinical and environmental safety treatments.

Na expectativa de buscar estratégias alternativas de manejo sanitário para controle do cascudinho em aviários, este estudo avaliou a eficácia inseticida in vitro dos extratos de Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus. Os extratos foram testados nas concentrações de 0, 2, 4 e 8%. Para avaliação inseticida foi delineado experimento contendo grupos de 20 adultos de cascudinhos em três repetições para cada tratamento, avaliando-se o percentual de mortalidade 1, 3, 16 e 24 h após o tratamento, com contagem dos adultos vivos e mortos. Foi possível observar maior efeito inseticida na formulação de extrato aquoso 8% do R. communis (59,0%), comparativamente ao C. ambrosioides e B. trimera que apresentaram percentuais de mortalidade de 44,6% e 0,0% na mesma concentração, respectivamente. Os extratos aquosos de R. communis e C. ambrosioides a 8% demonstraram resultados promissores para o controle de adultos de cascudinho. Contudo, estudos farmacológicos devem ser delineados visando determinar estratégias e formulações viáveis para aplicação destes extratos em aviários, assim como, defenir a estabilidade das formulações, segurança clínica e ambiental dos tratamentos.

Insecticidal efficacy of aqueous extracts of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides on adults of Alphitobius diaperinus / Eficácia inseticida de extratos aquosos do Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus

Seeking alternative strategies for health management to control mealworm in poultry barns, in vitro study evaluated the insecticide effect of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts against adults of Alphitobius diaperinus. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 8%. To study insecticidal effects was designed an experiment containing groups with 20 adults in 3 replicates for each treatment, evaluating the mortality percentage of 1, 3, 16 and 24 hours after treatment with counting of live and dead adults. Greater insecticidal effect was observed in treated mealworm with 8 % of R. communis aqueous extract (59.0%) compared to C. ambrosioides and B. trimera which had percentages of mortality of 44.6% and 0.0% at the same concentration, respectively. The aqueous extracts of R. communis and C. ambrosioides at 8% showed promising results for the control of adults mealworm. However, pharmacological studies must be designed to determine strategies and formulations for viable application of these extracts in poultry facilities, as well as to determinate the formulations stability, clinical and environmental safety treatments.(AU)

Na expectativa de buscar estratégias alternativas de manejo sanitário para controle do cascudinho em aviários, este estudo avaliou a eficácia inseticida in vitro dos extratos de Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus. Os extratos foram testados nas concentrações de 0, 2, 4 e 8%. Para avaliação inseticida foi delineado experimento contendo grupos de 20 adultos de cascudinhos em três repetições para cada tratamento, avaliando-se o percentual de mortalidade 1, 3, 16 e 24 h após o tratamento, com contagem dos adultos vivos e mortos. Foi possível observar maior efeito inseticida na formulação de extrato aquoso 8% do R. communis (59,0%), comparativamente ao C. ambrosioides e B. trimera que apresentaram percentuais de mortalidade de 44,6% e 0,0% na mesma concentração, respectivamente. Os extratos aquosos de R. communis e C. ambrosioides a 8% demonstraram resultados promissores para o controle de adultos de cascudinho. Contudo, estudos farmacológicos devem ser delineados visando determinar estratégias e formulações viáveis para aplicação destes extratos em aviários, assim como, defenir a estabilidade das formulações, segurança clínica e ambiental dos tratamentos.(AU)

Potential of Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walpan (Chilka) from northern Chile used as a medicinal infusion / Potencial de Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walpan (Chilka) do norte do Chile usado como infusão medicinal

Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walp. is a native and medicinal, Chilean Altiplano herb that is used as a poultice and also consumed as an infusion to relieve inflammation. This study evaluated the antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of B. alnifolia and their infusion. It was reported that the ethanol extract contains 4.42 mg GAE/g of dry weight and the infusion contains 35.86 mg GAE/L of total polyphenols. Also, it determined the antioxidant capacity using Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Moreover, seven metabolites including between phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified for the first time in both extracts of the medicinal plant Baccharis alnifolia. The UHPLC-DAD chromatograms revealed the majority presence of ferulic acid and luteolin, both could be responsible for the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, we realized a preliminary screening of cytotoxicity in different tumor cell lines, finding that these extracts have cytotoxic potential on kidney cells.(AU)

Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walp. é uma erva altiplana nativa e medicinal, chilena que é usada como cataplasma e também consumida como uma infusão para aliviar a inflamação. Este estudo avaliou o efeito antioxidante e citotóxico do extrato etanólico de B. alnifolia e sua infusão. Verificou-se que o extrato etanólico contém 4,42 mg GAE / g de peso seco e a infusão contém 35,86 mg GAE / L de polifenóis totais. Além disso, determinou a capacidade antioxidante utilizando o poder antioxidante redutor de Fração (FRAP), Capacidade de Absorção Radical de Oxigênio (ORAC) e capacidade antioxidante equivalente de Trolox (TEAC). Além disso, sete metabólitos, entre ácidos fenólicos e flavonóides, foram identificados pela primeira vez em ambos os extratos da planta medicinal Baccharis alnifolia. Os cromatogramas UHPLC-DAD revelaram a presença majoritária de ácido ferúlico e luteolina, ambos podendo ser responsáveis pela atividade antioxidante e citotóxica. Além disso, realizamos uma triagem preliminar da citotoxicidade em diferentes linhagens de células tumorais, descobrindo que esses extratos têm potencial citotóxico nas células renais.(AU)

Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em cordeiros lactentes / Spontaneous Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in suckling lambs

Background: Baccharis coridifolia is one of the most important and common poisonous plants in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil (RS). The intoxication occurs when native livestock are exposed to the plant for the first time, especially when they are hungry, thirsty and stressed after transportation. The lesions associated with the toxicosis are characterized necrosis of the epithelial lining of the pre-stomachs. Cases of intoxication by Baccharis spp. in sheep native of a certain farm are uncommon. The objective of this study is to report an outbreak of B. coridifolia poisoning in lambs in RS, Southern Brazil, and to address the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of this condition.Cases: Ten 15-20 day-old Corriedale and Texel lambs from a lot of 150 were affected. The onset of clinical signs occurred two days after the lambs were moved from ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture to a native pasture with moderate amounts of sprouting B. coridifolia. Main clinical signs were intense abdominal pain, during which some lambs distended the thoracic and pelvic limbs while standing up, diarrhea, dehydration, ruminal atony, salivation, decubitus and death. Gross lesions in three necropsied lambs were mainly located in the digestive tract and included varying degrees of hyperemia, edema and erosions in the fore stomach mucosae. Histologically, there were hyperemia and degenerative, necrotic and ulcerative changes in the epithelial lining of forestomachs. The lesions observed were characterized by hydropic degeneration stratified mucosal epithelium and multifocal intercellular edema. Necrosis of individual epithelial cells, which had the intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm with a pyknotic or karyorrhetic nucleus, was observed. Multiple clefts were seen at the junction of the epithelium with the lamina propria, some of which containing intact and viable neutrophils.[...](AU)

In vitro antiviral activity of propolis and Baccharis sp. extracts on animal herpesviruses / Atividade antiviral in vitro de extratos de própolis e de Baccharis sp. sobre herpes vírus animal

This study evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of propolis and Baccharis sp. extracts on three animal herpesviruses (bovine, equine and swine). The propolis samples were produced by two species of bees. There was red and green propolis, which came from africanized Apis melifera, and a third type obtained from a native bee species, Tetragonisca angustula (jatai). The Baccharis extracts were obtained from four different species: B. oblongifolia, B. burchellii, B. dracunculifolia and B. uncinella. The maximum non-toxic concentration of the extracts was determined when no visible morphological changes were observed on the cells. These non-toxic concentrations were used in the antiviral tests. Antiviral activity was evaluated using a reduction assay of the cytopathic effect, which calculated the difference between treated and control virus titer by statistical analysis. Red propolis was active against the three herpesviruses and green propolis showed inhibition against the equine and swine herpesviruses. Conversely, jataí propolis showed no antiviral activity. Most extracts coming from male and female individuals of all of the Baccharis species showed antiviral activity against bovine and swine herpesviruses. Only the extract of the female specimen of B. oblongifolia was an inhibitor against equine herpesvirus.(AU)

O trabalho avaliou a atividade antiviral in vitro de própolis e espécies de Baccharis sobre três herpes vírus animais (bovino, equino e suíno). As própolis foram produzidas por duas espécies de abelhas. Pela Apis melifera (abelha africanizada) foram obtidas duas própolis, vermelha e verde, e uma terceira foi obtida pela abelha nativa Tetragonisca angustula (abelha jataí). Os extratos de Baccharis foram obtidos de 4 espécies diferentes: B. ­oblongifolia, B. burchellii, B. dracunculifolia e B. uncinella. A concentração máxima não tóxica dos extratos foi determinada pela ausência de alterações morfológicas nas células, e essas concentrações então utilizadas nos testes antivirais. A atividade antiviral foi avaliada pela redução do efeito citopático e calculada a partir da diferença entre o título viral do tratado pelo controle e feita a análise estatística. A própolis vermelha foi ativa contra os três herpes vírus, e a própolis verde apresentou inibição contra os herpes vírus equino e suíno, enquanto a própolis da abelha jataí não apresentou atividade antiviral. A maioria dos extratos dos indivíduos masculinos e femininos de todas as espécies de Baccharis apresentou atividade antiviral contra os herpes vírus bovino e suíno. Apenas o extrato do indivíduo feminino de B. oblongifolia foi inibidor contra o herpes vírus equino.(AU)

Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em cordeiros lactentes / Spontaneous Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in suckling lambs

Background: Baccharis coridifolia is one of the most important and common poisonous plants in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil (RS). The intoxication occurs when native livestock are exposed to the plant for the first time, especially when they are hungry, thirsty and stressed after transportation. The lesions associated with the toxicosis are characterized necrosis of the epithelial lining of the pre-stomachs. Cases of intoxication by Baccharis spp. in sheep native of a certain farm are uncommon. The objective of this study is to report an outbreak of B. coridifolia poisoning in lambs in RS, Southern Brazil, and to address the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of this condition.Cases: Ten 15-20 day-old Corriedale and Texel lambs from a lot of 150 were affected. The onset of clinical signs occurred two days after the lambs were moved from ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture to a native pasture with moderate amounts of sprouting B. coridifolia. Main clinical signs were intense abdominal pain, during which some lambs distended the thoracic and pelvic limbs while standing up, diarrhea, dehydration, ruminal atony, salivation, decubitus and death. Gross lesions in three necropsied lambs were mainly located in the digestive tract and included varying degrees of hyperemia, edema and erosions in the fore stomach mucosae. Histologically, there were hyperemia and degenerative, necrotic and ulcerative changes in the epithelial lining of forestomachs. The lesions observed were characterized by hydropic degeneration stratified mucosal epithelium and multifocal intercellular edema. Necrosis of individual epithelial cells, which had the intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm with a pyknotic or karyorrhetic nucleus, was observed. Multiple clefts were seen at the junction of the epithelium with the lamina propria, some of which containing intact and viable neutrophils.[...]

In vitro antiviral activity of propolis and Baccharis sp. extracts on animal herpesviruses / Atividade antiviral in vitro de extratos de própolis e de Baccharis sp. sobre herpes vírus animal

This study evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of propolis and Baccharis sp. extracts on three animal herpesviruses (bovine, equine and swine). The propolis samples were produced by two species of bees. There was red and green propolis, which came from africanized Apis melifera, and a third type obtained from a native bee species, Tetragonisca angustula (jatai). The Baccharis extracts were obtained from four different species: B. oblongifolia, B. burchellii, B. dracunculifolia and B. uncinella. The maximum non-toxic concentration of the extracts was determined when no visible morphological changes were observed on the cells. These non-toxic concentrations were used in the antiviral tests. Antiviral activity was evaluated using a reduction assay of the cytopathic effect, which calculated the difference between treated and control virus titer by statistical analysis. Red propolis was active against the three herpesviruses and green propolis showed inhibition against the equine and swine herpesviruses. Conversely, jataí propolis showed no antiviral activity. Most extracts coming from male and female individuals of all of the Baccharis species showed antiviral activity against bovine and swine herpesviruses. Only the extract of the female specimen of B. oblongifolia was an inhibitor against equine herpesvirus.(AU)

O trabalho avaliou a atividade antiviral in vitro de própolis e espécies de Baccharis sobre três herpes vírus animais (bovino, equino e suíno). As própolis foram produzidas por duas espécies de abelhas. Pela Apis melifera (abelha africanizada) foram obtidas duas própolis, vermelha e verde, e uma terceira foi obtida pela abelha nativa Tetragonisca angustula (abelha jataí). Os extratos de Baccharis foram obtidos de 4 espécies diferentes: B. ­oblongifolia, B. burchellii, B. dracunculifolia e B. uncinella. A concentração máxima não tóxica dos extratos foi determinada pela ausência de alterações morfológicas nas células, e essas concentrações então utilizadas nos testes antivirais. A atividade antiviral foi avaliada pela redução do efeito citopático e calculada a partir da diferença entre o título viral do tratado pelo controle e feita a análise estatística. A própolis vermelha foi ativa contra os três herpes vírus, e a própolis verde apresentou inibição contra os herpes vírus equino e suíno, enquanto a própolis da abelha jataí não apresentou atividade antiviral. A maioria dos extratos dos indivíduos masculinos e femininos de todas as espécies de Baccharis apresentou atividade antiviral contra os herpes vírus bovino e suíno. Apenas o extrato do indivíduo feminino de B. oblongifolia foi inibidor contra o herpes vírus equino.(AU)

Effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Baccharis trimera on the proliferation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Baccharis trimera leaves on the proliferative capacity of the liver after partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats weighing between 300 and 450g were divided into two groups: control (HP) and test (HP100-rats that received the aqueous extract of Baccharis trimera for four days at a dose of 100 mg / kg / day). On the fifth day, animals from both groups underwent resection of 70% of the liver. Twenty-four hours later, they were sacrificed and the remnant liver was removed and prepared for studied through PCNA immunohistochemistry. Data analysis for comparison between the two groups was made through the non-parametric statistical test Mann-Whitney test. Results: In all the animals studied was found most abundant nuclear immunostaining positive hepatocytes interlobular located in regions of the liver. Quantitative analysis of PCNA-positive cells revealed positivity rate significantly higher mean (p = 0.02) in HP100 group (77.1 ± 13.6) compared to the HP group (45.8 ± 12.9). Conclusion: DAdministration of aqueous extract of the leaves of Baccharis trimera 100 mg/kg of animal has a significant positive effect on liver regeneration in rats, 24 hours after hepatectomy (70%).(AU)

Ornamental potential use of Baccharis milleflora and Baccharis tridentata as ornamental cut foliage / Potencial ornamental de Baccharis milleflora e Baccharis tridentatacomo folhagem de corte

Identification of new ornamental plants among native species widens the offer of new products for the floricultural market. However, before indicating the use of a species as potentially ornamental, evaluation of its aesthetic features by possible consumers is of great importance. Thus, the aims of this study were identification and evaluation of the ornamental potential of new plants as cut foliage. The ornamental potential of species was determined based on the methodology that considers qualitative and quantitative characteristics of ornamental importance for the consumer market. Each criterion was assessed by scores from ten (minimum) to 100 (maximum). Baccharis milleflora and Baccharis tridentata were selected in the Atlantic Forest, region of forest edge, because they has frequent occurrence in the landscape, long stems, lush leaves, with outstanding color in the landscape and rustic aspect apparently. These two species showed high potential to be used as ornamental cut foliage, confirming adequate performance as complementary features in floral arrangements.(AU)

A prospecção de novas plantas ornamentais a partir de espécies nativas amplia a oferta de produtos para o mercado da floricultura. Entretanto, antes de uma espécie ser indicada como ornamental, suas características estéticas devem ser avaliadas pelo público consumidor. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi prospectar novas plantas para uso como folhagem de corte e avaliar o seu potencial ornamental. O potencial ornamental das espécies prospectadas foi avaliado por 10 profissionais especialistas em arte floral, com base em metodologia que considera características qualitativas e quantitativas de importância ornamental para o mercado consumidor. Cada critério foi pontuado por meio de notas de dez (mínima) a 100 (máxima). Baccharis milleflora e Baccharis tridentata foram selecionadas na região de Mata Atlântica, em borda de mata, por apresentarem ocorrência frequente na paisagem, hastes longas, folhas exuberantes, com coloração destacada na paisagem e aspecto aparentemente rústico. Ambas as espécies apresentam alto potencial ornamental para uso como folhagem de corte com características adequadas para o uso como complementos para arranjos florais.(AU)

DETECÇÃO DE NEURÔNIOS DO PLEXO MIOENTÉRICO, PERFIL GLICÊMICO E LIPÍDICO, EM RATOS EXPOSTOS AOS FATORES DE RISCO DIABETES, TABAGISMO E DISLIPIDEMIA TRATADOS COM CARQUEJA

A hiperglicemia gerada pelo diabetes mellitus promove alterações fisiológicas em todo o organismo, sendo recorrente o aparecimento de distúrbios gastrintestinais nos portadores desta doença, devido ao dano ao plexo mioentérico. Além do diabetes, sabe-se que há uma relação entre o uso do tabaco e dislipidemia no sistema digestório, porém, ainda há uma lacuna no conhecimento sobre possíveis alterações nos neurônios entéricos. Algumas plantas medicinais são apontadas como terapias complementares no tratamento de doenças gastrointestinais, dentre elas, a Baccharis trimera, que possui em sua composição antioxidantes, que podem exercer efeito neuroprotetor nos neurônios do plexo mioentérico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o possível efeito protetor da B. trimera, popularmente conhecida como carqueja, sobre os neurônios mioentéricos, perfil lipídico e glicêmico de ratos expostos ao modelo experimental com a indução do diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e o tabagismo. Ratos machos, Wistar, com 90 dias, foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=5), (C-) animais normoglicêmicos, não dislipidêmicos e não tabagistas tratados com veículo (água filtrada), (C+) diabético, dislipidêmico e tabagista tratados com veículo (água filtrada) e animais diabéticos, dislipidêmicos e tabagistas tratados com diferentes doses de carqueja (BT30mg/kg, BT100mg/kg e BT300mg/kg). A indução do diabetes foi realizada via intraperitoneal, com 60mg/kg de estreptozotocina, a dislipidemia, pela adição de 0,5% de colesterol em ração comercial e posteriormente, expostos a inalação de fumaça de nove cigarros comerciais, uma vez por dia, cinco dias por semana, durante quatro semanas. Após 2 semanas, iniciou-se o tratamento com diferentes doses da fração solúvel em etanol de carqueja, via oral por gavagem, uma vez ao dia, por duas semanas em diferentes doses. Foi coletado sangue do plexo ocular dos animais para posteriormente verificar os níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e triglicerídeos. No intuito de quantificar a população de neurônios mioentéricos, foram realizadas as técnicas de coloração básica Giemsa, a fim de marcar a população total e a histoquímica da NADPH-diaforase, que permitiu quantificar os neurônios da subpopulação inibitória. Os animais dos grupos tratados com as diferentes doses de carqueja e C+ apresentaram redução de peso significativa. Na dose de 30mg/kg os níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e triglicerídeos foram reduzidos, porém, não houve redução da glicemia nos ratos tratados com B. trimera. Não foi observada redução neuronal significativa entre os neurônios nitrérgicos, identificados pela técnica NADPH-diaforase, contudo, pelo método de Giemsa, foi observada redução do número de neurônios, dos grupos controle positivo (C+) e os grupos tratados com carqueja (BT30, BT100 e BT300), em relação ao grupo controle negativo (C-), o que pode ter sido agravado pela inclusão do tabagismo ou da dieta hipercolesterolêmica. Assim pode-se concluir que na dose de 30mg/kg de carqueja houve redução significativa nos níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e triglicerídeos, contudo, não foi encontrada redução glicêmica em nenhum dos tratamentos. Quanto aos neurônios mioentéricos a carqueja não apresentou efeitos protetores com redução significativa na quantificação da população total, e a manutenção da subpopulação nitrérgica em todos os grupos, nos permite sugerir que estes neurônios são mais resistentes aos efeitos deletérios do diabetes, tabagismo e dieta hipercolesterolêmica.

The hyperglycemia generated by diabetes mellitus promotes physiological changes throughout the body, with the appearance of gastrointestinal disorders in patients with this disease recurring, due to damage to the myenteric plexus. In addition to diabetes, it is known that there is a relationship between tobacco use and dyslipidemia in the digestive system, however, there is still a gap in knowledge about possible changes in enteric neurons. Some medicinal plants are considered as complementary therapies in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, among them, Baccharis trimera, which has antioxidants in its composition, which can exert a neuroprotective effect on neurons in the myenteric plexus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of B. trimera, popularly known as gorse, on the myenteric neurons, lipid and glycemic profile of rats exposed to the experimental model with the induction of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking. Male, 90-day-old Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=5), (C-) normoglycemic, non-dyslipidemic and non-smoking animals treated with vehicle (filtered water), (C+) diabetic, dyslipidemic and smoking treated with vehicle (filtered water) and diabetic, dyslipidemic animals and smokers treated with different doses of gorse (BT30mg/ kg, BT100mg/kg and BT300mg/kg). Diabetes induction was performed intraperitoneally, with 60mg/kg of streptozotocin, dyslipidemia, by the addition of 0.5% cholesterol in commercial ration and later, exposed to smoke inhalation of nine commercial cigarettes, once a day, five days a week for four weeks. After 2 weeks, treatment with different doses of the fraction soluble in gorse ethanol was started, orally by gavage, once a day, for two weeks in different doses. Blood was collected from the animals' ocular plexus to later check plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In order to quantify the population of myenteric neurons, basic Giemsa staining techniques were performed in order to mark the total population and the histochemistry of NADPH-diaphorase, which allowed quantifying the neurons of the inhibitory subpopulation. The animals in the groups treated with different doses of carqueja and C + showed significant weight reduction. At a dose of 30mg / kg, plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced, however, there was no reduction in blood glucose in rats treated with B. trimera. No significant neuronal reduction was observed between nitrergic neurons, identified by the NADPH-diaphorase technique, however, using the Giemsa method, a reduction in the number of neurons was observed in the positive control groups (C+) and the groups treated with gorse (BT30, BT100 and BT300), in relation to the negative control group (C-), which may have been aggravated by the inclusion of smoking or the hypercholesterolemic diet. Thus, it can be concluded that at the dose of 30mg/kg of gorse there was a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, however, no glycemic reduction was found in any of the treatments. As for myenteric neurons, gorse did not present protective effects with significant reduction in the quantification of the total population, and the maintenance of the nitrergic subpopulation in all groups, allows us to suggest that these neurons are more resistant to the deleterious effects of diabetes, smoking and a hypercholesterolemic diet.

Intoxicação natural por Baccharis megapotamica var.weirii em caprinos / Natural poisoning by Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii in goats

Intoxicações por plantas do gênero Baccharis representam uma importante causa de morte em animais de produção. Baccharis coridifolia e Baccharis megapotamica são as espécies mais comuns e importantes. Nesse trabalho, são descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de um surto de intoxicação natural por Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii em caprinos. Onze caprinos jovens, de um total de 152, foram afetados por uma doença aguda fatal. Os casos ocorreram em uma pequena propriedade rural no município de Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Grande quantidade de exemplares de Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii em estágio de floração, foram encontrados onde os caprinos estavam. As plantas cresceram em áreas úmidas e alagadas. Os caprinos afetados tinham entre seis meses a um ano de idade e todos apresentaram sinais clínicos caracterizados por apatia, anorexia, prostração, diarreia, desidratação, desconforto abdominal, timpanismo, decúbito e morte. O curso clínico variou aproximadamente de 12 a 24 horas. Dos onze caprinos acometidos, três foram necropsiados. As alterações presentes em todas as necropsias incluíam desidratação, conteúdo líquido no rúmen, avermelhamento, erosões e úlceras da mucosa dos pré-estômagos, e avermelhamento na mucosa do abomaso e intestino. Um dos caprinos apresentou marcada hemorragia dos linfonodos mesentéricos. As lesões histológicas de todos os caprinos necropsiados incluíam hiperemia, hemorragia, alterações degenerativas, necróticas e ulcerativas variadas no revestimento epitelial do rúmen, retículo e omaso, e na mucosa do abomaso e de alguns segmentos do intestino delgado. Necrose do tecido linfoide foi observada em linfonodos mesentéricos e em agregados linfoides no intestino e folículos do baço.(AU)

Poisoning by the toxic species of Baccharis is an important cause of death in farm animals. Baccharis coridifolia and Baccharis megapotamica are the most common and most important of this genus. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of a natural outbreak of intoxication by Baccharis megapotamica var. weiriiare described in goats. Eleven young goats from a herd of 152 goats were affected by an acute fatal disease. The cases occurred in a small farm in the municipality of Viamão, State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Large patches of blooming Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii were observed in the pastures where the goats were held, especially in wet and flooded spots. Affected goats were between six months to one year old and all showed signs including apathy, anorexia, weakness, diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal pain, bloat, decubitus and death. The clinical course was 12-24 hours. Three out of the eleven goats dead from the toxicosis were necropsied. Changes present in all necropsied goats included dehydration, liquid contents in the rumen, reddening, erosions and ulcers in the mucosae of the forestomachs, abomasum, and intestine. One goat had marked hemorrhage of mesenteric lymph nodes. Histological lesions of all animals included hyperemia as well as degenerative, necrotic, and ulcerative changes in the epithelial lining of rumen, reticulum, and omasum. Mucosae of the abomasum and of some sections of small and large intestines were also affected. Necrosis of lymphoid tissue was observed in mesenteric lymph nodes and in the lymphoid aggregates in intestine and in the follicles of spleen.(AU)

PLANTAS MEDICINAIS CARDIOPROTETORAS E MODELOS ANIMAIS DE DOENÇA CARDIOVASCULAR ASSOCIANDO MÚLTIPLOS FATORES DE RISCO: DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS

As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) estão entre as principais causas de mortalidade mundial. Dentre seus fatores de risco estão a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), as dislipidemias, o tabagismo e o diabetes melittus. Em relação ao estudo destas enfermidades, ressalta-se a necessidade de desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais que avaliem estes fatores de risco simultaneamente, simulando pacientes e investigando os efeitos terapêuticos das plantas medicinais. Tal necessidade justifica-se na crescente investigação de produtos naturais como terapia alternativa e/ou adjuvante aos tratamentos médicos convencionais, buscando alternativas terapêuticas mais eficazes e com menos efeitos adversos. Neste sentido, a Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., popularmente conhecida como carqueja, destaca-se. Evidências científicas sobre seus efeitos em modelos animais de doença hepática e cardiovascular apontam efeitos promissores. Entretanto, poucos são os trabalhos que descrevem os efeitos farmacológicos da B. trimera em modelos animais que associem múltiplos fatores de risco. Assim, o primeiro passo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos medicinais desta planta frente dois fatores de risco associados: diabetes e idade. Para tanto, ratos Wistar (n = 40) com idade avançada (300 dias) receberam administração intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina (60 mg/kg), modelo clássico de diabetes mellitus. Porém o estudo mostrou-se inviável nesta idade, pois os animais apresentaram efeitos de toxicidade sistêmica, como lesão hepática e renal, após indução do modelo. Então, foi proposto um segundo modelo de estudo de DCV associando 3 fatores de risco (HAS, dislipidemia e tabagismo) com a avaliação da atividade hepato e cardioprotetora da B. trimera. Para tal, Wistar fêmeas (n = 48) foram submetidos ao modelo de hipertensão Goldblatt 2K1C, receberam dieta enriquecida com 0,5% de colesterol e foram expostos a 9 cigarros comerciais/dia, por 8 semanas. Nas 4 últimas semanas, os animais foram tratados com a fração solúvel em etanol de B. trimera (30, 100 e 300 mg/kg) ou sinvastatina (2,5 mg/kg) mais enalapril (15 mg/kg), por via oral através de gavagem. Foram investigados os níveis plasmáticos de alanina e aspartato aminotransferase, ureia, creatinina, perfil lipídico plasmático, hepático e fecal, pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média, reatividade vascular, alterações celulares e estado redox cardíaco, hepático e renal. O tratamento com o extrato de B. trimera reverteu todas as alterações apresentadas, com efeito igual ou superior ao tratamento padrão, demonstrando ser uma espécie promissora para o tratamento de pacientes com distúrbios cardiovasculares e hepáticos, especialmente aqueles associados a múltiplos fatores de risco. Por fim, buscou-se revisar na literatura científica atual os principais mecanismos celulares e moleculares das plantas anti-trombogênicas e seus principais componentes. As plantas medicinais são uma fonte importante de agentes anti-trombogênicos e têm sido considerados alternativas notáveis, com maior eficácia e, geralmente, menos efeitos adversos, tornando-se uma alternativa promissora para o manejo de distúrbios da coagulação. Os mecanismos celulares e moleculares que podem ser responsáveis por essa atividade anti-trombogênica das plantas incluem efeitos na agregação plaquetária, efeitos nos fatores de coagulação e efeitos na trombólise. No entanto, os mecanismos de ação responsáveis pela atividade antitrombótica desses agentes permanecem incertos. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer as vias centrais da resposta pleiotrópica destes agentes.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the main causes of mortality worldwide. Among its risk factors are systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemia, smoking and diabetes mellitus. Regarding the study of these diseases, the need to develop experimental models that simultaneously evaluate these risk factors, simulating patients and investigating the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants, is emphasized. Such a need is justified in the growing investigation of natural products as an alternative and/or adjuvant therapy to conventional medical treatments, seeking more effective therapeutic alternatives with less adverse effects. In this sense, Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., popularly known as carqueja, stands out. Scientific evidence on its effects on animal models of liver and cardiovascular disease points to promising effects. However, few studies describe the pharmacological effects of B. trimera in animal models that associate multiple risk factors. Thus, the first step of this study was to evaluate the medicinal effects of this plant against two associated risk factors: diabetes and aging. Therefore, Wistar rats (n = 40) with advanced age (300 days) received intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), a classic model of diabetes mellitus. However, the study proved to be unfeasible at this age, as the animals showed effects of systemic toxicity, such as liver and kidney damage, after the model was induced. Then, a second CVD study model was proposed, associating 3 risk factors (SAH, dyslipidemia and smoking) with the assessment of hepatic and cardioprotective activity of B. trimera. For this, females Wistar (n = 48) were submitted to the Goldblatt 2K1C hypertension model, received a diet enriched with 0.5% cholesterol and were exposed to 9 commercial cigarettes/day, for 8 weeks. In the last 4 weeks, the animals were treated with the ethanol-soluble fraction of B. trimera (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) or simvastatin (2.5 mg/kg) plus enalapril (15 mg/kg), by oral route, through gavage. Plasma levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, plasma lipid profile, hepatic and fecal, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, vascular reactivity, cellular changes, and cardiac, hepatic, and renal redox status were investigated. The treatment with the extract of B. trimera reversed all the alterations presented, with an effect equal to or greater than the standard treatment, proving to be a promising species for the treatment of patients with cardiovascular and liver disorders, especially those associated with multiple risk factors. Finally, we sought to review in the current scientific literature the main cellular and molecular mechanisms of anti-thrombogenic plants and their main components. Medicinal plants are an important source of anti-thrombogenic agents and have been considered remarkable alternatives, with greater efficacy and, generally, less adverse effects, becoming a promising alternative for the management of coagulation disorders. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that may be responsible for this anti-thrombogenic activity of plants include effects on platelet aggregation, effects on coagulation factors and effects on thrombolysis. However, the mechanisms of action responsible for the antithrombotic activity of these agents remain uncertain. Further studies are needed to clarify the central pathways of the pleiotropic response of these agents.

Different aqueous extracts of plants in soil treatment for Meloidogyne javanica control / Diferentes extratos aquosos de plantas no tratamento de solo para o controle de Meloidogyne javanica

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera, Plantago sp., Verbena officinalis and Arctium lappa on the M. javanica control in the greenhouse. The experiment was performed in plastic pots containing a soil mixture and sand 2:1 (volume: volume), it was infested with 4.000 eggs of Meloidogyne javanica and 200 mL of the respective aqueous extract was added. After seven days a tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot. The evaluations of the number of galls and eggs of the nematode by root system were performed after 50 days of transplanting the seedlings. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Duncan test at 5% probability. None of the tested treatments reduced the number of galls and eggs of M. javanica per root system.

O objetivo desse ensaio foi avaliar o efeito de extratos aquosos de Baccharis trimera, Plantago sp., Verbena officinalis e Arctium lappa no controle de Meloidogyne javanica, em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi montado em vasos plásticos contendo uma mistura solo e areia 2:1 (volume : volume), infestada com 4.000 ovos de M. javanica e adicionado 200 mL dos respectivos extratos. Após sete dias foi transplantada uma muda de tomate em cada vaso. As avaliações do número de galhas e de ovos do nematoide por sistema radicular foram realizadas após 50 dias do transplantio das mudas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan, a 5 % de probabilidade. Nenhum dos tratamentos testados reduziu o número de galhas e de ovos de M. javanica por sistema radicular.

Different aqueous extracts of plants in soil treatment for Meloidogyne javanica control / Diferentes extratos aquosos de plantas no tratamento de solo para o controle de Meloidogyne javanica

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera, Plantago sp., Verbena officinalis and Arctium lappa on the M. javanica control in the greenhouse. The experiment was performed in plastic pots containing a soil mixture and sand 2:1 (volume: volume), it was infested with 4.000 eggs of Meloidogyne javanica and 200 mL of the respective aqueous extract was added. After seven days a tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot. The evaluations of the number of galls and eggs of the nematode by root system were performed after 50 days of transplanting the seedlings. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Duncan test at 5% probability. None of the tested treatments reduced the number of galls and eggs of M. javanica per root system.(AU)

O objetivo desse ensaio foi avaliar o efeito de extratos aquosos de Baccharis trimera, Plantago sp., Verbena officinalis e Arctium lappa no controle de Meloidogyne javanica, em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi montado em vasos plásticos contendo uma mistura solo e areia 2:1 (volume : volume), infestada com 4.000 ovos de M. javanica e adicionado 200 mL dos respectivos extratos. Após sete dias foi transplantada uma muda de tomate em cada vaso. As avaliações do número de galhas e de ovos do nematoide por sistema radicular foram realizadas após 50 dias do transplantio das mudas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan, a 5 % de probabilidade. Nenhum dos tratamentos testados reduziu o número de galhas e de ovos de M. javanica por sistema radicular.(AU)

Intoxicação natural por Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii em caprinos / Natural poisoning by Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii in goats

Intoxicações por plantas do gênero Baccharis representam uma importante causa de morte em animais de produção. Baccharis coridifolia e Baccharis megapotamica são as espécies mais comuns e importantes. Nesse trabalho, são descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de um surto de intoxicação natural por Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii em caprinos. Onze caprinos jovens, de um total de 152, foram afetados por uma doença aguda fatal. Os casos ocorreram em uma pequena propriedade rural no município de Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Grande quantidade de exemplares de Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii em estágio de floração, foram encontrados onde os caprinos estavam. As plantas cresceram em áreas úmidas e alagadas. Os caprinos afetados tinham entre seis meses a um ano de idade e todos apresentaram sinais clínicos caracterizados por apatia, anorexia, prostração, diarreia, desidratação, desconforto abdominal, timpanismo, decúbito e morte. O curso clínico variou aproximadamente de 12 a 24 horas. Dos onze caprinos acometidos, três foram necropsiados. As alterações presentes em todas as necropsias incluíam desidratação, conteúdo líquido no rúmen, avermelhamento, erosões e úlceras da mucosa dos pré-estômagos, e avermelhamento na mucosa do abomaso e intestino. Um dos caprinos apresentou marcada hemorragia dos linfonodos mesentéricos. As lesões histológicas de todos os caprinos necropsiados incluíam hiperemia, hemorragia, alterações degenerativas, necróticas e ulcerativas variadas no revestimento epitelial do rúmen, retículo e omaso, e na mucosa do abomaso e de alguns segmentos do intestino delgado. Necrose do tecido linfoide foi observada em linfonodos mesentéricos e em agregados linfoides no intestino e folículos do baço.(AU)

Poisoning by the toxic species of Baccharis is an important cause of death in farm animals. Baccharis coridifolia and Baccharis megapotamica are the most common and most important of this genus. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of a natural outbreak of intoxication by Baccharis megapotamica var. weiriiare described in goats. Eleven young goats from a herd of 152 goats were affected by an acute fatal disease. The cases occurred in a small farm in the municipality of Viamão, State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Large patches of blooming Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii were observed in the pastures where the goats were held, especially in wet and flooded spots. Affected goats were between six months to one year old and all showed signs including apathy, anorexia, weakness, diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal pain, bloat, decubitus and death. The clinical course was 12-24 hours. Three out of the eleven goats dead from the toxicosis were necropsied. Changes present in all necropsied goats included dehydration, liquid contents in the rumen, reddening, erosions and ulcers in the mucosae of the forestomachs, abomasum, and intestine. One goat had marked hemorrhage of mesenteric lymph nodes. Histological lesions of all animals included hyperemia as well as degenerative, necrotic, and ulcerative changes in the epithelial lining of rumen, reticulum, and omasum. Mucosae of the abomasum and of some sections of small and large intestines were also affected. Necrosis of lymphoid tissue was observed in mesenteric lymph nodes and in the lymphoid aggregates in intestine and in the follicles of spleen.(AU)