Withdrawal period for seeding cotton after chemical control of cotton stalks

ABSTRACT A very limited amount of information is available in relation both to the residual effect of herbicides destinated to the destruction of cotton stalks and to the time interval required to prevent that development and yield of the following crop be affected. This work aimed to identify the residual activity of herbicides intended to eliminate cotton stalks and to estimate the safety interval (SI) of time for the next cotton sowing. Two trails were simultaneously carried out, the first one for a single application and a second one for the two sequential applications of herbicide treatments, in a 15×5 factorial design organized in randomized complete blocks with four replications. Levels of first factor were constituted by herbicide treatments and the levels of the second factor were composed five periods of time for cotton sowing after herbicide application (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days). Herbicides were 2,4-D, glyphosate, saflufenacil, [imazapic + imazapyr], dicamba, fluroxypyr and sulfentrazone. Results provided an indication of residual activity of herbicide treatments in soil and indicated that a single application or two sequential applications of glyphosate + dicamba + saflufenacil have a considerable potential to affect cotton and a period exceeding 100 days for a single application and exceeding 120 days for two sequential applications was necessary. Treatments with 2,4-D and 2,4-D + glyphosate provided the shortest safe interval and may be used for cotton stalk destruction with no risks for the crop sowing after the withdrawal period.

Withdrawal period for seeding cotton after chemical control of cotton stalks

A very limited amount of information is available in relation both to the residual effect of herbicides destinated to the destruction of cotton stalks and to the time interval required to prevent that development and yield of the following crop be affected. This work aimed to identify the residual activity of herbicides intended to eliminate cotton stalks and to estimate the safety interval (SI) of time for the next cotton sowing. Two trails were simultaneously carried out, the first one for a single application and a second one for the two sequential applications of herbicide treatments, in a 15×5 factorial design organized in randomized complete blocks with four replications. Levels of first factor were constituted by herbicide treatments and the levels of the second factor were composed five periods of time for cotton sowing after herbicide application (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days). Herbicides were 2,4-D, glyphosate, saflufenacil, [imazapic + imazapyr], dicamba, fluroxypyr and sulfentrazone. Results provided an indication of residual activity of herbicide treatments in soil and indicated that a single application or two sequential applications of glyphosate + dicamba + saflufenacil have a considerable potential to affect cotton and a period exceeding 100 days for a single application and exceeding 120 days for two sequential applications was necessary. Treatments with 2,4-D and 2,4-D + glyphosate provided the shortest safe interval and may be used for cotton stalk destruction with no risks for the crop sowing after the withdrawal period.

Carryover of herbicides used in cotton stalk control on corn cultivated in succession / Carryover de herbicidas utilizados no controle de soqueiras do algodoeiro sobre o milho cultivado em sucessão

Information about the residual activity of herbicides sprayed in the control of cotton stalks and its potential to affect the development and productivity of corn sown in the following crop are limited. The objective of this work was to identify the carryover effect promoted by the single and sequential application of herbicides used in the control of cotton stalks and to estimate the plant-back for corn sowing. Two trials were carried out simultaneously in a greenhouse, one for a single application and one for a sequential application of herbicides treatments. It was used a 15 x 5 factorial scheme, in a randomized block design with four replicates. The first factor was composed of herbicide treatments and the second factor of five sowing seasons after the application (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days). The experimental plots were composed of plastic pots with a capacity of 3 dm3 filled with loamy soil (470 g kg-1 clay), dried and sieved. The herbicides sprayed were 2,4-D, glyphosate, saflufenacil, [imazapic + imazapyr], dicamba, fluroxypyr, and sulfentrazone. The sequential application of most treatments provided an increase in the residual activity of the evaluated herbicides. The 2,4-D (1,340 g ha-1), 2,4-D + glyphosate (1,340 + 720 g ha-1) and 2,4-D + glyphosate + saflufenacil (1,340 + 720 + 105 g ha-1) presented the shortest safety intervals and were those that presented the low

São limitadas as informações sobre a atividade residual de herbicidas aplicados no controle das soqueiras do algodoeiro e o seu potencial para afetar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do milho semeado na safra seguinte. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar o efeito carryover promovido pela aplicação única e sequencial de herbicidas utilizados no controle das soqueiras do algodoeiro e estimar o intervalo de segurança entre o manejo químico da soqueira do algodoeiro e a semeadura do milho. Foram conduzidos simultaneamente dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, um para aplicação única e outro para aplicação sequencial dos tratamentos herbicidas. Os experimentos foram instalados em esquema fatorial 15 x 5, delineados em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator foi composto por tratamentos herbicidas e o segundo fator por cinco épocas de semeadura do milho após a aplicação (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). As parcelas experimentais foram compostas de vasos plásticos com capacidade para 3 dm3 preenchidos com solo de textura argilosa (470 g kg-1 de argila), seco e peneirado. Os herbicidas utilizados foram 2,4-D, glyphosate, saflufenacil, [imazapic+imazapyr], dicamba, fluroxypyr e sulfentrazone. Conclui-se que a aplicação sequencial da maioria dos tratamentos proporcionou um aumento na atividade residual dos herbicidas avaliados. Os tratamentos 2,4-D (1340 g ha-1)

Carryover of herbicides used in cotton stalk control on corn cultivated in succession / Carryover de herbicidas utilizados no controle de soqueiras do algodoeiro sobre o milho cultivado em sucessão

Information about the residual activity of herbicides sprayed in the control of cotton stalks and its potential to affect the development and productivity of corn sown in the following crop are limited. The objective of this work was to identify the carryover effect promoted by the single and sequential application of herbicides used in the control of cotton stalks and to estimate the plant-back for corn sowing. Two trials were carried out simultaneously in a greenhouse, one for a single application and one for a sequential application of herbicides treatments. It was used a 15 x 5 factorial scheme, in a randomized block design with four replicates. The first factor was composed of herbicide treatments and the second factor of five sowing seasons after the application (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days). The experimental plots were composed of plastic pots with a capacity of 3 dm3 filled with loamy soil (470 g kg-1 clay), dried and sieved. The herbicides sprayed were 2,4-D, glyphosate, saflufenacil, [imazapic + imazapyr], dicamba, fluroxypyr, and sulfentrazone. The sequential application of most treatments provided an increase in the residual activity of the evaluated herbicides. The 2,4-D (1,340 g ha-1), 2,4-D + glyphosate (1,340 + 720 g ha-1) and 2,4-D + glyphosate + saflufenacil (1,340 + 720 + 105 g ha-1) presented the shortest safety intervals and were those that presented the low(AU)

São limitadas as informações sobre a atividade residual de herbicidas aplicados no controle das soqueiras do algodoeiro e o seu potencial para afetar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do milho semeado na safra seguinte. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar o efeito carryover promovido pela aplicação única e sequencial de herbicidas utilizados no controle das soqueiras do algodoeiro e estimar o intervalo de segurança entre o manejo químico da soqueira do algodoeiro e a semeadura do milho. Foram conduzidos simultaneamente dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, um para aplicação única e outro para aplicação sequencial dos tratamentos herbicidas. Os experimentos foram instalados em esquema fatorial 15 x 5, delineados em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator foi composto por tratamentos herbicidas e o segundo fator por cinco épocas de semeadura do milho após a aplicação (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). As parcelas experimentais foram compostas de vasos plásticos com capacidade para 3 dm3 preenchidos com solo de textura argilosa (470 g kg-1 de argila), seco e peneirado. Os herbicidas utilizados foram 2,4-D, glyphosate, saflufenacil, [imazapic+imazapyr], dicamba, fluroxypyr e sulfentrazone. Conclui-se que a aplicação sequencial da maioria dos tratamentos proporcionou um aumento na atividade residual dos herbicidas avaliados. Os tratamentos 2,4-D (1340 g ha-1)(AU)

Effect of environmental contamination on female and male gametes – A lesson from bovines

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) and foodborne contaminants are environmental pollutants that are considered reproductive toxicants due to their deleterious effects on female and male gametes. Among the EDCs, the phthalate plasticizers are of growing concern. In-vivo and in-vitro models indicate that the oocyte is highly sensitive to phthalates. This review summarizes the effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its major metabolite mono(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on the oocyte. MEHP reduces the proportion of oocytes that fertilize, cleave and develop to the blastocyst stage. This is associated with negative effects on meiotic progression, and disruption of cortical granules, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial reorganization. MEHP alters mitochondrial membrane polarity, increases reactive oxygen species levels and induces alterations in genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation. A carryover effect from the oocyte to the blastocyst is manifested by alterations in the transcriptomic profile of blastocysts developed from MEHP-treated oocytes. Among foodborne contaminants, the pesticide atrazine (ATZ) and the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are of high concern. The potential hazards associated with exposure of spermatozoa to these contaminants and their carryover effect to the blastocyst are described. AFB1 and ATZ reduce spermatozoa's viability, as reflected by a high proportion of cells with damaged plasma membrane; induce acrosome reaction, expressed as damage to the acrosomal membrane; and interfere with mitochondrial function, characterized by hyperpolarization of the membrane. ATZ and AFB1-treated spermatozoa show a high proportion of cells with fragmented DNA. Exposure of spermatozoa to AFB1 and ATZ reduces fertilization and cleavage rates, but not that of blastocyst formation. However, fertilization with AFB1- or ATZ-treated spermatozoa impairs transcript expression in the formed blastocysts, implying a carryover effect. Taken together, the review indicates the risk of exposing farm animals to environmental contaminants, and their deleterious effects on female and male gametes and the developing embryo.

Effect of environmental contamination on female and male gametes A lesson from bovines

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) and foodborne contaminants are environmental pollutants that are considered reproductive toxicants due to their deleterious effects on female and male gametes. Among the EDCs, the phthalate plasticizers are of growing concern. In-vivo and in-vitro models indicate that the oocyte is highly sensitive to phthalates. This review summarizes the effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its major metabolite mono(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on the oocyte. MEHP reduces the proportion of oocytes that fertilize, cleave and develop to the blastocyst stage. This is associated with negative effects on meiotic progression, and disruption of cortical granules, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial reorganization. MEHP alters mitochondrial membrane polarity, increases reactive oxygen species levels and induces alterations in genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation. A carryover effect from the oocyte to the blastocyst is manifested by alterations in the transcriptomic profile of blastocysts developed from MEHP-treated oocytes. Among foodborne contaminants, the pesticide atrazine (ATZ) and the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are of high concern. The potential hazards associated with exposure of spermatozoa to these contaminants and their carryover effect to the blastocyst are described. AFB1 and ATZ reduce spermatozoa's viability, as reflected by a high proportion of cells with damaged plasma membrane; induce acrosome reaction, expressed as damage to the acrosomal membrane; and interfere with mitochondrial function, characterized by hyperpolarization of the membrane. ATZ and AFB1-treated spermatozoa show a high proportion of cells with fragmented DNA. Exposure of spermatozoa to AFB1 and ATZ reduces fertilization and cleavage rates, but not that of blastocyst formation. However, fertilization with AFB1- or ATZ-treated spermatozoa impairs transcript expression in the formed blastocysts, implying a carryover effect. Taken together, the review indicates the risk of exposing farm animals to environmental contaminants, and their deleterious effects on female and male gametes and the developing embryo.(AU)

Suplementation of Antibiotic Growth Promoters versus Supplementation of Functional Oils in Broiler Breeders: Performance and Offspring Effects

The effects of either functional oil or antibiotic growth promoter supplementation on broiler breeders and their offspring were assessed in 2 experiments. In Experiment I, 16,400 broiler breeders (22 weeks old) were distributed into 2 experimental groups, one supplemented with 1,500 ppm of a commercial blend of functional oils (active ingredients: cashew nutshell liquid and castor oil) and the other with 500 ppm of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD). Laying rates, fertility, embryonic mortality, and egg characteristics were measured from weeks 25 to 46. In Experiment II, 720 one day old male chicks, born from 42 week old breeders, from each one of the two treatments in Experiment I, were supplemented with either 10 ppm of enramycin or 1,500 ppm of the same functional oils as in Experiment I to study whether there were any maternal diet carry-over effects. Functional oils decreased embryonic mortality from 11.01% to 9.64% (P 0.03) when compared to BMD. However, a functional oil link increase in egg weight did not result in either heavier chicks or statistically significant better offspring performance. Nonetheless, a possible benefit of the functional oil supplementation on the offspring weight at 42 d cannot be excluded. The type of additive supplemented during Experiment II did not affect any performance parameters. In conclusion, functional oils could successfully replace antibiotic growth promoters in broiler breeders as embryonic mortality decreased. Finally, when functional oils were supplemented to the offspring, the performance was similar to that of a commonly used antibiotic growth promoter.(AU)

Suplementation of Antibiotic Growth Promoters versus Supplementation of Functional Oils in Broiler Breeders: Performance and Offspring Effects

The effects of either functional oil or antibiotic growth promoter supplementation on broiler breeders and their offspring were assessed in 2 experiments. In Experiment I, 16,400 broiler breeders (22 weeks old) were distributed into 2 experimental groups, one supplemented with 1,500 ppm of a commercial blend of functional oils (active ingredients: cashew nutshell liquid and castor oil) and the other with 500 ppm of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD). Laying rates, fertility, embryonic mortality, and egg characteristics were measured from weeks 25 to 46. In Experiment II, 720 one day old male chicks, born from 42 week old breeders, from each one of the two treatments in Experiment I, were supplemented with either 10 ppm of enramycin or 1,500 ppm of the same functional oils as in Experiment I to study whether there were any maternal diet carry-over effects. Functional oils decreased embryonic mortality from 11.01% to 9.64% (P 0.03) when compared to BMD. However, a functional oil link increase in egg weight did not result in either heavier chicks or statistically significant better offspring performance. Nonetheless, a possible benefit of the functional oil supplementation on the offspring weight at 42 d cannot be excluded. The type of additive supplemented during Experiment II did not affect any performance parameters. In conclusion, functional oils could successfully replace antibiotic growth promoters in broiler breeders as embryonic mortality decreased. Finally, when functional oils were supplemented to the offspring, the performance was similar to that of a commonly used antibiotic growth promoter.

Linearidade e carryover do contador hematológico Horiba ® Abx Micros ESV 60

ABSTRACT: The automated hematology counter ABX Micros 60 ESX (Horiba Medical 2012) is veterinary hematology analyzer multi-species that carries 50 counts per hour releases 18 blood parameters, in addition to graphical representations (histograms) for leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the apparatus with respect to linearity and carryover through commercial control and blood samples from the routine of Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory. According to results we can say that this device has excellent linearity coefficient (r2=0.99) in leukocyte parameters, erythrocytes and platelets during that time dilutions. Regarding the carryover was excellent device performance, however, was not in conformity values in the parameters of MCHC and VPM in one of the methodologies made that can be justified by the limited formula that does not consider the equipment characteristics.

RESUMO: O contador automático hematológico ABX Micros ESX 60 (Horiba Medical 2012) é analisador hematológico veterinário multi-espécie que realiza 50 contagens por hora, libera 18 parâmetros sanguíneos, além de fazer representações gráficas (histogramas) para leucócitos, hemácias e plaquetas. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho do referido aparelho em relação à linearidade e carryover, através de controle comercial e de amostras de sangue provenientes da rotina do Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Veterinária. De acordo com resultados é possível afirmar que o presente aparelho possui um excelente coeficiente de linearidade (r2=0,99) nos parâmetros de leucócitos, eritrócitos e plaquetas em relação às diluições estudadas. Em relação aos carryover houve excelente desempenho do aparelho, contudo, houve valores não conformes nos parâmetros de CHCM e VPM em uma das metodologias realizadas que pode ser justificada pela limitação da fórmula que não considera a características do equipamento.

Effect of tembotrione herbicide on potato development / Efeito do herbicida tembotrione sobre o desenvolvimento da batata

Tembotrione herbicide residues from maize crops in the soil can affect the growth of sensitive crops in succession, such as potatoes. In this sense, this study sought to evaluate the residual effect of tembotrione on growth and development of potato plants. A field experiment with randomized blocks design with four replications was conducted. The treatments were incorporated to the soil one day before the planting of the Atlantic potato cultivar and consisted of four doses of tembotrione: 8.4; 16.8; 33.6 and 50.4 g ha-1; representing 8.4; 16.8; 33.6 and 50.0% of the recommended dose for maize, and a control treatment (without herbicide and weeding). Fresh matter mass of tuber (FMMT), number of stems (NS), number of tubers (NT) per plant and total dry matter mass (aerial parts and stem) (DMM) were evaluated at 60 and 90 days. FMMT, NT and DMM decreased with increasing doses of tembotrione. The largest reductions on both evaluated seasons were found for the 50.4 g ha-1 i.a. dose. The number of stems was not influenced by the tembotrione herbicide doses regardless of evaluated season. The results indicated that the presence of tembotrione in soil reduced growth and the number of tubers produced by potato plants.

Os resíduos do herbicida tembotrione no solo, proveniente de cultivos de milho, podem afetar o crescimento de culturas sensíveis, como a batata, em sucessão. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do herbicida tembotrione sobre o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da batateira. Realizou-se um experimento de campo em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram incorporados ao solo um dia antes do plantio da batata cultivar Atlantic e constituídos de quatro doses de tembotrione: 8,4; 16,8; 33,6 e 50,4 g ha-1, representando 8,4; 16,8; 33,6 e 50% da dose recomendada para a cultura do milho, e um tratamento controle (sem herbicida e capinada). Aos 60 e 90 dias após o plantio foram avaliadas a massa de matéria fresca de tubérculo (MMFT), o número de hastes (NH), o número de tubérculos (NT) por planta e a massa de matéria seca total (parte aérea + haste) (MMST). A MMFT, NT e MMST decresceram com o aumento das doses do tembotrione, sendo que as maiores reduções encontradas, nas duas épocas avaliadas, foram na dose de 50,4 g ha-1 i.a. O número de hastes não foi influenciado pelas doses do herbicida tembotrione independente da época avaliada. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a presença de tembotrione no solo reduziu o crescimento e a quantidade de tubérculos produzidos pela batateira.

Effect of tembotrione herbicide on potato development / Efeito do herbicida tembotrione sobre o desenvolvimento da batata

Tembotrione herbicide residues from maize crops in the soil can affect the growth of sensitive crops in succession, such as potatoes. In this sense, this study sought to evaluate the residual effect of tembotrione on growth and development of potato plants. A field experiment with randomized blocks design with four replications was conducted. The treatments were incorporated to the soil one day before the planting of the Atlantic potato cultivar and consisted of four doses of tembotrione: 8.4; 16.8; 33.6 and 50.4 g ha-1; representing 8.4; 16.8; 33.6 and 50.0% of the recommended dose for maize, and a control treatment (without herbicide and weeding). Fresh matter mass of tuber (FMMT), number of stems (NS), number of tubers (NT) per plant and total dry matter mass (aerial parts and stem) (DMM) were evaluated at 60 and 90 days. FMMT, NT and DMM decreased with increasing doses of tembotrione. The largest reductions on both evaluated seasons were found for the 50.4 g ha-1 i.a. dose. The number of stems was not influenced by the tembotrione herbicide doses regardless of evaluated season. The results indicated that the presence of tembotrione in soil reduced growth and the number of tubers produced by potato plants.(AU)

Os resíduos do herbicida tembotrione no solo, proveniente de cultivos de milho, podem afetar o crescimento de culturas sensíveis, como a batata, em sucessão. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do herbicida tembotrione sobre o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da batateira. Realizou-se um experimento de campo em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram incorporados ao solo um dia antes do plantio da batata cultivar Atlantic e constituídos de quatro doses de tembotrione: 8,4; 16,8; 33,6 e 50,4 g ha-1, representando 8,4; 16,8; 33,6 e 50% da dose recomendada para a cultura do milho, e um tratamento controle (sem herbicida e capinada). Aos 60 e 90 dias após o plantio foram avaliadas a massa de matéria fresca de tubérculo (MMFT), o número de hastes (NH), o número de tubérculos (NT) por planta e a massa de matéria seca total (parte aérea + haste) (MMST). A MMFT, NT e MMST decresceram com o aumento das doses do tembotrione, sendo que as maiores reduções encontradas, nas duas épocas avaliadas, foram na dose de 50,4 g ha-1 i.a. O número de hastes não foi influenciado pelas doses do herbicida tembotrione independente da época avaliada. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a presença de tembotrione no solo reduziu o crescimento e a quantidade de tubérculos produzidos pela batateira.(AU)

Linearidade e carryover do contador hematológico Horiba ® Abx Micros ESV 60 / Linearity and carryover of automated hematology counter Horiba ® Abx Micros ESV 60

O contador automático hematológico ABX Micros ESX 60 (Horiba Medical 2012) é analisador hematológico veterinário multi-espécie que realiza 50 contagens por hora, libera 18 parâmetros sanguíneos, além de fazer representações gráficas (histogramas) para leucócitos, hemácias e plaquetas. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho do referido aparelho em relação à linearidade e carryover, através de controle comercial e de amostras de sangue provenientes da rotina do Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Veterinária. De acordo com resultados é possível afirmar que o presente aparelho possui um excelente coeficiente de linearidade (r2=0,99) nos parâmetros de leucócitos, eritrócitos e plaquetas em relação às diluições estudadas. Em relação aos carryover houve excelente desempenho do aparelho, contudo, houve valores não conformes nos parâmetros de CHCM e VPM em uma das metodologias realizadas que pode ser justificada pela limitação da fórmula que não considera a características do equipamento.(AU)

The automated hematology counter ABX Micros 60 ESX (Horiba Medical 2012) is veterinary hematology analyzer multi-species that carries 50 counts per hour releases 18 blood parameters, in addition to graphical representations (histograms) for leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the apparatus with respect to linearity and carryover through commercial control and blood samples from the routine of Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory. According to results we can say that this device has excellent linearity coefficient (r2=0.99) in leukocyte parameters, erythrocytes and platelets during that time dilutions. Regarding the carryover was excellent device performance, however, was not in conformity values ​​in the parameters of MCHC and VPM in one of the methodologies made that can be justified by the limited formula that does not consider the equipment characteristics.(AU)

Linearidade e carryover do contador hematológico Horiba ® Abx Micros ESV 60 / Linearity and carryover of automated hematology counter Horiba ® Abx Micros ESV 60

O contador automático hematológico ABX Micros ESX 60 (Horiba Medical 2012) é analisador hematológico veterinário multi-espécie que realiza 50 contagens por hora, libera 18 parâmetros sanguíneos, além de fazer representações gráficas (histogramas) para leucócitos, hemácias e plaquetas. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho do referido aparelho em relação à linearidade e carryover, através de controle comercial e de amostras de sangue provenientes da rotina do Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Veterinária. De acordo com resultados é possível afirmar que o presente aparelho possui um excelente coeficiente de linearidade (r2=0,99) nos parâmetros de leucócitos, eritrócitos e plaquetas em relação às diluições estudadas. Em relação aos carryover houve excelente desempenho do aparelho, contudo, houve valores não conformes nos parâmetros de CHCM e VPM em uma das metodologias realizadas que pode ser justificada pela limitação da fórmula que não considera a características do equipamento.(AU)

The automated hematology counter ABX Micros 60 ESX (Horiba Medical 2012) is veterinary hematology analyzer multi-species that carries 50 counts per hour releases 18 blood parameters, in addition to graphical representations (histograms) for leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the apparatus with respect to linearity and carryover through commercial control and blood samples from the routine of Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory. According to results we can say that this device has excellent linearity coefficient (r2=0.99) in leukocyte parameters, erythrocytes and platelets during that time dilutions. Regarding the carryover was excellent device performance, however, was not in conformity values ​​in the parameters of MCHC and VPM in one of the methodologies made that can be justified by the limited formula that does not consider the equipment characteristics.(AU)

Subsequent Effect of Dietary Lysine Regimens Fed in the Starter Phase on the Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Chemical Composition of Aseel Chicken in the Grower Phase

ABSTRACT This study was designed to examine carryover effect of dietary lysine (Lys) levels fed during the starter phase on the growth performance of three varieties of Aseel chickens. A total of 378 birds (126 from each variety) derived from a previous experiment, in which birds were distributed according a randomized block design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, were evaluated from 7-18 weeks of age. Treatments consisted of three varieties of Aseel chicken [(Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW) and Lakha (LK)] fed three dietary Lys regimes (high, medium and low) during the starter phase (0-6 weeks). In the present experiment, the performance parameters, carcass traits, and meat chemical composition six replicates of seven birds per treatment were evaluated. The MW variety exhibited higher weight gain and better feed to gain ratio (p 0.05). Previous medium dietary Lys regimen improved weight gain, feed to gain ratio, final weight gain (p0.05). Birds previously fed medium dietary Lys showed higher thigh dry matter content (p 0.05), and those previously fed low Lys significantly higher thigh crude protein (CP) content (p 0.05). The highest breast muscle CP % were observed birds previously fed the high Lys regime (p 0.05), those of the MW variety (p 0.05). Higher slaughter weight and carcass weight and yield were obtained in the birds previously fed to medium dietary Lys level (p 0.05), and the MW variety showed overall better carcass traits (p 0.05). It is concluded that medium Lys levels in the starter feed promote subsequent better growth performance and that the MW variety has better carcass traits, it may be used as for rural chicken meat production.

Subsequent Effect of Dietary Lysine Regimens Fed in the Starter Phase on the Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Chemical Composition of Aseel Chicken in the Grower Phase

This study was designed to examine carryover effect of dietary lysine (Lys) levels fed during the starter phase on the growth performance of three varieties of Aseel chickens. A total of 378 birds (126 from each variety) derived from a previous experiment, in which birds were distributed according a randomized block design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, were evaluated from 7-18 weeks of age. Treatments consisted of three varieties of Aseel chicken [(Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW) and Lakha (LK)] fed three dietary Lys regimes (high, medium and low) during the starter phase (0-6 weeks). In the present experiment, the performance parameters, carcass traits, and meat chemical composition six replicates of seven birds per treatment were evaluated. The MW variety exhibited higher weight gain and better feed to gain ratio (p 0.05). Previous medium dietary Lys regimen improved weight gain, feed to gain ratio, final weight gain (p0.05). Birds previously fed medium dietary Lys showed higher thigh dry matter content (p 0.05), and those previously fed low Lys significantly higher thigh crude protein (CP) content (p 0.05). The highest breast muscle CP % were observed birds previously fed the high Lys regime (p 0.05), those of the MW variety (p 0.05). Higher slaughter weight and carcass weight and yield were obtained in the birds previously fed to medium dietary Lys level (p 0.05), and the MW variety showed overall better carcass traits (p 0.05). It is concluded that medium Lys levels in the starter feed promote subsequent better growth performance and that the MW variety has better carcass traits, it may be used as for rural chicken meat production.(AU)

Subsequent Effect of Dietary Lysine Regimens Fed in the Starter Phase on the Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Chemical Composition of Aseel Chicken in the Grower Phase

This study was designed to examine carryover effect of dietary lysine (Lys) levels fed during the starter phase on the growth performance of three varieties of Aseel chickens. A total of 378 birds (126 from each variety) derived from a previous experiment, in which birds were distributed according a randomized block design in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, were evaluated from 7-18 weeks of age. Treatments consisted of three varieties of Aseel chicken [(Mianwali (MW), Peshawari (PW) and Lakha (LK)] fed three dietary Lys regimes (high, medium and low) during the starter phase (0-6 weeks). In the present experiment, the performance parameters, carcass traits, and meat chemical composition six replicates of seven birds per treatment were evaluated. The MW variety exhibited higher weight gain and better feed to gain ratio (p 0.05). Previous medium dietary Lys regimen improved weight gain, feed to gain ratio, final weight gain (p0.05). Birds previously fed medium dietary Lys showed higher thigh dry matter content (p 0.05), and those previously fed low Lys significantly higher thigh crude protein (CP) content (p 0.05). The highest breast muscle CP % were observed birds previously fed the high Lys regime (p 0.05), those of the MW variety (p 0.05). Higher slaughter weight and carcass weight and yield were obtained in the birds previously fed to medium dietary Lys level (p 0.05), and the MW variety showed overall better carcass traits (p 0.05). It is concluded that medium Lys levels in the starter feed promote subsequent better growth performance and that the MW variety has better carcass traits, it may be used as for rural chicken meat production.

Impact and mechanisms of inflammatory diseases on embryonic development and fertility in cattle

Inflammatory diseases are prevalent in cattle and impair fertility. Cows affected by inflammatory disease from parturition to the day before breeding have reduced fertilization of oocytes, reduced survival of zygotes to the morula stage, impaired development to early stages of conceptus elongation, reduced secretion of interferon during the period of pregnancy recognition, altered transcriptome of preimplantation conceptus cells, and increased pregnancy loss. Consequently, these cows have reduced pregnancy and calving per breeding. Reduced oocyte competence is alikely reason for the carryover effects of diseases on developmental biology, But impaired uterine environment is also involved. Effects on pregnancy survival are observed up to 5 months after the diagnosis and treatment of disease, and effects on developmental biology seem to be extended into postnatal life in pregnancies that survive until term. Although the biological mechanism mediating the effects of inflammatory diseases are still not completely understood, control of inflammation during the clinical presentation of diseases seems to alleviate the negative effects on reproductive biology. It is increasingly evident that animal health, not only at the time of breeding or pregnancy development but also in the period preceding breeding, is imperative for optimal reproduction in cattle and should always be considered in herd evaluations and managerial decisions.

Impact and mechanisms of inflammatory diseases on embryonic development and fertility in cattle

Inflammatory diseases are prevalent in cattle and impair fertility. Cows affected by inflammatory disease from parturition to the day before breeding have reduced fertilization of oocytes, reduced survival of zygotes to the morula stage, impaired development to early stages of conceptus elongation, reduced secretion of interferon during the period of pregnancy recognition, altered transcriptome of preimplantation conceptus cells, and increased pregnancy loss. Consequently, these cows have reduced pregnancy and calving per breeding. Reduced oocyte competence is alikely reason for the carryover effects of diseases on developmental biology, But impaired uterine environment is also involved. Effects on pregnancy survival are observed up to 5 months after the diagnosis and treatment of disease, and effects on developmental biology seem to be extended into postnatal life in pregnancies that survive until term. Although the biological mechanism mediating the effects of inflammatory diseases are still not completely understood, control of inflammation during the clinical presentation of diseases seems to alleviate the negative effects on reproductive biology. It is increasingly evident that animal health, not only at the time of breeding or pregnancy development but also in the period preceding breeding, is imperative for optimal reproduction in cattle and should always be considered in herd evaluations and managerial decisions.(AU)

Estratégias alternativas e novidades em imunidade, saúde e desempenho de bovinos leiteiros

Na pecuária leiteira existem duas fases críticas na vida dos animais. Ainda na fase jovem, as bezerras passam por um turbulento momento em que são movidas da fase de criação individual para uma criação em grupos após o desaleitamento. Outro momento crítico da vida dos bovinos leiteiros é a transição das vacas adultas de um estado gestante não-lactante para um estado nãogestante lactante. Inúmeros estudos têm identificado o impacto negativo destas fases na vida dos animais em relação à súbita mudança dos mecanismos homeorréticos e homeostáticos. Diante disso, foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação de um produto ultra-diluído nos primeiro 112 dias após o agrupamento de bezerras da raça Holandês sobre a incidência de doenças e produtividade de bezerras até a primeira lactação. Embora não se tenha observado melhora no desempenho dos animais no período de suplementação, menor incidência de diarreia foi detectado para animais consumindo o produto ultra-diluído. Além disso, menor taxa de descarte foi detectado na fase de criação após a suplementação. Aqui também foi conduzido um estudo para testar o potencial efeito de um produto ultra-diluído sobre atividade de leucócitos polimorfunucleados (PMNs) e índices de doenças respiratórias de bezerras da raça Holandês após o agrupamento. Não foi detectada nenhuma alteração na função dos PMNs nem nos escores de doença respiratória. Em relação ao impacto do período de transição de vacas leiteiras, foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação injetável de micro-minerais (Se, Cu, Zn e Mn) na secagem, pré-parto a 35 dias após o parto sobre a imunidade, incidência de doenças, produtividade e sobrevivência de vacas leiteiras passando o período de transição em clima semi-árido. Não foi detectado melhora no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo dos animais, entretanto menor incidência de metrite e natimortos foi detectado para as vacas tratadas com o suplemento. Também, maior funcionalidade de PMNs foi detectado para o grupo tratado. Finalmente, diante da necessidade de se avaliar uma técnica com maior exequibilidade que poderia substituir ou reduzir a redundância de técnicas atualmente empregadas na avaliação do sistema imune de vacas leiteiras no início da lactação, foi conduzido um estudo para avaliar a associação de anticorpos naturais (AN; IgM e IgG), imunoglobulinas totais (Ig; M e G) e a função de PMNs no terceiro dia após o parto de vacas Holandesas. Foi detectado correlação positiva entre ANIgM e IgM. Além disso, IgM foi positivamente associada à função dos PMNs.

There are two critical phases in dairy animals life. Still in the young phase, calves usually pass through a turbulent moment when they are moved from the individual housing phase to a group housing system after weaning. Another critical moment in dairy cattles life is the transition from a non-lactating pregnant state to a non-pregnant lactating state in mature cows. Numerous studies have identified the negative impact of these phases on the homeorretic and homeostatic mechanisms. Therefore, the objective of the first study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing an ultra-diluted product in the first 112 days after grouping of Holstein heifers on the incidence of diseases and performance. Also, its carryover impacts up to first lactation was evaluated. Although there was no improvement on performance during the supplementation period, a lower incidence of diarrhea was detected for animals consuming the ultra-diluted product. In addition, a lower culling rate was detected at the raising phase after supplementation. A study was also conducted herein to test the potential effect of an ultra-diluted product on polymorphonucleate leukocytes (PMNL) function and respiratory disease of Holstein calves after grouping. No changes were detected in PMNL function or scores for respiratory disease. Regarding the impact of the transition period on mature dairy cows, a trial was performed to evaluate the effect of injectable trace mineral supplementation (Se, Cu, Zn and Mn) at dry-off, close-up, and 35 days after calving on immunity, incidence of diseases, reproductive outcomes, milk production, and survivability of dairy cows undergoing the transition period in semi-arid environment. No effects of injectable trace minerals were detected in productive and reproductive performance; however, a lower incidence of metritis and stillbirths was detected for cows supplemented. Also, greater PMNL function was detected for supplement treated group. Finally, in view of the need to evaluate a new method with greater feasibility that could replace or reduce the redundancy of techniques currently used in immune system evaluation of early postpartum dairy cows, a study was conducted to evaluate the association of natural antibodies (NAb; IgM and IgG), total immunoglobulins (Ig; M and G), and PMNL function of dairy cows on day 3 after calving. A positive correlation was detected between NAbIgM and IgM. In addition, IgM was positively associated with PMNL function of dairy cows.

Effects of calcium salts of palm fatty acids on nutrient digestibility, energy partitioning and production responses of lactating dairy cows

Objetivou-se a partir desta tese avaliar os efeitos de sais de cálcio dos ácidos graxos do óleo de palma (CSPF) sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o particionamento de energia e as respostas produtivas de vacas leiteiras em lactação. Uma meta-análise foi realizada para avaliar os efeitos dos CSPF em comparação com dietas controle sem inclusão de gordura sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e as respostas produtivas de vacas leiteiras em lactação recebendo dieta total (Capítulo 2). Além disso, também utilizamos uma meta-análise para avaliar se os delineamentos experimentais contínuos (inteiramente casualizados, ou casualizados em blocos) ou não contínuos (quadrado latino ou crossover) afetam as repostas obtidas pela suplementação com CSPF. Mais dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliar os efeitos dos CSPF sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o particionamento de energia e as respostas produtivas de vacas leiteiras em lactação mantidas em pastagens tropicais. Em um dos experimentos, os CSPF foram avaliados em vacas leiteiras no meio da lactação (Capítulo 3), e no outro experimento foram avaliados os efeitos de níveis de inclusão de CSPF em vacas leiteiras no início da lactação, com consequente avaliação do efeito residual (Capítulo 4). A meta-análise indicou que os CSPF reduzem o CMS, aumentam a digestibilidade de FDN, e melhoraram as respostas produtivas de vacas leiteiras recebendo uma dieta total. Adicionalmente, não foram observadas interações entre os delineamentos experimentais e a suplementação com CSPF (Capítulo 2). O uso de CSPF para vacas leiteiras no meio da lactação mantidas em pastagens tropicais reduziu o consumo de matéria orgânica, sem afetar a ingestão de energia, aumentou a digestibilidade da matéria orgânica, de FDN, e de ácidos graxos totais, além de ter alterado a partição energética, promovendo aumentos na produção de leite, deposição de gordura no leite, produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, e também a produção de leite corrigida para energia (Capítulo 3). Os níveis de CSPF para vacas leiteiras no início da lactação mantidas em pastagens tropicais reduziram o CMS sem afetar consumo de energia, aumentaram linearmente a digestibilidade de FDN, e promoveram aumento quadrático sobre a digestibilidade de ácidos graxos totais, além de terem aumentado linearmente a produção de leite, a deposição de gordura no leite, e a produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura. O uso de CSPF para vacas leiteiras no início da lactação mantidas em pastagens tropicais acarretou em efeito residual positivo após o fim do período de suplementação (Capítulo 4). No geral, os resultados obtidos nesta tese indicam que as respostas obtidas por delineamentos contínuos e não contínuos à suplementação com CSPF são as mesmas. O uso de CSPF promove redução no CMS sem afetar a ingestão de energia, aumenta a digestibilidade de FDN e de ácidos graxos totais, promove alterações na partição de energia, aumentando a produção de leite, a deposição de gordura no leite, e a produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura. Quando fornecidos no início da lactação, os CSPF têm efeito residual positivo sobre a produção de leite após o término do período de suplementação.

The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPF) on nutrient digestibility, energy partitioning and production responses of lactating dairy cows. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of CSPF compared to non-fat supplemented control diets on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows receiving TMR. In addition, we also used a meta-analysis to evaluate whether experimental designs classified as either continuous (completely randomized and randomized as block) or change-over (crossover and Latin square) impact the responses of supplemental CSPF (Chapter 2). More two studies were performed to evaluate the effects of CSPF on nutrient digestibility, energy partitioning, and production responses of lactating dairy cows grazing on tropical pastures. One experiment evaluated CSPF in mid-lactation dairy cows (Chapter 3), and the other evaluated the dose response effects of CSPF in early-lactation dairy cows, with a potentially positive carryover effect (Chapter 4). The meta-analysis indicated that CSPF increased NDF digestibility and improved the production responses of lactating dairy cows receiving TMR. In addition, we did not observe interactions between experimental designs and CSPF supplementation (Chapter 2). Feeding CSPF to mid-lactation dairy cows grazing on tropical pasture decreased OM intake, but did not affect energy intake, increased OM, NDF and fatty acid (FA) digestibility, and altered energy partitioning, promoting increases in the yields of milk, milk fat, 3.5% FCM, and ECM (Chapter 3). Increasing CSPF to early-lactation dairy cows grazing on tropical pastures linearly decreased DMI, but did not affect energy intake, linearly increased NDF and quadratically increased FA digestibility, and linearly increased energy output for milk, promoting linear increases in the yields of milk, milk fat, 3.5% FCM, and ECM. Feeding CSPF to early-lactation dairy cows grazing on tropical pastures had a positive carryover effect on milk production (Chapter 4). Our results indicate no reason for the restrictive use of change-over designs in CSPF supplementation studies and meta-analyses. Feeding CSPF to lactating dairy cows reduced DMI, but did not affect energy intake, increased NDF and FA digestibility, and altered energy partitioning, promoting increases in the yields of milk, milk fat, and 3.5% FCM. Also, feeding CSPF to early-lactation dairy cows grazing on tropical pastures had a positive carryover effect on milk production.