Dry-eye syndrome in Shih Tzu dog: Ocular surface clinical and morphological aspects in the different stages of keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Síndrome do olho seco em Shih Tzu: aspectos clínicos e morfológicos da superfície ocular nas diferentes fases da ceratoconjuntivite seca

ABSTRACT: This study analyzed clinical and cyto-histomorphological parameters of the ocular surface of Shih Tzu dogs, non-carriers and carriers of quantitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) at different stages. Thirty-five eyes from 23 male and female Shih Tzu dogs between two and eight years were evaluated in four groups: control group (CG - without KCS), mild KCS group (KCS1), moderate KCS group (KCS2), and severe KCS group (KCS3). Most clinical variables among KCS carrier groups worsened at the more advanced stages of the disease, with a negative correlation between the Schirmer tear test (STT-1) and tear film break-up time (TBUT). Squamous metaplasia, lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate, and decrease in conjunctival goblet cells on histopathological examination comprised disease severity parameters. Quantitative KCS non-carried Shih Tzu dogs have qualitative and tear film distribution changes. The cytomorphological exam is limited to evaluating the inflammatory infiltrate and quantifying conjunctival goblet cells. However, intermediate epithelial cells were higher in healthy eyes compared to eyes with KCS in Shih Tzu dogs. Also, moderate and severe KCS carrier Shih Tzu dogs have qualitative dysfunction of the tear film. KCS in Shih Tzu dogs is common and chronic and may be responsible for the loss of vision of these animals. Early identification of the disease and routine evaluation can improve these dogs' quality of life and ocular health.

RESUMO: Este estudo analizou os parâmetros clinicos e cito-histomorfológicos da superfície ocular de cães da raça Shih Tzu, portadores e não portadores de ceratoconjuntivite seca quantitative (CCS) em diferentes estágios. Trinta e cinco olhos de 23 cães da raça Shih Tzu, machos e fêmeas, entre as idades de dois e oito anos foram avaliados em quatro grupos: grupo controle (GC - sem CCS), grupo CCS inicial (CCS1), grupo CCS moderada (CCS2) e grupo CCS severa (CCS3). A maioria das variáveis clínicas dentro os grupos portadores de CCS pioraram a medida que os estágios da doença avançam, com correlações negativas entre o teste lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS) e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL). Metaplasia escamosa, infiltrado inflamatório linfoplasmocítico e diminuição das células caliciformes no exame histopatológico compreenderam parâmetros de severidade da doença. Cães Shih Tzu não portadores de CCS quantitativa tem alterações qualitativas e na distribuição do filme lacrimal. O exame citomorfológico é limitado para a avaliação do infiltrado inflamatório e quantificação de células caliciformes. Entretanto, células inermediárias epiteliais são mais presents nos olhos saudáveis quando comparados aos olhos portadores de CCS em Shih Tzus. Também, Shih Tzus portadores de CCS nos estágios moderados e severos possuem disfunções qualitativas da lágrima. A CCS em Shih Tzu é comum, crônica e pode ser responsável pela perda de visão dos animais. A identificação precoce da doença e avaliações rotineiras podem aumentar a qualidade de vida e a saúde ocular nesses cães.

Carcinoma de células escamosas corneal em um cão - uso da Mitomicina C 0, 02% como adjuvante no tratamento / Corneal squamous cell carcinoma in a dog - use of Mitomycin C 0. 02% as an adjuvant therapy

Background: Although Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is most commonly seen in the epidermis, this malignant neoplasm can manifest in various other tissues. A wide range of factors may be related to the development of SCC in the cornea, with continuous exposure to ultraviolet radiation and chronic friction to the ocular surface being the most accepted theories. In addition to surgical procedures, the use of mitomycin C in the topical treatment of corneal SCC has shown good results in therapeutic management. Thus, the objective of the current work is to report the satisfactory response observed in the use of mitomycin C in a case of SCC in the cornea of a dog. Case: A 9-year-old male Pug dog was attended by the Veterinary Ophthalmology and Microsurgery Sector (SOMVET) of the University Veterinary Hospital (HVU) of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) with Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) in the cornea of the left eye, which had recurred after a previous surgical intervention. Secretion and discomfort in the left eye were noted during clinical examination. In addition, both eyes presented pigmentary keratitis in the medial corner. Surgical excision of the neoplasm was performed using the surgical technique of anterior lamellar keratectomy. In the immediate postoperative period, topical therapy was started with eye drops based on mitomycin C at 0.02%, for a period of 28 consecutive days. The use of this chemotherapy drug in the topical form was intended to minimize the chances of recurrence of the clinical condition, since the patient is predisposed to this alteration. In addition, supportive therapy was implemented to improve patient comfort, consisting of the use of tobramycin-based eye drops (6 times a day, for 14 days), atropine 1% eye drops (BID, for 3 days), lubricating eye drops based on sodium hyaluronate (3 times a day, for continuous use), and immunomodulatory eye drops based on tacrolimus 0.02% (twice a day, for continuous use). The patient was evaluated 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after surgery, when good results were observed. One year after treatment, the dog was still showing no signs of recurrence of the treated clinical condition. Discussion: It is known that chronic friction on the surface of the cornea predisposes to the diagnosis of corneal SCC. Accordingly, in the clinical examination of the patient in this report, the presence of bilateral pigmentary keratitis was observed, an alteration that leads to a framework of chronic aggression to the cornea. Surgical treatment is recommended to remove the tumor mass in the ocular region. However, in cases of corneal SCC, the literature highlights that recurrence after surgical excision is a common factor. As the patient in this study arrived at the clinic with a history of recurrence, topical therapy with mitomycin C associated with surgical treatment was instituted. This chemotherapy drug has shown encouraging results in the treatment of some neoplasms, especially SCC. Its use in this case supported previous findings, pointing to a satisfactory result in which the patient had no recurrences after one year of follow-up. In addition, the concentration and frequency used of the active ingredient did not lead to adverse effects in the short or medium term.

Oral mucosa transplantation may improve tear film osmolarity in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca - a preliminary study / [Transplante da mucosa oral na melhoria da osmolaridade do filme lacrimal em cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca - estudo preliminar]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of cyclosporine 1% alone or associated with oral mucosa transplantation (OMT) in dogs with dry keratoconjunctivitis (KCS). Schirmer Tear Test (STT-1) and Tear Film Osmolarity (TFO) were measured in both eyes of 30 adult dogs (before and 45 days after treatment. The animals were divided into three groups (10 dogs for group): control (normal dogs), group I (GI, treated with 1% cyclosporine alone), and group II (GII, treated with 1% cyclosporine and OMT). All STT-1 and TFO values were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and all were normally distributed. STT-1 and TFO values before and after treatment were subjected to the T-Student Test. The STT­1 and TFO values of the right eye were subjected to Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by a Tukey Test for comparison between groups I and II. Means with a value of p≤0.05 were considered significant. There was a decreased osmolarity in both groups after treatment. Mean osmolarity in GII (322.60±16.56 mOsm/L) was significantly lower than GI (336.40±5.66 mOsm/L). The OMT associated with cyclosporine 1% improved the osmolarity of the tear film in dogs with KCS with a seeming synergism between the clinical and surgical treatments.(AU)

Avaliou-se o uso de ciclosporina 1% isolada ou associada ao transplante de mucosa oral (TMO) em cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). O teste lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS-1) e a osmolaridade do filme lacrimal (OFL) foram medidos em ambos os olhos, em 30 cães adultos, antes e 45 dias após o tratamento. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos (10 cães por grupo): controle (cães saudáveis), grupo I (GI, tratados apenas com ciclosporina 1%) e grupo II (GII, tratados com 1% de ciclosporina associada ao TMO). Todos os valores do TLS-1 e da OFL foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, e todos foram distribuídos normalmente. Os valores de TLS-1 e OFT antes e depois do tratamento foram submetidos ao teste T-Student. Os valores TLS-1 e OFT do olho direito foram submetidos à ANOVA de medidas repetidas, seguida por um teste de Tukey para comparação entre os grupos I e II. Valor de P≤0,05 foi considerado significativo. Houve uma diminuição da osmolaridade em ambos os grupos após o tratamento. A osmolaridade média no GII (322,60±16,56 mOsm/L) foi significativamente inferior à no GI (336,40±5,66 mOsm/L). O TMO associado à ciclosporina 1% melhorou a osmolaridade do filme lacrimal em cães com CCS, com uma sinergia aparente entre os tratamentos clínicos e cirúrgicos.(AU)

Edema de córnea severo em cão naturalmente infectado por Leishmania spp / Severe corneal edema in a dog naturally infected by Leishmania spp

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum that istransmitted to dogs and humans by sandflies. The incidence of eye injuries in VL is high. They occur in 20 to 81% ofinfected dogs and include blepharitis, granulomatous conjunctivitis, scleritis, keratitis, anterior uveitis, keratoconjunctivitissicca, and secondary glaucoma. However, some dogs present only the clinical signs of eye damage. The main objective ofthis manuscript is to report a case of anterior uveitis with severe corneal edema in a dog with VL that underwent clinicaland surgical ophthalmic treatments after miltefosine therapy.Case: An 8-month-old, intact male Labrador Retriever with brown fur presented with pruritus, diffuse desquamation,and conjunctival hyperemia on physical evaluation. On the basis of an ophthalmic examination, nodular conjunctivitisand uveitis were diagnosed in both eyes. Moreover, laboratory examination results showed hyperproteinemia, increasedserum alkaline phosphatase activity, and positive reactions to immunochromatographic tests for VL. Clinical treatmentwas instituted from the moment of diagnosis, when miltefosine and allopurinol were prescribed. at the end of treatment,based on laboratory examination results, only clinical support treatment based on remaining clinical-pathological changeswas prescribed. Topical medications (prednisolone eye drops and sodium hyaluronate) were recommended for the ophthalmic changes. One week after the start of topical treatment, the dog showed...

Edema de córnea severo em cão naturalmente infectado por Leishmania spp / Severe corneal edema in a dog naturally infected by Leishmania spp

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum that istransmitted to dogs and humans by sandflies. The incidence of eye injuries in VL is high. They occur in 20 to 81% ofinfected dogs and include blepharitis, granulomatous conjunctivitis, scleritis, keratitis, anterior uveitis, keratoconjunctivitissicca, and secondary glaucoma. However, some dogs present only the clinical signs of eye damage. The main objective ofthis manuscript is to report a case of anterior uveitis with severe corneal edema in a dog with VL that underwent clinicaland surgical ophthalmic treatments after miltefosine therapy.Case: An 8-month-old, intact male Labrador Retriever with brown fur presented with pruritus, diffuse desquamation,and conjunctival hyperemia on physical evaluation. On the basis of an ophthalmic examination, nodular conjunctivitisand uveitis were diagnosed in both eyes. Moreover, laboratory examination results showed hyperproteinemia, increasedserum alkaline phosphatase activity, and positive reactions to immunochromatographic tests for VL. Clinical treatmentwas instituted from the moment of diagnosis, when miltefosine and allopurinol were prescribed. at the end of treatment,based on laboratory examination results, only clinical support treatment based on remaining clinical-pathological changeswas prescribed. Topical medications (prednisolone eye drops and sodium hyaluronate) were recommended for the ophthalmic changes. One week after the start of topical treatment, the dog showed...(AU)

Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) as a treatment of a deep stromal ulcer in a dog: case report / Ceratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda(DALK) como tratamento de úlcera estromal profunda em cão: relato de caso

Characterized by the rupture of the corneal epithelium, corneal ulcers threaten ocular integrity, with multifactorial development, such as decreased protection and excessive abrasion applied to the corneal surface. Keratoplasty restores the corneal anatomy, removing the inflamed or infected tissues, in order to promote visual acuity. The technique of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) selectively removes the diseased layers of the cornea, keeping the Descemet membrane and endothelium healthy, reducing the risk of rejection, aimed at tissue recovery. In the present report, a canine, from the Shih Tzu breed, a female, that has not been castrated, 2 years and 6 months old, was treated, she had a history of ocular discomfort and mucous secretion in both eyes. In the ophthalmic examination, keratoconjunctivitis sicca was found in the left eye and ectopic cilia was found in both eyes. With the aid of a fluorescein test, the presence of a deep stromal ulcer affecting the right eye was confirmed. The patient underwent ectopic cilia removal using the wedge resection technique and an allogeneic corneal transplantation using DALK, with only the diseased epithelium and stroma being replaced, reducing the risk of rejection and failures related to surgery. 90 days after the procedure, there was no reaction to the graft, there was complete epithelial repair and maintenance of

Caracterizada pela ruptura do epitélio corneano, as úlceras de córnea ameaçam a integridade ocular, tendo desenvolvimento multifatorial, como a diminuição da proteção e o excesso de abrasão aplicado na superfície da córnea. A ceratoplastia restaura a anatomia corneana, removendo tecidos inflamados ou infectados, com objetivo de promover acuidade visual. A técnica de ceratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda (DALK -deep anterior lamelar keratoplasty) remove seletivamente as camadas doentes da córnea, mantendoa membrana de Descemet e endotélio saudáveis, reduzindo o risco de rejeição, visando recuperação tecidual. No presente relato, um canino, raça Shih Tzu, fêmea não castrada, 2 anos e 6 meses de idade, foi atendido com histórico de desconforto ocular e secreção mucosa em ambos os olhos. No exame oftálmico constatou-se ceratoconjuntivite seca no olho esquerdo e cílios ectópicos em ambos os olhos. Com auxílio do teste de fluoresceína, confirmou-se a presença de úlcera estromal profunda acometendo o olho direito. O paciente foi submetido a remoção dos cílios ectópicos pela técnica de secção em cunha e ao transplante de córnea alógena utilizando a DALK, sendo substituído apenas o epitélio e estroma doentes, reduzindo o risco de rejeição e falhas relacionadas a cirurgia. Após 90 dias do procedimento, constatou-se ausência de reação ao enxerto, completa reparação epitelial e manutenção da função visual com discreta opacidade corneana.

Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) as a treatment of a deep stromal ulcer in a dog: case report / Ceratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda(DALK) como tratamento de úlcera estromal profunda em cão: relato de caso

Characterized by the rupture of the corneal epithelium, corneal ulcers threaten ocular integrity, with multifactorial development, such as decreased protection and excessive abrasion applied to the corneal surface. Keratoplasty restores the corneal anatomy, removing the inflamed or infected tissues, in order to promote visual acuity. The technique of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) selectively removes the diseased layers of the cornea, keeping the Descemet membrane and endothelium healthy, reducing the risk of rejection, aimed at tissue recovery. In the present report, a canine, from the Shih Tzu breed, a female, that has not been castrated, 2 years and 6 months old, was treated, she had a history of ocular discomfort and mucous secretion in both eyes. In the ophthalmic examination, keratoconjunctivitis sicca was found in the left eye and ectopic cilia was found in both eyes. With the aid of a fluorescein test, the presence of a deep stromal ulcer affecting the right eye was confirmed. The patient underwent ectopic cilia removal using the wedge resection technique and an allogeneic corneal transplantation using DALK, with only the diseased epithelium and stroma being replaced, reducing the risk of rejection and failures related to surgery. 90 days after the procedure, there was no reaction to the graft, there was complete epithelial repair and maintenance of(AU)

Caracterizada pela ruptura do epitélio corneano, as úlceras de córnea ameaçam a integridade ocular, tendo desenvolvimento multifatorial, como a diminuição da proteção e o excesso de abrasão aplicado na superfície da córnea. A ceratoplastia restaura a anatomia corneana, removendo tecidos inflamados ou infectados, com objetivo de promover acuidade visual. A técnica de ceratoplastia lamelar anterior profunda (DALK -deep anterior lamelar keratoplasty) remove seletivamente as camadas doentes da córnea, mantendoa membrana de Descemet e endotélio saudáveis, reduzindo o risco de rejeição, visando recuperação tecidual. No presente relato, um canino, raça Shih Tzu, fêmea não castrada, 2 anos e 6 meses de idade, foi atendido com histórico de desconforto ocular e secreção mucosa em ambos os olhos. No exame oftálmico constatou-se ceratoconjuntivite seca no olho esquerdo e cílios ectópicos em ambos os olhos. Com auxílio do teste de fluoresceína, confirmou-se a presença de úlcera estromal profunda acometendo o olho direito. O paciente foi submetido a remoção dos cílios ectópicos pela técnica de secção em cunha e ao transplante de córnea alógena utilizando a DALK, sendo substituído apenas o epitélio e estroma doentes, reduzindo o risco de rejeição e falhas relacionadas a cirurgia. Após 90 dias do procedimento, constatou-se ausência de reação ao enxerto, completa reparação epitelial e manutenção da função visual com discreta opacidade corneana.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e concentração inibitória mínima de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). We evaluated 65 dogs diagnosed with KCS and 30 healthy dogs (Control Group). Conjunctival swab samples were collected after KCS was diagnosed. Microbiological examinations were performed, including aerobic culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for chloramphenicol, tobramycin, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin. MICs of the fifteen most resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group, SIG) and the fifteen most resistant strains of gram-negative bacteria were determined. By percentage, the microorganisms exhibited the highest susceptibility to polymyxin B, tobramycin and chloramphenicol and the lowest to tetracycline. Three multi-drug-resistant strains of SIG were detected: one displayed isolated susceptibility to cefazolin, another to vancomycin, and another to polymyxin B and amikacin. The species of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with KCS presented variable susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. We found evidence of the emergence of quinolone-resistant strains of SIG and further evidence of increased ocular prevalence. These findings reinforce the need to identify the bacteria involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, as secondary infections can serve as exacerbating and perpetuating factors in KCS.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Foram avaliados 65 cães com diagnóstico de CCS e 30 cães saudáveis ​​(Grupo Controle). Depois do diagnosticado de CCS, suabes conjuntivais foram coletados. Exames microbiológicos foram realizados, incluindo cultura aeróbia, teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para cloranfenicol, tobramicina, ofloxacina e moxifloxacina. Para determinar a CIM, foram selecionadas as quinze cepas mais resistentes de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group-SIG) e as quinze cepas mais resistentes de bactérias gram-negativas. Os microrganismos apresentaram maior suscetibilidade percentual à polimixina B, tobramicina e cloranfenicol e menor suscetibilidade à tetraciclina. Três cepas de SIG resistentes a múltiplos medicamentos foram detectadas, do quais um demonstrou suscetibilidade isolada à cefazolina, outro à vancomicina e outro à polimixina B e à amicacina. As espécies de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com CCS apresentaram suscetibilidade variável aos antibióticos testados. Encontramos evidências do surgimento de cepas resistentes à quinolona de S. pseudintermedius e outras evidências de aumento da prevalência ocular. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de identificar as bactérias envolvidas e seu perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, pois as infecções secundárias podem servir como fatores exacerbantes e perpetuantes na CCS.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e concentração inibitória mínima de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). We evaluated 65 dogs diagnosed with KCS and 30 healthy dogs (Control Group). Conjunctival swab samples were collected after KCS was diagnosed. Microbiological examinations were performed, including aerobic culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for chloramphenicol, tobramycin, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin. MICs of the fifteen most resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group, SIG) and the fifteen most resistant strains of gram-negative bacteria were determined. By percentage, the microorganisms exhibited the highest susceptibility to polymyxin B, tobramycin and chloramphenicol and the lowest to tetracycline. Three multi-drug-resistant strains of SIG were detected: one displayed isolated susceptibility to cefazolin, another to vancomycin, and another to polymyxin B and amikacin. The species of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with KCS presented variable susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. We found evidence of the emergence of quinolone-resistant strains of SIG and further evidence of increased ocular prevalence. These findings reinforce the need to identify the bacteria involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, as secondary infections can serve as exacerbating and perpetuating factors in KCS.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Foram avaliados 65 cães com diagnóstico de CCS e 30 cães saudáveis ​​(Grupo Controle). Depois do diagnosticado de CCS, suabes conjuntivais foram coletados. Exames microbiológicos foram realizados, incluindo cultura aeróbia, teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para cloranfenicol, tobramicina, ofloxacina e moxifloxacina. Para determinar a CIM, foram selecionadas as quinze cepas mais resistentes de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group-SIG) e as quinze cepas mais resistentes de bactérias gram-negativas. Os microrganismos apresentaram maior suscetibilidade percentual à polimixina B, tobramicina e cloranfenicol e menor suscetibilidade à tetraciclina. Três cepas de SIG resistentes a múltiplos medicamentos foram detectadas, do quais um demonstrou suscetibilidade isolada à cefazolina, outro à vancomicina e outro à polimixina B e à amicacina. As espécies de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com CCS apresentaram suscetibilidade variável aos antibióticos testados. Encontramos evidências do surgimento de cepas resistentes à quinolona de S. pseudintermedius e outras evidências de aumento da prevalência ocular. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de identificar as bactérias envolvidas e seu perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, pois as infecções secundárias podem servir como fatores exacerbantes e perpetuantes na CCS.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). We evaluated 65 dogs diagnosed with KCS and 30 healthy dogs (Control Group). Conjunctival swab samples were collected after KCS was diagnosed. Microbiological examinations were performed, including aerobic culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for chloramphenicol, tobramycin, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin. MICs of the fifteen most resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group, SIG) and the fifteen most resistant strains of gram-negative bacteria were determined. By percentage, the microorganisms exhibited the highest susceptibility to polymyxin B, tobramycin and chloramphenicol and the lowest to tetracycline. Three multi-drug-resistant strains of SIG were detected: one displayed isolated susceptibility to cefazolin, another to vancomycin, and another to polymyxin B and amikacin. The species of bacteria isolated from the eyes of dogs with KCS presented variable susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. We found evidence of the emergence of quinolone-resistant strains of SIG and further evidence of increased ocular prevalence. These findings reinforce the need to identify the bacteria involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, as secondary infections can serve as exacerbating and perpetuating factors in KCS.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Foram avaliados 65 cães com diagnóstico de CCS e 30 cães saudáveis (Grupo Controle). Depois do diagnosticado de CCS, suabes conjuntivais foram coletados. Exames microbiológicos foram realizados, incluindo cultura aeróbia, teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para cloranfenicol, tobramicina, ofloxacina e moxifloxacina. Para determinar a CIM, foram selecionadas as quinze cepas mais resistentes de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Staphylococcus intermedius Group-SIG) e as quinze cepas mais resistentes de bactérias gram-negativas. Os microrganismos apresentaram maior suscetibilidade percentual à polimixina B, tobramicina e cloranfenicol e menor suscetibilidade à tetraciclina. Três cepas de SIG resistentes a múltiplos medicamentos foram detectadas, do quais um demonstrou suscetibilidade isolada à cefazolina, outro à vancomicina e outro à polimixina B e à amicacina. As espécies de bactérias isoladas dos olhos de cães com CCS apresentaram suscetibilidade variável aos antibióticos testados. Encontramos evidências do surgimento de cepas resistentes à quinolona de S. pseudintermedius e outras evidências de aumento da prevalência ocular. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de identificar as bactérias envolvidas e seu perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, pois as infecções secundárias podem servir como fatores exacerbantes e perpetuantes na CCS.

Eficácia dos colírios ciclosporina e tacrolimo no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães / Efficacy of cyclosporine and tacrolimus drops in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tacrolimo e da ciclosporina na produção lacrimal de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) durante 90 dias. Para tanto, foram utilizados colírios de tacrolimo 0,02% (TcL) e ciclosporina 0,1% (CsA) em 14 cães com CCS. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos e avaliados antes do início do tratamento (T0) e aos 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 45 (T3), 60 (T4), 75 (T5) e 90 (T6) dias após o início do tratamento. Na avaliação clínica, observou-se maior redução da secreção ocular, da opacidade e do edema corneano e da vascularização conjuntival. no grupo tacrolimo. No teste de Schirmer, verificou-se produção basal de 6(4,07 e 5,86(2,85mm/min no TcL e CsA, respectivamente, com aumento significativo da produção lacrimal em ambos os grupos, contudo houve aumento significativo da produção lacrimal a partir dos 15 dias de tratamento no grupo TcL (17,88(5,51mm/min), mas apenas a partir dos 45 dias no grupo CsA (11,86(4,74mm/min). Conclui-se que o uso do colírio tacrolimo aumentou em 68,83% a produção lacrimal em 90 dias de tratamento, comparado com a ciclosporina (56,82%), além de diminuir as manifestações clínicas inerentes à CCS, quando comparado à terapia com ciclosporina.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on the lacrimal production of dogs with ketaroconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) for 90 days. Tacrolimus 0.02% (TcL) and 0.1% cyclosporine (CsA) eye drops were used in 14 dogs with KCS. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups and evaluated before treatment (T0) and at 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 45 (T3), 60 (T4), 75 (T5) and 90 (T6) days after initiation of treatment. Clinical evaluation showed significant reduction of ocular secretion, corneal opacity and edema and conjunctival vascularization in the tacrolimus group. Schirmer test showed basal lacrimal production of 6(4.07 and 5.86(2.85mm/min for TcL and CsA, respectively, with significant increase in lacrimal production in both groups. There was a significant increase in lacrimal production after 15 days of treatment in the TcL group (17.88(5.51mm/min), but only after 45 days in the CsA group (11.86(4.74mm/min). Tacrolimus drops increased lacrimal production in 68.83% after 90 days of treatment, compared to cyclosporine (56.82%), and also reduced clinical manifestations related to KCS when compared to cyclosporine.(AU)

Eficácia dos colírios ciclosporina e tacrolimo no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães / Efficacy of cyclosporine and tacrolimus drops in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tacrolimo e da ciclosporina na produção lacrimal de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) durante 90 dias. Para tanto, foram utilizados colírios de tacrolimo 0,02% (TcL) e ciclosporina 0,1% (CsA) em 14 cães com CCS. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos e avaliados antes do início do tratamento (T0) e aos 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 45 (T3), 60 (T4), 75 (T5) e 90 (T6) dias após o início do tratamento. Na avaliação clínica, observou-se maior redução da secreção ocular, da opacidade e do edema corneano e da vascularização conjuntival. no grupo tacrolimo. No teste de Schirmer, verificou-se produção basal de 6(4,07 e 5,86(2,85mm/min no TcL e CsA, respectivamente, com aumento significativo da produção lacrimal em ambos os grupos, contudo houve aumento significativo da produção lacrimal a partir dos 15 dias de tratamento no grupo TcL (17,88(5,51mm/min), mas apenas a partir dos 45 dias no grupo CsA (11,86(4,74mm/min). Conclui-se que o uso do colírio tacrolimo aumentou em 68,83% a produção lacrimal em 90 dias de tratamento, comparado com a ciclosporina (56,82%), além de diminuir as manifestações clínicas inerentes à CCS, quando comparado à terapia com ciclosporina.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on the lacrimal production of dogs with ketaroconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) for 90 days. Tacrolimus 0.02% (TcL) and 0.1% cyclosporine (CsA) eye drops were used in 14 dogs with KCS. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups and evaluated before treatment (T0) and at 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 45 (T3), 60 (T4), 75 (T5) and 90 (T6) days after initiation of treatment. Clinical evaluation showed significant reduction of ocular secretion, corneal opacity and edema and conjunctival vascularization in the tacrolimus group. Schirmer test showed basal lacrimal production of 6(4.07 and 5.86(2.85mm/min for TcL and CsA, respectively, with significant increase in lacrimal production in both groups. There was a significant increase in lacrimal production after 15 days of treatment in the TcL group (17.88(5.51mm/min), but only after 45 days in the CsA group (11.86(4.74mm/min). Tacrolimus drops increased lacrimal production in 68.83% after 90 days of treatment, compared to cyclosporine (56.82%), and also reduced clinical manifestations related to KCS when compared to cyclosporine.(AU)

Effect of 0, 15% sodium hialuronate and 0, 5% carboxymethylcellulose on tear film breakup time in healthy dogs and in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Efeito do hialuronato de sódio a 0, 15% e da carboximetilcelulose sódica a 0, 5% no tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal de cães saudáveis e com ceratoconjuntivite seca

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the 0.15% sodium hyaluronate (SH) and of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on tear film breakup time (TFBUT) in 10 healthy dogs and in 32 eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivis sicca (KCS). In addition, the goblet cell density (GCD) of this population was quantified. TFBUT was assessed at baseline and at different time points following the instillation of SH and CMC. KCS was graded as mild, moderate, and severe. GCD were quantified from conjunctival biopsies. The number of GCD differed significantly between patients with mild and moderate KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT of healthy dogs increased only for 1 minute after treatment with SH (P<0.01). Regarding baseline and treatments, SH significantly increased TFBUT for up to 30 minutes on the ocular surface, in comparison to CMC, in all categories of KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT and GCD correlated positively when the healthy and diseased eyes were grouped (r=0.41, P=0.006). It can be concluded that in dogs with KCS, SH lasts longer periods on the ocular surface than CMC, but such agents does not increase TFBUT in healthy dogs. Additionally, tear film stability tends to reduce in a linear fashion from the mild to severe form of KCS.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do hialuronato de sódio a 0,15% (HS) e da carboximetilcelulose a 0,5% (CMC) no teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL) em 10 cães saudáveis e em 32 olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Ademais, quantificou-se a densidade de células caliciformes (DCC) deles. Mensurou-se o TRFL em momentos distintos antes e após a instilação do HS e da CMC. Graduou-se a CCS em leve, moderada e severa. Quantificou-se a DCC a partir de biópsias conjuntivais. A DCC diferiu apenas entre pacientes com CCS leve e severa (P<0,01). Em cães saudáveis, o TRFL se elevou apenas após um minuto do tratamento com HS (P<0,01). Relativamente ao período basal e entre os tratamentos, o HS elevou o TRFL de forma mais eficaz e permaneceu por até 30 minutos na superfície ocular, comparativamente à CMC, em todas as categorias de CCS (P<0,01). Ao se agruparem os olhos saudáveis e os com CCS, o TRFL se correlacionou com a DCC (r=0.41, P=0.006). Conclui-se que o HS permanece por maior tempo na superfície ocular que a CMC em cães com CCS, mas que tais substâncias não elevam o TRFL em cães saudáveis. Ademais, a estabilidade do filme lacrimal tende a se reduzir de modo linear da forma leve até à severa da CCS.(AU)

Effect of 0, 15% sodium hialuronate and 0, 5% carboxymethylcellulose on tear film breakup time in healthy dogs and in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca / Efeito do hialuronato de sódio a 0, 15% e da carboximetilcelulose sódica a 0, 5% no tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal de cães saudáveis e com ceratoconjuntivite seca

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the 0.15% sodium hyaluronate (SH) and of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on tear film breakup time (TFBUT) in 10 healthy dogs and in 32 eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivis sicca (KCS). In addition, the goblet cell density (GCD) of this population was quantified. TFBUT was assessed at baseline and at different time points following the instillation of SH and CMC. KCS was graded as mild, moderate, and severe. GCD were quantified from conjunctival biopsies. The number of GCD differed significantly between patients with mild and moderate KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT of healthy dogs increased only for 1 minute after treatment with SH (P<0.01). Regarding baseline and treatments, SH significantly increased TFBUT for up to 30 minutes on the ocular surface, in comparison to CMC, in all categories of KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT and GCD correlated positively when the healthy and diseased eyes were grouped (r=0.41, P=0.006). It can be concluded that in dogs with KCS, SH lasts longer periods on the ocular surface than CMC, but such agents does not increase TFBUT in healthy dogs. Additionally, tear film stability tends to reduce in a linear fashion from the mild to severe form of KCS.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do hialuronato de sódio a 0,15% (HS) e da carboximetilcelulose a 0,5% (CMC) no teste de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL) em 10 cães saudáveis e em 32 olhos de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS). Ademais, quantificou-se a densidade de células caliciformes (DCC) deles. Mensurou-se o TRFL em momentos distintos antes e após a instilação do HS e da CMC. Graduou-se a CCS em leve, moderada e severa. Quantificou-se a DCC a partir de biópsias conjuntivais. A DCC diferiu apenas entre pacientes com CCS leve e severa (P<0,01). Em cães saudáveis, o TRFL se elevou apenas após um minuto do tratamento com HS (P<0,01). Relativamente ao período basal e entre os tratamentos, o HS elevou o TRFL de forma mais eficaz e permaneceu por até 30 minutos na superfície ocular, comparativamente à CMC, em todas as categorias de CCS (P<0,01). Ao se agruparem os olhos saudáveis e os com CCS, o TRFL se correlacionou com a DCC (r=0.41, P=0.006). Conclui-se que o HS permanece por maior tempo na superfície ocular que a CMC em cães com CCS, mas que tais substâncias não elevam o TRFL em cães saudáveis. Ademais, a estabilidade do filme lacrimal tende a se reduzir de modo linear da forma leve até à severa da CCS.(AU)

Ocular diseases in dogs naturally affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil / Oftalmopatias em cães naturalmente acometidos por leishmaniose visceral em Teresina, PI, Brasil

This study aimed to characterize ocular diseases in dogs naturally affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil. The diagnosis was made using parasitological exams of the bone-marrow and lymph-node samples. The main ophthalmological findings were uveitis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Normocytic normochromic anemia was the main hematological finding, followed by thrombocytopenia. Plasma proteins were also considered, and hyperproteinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and hypoalbuminemia were observed. Ocular histopathological examination revealed mild inflammation involving lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. Results indicate the need to perform a differential diagnosis to rule out or establish the presence of Leishmania sp. in dogs presenting with ophthalmic lesions in endemic regions.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar as oftalmopatias em cães naturalmente afetados por leishmaniose visceral em Teresina, Piauí. O diagnóstico de leishmaniose foi realizado por exame parasitológico de medula óssea e linfonodos. As principais alterações oftálmicas foram uveíte, conjuntivite, blefarite, ceratite e ceratoconjuntivite seca. Anemia normocítica normocrômica foi a principal alteração hematológica, seguida de trombocitopenia. Em relação às proteínas plasmáticas observou-se hiperproteinemia, hiperglobulinemia e hipoalbuminemia. A histopatologia ocular revelou processo inflamatório moderado constituído por linfócitos, monócitos, neutrófilos e macrófagos. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a necessidade de se realizar diagnóstico diferencial para Leishmania sp. em cães que apresentem lesões oftálmicas em regiões endêmicas.

Ocular diseases in dogs naturally affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil / Oftalmopatias em cães naturalmente acometidos por leishmaniose visceral em Teresina, PI, Brasil

This study aimed to characterize ocular diseases in dogs naturally affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil. The diagnosis was made using parasitological exams of the bone-marrow and lymph-node samples. The main ophthalmological findings were uveitis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Normocytic normochromic anemia was the main hematological finding, followed by thrombocytopenia. Plasma proteins were also considered, and hyperproteinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and hypoalbuminemia were observed. Ocular histopathological examination revealed mild inflammation involving lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. Results indicate the need to perform a differential diagnosis to rule out or establish the presence of Leishmania sp. in dogs presenting with ophthalmic lesions in endemic regions.(AU)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar as oftalmopatias em cães naturalmente afetados por leishmaniose visceral em Teresina, Piauí. O diagnóstico de leishmaniose foi realizado por exame parasitológico de medula óssea e linfonodos. As principais alterações oftálmicas foram uveíte, conjuntivite, blefarite, ceratite e ceratoconjuntivite seca. Anemia normocítica normocrômica foi a principal alteração hematológica, seguida de trombocitopenia. Em relação às proteínas plasmáticas observou-se hiperproteinemia, hiperglobulinemia e hipoalbuminemia. A histopatologia ocular revelou processo inflamatório moderado constituído por linfócitos, monócitos, neutrófilos e macrófagos. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a necessidade de se realizar diagnóstico diferencial para Leishmania sp. em cães que apresentem lesões oftálmicas em regiões endêmicas.(AU)

Caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos (2005-2015) / Clinical and histopathologic characterization of ocular bulbs in dogs and cats (2005-2015)

Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos, removidos cirurgicamente por indicação clínica, no período entre 2005-2015. Foram realizados 101 procedimentos de remoção do bulbo ocular, 93 enucleações (92%) e 8 exenterações (8%). Os procedimentos foram realizados em 80 cães, (79% dos casos) e em 21 gatos (21% dos casos). Os cães submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica apresentavam perfurações oculares (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), protrusão ocular (n=13, 16%), diagnósticos sugestivos de neoplasia (n=10, 12,5%) e outros (n=3, 2,97%). Dentre os gatos os diagnósticos clínicos compreenderam perfuração ocular (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14,2%), microftalmia (n=3, 14,2%), sugestivo de neoplasia (n=2, 9,5%), protrusão ocular (n=2, 9,5%) e outros (n=2, 9,5%). Vinte e sete amostras de bulbos oculares foram submetidas para avaliação histopatológica, sendo 23 provenientes de cães e quatro de gatos. Dentre as amostras de origem canina, sete exibiram achados histopatológicos compatíveis com glaucoma, sete perfurações oculares, seis neoplasias intraoculares, duas panoftalmites e um quadro de Phthisis bulbi. Nos bulbos oculares de gatos foram diagnosticadas duas neoplasias intraoculares, uma microftalmia e uma perfuração ocular. Constatou-se que o glaucoma secundário, as neoplasias e as perfurações oculares estão entre as principais causas de enucleação em cães, e associadas a alterações primárias como a ceratoconjuntivite seca e as uveítes. Estas afecções, diferentemente das neoplasias, podem ter êxito terapêutico mediante diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, prevenindo a cegueira e a remoção do bulbo ocular.(AU)

This study aimed to carry out the clinical and histopathologic characterization of ocular bulbs from dogs and cats, surgical removed as clinical indication between 2005-2015. Hundred-one procedures were performed, 93 enucleations (92%) and 8 exenterantions (8%). The procedures were performed on 80 dogs (79% of cases) and 21 cats (21% of cases). The dogs underwent to surgery had ocular perfuration (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), ocular protrusion (n=13, 16%), diagnosis suggestive of neoplasia (n=10, 12, 5%) and other (n=3, 2.97%). Among the clinical diagnosis cats comprise ocular perforation (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14.2%), microphthalmia (n=3, 14.2%), suggestive of neoplasia (n=2, 9.5%), ocular protrusion (n=2, 9.5%) and other (n=2, 9.5%). Twenty-seven samples of ocular bulbs were sent for histopathologic evaluation in Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, being 23 from dogs and four cats. Among the samples of dogs, seven exhibited histopathologic findings compatible with glaucoma, seven ocular perforations, six had intraocular neoplasias, two panoftalmites and condition of Phthisis bulbi. The ocular bulbs of cats received the diagnosis of two intraocular neoplasias, one microphthalmia and ocular perforation. It was found that the secondary glaucoma and ocular perforations are among the leading causes of enucleation in dogs, and associated with primary disorders such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca and uveitis. These disorders, unlike neoplasia, may have therapeutic success through early diagnosis and treatment, preventing blindness and removal of the eyeball.(AU)

Caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos (2005-2015) / Clinical and histopathologic characterization of ocular bulbs in dogs and cats (2005-2015)

Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos, removidos cirurgicamente por indicação clínica, no período entre 2005-2015. Foram realizados 101 procedimentos de remoção do bulbo ocular, 93 enucleações (92%) e 8 exenterações (8%). Os procedimentos foram realizados em 80 cães, (79% dos casos) e em 21 gatos (21% dos casos). Os cães submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica apresentavam perfurações oculares (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), protrusão ocular (n=13, 16%), diagnósticos sugestivos de neoplasia (n=10, 12,5%) e outros (n=3, 2,97%). Dentre os gatos os diagnósticos clínicos compreenderam perfuração ocular (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14,2%), microftalmia (n=3, 14,2%), sugestivo de neoplasia (n=2, 9,5%), protrusão ocular (n=2, 9,5%) e outros (n=2, 9,5%). Vinte e sete amostras de bulbos oculares foram submetidas para avaliação histopatológica, sendo 23 provenientes de cães e quatro de gatos. Dentre as amostras de origem canina, sete exibiram achados histopatológicos compatíveis com glaucoma, sete perfurações oculares, seis neoplasias intraoculares, duas panoftalmites e um quadro de Phthisis bulbi. Nos bulbos oculares de gatos foram diagnosticadas duas neoplasias intraoculares, uma microftalmia e uma perfuração ocular. Constatou-se que o glaucoma secundário, as neoplasias e as perfurações oculares estão entre as principais causas de enucleação em cães, e associadas a alterações primárias como a ceratoconjuntivite seca e as uveítes. Estas afecções, diferentemente das neoplasias, podem ter êxito terapêutico mediante diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, prevenindo a cegueira e a remoção do bulbo ocular.(AU)

This study aimed to carry out the clinical and histopathologic characterization of ocular bulbs from dogs and cats, surgical removed as clinical indication between 2005-2015. Hundred-one procedures were performed, 93 enucleations (92%) and 8 exenterantions (8%). The procedures were performed on 80 dogs (79% of cases) and 21 cats (21% of cases). The dogs underwent to surgery had ocular perfuration (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), ocular protrusion (n=13, 16%), diagnosis suggestive of neoplasia (n=10, 12, 5%) and other (n=3, 2.97%). Among the clinical diagnosis cats comprise ocular perforation (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14.2%), microphthalmia (n=3, 14.2%), suggestive of neoplasia (n=2, 9.5%), ocular protrusion (n=2, 9.5%) and other (n=2, 9.5%). Twenty-seven samples of ocular bulbs were sent for histopathologic evaluation in Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, being 23 from dogs and four cats. Among the samples of dogs, seven exhibited histopathologic findings compatible with glaucoma, seven ocular perforations, six had intraocular neoplasias, two panoftalmites and condition of Phthisis bulbi. The ocular bulbs of cats received the diagnosis of two intraocular neoplasias, one microphthalmia and ocular perforation. It was found that the secondary glaucoma and ocular perforations are among the leading causes of enucleation in dogs, and associated with primary disorders such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca and uveitis. These disorders, unlike neoplasia, may have therapeutic success through early diagnosis and treatment, preventing blindness and removal of the eyeball.(AU)

Ocular lubricants: what is the best choice? / Lubrificantes oculares: qual a melhor escolha?

Ocular lubricants are used to supplement one or more layers of the lacrimal film. They are often prescribed to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and other diseases of ocular surface in humans. These lubricants may also protect the ocular surface and promote epithelial regeneration. The active component of ocular lubricants is the lubricating agent. The key properties of different lubricating agents are the electrolyte composition, osmolarity, and addition of preservatives. Although lacrimomimetics are not typically used to treat KCS in dogs, they can be used as an adjunctive therapy. Knowledge of the properties of lacrimomimetics will help in making the appropriate therapeutic choice.(AU)

Lubrificantes oculares são usados como suplementos de uma ou mais camadas do filme lacrimal. São frequentemente prescritos para o tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) no homem e em outras afecções da superfície ocular. Seu uso também pode gerar proteção da superfície ocular e promover regeneração epitelial. Os principais componentes de sua formulação são os agentes lubrificantes e as principais propriedades são a composição eletrolítica, a osmolaridade e a presença de conservantes. Embora lacrimomiméticos não sejam o tratamento da CCS em cães, eles podem ser utilizados como terapia adjuvante. O conhecimento de suas propriedades auxiliará na melhor opção terapêutica.(AU)

Análises clínica e cito-histomorfológica da superfície ocular de cães da raça Shih Tzu com ceratoconjuntivite seca

A ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) é uma enfermidade de grande impacto na medicina veterinária de pequenos animais. Ocasiona alterações na dinâmica do filme lacrimal, podendo ser classificada em quantitativa, nos casos em que a porção aquosa está diminuída, ou qualitativa, quando há alterações da camada de lipídio e/ou mucina. A CCS quantitativa é uma enfermidade muito comum em cães, principalmente a de origem imunomediada, sendo os cães da raça Shih Tzu alguns dos mais acometidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar estudo clínico e cito-histomorfológico de olhos de cães da raça Shih Tzu portadores de CCS em diferentes estádios da enfermidade. Foram realizadas análises clínica e cito-histomorfológica de 35 olhos provenientes de 23 cães da raça Shih Tzu, machos e fêmeas, entre dois e oito anos, sendo cada olho considerado uma unidade experimental e distribuído em um dos quatro grupos do estudo de acordo com o teste lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS-1). Assim, dez olhos com TLS-1 a 15 mm/min e não portadores de CCS compuseram o grupo controle (GC). Para compor os grupos de olhos portadores de CCS, 25 olhos foram assim distribuídos: grupo CCS inicial (CCS1), oito olhos com TLS-1 entre 14-11 mm/min; grupo CCS moderada (CCS2), sete olhos com TLS-1 entre 10-6 mm/min; e no grupo CCS severa (CCS3), dez olhos com TLS-1 5mm/min. Foi observada piora das variáveis clínicas estudadas nos olhos dos casos mais graves de CCS, incluindo hiperemia, neovascularização e pigmentação corneana. Ainda, à avaliação citomorfológica houve redução da quantidade de células intermediárias nos grupos de olhos com CCS. O exame histomorfológico demonstrou aumento do infiltrado inflamatório conjuntival linfoplasmocitário e redução da quantidade de células caliciformes conjuntivais (CCc) nos casos moderados a severos da enfermidade. Conclui-se que cães da raça Shih Tzu não sem CCS quantitativa apresentam disfunções lacrimais qualitativas da lágrima. Além disso, a severidade das alterações clínicas aumenta de acordo com o avanço da enfermidade. O exame citopatológico é limitado para a avaliação do infiltrado inflamatório e das células conjuntivais caliciformes quando comparado ao histopatológico, assim como as células epiteliais intermediárias podem ser consideradas um promissor marcador citológico da saúde ocular em cães da raça Shih Tzu. Cães da raça Shih Tzu portadores de CCS quantitativa apresentam processo inflamatório acentuado e deficiência da camada de mucina, gerando instabilidade do filme lacrimal. Acrescente-se que cães da raça Shih Tzu devem ser submetidos a avaliações oftálmicas de rotina para identificar disturbios qualitativos, quantitativos e de distribuição do filme lacrimal precocemente, e assim adequadamente tratados, visando minimizar os efeitos deletérios na córnea e conjuntiva.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a disease of great impact in the veterinary medicine of small animals. It causes changes in the dynamics of the tear film, and can be classified as quantitative, in cases where the aqueous portion is decreased, or qualitative, when there are changes in the lipid and/or mucin layer. Among the etiologies, immunomediated is the most common in dogs, with Shih Tzu dogs being one of the most affected. The aim of this study was to perform clinical and cytohistomorphological evaluation of eyes of Shih Tzu dogs with KCS at different stages of the disease. Clinical and cytohistomorphological analyses of 35 eyes from 23 Shih Tzu dogs, males, and females, between two and eight years old, each eye being considered an experimental unit, and distributed in one of the four study groups according to the Schirmer Tear Test (STT-1). Thus, ten eyes with STT-1 at 15 mm/min and non-KCS comprised the control group (GC). To make up the groups of eyes with KCS, 25 eyes were distributed as well: initial KCS group (KCS1), eight eyes with STT-1 between 14-11 mm/min; moderate KCS group (KCS2), seven eyes with STT-1 between 10-6 mm/min; and in the severe KCS group (CCS3), ten eyes with STT-1 5mm/min. Worsening of the clinical variables studied was observed in the eyes of the most severe cases of KCS, including hyperemia, neovascularization, and corneal pigmentation. Furthermore, the cytomorphological evaluation reduced the number of intermediate cells in the groups of eyes with KCS. Histomorphological examination showed an increase in the lymphoplasmocitic conjunctival inflammatory infiltrate and a reduction in the amount of conjunctival goblet cells (CGc) in moderate to severe cases of the disease. It was concluded that Shih Tzu dogs without quantitative KCS have qualitative tear disfunction. The severity of clinical changes increases with the progression of the disease. The cytopathological examination is limited to assess inflammatory infiltrate and globet cell counting when compared to histopathological examination, as well as intermediate epithelial cells can be considered a promising cytological marker of the ocular health in Shih Tzu dogs. Shih Tzu dogs with quantitative KCS presents a marked inflammatory process and deficiency of the mucin layer, causing instability of the pre-corneal lacrimal film. Also, Shih Tzu dogs should be submitted to routine ophthalmic evaluations to identify early quantitative and distribution disorders of the tear film, and thus adequatily treated, in order to minimize the deleterious the cornea and conjunctiva.