Vascularization of the Alouatta belzebul brain base / Vascularização da base do encéfalo de Alouatta belzebul

We studied the arterial circle in the brain of five specimens of the Alouatta belzebul primate. The material had the arterial system perfused (water at 40°C), injected with stained latex (Neoprene 650), fixed in aqueous formaldehyde solution (10%) and dissected for vessel verification. The arterial circle of this primate is composed of two vascular systems: the vertebra-basilar and the carotid ones, which anastomose to close the arterial circuit. In the caudal portion of the arterial circle, there are the vertebral arteries and their branches: the rostral spinal artery and the caudal inferior cerebellar artery. The anastomosis of the vertebral arteries gives rise to the basilar artery. It presented an anatomical variation at the beginning of its path, forming a double basilar artery, called arterial island. In its course, it emitted branches giving rise to the rostral inferior cerebellar artery, the pontine arteries, the rostral cerebellar arteries, the satellite rostral cerebellar arteries and its terminal branch, the caudal cerebral artery, which presented itself in two segments: the pre-communicating one and post-communicating, joining the internal carotid artery and originating the caudal communicating artery. This group of arteries and anastomoses enclose the caudal portion of the arterial circle. From the right and left internal carotid arteries begins the rostral portion of the arterial circle, which consists of the right and left rostral cerebral arteries and the right and left middle cerebral arteries. The rostral cerebral arteries anastomose into a single trunk, giving rise to the interhemispheric artery, and in A. belzebul and Sapajus libidinosus, the rostral communicating artery is absent. The interhemispheric artery goes to the midbrain region and the corpus callosum knee divides into pericalous artery and callosarginal artery, which will supply the pre and post-central regions of the cerebral hemispheres of this species, as well as other non-human and human primates. It is noted that in the first part of the left rostral cerebral artery, there is a direct inosculation between the recurrent branch of the rostral cerebral artery and left middle cerebral artery to supply the entorhinal region. This fact also occurs in Pongo spp. The middle cerebral artery travels along the lateral sulcus where it emits several superficial branches to irrigate the superior and inferior lateral cortical regions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. It is not part of the arterial circle but is the terminal branch of the internal carotid artery. A. belzebul can be considered to depend on two sources of supply to the brain: the vertebra-basilar and carotid systems, contributing to the intervention of veterinarians during clinical and surgical procedures in other primates, as well as the preservation of wild animals.(AU)

Estudamos o círculo arterial no encéfalo de cinco espécimes do primata Alouatta belzebul. O material teve o sistema arterial perfundido (água a 40°C), injetado com látex corado (Neoprene 650), fixado em solução aquosa de formaldeído (10%) e dissecado para verificação dos vasos. O círculo arterial deste primata é composto por dois sistemas vasculares: vértebro-basilar e o sistema carotídeo, que se anastomosam para fechar o circuito arterial. Na porção caudal do círculo arterial encontra-se as artérias vertebrais e seus ramos: artéria espinal rostral e a cerebelar inferior caudal. A anastomose das artérias vertebrais dá origem a artéria basilar. Esta apresentou uma variação anatômica no início do seu trajeto, formando uma dupla artéria basilar, denominada ilha arterial. Em seu trajeto emitiu ramos dando origem a artéria cerebelar inferior rostral, as artérias pontinas, as artérias cerebelares rostrais, as artérias cerebelares rostrais satélites e o seu ramo terminal, a artéria cerebral caudal, que apresentou-se em dois segmentos: o pré-comunicante e pós-comunicante, unindo-se a artéria carótida interna e originando a artéria comunicante caudal. Este grupo de artérias e anastomoses encerram a porção caudal do círculo arterial. Das artérias carótidas internas direita e esquerda, inicia-se a porção rostral do círculo arterial, ao qual é constituído pelas artérias cerebrais rostrais direita e esquerda e as artérias cerebrais médias direita e esquerda. As artérias cerebrais rostrais se anastomosam em um tronco único dando origem a artéria inter-hemisférica e em A. belzebul e Sapajus libidinosus, a artéria comunicante rostral se encontra ausente. A artéria inter-hemisférica segue para região média do encéfalo e no joelho do corpo caloso se divide em artéria pericalosa e artéria calosomarginal, que vão suprir as regiões pré e pós-central dos hemisférios cerebrais desta espécie, assim como outros primatas não humanos e humano. Nota-se que na primeira parte da artéria cerebral rostral esquerda, ocorre uma inosculação direta entre o ramo recorrente da artéria cerebral rostral e artéria cerebral média esquerda para suprir a região entorrinal, esse fato também ocorre em Pongo spp. A artéria cerebral média segue seu trajeto pelo sulco lateral onde emite vários ramos superficiais para irrigar as regiões corticais supero e ínfero lateral do lobo frontal, parietal e temporal, esta não faz parte do círculo arterial mas é o ramo terminal da artéria carótida interna. Pode-se considerar que A. belzebul depende de duas fontes de suprimento para o encéfalo: os sistemas vértebro-basilar e carotídeo, contribuindo na intervenção de médicos veterinários durante os procedimentos clínicos e cirúrgicos em outros primatas, assim como na preservação de animais silvestres.(AU)

Vascularization of the Alouatta belzebul brain base / Vascularização da base do encéfalo de Alouatta belzebul

We studied the arterial circle in the brain of five specimens of the Alouatta belzebul primate. The material had the arterial system perfused (water at 40°C), injected with stained latex (Neoprene 650), fixed in aqueous formaldehyde solution (10%) and dissected for vessel verification. The arterial circle of this primate is composed of two vascular systems: the vertebra-basilar and the carotid ones, which anastomose to close the arterial circuit. In the caudal portion of the arterial circle, there are the vertebral arteries and their branches: the rostral spinal artery and the caudal inferior cerebellar artery. The anastomosis of the vertebral arteries gives rise to the basilar artery. It presented an anatomical variation at the beginning of its path, forming a double basilar artery, called arterial island. In its course, it emitted branches giving rise to the rostral inferior cerebellar artery, the pontine arteries, the rostral cerebellar arteries, the satellite rostral cerebellar arteries and its terminal branch, the caudal cerebral artery, which presented itself in two segments: the pre-communicating one and post-communicating, joining the internal carotid artery and originating the caudal communicating artery. This group of arteries and anastomoses enclose the caudal portion of the arterial circle. From the right and left internal carotid arteries begins the rostral portion of the arterial circle, which consists of the right and left rostral cerebral arteries and the right and left middle cerebral arteries. The rostral cerebral arteries anastomose into a single trunk, giving rise to the interhemispheric artery, and in A. belzebul and Sapajus libidinosus, the rostral communicating artery is absent...(AU)

Estudamos o círculo arterial no encéfalo de cinco espécimes do primata Alouatta belzebul. O material teve o sistema arterial perfundido (água a 40°C), injetado com látex corado (Neoprene 650), fixado em solução aquosa de formaldeído (10%) e dissecado para verificação dos vasos. O círculo arterial deste primata é composto por dois sistemas vasculares: vértebro-basilar e o sistema carotídeo, que se anastomosam para fechar o circuito arterial. Na porção caudal do círculo arterial encontra-se as artérias vertebrais e seus ramos: artéria espinal rostral e a cerebelar inferior caudal. A anastomose das artérias vertebrais dá origem a artéria basilar. Esta apresentou uma variação anatômica no início do seu trajeto, formando uma dupla artéria basilar, denominada ilha arterial. Em seu trajeto emitiu ramos dando origem a artéria cerebelar inferior rostral, as artérias pontinas, as artérias cerebelares rostrais, as artérias cerebelares rostrais satélites e o seu ramo terminal, a artéria cerebral caudal, que apresentou-se em dois segmentos: o pré-comunicante e pós-comunicante, unindo-se a artéria carótida interna e originando a artéria comunicante caudal. Este grupo de artérias e anastomoses encerram a porção caudal do círculo arterial. Das artérias carótidas internas direita e esquerda, inicia-se a porção rostral do círculo arterial, ao qual é constituído pelas artérias cerebrais rostrais direita e esquerda e as artérias cerebrais médias direita e esquerda. As artérias cerebrais rostrais se anastomosam em um tronco único dando origem a artéria inter-hemisférica e em A. belzebul e Sapajus libidinosus, a artéria comunicante rostral se encontra ausente. A artéria inter-hemisférica segue para região média do encéfalo e no joelho do corpo caloso se divide em artéria pericalosa e artéria calosomarginal, que vão suprir as regiões pré e pós-central dos hemisférios cerebrais desta espécie, assim como outros primatas não humanos e humano...(AU)

Systematization, distribution, and territories of the caudal cerebral artery on the surface of the brain in nutria (Myocastor coypus) / Sistematização, distribuição e territórios da artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do cérebro em Nutria (Myocastor coypus)

The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a medium-sized, semi-aquatic rodent valued by the skin and meat industry. This study aimed to describe and systematize the caudal cerebral artery on the brain surface in nutria, establishing a standard model and its main variations in this species. The thirty animals used were euthanized according to animal welfare rules. The vessels were filled with latex stained with red pigment and the samples were fixed in formaldehyde. In nutria, the brain was vascularized by the vertebral basilar system. The terminal branches of the basilar artery originated the rostral cerebellar, caudal cerebral, rostral choroidal and middle cerebral arteries, and its terminal branch, the rostral cerebral artery. The terminal branch of the basilar artery projected the caudal cerebral artery, which is usually a single medium-caliber vessel, into the transverse fissure of the brain. The caudal cerebral artery was presented as a single (66.7% of the cases to the right and 76.7% to the left) and double vessel (33.3% of the cases to the right and 23.3% to the left). It originated the rostral mesencephalic artery, the proximal component, and the caudal inter-hemispheric artery. The terminal branches of the rostral and caudal tectal mesencephalic arteries formed a typical anastomotic network. The caudal inter-hemispheric artery emitted central branches, the caudal choroidal artery, hemispherical occipital arteries, rostral tectal mesencephalic branches and distal components, and anastomosed "in osculum" with the terminal branches of the rostral inter-hemispheric artery. The caudal choroidal artery anastomosed with the rostral choroidal artery, where it branched out on the thalamic mass, vascularizing all diencephalic structures and the hippocampus. The caudal cerebral artery and its terminal branches anastomosed with the terminal branches of the rostral and middle cerebral arteries in a restricted region of the caudal pole of the cerebral hemisphere. The vascularization area of the caudal cerebral artery and its central branches in the paleopallial of the piriform lobe is extremely restricted, caudomedially.(AU)

A nutria (Myocastor coypus) é um roedor semi-aquático de tamanho mediano, apreciado na indústria de peles e carne. Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever e sistematizar a artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do cérebro em nutria, estabelecendo um modelo padrão e suas principais variações e territórios nesta espécie. Os trinta animais utilizados foram eutanasiados segundo as regras de bem-estar animal, os vasos foram preenchidos com látex, corado em vermelho e as peças foram fixadas em formoldeído. O cérebro foi vascularizado exclusivamente pelo sistema vértebro-basilar. Os ramos terminais da artéria basilar originaram as artérias cerebelar rostral, cerebral caudal, corióidea rostral, cerebral média e seu ramo terminal, a artéria cerebral rostral. O ramo terminal da artéria basilar lançou a artéria cerebral caudal, um vaso normalmente único, de médio calibre, para o interior da fissura transversa do cérebro. A artéria cerebral caudal foi um vaso único em 66,7% à direita e em 76,7% à esquerda e mostrou-se dupla em 33,3% à direita e em 23,3% à esquerda. Ela lançou a artéria tectal mesencefálica rostral, componente proximal e a artéria inter-hemisférica caudal. Os ramos terminais das artérias tectais mesencefálicas, rostral e caudal, formavam uma rede anastomótica típica. A artéria inter-hemisférica caudal lançou ramos centrais, a artéria corióidea caudal, as artérias hemisféricas occipitais, os ramos tectais mesencefálicos rostrais, componentes distais e anastomosou-se "em ósculo" com o ramo terminal da artéria inter-hemisférica rostral. A artéria corióidea caudal anastomosava-se com a artéria corióidea rostral, onde ramificavam-se sobre a massa talâmica, vascularizando todas as estruturas do diencéfalo e hipocampo. A artéria cerebral caudal com seus ramos terminais apresenta anastomoses com os ramos terminais das artérias cerebrais rostral e média em uma região restrita do pólo caudal do hemisfério cerebral. A área de vascularização da artéria cerebral caudal com seus ramos centrais no páleo-palio do lobo piriforme é extremamente restrita, caudo-medialmente ao mesmo.(AU)

Systematization, distribution, and territories of the caudal cerebral artery on the surface of the brain in nutria (Myocastor coypus) / Sistematização, distribuição e territórios da artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do cérebro em Nutria (Myocastor coypus)

The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a medium-sized, semi-aquatic rodent valued by the skin and meat industry. This study aimed to describe and systematize the caudal cerebral artery on the brain surface in nutria, establishing a standard model and its main variations in this species. The thirty animals used were euthanized according to animal welfare rules. The vessels were filled with latex stained with red pigment and the samples were fixed in formaldehyde. In nutria, the brain was vascularized by the vertebral basilar system. The terminal branches of the basilar artery originated the rostral cerebellar, caudal cerebral, rostral choroidal and middle cerebral arteries, and its terminal branch, the rostral cerebral artery. The terminal branch of the basilar artery projected the caudal cerebral artery, which is usually a single medium-caliber vessel, into the transverse fissure of the brain. The caudal cerebral artery was presented as a single (66.7% of the cases to the right and 76.7% to the left) and double vessel (33.3% of the cases to the right and 23.3% to the left). It originated the rostral mesencephalic artery, the proximal component, and the caudal inter-hemispheric artery. The terminal branches of the rostral and caudal tectal mesencephalic arteries formed a typical anastomotic network. The caudal inter-hemispheric artery emitted central branches, the caudal choroidal artery, hemispherical occipital arteries, rostral tectal mesencephalic branches and distal components, and anastomosed "in osculum" with the terminal branches of the rostral inter-hemispheric artery. The caudal choroidal artery anastomosed with the rostral choroidal artery, where it branched out on the thalamic mass, vascularizing all diencephalic structures and the hippocampus. The caudal cerebral artery and its terminal branches anastomosed with the terminal branches of the rostral and middle cerebral arteries in a restricted region of the caudal pole of the cerebral hemisphere. The vascularization area of the caudal cerebral artery and its central branches in the paleopallial of the piriform lobe is extremely restricted, caudomedially.(AU)

A nutria (Myocastor coypus) é um roedor semi-aquático de tamanho mediano, apreciado na indústria de peles e carne. Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever e sistematizar a artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do cérebro em nutria, estabelecendo um modelo padrão e suas principais variações e territórios nesta espécie. Os trinta animais utilizados foram eutanasiados segundo as regras de bem-estar animal, os vasos foram preenchidos com látex, corado em vermelho e as peças foram fixadas em formoldeído. O cérebro foi vascularizado exclusivamente pelo sistema vértebro-basilar. Os ramos terminais da artéria basilar originaram as artérias cerebelar rostral, cerebral caudal, corióidea rostral, cerebral média e seu ramo terminal, a artéria cerebral rostral. O ramo terminal da artéria basilar lançou a artéria cerebral caudal, um vaso normalmente único, de médio calibre, para o interior da fissura transversa do cérebro. A artéria cerebral caudal foi um vaso único em 66,7% à direita e em 76,7% à esquerda e mostrou-se dupla em 33,3% à direita e em 23,3% à esquerda. Ela lançou a artéria tectal mesencefálica rostral, componente proximal e a artéria inter-hemisférica caudal. Os ramos terminais das artérias tectais mesencefálicas, rostral e caudal, formavam uma rede anastomótica típica. A artéria inter-hemisférica caudal lançou ramos centrais, a artéria corióidea caudal, as artérias hemisféricas occipitais, os ramos tectais mesencefálicos rostrais, componentes distais e anastomosou-se "em ósculo" com o ramo terminal da artéria inter-hemisférica rostral. A artéria corióidea caudal anastomosava-se com a artéria corióidea rostral, onde ramificavam-se sobre a massa talâmica, vascularizando todas as estruturas do diencéfalo e hipocampo. A artéria cerebral caudal com seus ramos terminais apresenta anastomoses com os ramos terminais das artérias cerebrais rostral e média em uma região restrita do pólo caudal do hemisfério cerebral. A área de vascularização da artéria cerebral caudal com seus ramos centrais no páleo-palio do lobo piriforme é extremamente restrita, caudo-medialmente ao mesmo.(AU)

Anatomia macroscópica e vascularização do encéfalo de emas (Rhea americana americana) / Macroscopic anatomy and brain vascularization in the greater rhea (Rhea americana americana)

Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries,[...]

Anatomia macroscópica e vascularização do encéfalo de emas (Rhea americana americana) / Macroscopic anatomy and brain vascularization in the greater rhea (Rhea americana americana)

Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries,[...](AU)

Gross anatomy and vascularization of the brain of pacarana (Dinomys branickii)

Background: The pacarana lives in South America and has herbivorous and nocturnal habits. It is a rare species with scarce data concerning its morphology and adding more data is important in establishing its vulnerability. The aim was to describe its macroscopic brain anatomy, as well as the brain vascularization.Materials, Methods & Results: Two specimens were available for this study, that were donated post-mortem. The animals were injected with latex and fixed with 10% formaldehyde. Upon exposure and removal of the brain its main features were described. The rhinal fissure is single and the lateral sulcus arises from its caudal part. There are two sagittal sulci, an extensive medial sulcus and a short lateral sulcus. The piriform lobe is vermiform and the rostral part is smaller. The caudal colliculus is larger than the rostral colliculus and they are separated by a sulcus. The cerebellum has oval shape and the flocculus lobe is not conspicuous. The cerebral arterial circle was analyzed and described. The brain is supplied by the vertebrobasilar system only. The cerebral arterial circle is formed by the terminal branch of the basilar artery, the caudal communicating artery, the rostral cerebral artery and the rostral communicating artery. The caudal and middle cerebellar arteries are branches of the basilar artery. The terminal branch of the basilar artery originates the rostral cerebellar artery and the caudal cerebral artery. From the end of the caudal communicating artery and the beginning of the rostral cerebral artery arises the middle cerebral artery.[...]

Gross anatomy and vascularization of the brain of pacarana (Dinomys branickii)

Background: The pacarana lives in South America and has herbivorous and nocturnal habits. It is a rare species with scarce data concerning its morphology and adding more data is important in establishing its vulnerability. The aim was to describe its macroscopic brain anatomy, as well as the brain vascularization.Materials, Methods & Results: Two specimens were available for this study, that were donated post-mortem. The animals were injected with latex and fixed with 10% formaldehyde. Upon exposure and removal of the brain its main features were described. The rhinal fissure is single and the lateral sulcus arises from its caudal part. There are two sagittal sulci, an extensive medial sulcus and a short lateral sulcus. The piriform lobe is vermiform and the rostral part is smaller. The caudal colliculus is larger than the rostral colliculus and they are separated by a sulcus. The cerebellum has oval shape and the flocculus lobe is not conspicuous. The cerebral arterial circle was analyzed and described. The brain is supplied by the vertebrobasilar system only. The cerebral arterial circle is formed by the terminal branch of the basilar artery, the caudal communicating artery, the rostral cerebral artery and the rostral communicating artery. The caudal and middle cerebellar arteries are branches of the basilar artery. The terminal branch of the basilar artery originates the rostral cerebellar artery and the caudal cerebral artery. From the end of the caudal communicating artery and the beginning of the rostral cerebral artery arises the middle cerebral artery.[...](AU)

Vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo do gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867) / Arterial vascularization of the base of the cerebrum of mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867)

Objetivou-se descrever e sistematizar as artérias da base do encéfalo. Foram utilizados dez gerbils que se encontravamarmazenados em freezer no laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal Aplicada da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido. Osanimais foram descongelados, incisados na linha mediana para identificação do ventrículo esquerdo, o qual foi perfurado einjetados 3ml de Látex Neoprene 650 na concentração de 20% e no pigmento vermelho. Posteriormente aguardou-se cerca de 1minuto em virtude da polimerização do Látex e logo após foram fixados por imersão em solução aquosa de Formaldeído a 3,7% eapós 72 horas, tiveram os encéfalos removidos da calota craniana para análise de sua superfície ventral. Foi visto que o sistemavertebrobasilar e carótico estiveram presentes em todos os animais analisados, mostrando-se responsável pela vascularizaçãodo encéfalo caudal e rostral, respectivamente. As principais artérias observadas no modelo padrão incluem as ímpares: basilar,espinhal ventral, ramo medial da artéria cerebral rostral e as pares: vertebral, cerebelar caudal, cerebelar média, trigeminal,cerebelar rostral, ramo terminal da basilar, carótida interna, cerebral caudal, hipofisária, cerebral média, cerebral rostral, lateral dobulbo olfatório e etmoidal interna. Conclui-se com base nos resultados que a irrigação da superfície ventral encefálica do gerbilfoi suprida pelos sistemas vertebro-basilar e carótico de forma equivalente, pertencendo assim ao modelo do tipo II. O circuitoarterioso apresentou-se aberto caudalmente e fechado rostralmente, fato que difere do relatado em roedores como capivara,cutia, preá, chinchila e nutria.(AU)

The objective was to describe and systematize the arteries of the base of the brain. Ten gerbils were used, which were stored in afreezer in the Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University. The animals were thawed,incised in the midline to identify the left ventricle, which was punctured and injected 3 ml of Latex Neoprene 650 at a concentrationof 20% and red pigment. After about one minute the polymerization of the Latex was delayed and afterwards fixed by immersionin 3.7% aqueous Formaldehyde solution and after 72 hours the brain was removed from the skull cap for analysis of its ventralsurface. It was observed that the vertebro-basilar and carotid system were present in all animals analyzed, being responsible forthe vascularization of the caudal and rostral encephalon, respectively. The main arteries observed in the standard model includethe odd: basilar, ventral spinal, medial branch of the rostral cerebral artery and, the pairs: vertebral, cerebellar caudal, cerebellarmedial, trigeminal, cerebellar rostral, terminal branch of the basilar, internal carotid, caudal cerebral, Pituitary, middle cerebral, rostral,lateral, olfactory and internal ethmoidal. Based on the results, the irrigation of the ventral brain surface of the gerbil was suppliedby the vertebro-basilar and carotic systems in an equivalent way, thus belonging to the type II model. The arterial circuit was opencaudally and closed rostrally, a fact that differs from that reported in rodents such as capybara, agouti, cavy, chinchilla and nutria.(AU)

Basilar artery in New Zealand Rabbit: origin, morphometry and main branches / Artéria basilar em coelhos Nova Zelândia: origem, morfometria e ramos principais

The aim of this study was to describe the origin, morphometry and main branches of the basilar artery, in adult New Zealand rabbits of both sexes. The setting was made by plastic tube inserted into the common carotid artery with 10% formaldehyde solution. After fixed and performing the injections with latex solution stained with pigment, the brains were removed after craniotomy and dissected to identify the origin and main branches of the basilar arteries. Mean and standard error of the basilar artery length were 1.293 cm ± 0.024 in females and 1.227 cm ± 0.025 in males. In all rabbits dissected, the basilar artery stemmed from the anastomosis of vertebral arteries, right and left, giving rise to the caudal cerebellar artery, varied branches to bulb and pons, terminal branches, and rostral cerebellar arteries

O objetivo desta investigação foi caracterizar a origem, morfometria e ramos principais da artéria basilar em coelhos Nova Zelândia adultos de ambos os sexos. A fixação foi feita através de cânula plástica introduzida na artéria carótida comum com solução de formaldeído a 10%. Em seguida foram feitas repleções vasculares com solução aquosa de Petrolátex S65 corado com pigmento Suvinil vermelho. Procedeu-se a craniotomia, remoção dos encéfalos e dissecção para a observação da origem e ramificações principais da artéria basilar. A média e erro padrão do comprimento da artéria basilar foram de 1,293 cm ± 0,024 nas fêmeas e 1,227 cm ± 0,025 nos machos. Em todos os coelhos dissecados, a artéria basilar se originou da anastomose das artérias vertebrais, direita e esquerda, emitindo a artéria cerebelar caudal, ramos variados para bulbo e ponte, ramos terminais e artérias cerebelares rostrais

Basilar artery in New Zealand Rabbit: origin, morphometry and main branches / Artéria basilar em coelhos Nova Zelândia: origem, morfometria e ramos principais

The aim of this study was to describe the origin, morphometry and main branches of the basilar artery, in adult New Zealand rabbits of both sexes. The setting was made by plastic tube inserted into the common carotid artery with 10% formaldehyde solution. After fixed and performing the injections with latex solution stained with pigment, the brains were removed after craniotomy and dissected to identify the origin and main branches of the basilar arteries. Mean and standard error of the basilar artery length were 1.293 cm ± 0.024 in females and 1.227 cm ± 0.025 in males. In all rabbits dissected, the basilar artery stemmed from the anastomosis of vertebral arteries, right and left, giving rise to the caudal cerebellar artery, varied branches to bulb and pons, terminal branches, and rostral cerebellar arteries(AU)

O objetivo desta investigação foi caracterizar a origem, morfometria e ramos principais da artéria basilar em coelhos Nova Zelândia adultos de ambos os sexos. A fixação foi feita através de cânula plástica introduzida na artéria carótida comum com solução de formaldeído a 10%. Em seguida foram feitas repleções vasculares com solução aquosa de Petrolátex S65 corado com pigmento Suvinil vermelho. Procedeu-se a craniotomia, remoção dos encéfalos e dissecção para a observação da origem e ramificações principais da artéria basilar. A média e erro padrão do comprimento da artéria basilar foram de 1,293 cm ± 0,024 nas fêmeas e 1,227 cm ± 0,025 nos machos. Em todos os coelhos dissecados, a artéria basilar se originou da anastomose das artérias vertebrais, direita e esquerda, emitindo a artéria cerebelar caudal, ramos variados para bulbo e ponte, ramos terminais e artérias cerebelares rostrais(AU)

Arterial vascularization of the brain of the agouti (Dasyprocta aguti Linnaeus, 1766) / Vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo de cutias (Dasyprocta aguti Linnaeus, 1766)

The agouti, a rodent that is geographically distributed throughout South America, is greatly valued for its meat. This paper describes the arterial vascularization of the base of the agoutis brain, characterizing behavior, and arterial origin and distribution. Ten animals from the Center for the Multiplication of Wild Animals (CEMAS/UFERSA) were used and the study was approved by SISBIO (report number 32413-1) and the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (CEUA/UFERSA) (protocol 02/2010). After euthanasia, the animals were incised in the thoracic cavity by an injection of red-stained Neoprene latex 650 and the skulls were subsequently opened. The brains were extracted from the skulls for ventral surface analysis and then fixed in an aqueous 10% formaldehyde solution. The agoutis arterial vascularization of the brain has two main components, namely the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. The agoutis carotid system accounts for vascularization of almost the entire forebrain, while the vertebrobasilar system accounts for vascularization of almost the entire posterior brain (medulla oblongata, pyramid, trapezoid body, cerebellum, bridge, and part of the third caudal section of the forebrain) through the caudal cerebral arteries originating from the terminal branches of the basilar artery. The main arteries on the brain surface include the basilar artery, which is unique, and the arterial pairs, specifically the vertebral arteries, cerebellar caudal arteries, trigeminal artery, rostral cerebellar artery, basilar terminal branch artery, cerebral caudal artery, communicating caudal branch of the cerebral carotid artery, cerebral carotid artery, communicating branch rostral cerebral carotid artery, choroidal rostral artery, medial branch of the communicating branch rostral artery, internal ophthalmic artery, middle cerebral artery, and rostral cerebral artery.(AU)

A cutia é um roedor, que se distribui geograficamente por quase toda América Latina, sendo apreciada pelo sabor da sua carne. Neste trabalho objetivou-se descrever a vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo de cutias, caracterizando o comportamento, origem e distribuição das artérias componentes. Foram utilizados 10 animais do Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS/UFERSA), pesquisa aprovada pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUA/ UFERSA- n° 02/2010) e pelo SISBIO (N°32413-1). Após eutanásia, os animais foram incisados na cavidade torácica para injeção de Neoprene látex 650 corado na cor vermelha e posterior abertura da calota craniana. Os encéfalos foram extraídos do crânio para análise da sua face ventral e logo fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. A vascularização arterial do encéfalo da cutia apresenta dois componentes principais, o sistema carótico e o vértebro-basilar. O sistema carótico na cutia é responsável pela vascularização do cérebro anterior em quase sua totalidade. O sistema vértebro-basilar é responsável pela vascularização do cérebro posterior (medula oblonga, pirâmide, corpo trapezóide, o cerebelo e ponte e parte do terço caudal do cérebro anterior), através das artérias cerebrais caudais, originárias dos ramos terminais da artéria basilar. As principais artérias presentes na superfície do encéfalo incluem a basilar que é ímpar, e as pares: artérias vertebrais, cerebelar caudal, trigemial, cerebelar rostral, ramo terminal da basilar, cerebral caudal, ramo comunicante caudal da carótida cerebral, carótida cerebral, ramo comunicante rostral da carótida cerebral, corióidearostral, ramo medial do ramo comunicante rostral, oftálmica interna, cerebral média e artéria cerebral rostral.(AU)

ESTUDO MACROSCÓPICO DO TELENCÉFALO, DA VASCULARIZAÇÃO DA BASE E SEIOS DA DURA-MÁTER EM Alouatta belzebul

Os primatas da espécie Alouatta belzebul, também conhecido como bugio, guariba e barbado são endêmicos do Brasil, de grande porte, movimentos lentos e locomoção quadrúpede. O conhecimento da morfologia desta espécie é escasso e, em alguns aspectos, como o encéfalo são inexistentes. O objetivo foi descrever a anatomia macroscópica do telencéfalo de Alouatta belzebul, assim como a vascularização da base do encéfalo, núcleos da base e os seios venosos da dura-máter. Estudaram-se 20 espécimes de Alouatta belzebul, onde os giros e sulcos encefálicos foram dissecados, os núcleos da base identificados e o sistema arterial e os seios venosos foram perfundidos com a injeção de látex corado. O telencéfalo do A. belzebul apresentou-se com características lisencefálicas, corroborando com várias outras espécies de primatas não humanos e diferindo de gêneros como Pan e Homo. Os núcleos da base estavam bastante evidentes e foram descritos o núcleo caudado, putâmen, globo pálido medial e globo pálido lateral, claustro e substância negra, que funcionalmente, estão relacionados com o comportamento motor da espécie. Na análise do índice de encefalização, observou-se que o Alouatta belzebul é filogeneticamente mais próximo de Sapajus e Macaca e mais distante de gêneros como Brachyteles e Callithrix, mostrando expressiva cognição e inteligência. Em relação à inclinação do sulco central, observou-se que em Alouatta belzebul a extremidade superior é posterior à extremidade inferior, dados que corroboram com o homem, babuínos e chimpanzés e revela um lobo frontal grande quando comparado Sapajus libidinosus, demonstrando o máximo de desenvolvimento cerebral nestes primatas. O círculo arterial do Alouatta belzebul é composto por dois sistemas vasculares: o vértebro-basilar e o sistema carotídeo, que se anastomosam para fechar o circuito arterial. Na porção caudal do círculo arterial encontram-se as artérias vertebrais e seus ramos: artéria espinal rostral e a cerebelar inferior caudal. A anastomose das artérias vertebrais dá origem à artéria basilar. Esta apresentou uma variação anatômica com a formação de uma dupla artéria basilar, denominada ilha arterial. Na dura-máter foram observados nove seios venosos: seio sagital dorsal, seio sagital ventral, seio transverso, seio reto, seio sigmoide, seio temporal, seio parietal, seio basilar e seio cavernoso, com semelhanças morfológicas na origem, trajeto e destino do fluxo sanguíneo para a veia jugular interna, auxiliando na função de drenagem venosa do encéfalo nesta espécie. Dos seios venosos observados, o seio cavernoso apresentou-se com uma importância clínica e cirúrgica considerável em Alouatta belzebul devido à sua disposição topográfica junto da artéria carótida interna e glândula hipófise, dados semelhantes aos descritos para Sapajus libidinosus, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, Papio ursinus, Cercopithecus pygerithrus e Galago senegalensis. O estudo morfológico do telencéfalo, assim como os mecanismos de revestimento, irrigação arterial e drenagem dos seios venosos, gerou informações sobre a organização encefálica do primata Alouatta belzebul, que até então não haviam sido descritas e muitos desses dados geram subsídios para compreensão de outras áreas de investigações etológicas.

Primates of the species Alouatta belzebul, also known as howler monkeys, guariba and barbado are endemic to Brazil, of large size, slow movements and quadrupedal locomotion. The knowledge of the morphology of this species is scarce and, in some aspects, as the brain is non-existent. The objective was to describe the macroscopic anatomy of Alouatta belzebul's telencephalon, as well as the vascularization of the base of the brain, nuclei of the base and the venous sinuses of the dura mater. Twenty specimens of Alouatta belzebul were studied, where the brain gyres and grooves were dissected, the base nuclei were identified and the arterial system and venous sinuses were perfused with the injection of colored latex. The telencephalon of A. belzebul presented lysencephalic characteristics, corroborating with several other species of non-human primates and differing from genera such as Pan and Homo. The nuclei of the base were quite evident and the caudate nucleus, putamen, pale medial globe and pale lateral globe, cloister and black substance have been described, which are functionally related to the motor behavior of the species. In the analysis of the encephalization index, it was observed that the Alouatta belzebul is phylogenetically closer to Sapajus and Macaca and more distant from genera such as Brachyteles and Callithrix, showing expressive cognition and intelligence. Regarding the inclination of the central groove, it was observed that in Alouatta belzebul the upper extremity is posterior to the lower extremity, data that corroborate with man, baboons and chimpanzees and reveal a large frontal lobe when compared to Sapajus libidinosus, showing the maximum development in these primates. The arterial circle of the Alouatta belzebul consists of two vascular systems: the vertebro-basilar and the carotid system, which anastomose to close the arterial circuit. In the caudal portion of the arterial circle are the vertebral arteries and their branches: the rostral spinal artery and the caudal inferior cerebellar artery. Anastomosis of the vertebral arteries gives rise to the basilar artery. This presented an anatomical variation with the formation of a double basilar artery, called the arterial island. Nine venous sinuses were observed in the dura mater: dorsal sagittal sinus, ventral sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, straight sinus, sigmoid sinus, temporal sinus, parietal sinus, basilar sinus and cavernous sinus, with morphological similarities in the origin, path and destination of the flow blood to the internal jugular vein, helping in the venous drainage function of the brain in this species. Of the venous sinuses observed, the cavernous sinus was of considerable clinical and surgical importance in Alouatta belzebul due to its topographic arrangement next to the internal carotid artery and pituitary gland, data similar to those described for Sapajus libidinosus, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, Papio ursinus, Cercopithecus pygerithrus and Galago senegalensis. The morphological study of the telencephalon, as well as the mechanisms of lining, arterial irrigation and drainage of the venous sinuses, generated information about the brain organization of the primate Alouatta belzebul, which had not been previously described and many of these data generate subsidies for understanding other áreas ethological investigations.

Morfometria do encéfalo e formação do circuito arterial em equinos mestiços

The aim of this study was to describe the main branches of the basilar artery, formation of the arterial circuit and the morphometry of the brain in adult crossbreed horses of both sexes. The setting was made by plastic tube inserted into the common carotid artery with 10% formaldehyde solution. After fixed, latex solution stained with pigment was injected. Craniotomy, morphometry of the brain and dissection were made to identify the main branches of the basilar arteries and the formation of the arterial circuit. The mean and standard error of the mean of the basilar artery was 3.629 cm ± 0.1550 in males and 4.423 cm ± 0.1990 in females (p=0.0037). In all animals the basilar artery originated from the fusion of the vertebral arteries giving rise to caudal cerebellar arteries, different numbers of branches to bulbus and pons, terminal branches and rostral cerebellar arteries. The arteries of the base of the brain depended on the carotid and vertebral-basilar systems. The brain circuit was closed rostrally and caudally in all horses.

O objetivo desta investigação foi caracterizar a morfometria do encéfalo e a formação do circuito arterial em equinos adultos mestiços de ambos os sexos. A fixação foi feita através de cânula plástica introduzida na artéria carótida comum com solução de formaldeído a 10%. Em seguida, foram feitas repleções vasculares com solução aquosa de Petrolátex S65 corado com pigmento Suvinil vermelho. Procedeu-se a craniotomia, remoção e morfometria dos encéfalos e dissecção para a observação das ramificações principais da artéria basilar e formação do circuito arterial. A média mais erro padrão da média do comprimento da artéria basilar foi de3,629 cm ± 0,1550 nos machos e 4,423 cm ± 0,1990 nas fêmeas (p=0,0037). Em todos os equinos dissecados, a artéria basilar originou-se da convergência das artérias vertebrais, emitindo a artéria cerebelar caudal, ramos variados para bulbo e ponte, ramos terminais e artérias cerebelares rostrais. As artérias da base do encéfalo estiveram na dependência dos sistemas carótico e vértebrobasilar. O circuito arterial do cérebro apresentou-se fechado rostral e caudalmente em 100% dos animais dissecados.

Morfometria do encéfalo e formação do circuito arterial em equinos mestiços / Morphometry of the brain and arterial circuit formation in crossbread horse

The aim of this study was to describe the main branches of the basilar artery, formation of the arterial circuit and the morphometry of the brain in adult crossbreed horses of both sexes. The setting was made by plastic tube inserted into the common carotid artery with 10% formaldehyde solution. After fixed, latex solution stained with pigment was injected. Craniotomy, morphometry of the brain and dissection were made to identify the main branches of the basilar arteries and the formation of the arterial circuit. The mean and standard error of the mean of the basilar artery was 3.629 cm ± 0.1550 in males and 4.423 cm ± 0.1990 in females (p=0.0037). In all animals the basilar artery originated from the fusion of the vertebral arteries giving rise to caudal cerebellar arteries, different numbers of branches to bulbus and pons, terminal branches and rostral cerebellar arteries. The arteries of the base of the brain depended on the carotid and vertebral-basilar systems. The brain circuit was closed rostrally and caudally in all horses.

O objetivo desta investigação foi caracterizar a morfometria do encéfalo e a formação do circuito arterial em equinos adultos mestiços de ambos os sexos. A fixação foi feita através de cânula plástica introduzida na artéria carótida comum com solução de formaldeído a 10%.  Em seguida, foram feitas repleções vasculares com solução aquosa de Petrolátex S65 corado com pigmento Suvinil vermelho. Procedeu-se a craniotomia, remoção e morfometria dos encéfalos e dissecção para a observação das ramificações principais da artéria basilar e formação do circuito arterial. A média mais erro padrão da média do comprimento da artéria basilar foi de 3,629 cm ± 0,1550 nos machos e 4,423 cm ± 0,1990 nas fêmeas (p=0,0037). Em todos os equinos dissecados, a artéria basilar originou-se da convergência das artérias vertebrais, emitindo a artéria cerebelar caudal, ramos variados para bulbo e ponte, ramos terminais e artérias cerebelares rostrais. As artérias da base do encéfalo estiveram na dependência dos sistemas carótico e vértebrobasilar. O circuito arterial do cérebro apresentou-se fechado rostral e caudalmente em 100% dos animais dissecados.

Morfometria do encéfalo e formação do circuito arterial em equinos mestiços / Morphometry of the brain and arterial circuit formation in crossbread horse

The aim of this study was to describe the main branches of the basilar artery, formation of the arterial circuit and the morphometry of the brain in adult crossbreed horses of both sexes. The setting was made by plastic tube inserted into the common carotid artery with 10% formaldehyde solution. After fixed, latex solution stained with pigment was injected. Craniotomy, morphometry of the brain and dissection were made to identify the main branches of the basilar arteries and the formation of the arterial circuit. The mean and standard error of the mean of the basilar artery was 3.629 cm ± 0.1550 in males and 4.423 cm ± 0.1990 in females (p=0.0037). In all animals the basilar artery originated from the fusion of the vertebral arteries giving rise to caudal cerebellar arteries, different numbers of branches to bulbus and pons, terminal branches and rostral cerebellar arteries. The arteries of the base of the brain depended on the carotid and vertebral-basilar systems. The brain circuit was closed rostrally and caudally in all horses.(AU)

O objetivo desta investigação foi caracterizar a morfometria do encéfalo e a formação do circuito arterial em equinos adultos mestiços de ambos os sexos. A fixação foi feita através de cânula plástica introduzida na artéria carótida comum com solução de formaldeído a 10%.  Em seguida, foram feitas repleções vasculares com solução aquosa de Petrolátex S65 corado com pigmento Suvinil vermelho. Procedeu-se a craniotomia, remoção e morfometria dos encéfalos e dissecção para a observação das ramificações principais da artéria basilar e formação do circuito arterial. A média mais erro padrão da média do comprimento da artéria basilar foi de 3,629 cm ± 0,1550 nos machos e 4,423 cm ± 0,1990 nas fêmeas (p=0,0037). Em todos os equinos dissecados, a artéria basilar originou-se da convergência das artérias vertebrais, emitindo a artéria cerebelar caudal, ramos variados para bulbo e ponte, ramos terminais e artérias cerebelares rostrais. As artérias da base do encéfalo estiveram na dependência dos sistemas carótico e vértebrobasilar. O circuito arterial do cérebro apresentou-se fechado rostral e caudalmente em 100% dos animais dissecados.(AU)

Systematization, distribution and territory of the caudal cerebral artery on the brain's surface of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) / Sistematização, distribuição e território da artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do encéfalo em peru (Meleagris gallopavo)

Thirty Meleagris gallopavo heads with their neck segments were used. Animals were contained and euthanized with the association of mebezonium iodide, embutramide and tetracaine hydrochloride (T 61, Intervet ) by intravenous injection. The arterial system was rinsed with cold saline solution (15°C), with 5000IU heparin and filled with red-colored latex. The samples were fixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days. The brains were removed with a segment of cervical spinal cord and after, the dura-mater was removed and the arteries dissected. The cerebral carotid arteries, after the intercarotid anastomosis, were projected around the hypophysis, until they reached the tuber cinereum and divided into their terminal branches, the caudal branch and the rostral branch. The rostral branch was projected rostrolateralwards and gave off, in sequence, two collateral branches, the caudal cerebral and the middle cerebral arteries and the terminal branch was as cerebroethmoidal artery. The caudal cerebral artery of one antimere formed the interhemispheric artery, which gave off dorsal hemispheric branches to the convex surface of both antimeres. Its dorsal tectal mesencephalic branch, of only one antimere, originated the dorsal cerebellar artery. In the interior of the cerebral transverse fissure, after the origin of the dorsal tectal mesencephalic artery, the caudal cerebral artery emitted occipital hemispheric branches, pineal branches and medial hemispheric branches, on both antimeres. The caudal cerebral artery's territory comprehended the entire surface of the dorsal hemioptic lobe, the rostral surface of the cerebellum, the diencephalic structures, the caudal pole and the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and in the convex surface, the sagittal eminence except for its most rostral third. Due to the asymmetry found in the caudal cerebral arteries' ramifications, the models were classified into three types and their respective subtypes.(AU)

Foram utilizadas 30 cabeças com o segmento de pescoço deMeleagris gallopavo. Os animais foram contidos e eutanasiados com a associação de iodeto de mebezônio, embutramida e cloridrato de tetracaína (T 61 Intervet ), via endovenosa. O sistema arterial foi lavado com solução salina resfriada (15°C), com 5000UI heparina e preenchido com látex corado em vermelho. As peças foram fixadas em formaldeído a 20% por sete dias. O encéfalo foi removido com um segmento de medula espinhal, a dura-máter removida e as artérias dissecadas. As artérias carótidas do cérebro, após a anastomose intercarótica, projetaram-se contornando a hipófise até alcançarem o túber cinéreo e dividiram-se em seus ramos terminais, o ramo caudal e o ramo rostral. O ramo rostral projetou-se rostro-lateralmente emitindo em sequência seus dois principais ramos colaterais, as artérias cerebral caudal e cerebral média terminado-se como artéria cerebroetmoidal. A artéria cerebral caudal de um antímero formava a artéria inter-hemisférica que lançava ramos hemisféricos dosais para a face convexa de ambos os antímeros. Seu ramo tectal mesencefálico dorsal de apenas um antímero originava a artéria cerebelar dorsal. No interior da fissura transversa do cérebro após a origem da artéria tectal mesencefálica dorsal artéria cerebral caudal lançou ramos hemisféricos occipitais, ramos pineais e hemisféricos mediais em ambos os antímeros. O território da artéria cerebral caudal compreendeu toda a superfície do hemi lobo óptico dorsal, a face rostral do cerebelo, as estruturas diencefálicas, o polo caudal e a face medial do hemisfério cerebral e na face convexa do hemisfério cerebral a eminência sagital exceto seu terço mais rostral. Devido à assimetria encontrada nas ramificações das artérias cerebrais caudais, foram classificados os modelos em três tipos com seus respectivos subtipos.(AU)

MORFOLOGIA DO ENCÉFALO DE EMAS (Rhea americana americana LINNAEUS, 1758)

Objetivou-se identificar macroscopicamente as regiões do encéfalo, bem como, as arterias cerebrais e o circuito arterioso cerebral, de modo a estabelecer um padrão vascular e sua sistematização, assim como, quantificar sua morfometria e estereologia. Para tanto, foram utilizados 21 encéfalos de emas, sendo 13 fêmeas e 2 machos (idades de 18 meses) e, 4 fêmeas e 2 machos (idades de 2 meses) para o estudo da vascularização e 22 encéfalos, sendo 2 fêmeas e 1 macho (1 mês), 1 fêmea e 2 machos (2 meses), 2 fêmeas e 1 macho (3, 4, 5 e 6 meses) e, 2 fêmeas e 2 machos (18 meses) para as análises de morfometria e estereologia. Os animais foram descongelados e incisados no plano sagital, na região cervical, de modo a expor a artéria carótida comum esquerda, a qual foi canulada e o sistema vascular lavado com solução salina a 0,9%, e logo após, perfundido com látex Neoprene 650, corado com pigmento vermelho, de forma a permitir uma melhor visualização das artérias. Já para o estudo morfométrico e estereológico, as carótidas foram canuladas e perfundidas com cerca de 5-10 ml de formaldeído a 3,7%, a fim de obter a fixação dos encéfalos. Posteriormente, as peças foram imersas em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 3,7%, durante 72 horas, e depois, iniciaram-se as dissecações e remoção dos ossos da calota craniana. Em seguida, os encéfalos foram analisados, sendo as estruturas, identificadas, mensuradas, fotografadas, esquematizadas e nominadas. Quanto à estereologia, os encéfalos foram incluídos em gelatina incolor, mantidos em refrigerador por 24 horas e, posteriormente, obteve-se cortes de 4 mm de espessura. Em seguida, foi removida a gelatina, realizada a coloração de Mainland e efetivada a quantificação do volume cerebral (V= T. a/p. pi). O encéfalo dividiu-se em: telencéfalo, diencéfalo, tronco cerebral e cerebelo e, externamente, observaram-se os bulbos olfatórios, lobos ópticos, nervos ópticos, quiasma óptico, hipófise e pineal. Já quanto ao estudo da vascularização, foram identificadas as artérias: espinhal ventral, basilar, cerebelares ventrais caudais, cerebelares ventrais médias, ramos caudais das artérias carótidas do cérebro, tectais mesencefálicas ventrais, cerebrais caudais, ramos rostrais das artérias carótidas do cérebro, cerebrais médias, cerebroetmoidais, anastomose intercerebral rostral, cerebrais rostrais, etmoidais, oftálmicas internas, inter-hemisférica, hipofisarias, tectais mesencefálicas dorsais, cerebelares dorsais, ramos hemisféricos occipitais, pineais e ramos hemisférios dorsais. O circuito arterioso cerebral apresentou-se de forma fechada, caudalmente e rostralmente em 100% dos espécimes. O encéfalo possuiu mensurações que chegaram até 50,267 mm de comprimento, 41,855 mm de largura, 29,320 mm de altura e 21,774 g de massa. Os lobos ópticos apresentaram valores de comprimento direito (12,647 mm), comprimento esquerdo (12,355 mm), largura direita (11,470 mm), largura esquerda (10,827 mm) e, altura direita (15,495 mm) e altura esquerda (15,122 mm). Já o cerebelo apresentou valores de até 21,462 mm (comprimento), 18,207 mm (largura) e 21,487 mm (altura). Quanto a estereologia do encéfalo, este variou de 33,663 cm³ e 71,971 cm³ (idades de 1-18 meses), respectivamente.

The objective of this study was to identify macroscopically the regions of the brain, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit, in order to establish a vascular pattern and its systematization, as well as to quantify its morphometry and stereology. In order to do so, 21 greater rhea brains were used, 13 females and 2 males (ages 18 months) and 4 females and 2 males (ages 2 months) for the study of vascularization and 22 encephalus, 2 females and 1 male (1 month), 1 female and 2 male (2 months), 2 females and 1 male (3, 4, 5 and 6 months) and 2 females and 2 males (18 months) for morphometry and stereology analyzes. The animals were thawed and incised in the sagittal plane, in the cervical region, in order to expose the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated and the vascular system washed with 0.9% saline, and then perfused with Neoprene latex 650, stained with red pigment, in order to allow a better visualization of the arteries. For the morphometric and stereological study, the carotids were cannulated and perfused with about 5-10 ml of 3.7% formaldehyde in order to obtain the fixation of the brains. Subsequently, the pieces were immersed in aqueous solution of 3.7% formaldehyde for 72 hours, and then, dissections and removal of the bones from the skull cap were initiated. Then, the brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, measured, photographed, schematized and nominated. As for stereology, the brains were included in colorless gelatin, held in refrigerator for 24 hours, and subsequently cut 4 mm thick. Gelatin was then removed, Mainland stained and quantification of brain volume was performed (V = T. a / p. pi). The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum, and, externally, olfactory bulbs, optic lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal were observed. Ventral spinal, basilar, ventral cerebellar, mid-ventricular cerebellar, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic arteries, caudal cerebral arteries, carpal arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries , cerebroethmoidal, rostral intercerebral anastomosis, cerebellar rostrais, ethmoidal, internal ophthalmic, interhemispheric, pituitary, dorsal mesencephalic, dorsal cerebellar, occipital, pineal and dorsal hemispherical branches. The cerebral arteriosclerotic circuit was closed, caudally and rostrally in 100% of the specimens. The brain had measurements that reached up to 50.267 mm in length, 41.855 mm in width, 29.320 mm in height and 21.774 g in mass. Optical lobes presented values of right length (12.647 mm), left length (12.355 mm), right width (11.470 mm), left width (10.827 mm) and right height (15.495 mm) and left height (15.112 mm). The cerebellum presented values of up to 21.462 mm (length), 18.207 mm (width) and 21.487 mm (height). As to the stereology of the encephalon, this varied from 33.663 cm³ and 71.971 cm³ (ages 1-18 months), respectively.

A systematic study of the brain base arteries in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Sistematização das artérias da base do encéfalo e suas fontes de suprimento sanguíneo em coelho da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The brains of 30 New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were injected with red stained latex. The arteries of the ventral surface of the brain were systematized on the right (R) and on the left (L) side with the respective percentage of appearance: the aortic arch emitted the braquicephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery (83.3%); or the braquicephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery (16.7%). The braquicephalic trunk emitted the right and the left common carotid arteries and the right subclavian artery (83.3%); or the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery (16.7%). The common carotid arteries were divided into external and internal carotid arteries (96.7% on the R, 100% on the L.). The internal carotid artery to the R was present (96.7%) and absent (3.3%), and to the L, was present (100%). The rostral choroidal artery to the R was collateral branch of the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery (83.3%), collateral branch of caudal branch of the internal carotid artery (16.7%), and to the L was collateral branch of the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery (93.3%), collateral branch of the caudal branch of the internal carotid artery (6.7%). The middle cerebral artery to the R and to the L was single (80%) and double (20%). The rostral cerebral artery to the R had middle caliber (90%), thin caliber (6.7%) and too thin caliber (3.3%), and to the L had middle caliber (76.7%), thin caliber (16.7%) and too thin caliber (6.7%). The internal ethmoidal artery was absent (73.3%), present and single (26.7%). The caudal cerebral artery to the R was single (66.7%), double (26.7%) and triple (6.7%), and to the L was single (63.3%) and double (36.7%). The terminal branches of the right and left vertebral arteries were present (100%, and formed the basilar artery (100%). The ventral spinal artery was present (100%). The caudal cerebellar artery, to the R was single (43.3%), single with labyrinthic artery isolated (26.7%) and double (30%), and to the L was single (50%), single with labyrinthic artery isolated (6.7%), double (40%) and triple (3.3%). The trigeminal artery to the R and to the L was present (100%). The rostral cerebellar artery to the R was single (53.3%) and double (46,7%), and to the L was single (63.3%) and double (36.7%). The rabbit's cerebral arterial circle was caudally closed (100%) and rostrally closed (93.3%) or opened (6.7%). The brain was supplied by the vertebral-basilar and carotid systems.(AU)

Foram utilizados 30 encéfalos de coelhos Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus), injetados com látex, corado em vermelho, com objetivo de sistematizar as artérias da base do encéfalo e suas fontes de suprimento sanguíneo. Sistematizou-se a origem das fontes de suprimento sanguíneo para o encéfalo e as artérias (Aa) da face ventral do mesmo, tanto à direita (D) como à esquerda (E), com suas respectivas percentagens de aparecimento: o arco aórtico emitiu tronco braquiocefálico e artéria (A.) subclávia E (83,3%), ou tronco braquiocefálico, A. carótida comum E e A. subclávia E (16,7%). O tronco braquiocefálico lançou A. carótida comum D e E e A. subclávia D (83,3%), ou A. carótida comum D e A. subclávia D (16,7%). A. carótida comum dividiu-se em Aa carótidas externa e interna (96,7% D, 100% E). A. carótida interna D presente (96,7%) e ausente (3,3%), à E presente (100%). A. corióidea rostral D ramo colateral do ramo rostral da A. carótida interna D (83,3%), ramo colateral do ramo caudal da A. carótida interna D (16,7%), à E, ramo colateral do ramo rostral da A. carótida interna E (93,3%), ramo colateral do ramo caudal da A. carótida interna E (6,7%). A. cerebral média D e E ímpar (80%) e dupla (20%). A. cerebral rostral D com calibre médio (90%), calibre fino (6,7%), calibre muito fino (3,3%), à E, com calibre médio (76,7%), calibre fino (16,7%), calibre muito fino (6,7%). A. etmoidal interna ausente (73,3%), presente e ímpar (26,7%). A. cerebral caudal D, ímpar (66,7%), dupla (26,7%) e tripla (6,7%), à E, ímpar (63,3%) e dupla (36,7%). Ramos terminais --das Aa. vertebrais D e E presentes (100%) formaram a A. basilar (100%). A. espinhal ventral ímpar presente (100%). A. cerebelar caudal D, ímpar (43,3%), ímpar com A. labiríntica isolada (26,7%) e dupla (30%), à E, ímpar (50%), ímpar com A. labiríntica isolada (6,7%), dupla (40%) e tripla (3,3%). A. trigeminal D e E presente (100%). A. cerebelar rostral D, ímpar (53,3%) e dupla (46,7%), à E, ímpar (63,3%) e dupla (36,7%). Observou-se que o círculo arterial Cerebral do coelho foi fechado caudalmente (100%), rostralmente fechado (93,3%) e aberto (6,7%). O encéfalo foi suprido pelos sistemas vértebro-basilar e carotídeo.(AU)

SISTEMATIZAÇÃO, DISTRIBUIÇÃO E TERRITÓRIOS DAS ARTÉRIAS CEREBRAIS ROSTRAL, MÉDIA E CAUDAL NA SUPERFÍCIE DO ENCÉFALO EM NUTRIA (Myocastor coypus)

Foram utilizados 30 encéfalos de nutria (Myocastor coypus), injetados com látex, corado em vermelho, com objetivo de sistematizar e descrever a distribuição e territórios das artérias cerebrais rostral, média e caudal e suas ramificações na superfície dos hemisférios cerebrais e no tronco encefálico. A artéria carótida interna apresentouse atrofiada, sendo o encéfalo vascularizado exclusivamente pelo sistema vértebrobasilar. A artéria vertebral penetrou pelo forame magno, e seus antímeros anastomosaram-se formando uma calibrosa artéria basilar. A artéria basilar, de grande calibre, alcançou o sulco rostral da ponte, dividiu-se em dois ramos terminais, em uma divergência de aproximadamente 90°, e lançou as artérias cerebelar rostral, cerebral caudal, hipofisária, corióidea rostral e ramos centrais para o lobo piriforme. Após, os ramos terminais da artéria basilar projetaram-se rostro-lateralmente até a altura da origem aparente do nervo oculomotor (III par craniano), e curvaram-se alcançando o trato óptico, lançando a artéria cerebral média e a artéria cerebral rostral, seu ramo terminal. A artéria cerebelar rostralemitiu um ramo tectal mesencefálico caudal, para a face caudal do colículo caudal. A artéria cerebral caudal, normalmente única, de grosso calibre, projetava-se látero-dorsalmente para o interior da fissura transversa do cérebro, lançando as artérias tectal mesencefálica rostral (componente proximal) e interhemisférica caudal. A artéria tectal mesencefálica rostral vascularizou a maior parte do tecto mesencefálico, e os ramos terminais das artérias tectais mesencefálicas, rostral e caudal, formaram uma rede anastomótica sobre a superfície dos colículos rostrais e caudais. A artéria inter-hemisférica caudal lançou ramos centrais, artérias corióidea caudal (esta anastomosava-se com a artéria corióidea rostral, vascularizando o diencéfalo e o hipocampo), hemisféricas occipitais (para o pólo occipital do hemisfério cerebral), ramos tectais mesencefálicos rostrais (componentes distais), e então contornava o esplênio do corpo caloso anastomosando-se em ósculo com a artéria inter-hemisférica rostral. A artéria cerebral média, de grande calibre, projetava-se pelo interior da fossa lateral do cérebro, lançando ramos centrais caudais e rostrais para o páleo-palio da região. Ela ultrapassou o sulco rinal lateral, formando um a dois eixos principais para a face convexa do hemisfério cerebral, originando ramos hemisféricos convexos caudais e rostrais, e suas ramificações terminais anastomosavam-se em ósculo no lobo parietal com os ramos das artérias hemisféricas mediais rostrais, ramo da artéria cerebral rostral. A artéria cerebral rostral, de grosso calibre, projetou-se rostro-medialmente, na altura do quiasma óptico, emitindo um ramo medial, para a fissura longitudinal do cérebro. Seu eixo principal projetava-se rostralmente, acompanhando a fissura longitudinal do cérebro, até o bulbo olfatório, continuando-se para a cavidade nasal como artéria etmoidal interna. Esta emitiu ramos centrais, hemisférico medial e artérias lateral e medial do bulbo olfatório. O ramo medial anastomosava-se com seu homólogo contralateral, quando presente, fechando o círculo arterial cerebral rostralmente, formando uma artéria comunicante rostral, mediana ímpar. Esta se bifurcou nas artérias inter-hemisféricas rostrais, que vascularizavam toda face medial dos hemisférios cerebrais, até o esplênio do corpo caloso, emitindo as artérias hemisférica rostral e hemisférica medial rostral, sendo que os ramos terminais desta alcançavam a face convexa, anastomosando-se com os ramos terminais da artéria cerebral média.

Thirty nutria brains were used (Myocastor coypus), injected with latex and stained in red, in order to systematize and describe the distribution and the territories of the rostral, middle and caudal cerebral arteries and their ramifications in the surface of cerebral hemispheres and in the brain stem in nutria. The internal carotid artery was atrophied, being the encephalic vascularized exclusively by the vertebro-basilar system. The vertebral artery penetrated the magnum foramen, and their antimeres anastomosed to form a calibrous basilar artery. The basilar artery, of great caliber, reached the rostral sulcus of the pons, divided into two terminal branches, at a divergence of approximately 90°, and launched the rostral cerebellar, caudal cerebral, hypophyseal, rostral choroid arteries and central branches to the piriform lobe. Afterwards, the terminal branches of the basilar artery were projected rostrolaterally up to the apparent origin of the oculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve), and bent over reaching the optic tract, launching the middle cerebral artery and the rostral cerebral artery, its terminal branch. The rostral cerebellar artery emitted a caudal tectal mesencephalic branch, to the caudal surface of the caudal colliculus. The caudal cerebral artery, usually unique, of large caliber, projected laterally into the transverse fissure of the brain, launching the rostral tectal mesencephalic (proximal component) and caudal inter-hemispheric arteries. The rostral tectal mesencephalic artery vascularized most of the mesencephalic roof, and the terminal branches of the tectal mesencephalic arteries, rostral and caudal, formed an anastomotic network on the surface of rostral and caudal colliculus. The caudal inter-hemispheric artery emitted central branches, caudal choroid (this anastomosis with the rostral choroidal artery, vascularizing of the diencephalon and hippocampus), occipital hemispheres artery (to the occipital pole of the cerebral hemisphere), rostrais tectral mesencephalic branches (distal components), and then bypassed the splenius of the corpus callosum anastomosing "in osculum" with the rostral inter-hemispheric artery. The medium cerebral artery, of great caliber, projected through the interior of the cerebral lateral fossa, Releasing caudal and rostrais central branches to the paleopallio region. It crossed the lateral rinal groove, forming one to two main axes to the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere, originating caudal and rostral convex hemispheric branches, and its terminal branches anastomosed "in osculum" in the parietal lobe with the branches of the mediais rostrais hemispherics arteries, branch of the rostral cerebral artery. The rostral cerebral artery, of large caliber, projected rostro-medially, at the level of optic chiasm, emitting a medial branch, for the cerebral longitudinal fissure. Its main axis was projected rostrally, accompanying the cerebral longitudinal fissure, until the olfactory bulb, continuing to the nasal cavity as internal ethmoidal artery. It emitted central branches, medial hemispheric and lateral and medial of the olfactory bulb arteries. The medial branch was anastomosed with its contralateral homologous, when present, closing the cerebral arterial circle rostrally, forming a rostral communicating artery, unique median. This bifurcated in the inter-hemispheric rostrais arteries, which vascularized the entire medial face of the cerebral hemispheres, until the splenius of the corpus callosum, emitting the rostral hemispherical and hemispherical medial rostral arteries, being that the terminal branches of this reached the convex surface, anastomosing with the terminal branches of the middle cerebral artery.