Statistical analysis on the cnidome of genus Hydra using Generalized Linear Models

In the systematics of cnidarians, the different types of cnidocysts are considered an important taxonomic character. In Hydra, the four types of cnidocysts found in the ectoderm, concentrated in tentacles and their measurements, together with other morphological and reproductive characteristics, are very important for the taxonomy of the species. In this study, we explore in detail the biometric and statistical characteristics of the cnidome of three species of Hydra collected in three different environments for each climate season. A total of 17,378 capsules were measured. We used ANOVA test and Generalized Linear Model to analyze the distribution and differences reflected in each cnidome, considering the factors "individuals", "season", "lagoon" and "species". The results were clear: the cnidome keep specific information that, together with other taxonomic characteristics, allows us to discern between species of different groups. The same happens with cnidome of the same species but from different lagoons or climatic seasons: we observed a variation of parameters for each type of cnidocyst that could differentiate "ecological races", since these differences are not enough to declare different species.(AU)

Two new species of Knodus (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, with evidence of ontogenetic meristic changes

Two new species from the upper rio Tocantins basin are described in Knodus based on the traditional definition of the genus. The new species are distinguished from other congeners by meristic and morphometric characters, such as the number of cusps in the premaxillary and dentary teeth, the number of scale series between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, the orbital diameter and the body depth. With the two new species, the number of endemic species in the upper rio Tocantins basin upstream of the mouth of the rio Paranã, rises to 53 (89 to the confluence with rio Araguaia). The existence of a meristic character that changes through ontogeny (allomery), viz. the number of scale series between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, was detected in some species of Knodus through a regression analysis. Additionally, this paper describes an unambiguous, more informative and precise new method for counting vertebrae, which will enhance the efficacy of this trait in species comparisons.(AU)

Duas novas espécies do alto rio Tocantins são descritas em Knodus com base na definição tradicional do gênero. As novas espécies são distinguidas das demais congêneres por caracteres merísticos e morfométricos, tais como o número de cúspides nos dentes do pré-maxilar e do dentário, o número de séries de escamas entre a origem da nadadeira dorsal e a linha lateral, o diâmetro da órbita e a altura do corpo. Com as duas novas espécies, o número de espécies endêmicas na bacia do alto rio Tocantins, acima da barra do rio Paranã, sobe para 53 (89 até a confluência com o rio Araguaia). A existência de um caráter merístico que muda ao longo da ontogenia (alomeria), ou seja, o número de séries de escamas entre a origem da nadadeira dorsal e a linha lateral, foi detectado em algumas espécies de Knodus com uma análise de regressão. Adicionalmente, este artigo descreve um novo método não-ambíguo, mas informativo e mais preciso, para a contagem de vértebras, que aumentará a eficácia deste caráter em comparações entre espécies.(AU)

Two new species of Knodus (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, with evidence of ontogenetic meristic changes

Two new species from the upper rio Tocantins basin are described in Knodus based on the traditional definition of the genus. The new species are distinguished from other congeners by meristic and morphometric characters, such as the number of cusps in the premaxillary and dentary teeth, the number of scale series between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, the orbital diameter and the body depth. With the two new species, the number of endemic species in the upper rio Tocantins basin upstream of the mouth of the rio Paranã, rises to 53 (89 to the confluence with rio Araguaia). The existence of a meristic character that changes through ontogeny (allomery), viz. the number of scale series between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, was detected in some species of Knodus through a regression analysis. Additionally, this paper describes an unambiguous, more informative and precise new method for counting vertebrae, which will enhance the efficacy of this trait in species comparisons.(AU)

Duas novas espécies do alto rio Tocantins são descritas em Knodus com base na definição tradicional do gênero. As novas espécies são distinguidas das demais congêneres por caracteres merísticos e morfométricos, tais como o número de cúspides nos dentes do pré-maxilar e do dentário, o número de séries de escamas entre a origem da nadadeira dorsal e a linha lateral, o diâmetro da órbita e a altura do corpo. Com as duas novas espécies, o número de espécies endêmicas na bacia do alto rio Tocantins, acima da barra do rio Paranã, sobe para 53 (89 até a confluência com o rio Araguaia). A existência de um caráter merístico que muda ao longo da ontogenia (alomeria), ou seja, o número de séries de escamas entre a origem da nadadeira dorsal e a linha lateral, foi detectado em algumas espécies de Knodus com uma análise de regressão. Adicionalmente, este artigo descreve um novo método não-ambíguo, mas informativo e mais preciso, para a contagem de vértebras, que aumentará a eficácia deste caráter em comparações entre espécies.(AU)

Effectiveness of selection, parent-offspring correlation and regression in bacterial blight resistance genes introgressed rice segregating population / Efetividade da seleção, correlação pais-prole e regressão nos genes de resistência à ferrugem bacteriana introgressaram a população segregante de arroz

The effectiveness of early generation selection was practiced in bacterial blight resistance genes introgressed F2 and F2:3 population of the cross CB 174 R × IRBB 60 in rice. F2 Selection have been proved to be robust and effective tool in crop improvement program. Selection differential was positive for all studied traits. Selection response was high for number of grains, thus indicating the effectiveness of selection for these character. Realized heritability was found high for number of grains and thousand grain weight, suggested that direct selection was effective. Expected selection response and predicted genetic gain was high for number of grains. Parent-offspring correlation showed low but significance association for number of productive tillers (r=0.47**, P 0.01), single plant yield (r=0.35**, P 0.01) and (r=0.30*, P 0.05) panicle length in F2 and F2:3 generation indicates that selection was fruitful in early generation. Statistically regression coefficient was not significant linear dependence of the mean of F2 and F2:3 generation.

A eficácia da selecção das primeiras gerações foi praticada na população F2 e F2: 3 de CB 174 R × IRBB 60 do gene bacteriano. A seleção foi positiva para todos os caracteres estudados. A resposta de seleção foi alta para o número de grãos. A herdabilidade realizada foi encontrada alta para o número de grãos e mil grãos de peso, sugeriu que a seleção direta foi eficaz. A resposta à seleção esperada e o ganho genético previsto foi elevado para o número de grãos. A correlação entre pais e filhos mostrou forte associação com o número de latifundiários produtivos (r = 0,47**, P 0,01), produção única de planta (r = 0,35**, P 0,01) e (r = 0,30*, P 0,05) Comprimento em F2 e F2:3 geração indica que a seleção foi frutífera. O coeficiente de regressão estatística não foi dependência linear significativa da média de F2 e F2:3 geração.

Genetic parameters and trends of morphometric traits of GIFT tilapia under selection for weight gain

The main factor considered in breeding programs for fish is growth, which can be assessed in terms of a gain in either weight or body measurements. This study was undertaken to evaluate the morphometric traits of GIFT strain tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) selected for weight gain. The data set used contained information on 6,650 animals. The genetic values of 8,590 animals in a relationship matrix of five generations were predicted. The following morphometric measurements were evaluated: standard length; body depth and body width. Body area and volume were also calculated. Bi-character analyses involving morphometric traits were used to estimate (co)variance components. Heritability, larval and fingerling common environmental effects were estimated for each trait, together with the genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits. Bayesian procedures were utilised by Gibbs chains, and the convergence of the chains was tested using the Heidelberger and Welch method. Genetic trends were estimated by segmented regression of the fish breeding values of the generations considered in this study. Estimates of heritability (0.28 a 0.31) had moderate to high magnitudes for all traits. Genetic correlations between traits were all above 0.8, and the genetic gains were satisfactory from the third generation onwards. From the estimates of the genetic parameters and genetic gain the morphometric traits evaluated have good potential for selection.

Genetic parameters and trends of morphometric traits of GIFT tilapia under selection for weight gain

The main factor considered in breeding programs for fish is growth, which can be assessed in terms of a gain in either weight or body measurements. This study was undertaken to evaluate the morphometric traits of GIFT strain tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) selected for weight gain. The data set used contained information on 6,650 animals. The genetic values of 8,590 animals in a relationship matrix of five generations were predicted. The following morphometric measurements were evaluated: standard length; body depth and body width. Body area and volume were also calculated. Bi-character analyses involving morphometric traits were used to estimate (co)variance components. Heritability, larval and fingerling common environmental effects were estimated for each trait, together with the genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits. Bayesian procedures were utilised by Gibbs chains, and the convergence of the chains was tested using the Heidelberger and Welch method. Genetic trends were estimated by segmented regression of the fish breeding values of the generations considered in this study. Estimates of heritability (0.28 a 0.31) had moderate to high magnitudes for all traits. Genetic correlations between traits were all above 0.8, and the genetic gains were satisfactory from the third generation onwards. From the estimates of the genetic parameters and genetic gain the morphometric traits evaluated have good potential for selection.(AU)

Adaptability and stability in maize: grain yield vs severity of gray leaf spot / Adaptabilidade e estabilidade em milho: rendimento de grãos x severidade de cercosporiose

The environmental adaptability and the stability of corn grain yield is used in genotype recommendation. This work aims to estimate the adaptability and the stability parameters of corn genotypes, using three places (Água Doce, SC, Iraí de Minas, MG e Chapadão do Céu, GO). These parameters were estimated for the character grain yield (kg ha-1) and Gray Leaf Spot (GLS) severity. Twenty corn hybrids were used by crossing five parents (S7) denominated A, B, C, D and E of Agroeste Sementes S.A. The adaptability and the stability parameters were estimated by linear regression as proposed by Eberhart; Russel (1966). The results presented a significant difference among the treatment factors (environment, hybrid and interaction between hybrid and environment). The great majority of tested hybrids presented a wide adaptability and a high phenotypic stability for the grain yield and GLS severity. The evaluation of genotypes 5, 6 and 10 (BxA, BxC and CxB, respectively) must continue in the plant breeding program.

A adaptabilidade e a estabilidade da produção de grãos de milho e às variações ambientais são características importantes no processo de recomendação de genótipos para a semeadura em determinado ambiente. Três ensaios em diferentes locais (Água Doce, SC, Iraí de Minas, MG e Chapadão do Céu, GO) foram instalados objetivando estimar os parâmetros adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica em genótipos de milho. Para tanto, foram estimados os parâmetros supracitados para os caracteres rendimento de grãos e severidade de cercosporiose a partir de 20 híbridos de milho obtidos pelo cruzamento de cinco genitores (S7) denominados A, B, C, D e E da empresa Agroeste Sementes S.A. O delineamento experimental utilizado em todos os ensaios foi o de blocos completamente ao acaso, com três repetições por tratamento. Para a característica rendimento de grãos foi realizada a colheita das espigas da área útil de cada parcela. Já para doença foi utilizada a escala diagramática de severidade. A avaliação foi realizada no estádio fenológico R5. Os parâmetros adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica foram estimados pelo método de regressão linear proposto por Eberhart e Russel (1966). Os resultados revelaram diferenças significativas entre os fatores de tratamento (ambientes, híbridos e interação de híbridos e ambientes). A maioria dos híbridos testados revelou adaptabilidade ampla e alta estabilidade

Tratamento de criptococose cutânea felina com Fluconazol: relato de caso / Treatment of feline cutaneous cryptococosis with fluconazole: case report / Tratamiento con felino criptococosis cutânia fluconazol: informe de un caso

A criptococose é uma infecção fúngica bastante encontrada em gatos, trata-se de uma infecção geralmente grave, que também pode acometer cães, humanos e outros mamíferos. A principal forma de contaminação ocorre por inalação das leveduras, acometendo principalmente indivíduos imunodeficientes, como animais muito jovens ou idosos, que foram submetidos a estresse ou tratamento com imunossupressores. A enfermidade pode se apresentar na forma respiratória, nervosa e cutânea, sendo essa última a mais comum. Tem caráter zoonótico e seu agente etiológico, o Cryptococcus neoformans, pode ser encontrado em excretas de aves, principalmente de pombos, o que torna esses animais importantes reservatórios da doença. O tratamento é realizado com triazois como o fluconazol. Objetivou-se relatar um caso de criptococose cutânea em gato, com sucesso terapêutico através do uso do fluconazol, bem como descrever os sinais clínicos apresentados pelo paciente. Iniciou-se a suspeita clinica após exame físico e ao conhecer o histórico do animal que apresentava sinais compatíveis com a patologia, para confirmação foi realizada a técnica de citologia aspirativa por agulha fina e biopsia incisional, diagnosticando a criptococose. Foi instituído o uso do fluconazol e nos primeiros meses já foi constatada a regressão dos sinais clínicos. Conclui-se então a eficácia do fluconazol em animais com criptococose, bem como atenta para os perigos da enfermidade, visto que se trata de uma zoonose.

Cryptococcosis is a very common fungal infection in cats. It is a generally serious infection that can also affect dogs, humans and other mammals. The main form of contamination occurs by inhalation of yeasts, mainly affecting immunodeficient individuals, such as very young or old animals, who have been subjected to stress or treatment with immunosuppressants. The disease can present in the respiratory, nervous and cutaneous form, being the latter the most common. It has a zoonotic character and its etiologic agent, Cryptococcus neoformans, can be found in bird excreta, mainly of pigeons, which makes these animals important reservoirs of the disease. Treatment is performed with triazoles such as fluconazole. The objective of this study was to report a case of cutaneous cryptococcosis in cats with therapeutic success through the use of fluconazole, as well as to describe the clinical signs presented by the patient. Clinical suspicion was initiated after physical examination and the history of the animal showing signs compatible with the pathology was confirmed. A fine needle aspiration cytology and incisional biopsy technique was used to diagnose cryptococcosis. The use of fluconazole was instituted and in the first months the regression of the clinical signs was already verified. The efficacy of fluconazole in animals with cryptococcosis, as well as the risks of the disease, is concluded, since it is a zoonosis.

Criptococosis es una infección por hongos en los gatos bastante encontrado, generalmente es una infección grave, que también puede infectar a los perros, los humanos y otros mamíferos. La forma principal de contaminación se produce por la inhalación de levadura, que afecta principalmente a individuos inmunodeprimidos, como los animales muy jóvenes o viejos, que se sometieron a estrés o el tratamiento con inmunosupresores. La enfermedad puede presentar en forma respiratorio, nervioso y cutánea, siendo esta última la más común. Zoonótica y su agente etiológico, Cryptococcus neoformans, se pueden encontrar en las heces de las aves, especialmente las palomas, lo que hace que estos animales importantes reservorios de la enfermedad. El tratamiento se lleva a cabo con triazol, tales como fluconazol. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar un caso de criptococosis cutánea en gato con éxito terapéutico a través del uso de fluconazol, así como describir los signos clínicos que presenta el paciente. Comenzó la sospecha clínica después de un examen físico y conociendo la historia del animal mostró signos compatibles con la patología para la confirmación se llevó a cabo la técnica de biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina y la biopsia por incisión, el diagnóstico de criptococosis. Se ha instituido el uso de fluconazol y los primeros meses se ha observado regresión de los signos clínicos. En conclusión, entonces la eficacia de fluconazol en criptococosis animal y atento a los peligros de la enfermedad, ya que es una zoonosis.

Morphological variations caused by fixation techniques may lead to taxonomic confusion in Laeonereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae)

The nereidid polychaete Laeonereis acuta (Treadwell, 1923) is either considered to be a valid species, or a synonym of Laeonereis culveri (Webster, 1879). The species epithet, acuta, refers to the acuminate anterior region of the body followed by a widening that is visible up to the 10th setiger. The relative width of the anterior region of the body, however, has been reported in the taxonomic literature as variable for Laeonereis Hartman, 1945, a genus known from the eastern coast of North America to Patagonia (southern South America). To test whether variations in this character are real, or whether they correspond to an artifact, we analyzed morphological changes associated with different anesthesia and fixation techniques regularly used to prepare specimens of Laeonereis from southern Brazil (formerly reported as L. acuta). Six treatments, including combinations of anesthetics and fixative agents, and a control, were evaluated in groups of 25 adult animals. A simple model II regression analysis on living specimens showed that the growth is approximately isometric. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the treatment effect on the ratio of peristome width: setiger 6 width. This ratio was smaller in non-anesthetized individuals, especially when prepared in formalin and freshwater. When anesthetized with menthol and fixed in formalin with sea water, individuals retained a shape that was closest to their in vivo shape. Consequently, our results suggest that fixation without prior anesthesia is not recommended for morphological and taxonomical studies. Since morphology and morphometrics of the anterior region are consistently influenced by preparation techniques, it is likely that inadequate fixation routines have introduced several errors in the taxonomic and ecological literature of Laeonereis.

Morphological variations caused by fixation techniques may lead to taxonomic confusion in Laeonereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae)

The nereidid polychaete Laeonereis acuta (Treadwell, 1923) is either considered to be a valid species, or a synonym of Laeonereis culveri (Webster, 1879). The species epithet, acuta, refers to the acuminate anterior region of the body followed by a widening that is visible up to the 10th setiger. The relative width of the anterior region of the body, however, has been reported in the taxonomic literature as variable for Laeonereis Hartman, 1945, a genus known from the eastern coast of North America to Patagonia (southern South America). To test whether variations in this character are real, or whether they correspond to an artifact, we analyzed morphological changes associated with different anesthesia and fixation techniques regularly used to prepare specimens of Laeonereis from southern Brazil (formerly reported as L. acuta). Six treatments, including combinations of anesthetics and fixative agents, and a control, were evaluated in groups of 25 adult animals. A simple model II regression analysis on living specimens showed that the growth is approximately isometric. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the treatment effect on the ratio of peristome width: setiger 6 width. This ratio was smaller in non-anesthetized individuals, especially when prepared in formalin and freshwater. When anesthetized with menthol and fixed in formalin with sea water, individuals retained a shape that was closest to their in vivo shape. Consequently, our results suggest that fixation without prior anesthesia is not recommended for morphological and taxonomical studies. Since morphology and morphometrics of the anterior region are consistently influenced by preparation techniques, it is likely that inadequate fixation routines have introduced several errors in the taxonomic and ecological literature of Laeonereis.

Morphological variations caused by fixation techniques may lead to taxonomic confusion in Laeonereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae)

The nereidid polychaete Laeonereis acuta (Treadwell, 1923) is either considered to be a valid species, or a synonym of Laeonereis culveri (Webster, 1879). The species epithet, acuta, refers to the acuminate anterior region of the body followed by a widening that is visible up to the 10th setiger. The relative width of the anterior region of the body, however, has been reported in the taxonomic literature as variable for Laeonereis Hartman, 1945, a genus known from the eastern coast of North America to Patagonia (southern South America). To test whether variations in this character are real, or whether they correspond to an artifact, we analyzed morphological changes associated with different anesthesia and fixation techniques regularly used to prepare specimens of Laeonereis from southern Brazil (formerly reported as L. acuta). Six treatments, including combinations of anesthetics and fixative agents, and a control, were evaluated in groups of 25 adult animals. A simple model II regression analysis on living specimens showed that the growth is approximately isometric. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the treatment effect on the ratio of peristome width: setiger 6 width. This ratio was smaller in non-anesthetized individuals, especially when prepared in formalin and freshwater. When anesthetized with menthol and fixed in formalin with sea water, individuals retained a shape that was closest to their in vivo shape. Consequently, our results suggest that fixation without prior anesthesia is not recommended for morphological and taxonomical studies. Since morphology and morphometrics of the anterior region are consistently influenced by preparation techniques, it is likely that inadequate fixation routines have introduced several errors in the taxonomic and ecological literature of Laeonereis.

Análise de fatores aplicada na seleção genômica em suínos

A seleção genômica, ou seleção genômica ampla foi proposta com a finalidade de otimizar o processo de melhoramento genético utilizando simultaneamente dados fenotípicos e genotípicos por meio de marcadores SNPs, presentes em todo o genoma. Várias metodologias têm sido implementadas, principalmente utilizando regressão linear e considerando os efeitos dos marcadores fixos (BLUP, LS, etc.) ou considerando os efeitos aleatórios (Bayes A, Bayes B, LASSO Bayesiano, dentre outras). Em geral, tais metodologias analisam cada característica individualmente, ou seja, os resultados obtidos são válidos apenas para uma única variável. Entretanto, em programas de melhoramento o interesse recai em ganhos para mais de uma característica conjuntamente. Dessa forma, desenvolver uma abordagem que trabalhe com análises que considerem várias características simultaneamente pode ser interessante, visto que poderíamos estudar um conjunto de caracteres importantes conjuntamente. Uma metodologia possível de ser utilizada para este fim é a análise fatorial (ou análise de fatores - AF). Tal metodologia permite a obtenção de variáveis latentes (fatores comuns) que representam um conjunto das variáveis originais. A partir de então, análises posteriores podem ser realizadas utilizando as variáveis latentes criadas. Diante do exposto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi propor a utilização da análise de fatores para criação de variáveis latentes altamente associadas às variáveis fenotípicas originais, de modo que possamos estimar o mérito genético para os indivíduos considerando várias variáveis simultaneamente. Objetivou-se também comparar os resultados obtidos com aqueles advindos das análises individuais. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados fenotípicos e genotípicos provenientes de 345 suínos obtidos pelo cruzamento das raças Piau e Comercial, oriundos da Granja de Melhoramento de Suínos do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), no período de novembro de 1998 a julho de 2001, utilizando 237 marcadores SNPs e 41 variáveis fenotípicas. No primeiro capítulo foi aplicada a análise de fatores para verificar a estrutura de associação entre as variáveis e averiguar a que fator cada variável pertence, onde são identificados os fatores interpretáveis. No segundo capítulo, técnicas bayesianas de seleção genômica ampla foram aplicadas nas variáveis latentes interpretáveis para predição do mérito genético e seleção dos indivíduos, comparando assim os resultados com o que foi encontrado para as variáveis fenotípicas individualmente. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a aplicação da análise de fatores para obtenção de variáveis latentes que representam um conjunto de caracteres para posterior uso em seleção genômica ampla se mostrou eficiente, visto que apresentou valores de acurácia semelhantes aos encontrados considerando as análises individuais das variáveis e alta concordância entre os indivíduos selecionados considerando a variável latente e as variáveis individuais.

Genomic selection, or genome-wide selection was proposed in order to optimize breeding process using both phenotypic and genotypic data by SNP's markers, present throughout the genome. Various methodologies have been implemented mostly using linear regression and considering the effects of fixed markers (BLUP, LS, etc.) or considering the random effects (The Bayes, Bayes B, Bayesian LASSO, among others). In general, such methods analyze each feature individually, or the results obtained are valid only for a single variable. However, in breeding programs interest falls in earnings to more than one feature together. Thus, developing an approach that works with analyzes that consider various features can be simultaneously interesting, because we could study a number of important characters together. One possible method to be used for this purpose is the factor analysis (or analysis of factors - AF). This methodology allows obtaining latent variables (common factors) that represent a set of original variables. Since then, further analysis can be performed using the latent variables created. Given the above, the main objective of this work was to propose the use of factor analysis for creating highly latent variables associated with the original phenotypic variables, so that we can estimate the genetic merit for individuals considering several variables simultaneously. The objective is to also compare the results with those arising from the individual reviews. Therefore, phenotypic and genotypic data from 345 pigs obtained by crossing the breeds were used Piau and Trade, coming from the Farm Improvement Pigs Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), from November 1998 to July 2001, using 237 markers SNP's and 41 phenotypic variables. In the first chapter was applied to factor analysis to assess the association structure between variables and determine the factor which each variable belongs, where interpretable factors are identified. In the second chapter, Bayesian techniques of genome-wide selection were applied in interpretable latent variables to predict genetic merit and selection of individuals, and compare it to what was found for the phenotypic variables individually. The results indicate that the application of the factor analysis to obtain latent variables representing a character set for later use in genome wide selection proved to be efficient, since accuracy showed similar values to those found considering the analysis of individual variable and high agreement among the individuals selected considering the latent variable and individual variables.

Mechanisms of pigmentation loss in subterranean fishes

Troglobitic (exclusively subterranean) organisms usually present, among their apomorphies related to the subterranean life (troglomorphisms), the regression of eyes and melanic pigmentation. The degree of regression varies among species, from a slight reduction to the complete loss of eyes and dark pigmentation, without a taxonomic correlation. While mechanisms of eye reduction have been intensively investigated in some troglobites such as the Mexican blind tetra characins, genus Astyanax, and the European salamander, Proteus anguinus, few studies have focused on pigmentation. The Brazilian subterranean ichthyofauna distinguishes not only by the species richness (23 troglobitic fishes so far known) but also by the variation in the degree of reduction of eyes and pigmentation. This study focused on Brazilian fishes completely devoid of melanic pigmentation: the characiform Stygichthys typhlops (Characidae) and the siluriforms Ancistrus formoso (Loricariidae), Rhamdiopsis sp.1 (Heptapteridae; from caves in the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia) and Rhamdiopsis sp. 2 (cave in Campo Formoso, Bahia). In order to investigate if such depigmentation is the result of blockage in some step in the melanogenesis, in vitro tests of administration of L-DOPA were done, using caudal-fin fragments extracted from living fish. Except for Rhamdiopsis sp. 2, all the studied species were DOPA(+), i.e., melanin was synthesized after L-DOPA administration. This indicates these fish do have melanophores but they are unable to convert L-tyrosine to L-DOPA. On the other hand, Rhamdiopsis sp. 2, like the albino specimens of Trichomycterus itacarambiensis previously studied (which correspond to one third of the population), are DOPA(-), either because the block of melanin synthesis occurs downstream in melanogenesis, which is probably the case with T. itacarambiensis (monogenic system in view of the phenotypic discontinuity), or because the so-called albinos do no possess melanophores. The physiological loss in the ability to synthesize melanin, apparently caused by different genetic processes in DOPA(+) and in DOPA(-) fishes, may co-exist in subterranean populations with a decrease in the density of melanophores, as observed in the pigmented two thirds of T. itacarambiensis population, a morphological reduction apparently controlled by polygenic systems producing a continuous phenotypic variation.

Organismos exclusivamente subterrâneos (troglóbios) usualmente exibem, entre as apomorfias relacionadas à evolução em isolamento nesse ambiente (troglomorfismos), a redução, até perda total, das estruturas visuais e da pigmentação melânica. Os mecanismos de regressão ocular em troglóbios têm sido intensivamente estudados, sobretudo em peixes como os lambaris cegos mexicanos do gênero Astyanax, e salamandras como Proteus anguinus. Por outro lado, poucos são os trabalhos abordando a perda da pigmentação nesses organismos. A ictiofauna subterrânea brasileira destaca-se não só pela riqueza de espécies (23 conhecidas até o momento) como também pelas diferenças no seu grau de troglomorfismo, sem uma correlação taxonômica. O presente estudo abordou as espécies brasileiras totalmente desprovidas de qualquer traço de pigmentação melânica: o caraciforme Stygichthys typhlops (Characidae) e os siluriformes Ancistrus formoso (Loricariidae), Rhamdiopsis sp.1 (Heptapteridae; cavernas da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia) e Rhamdiopsis sp. 2 (caverna de Campo Formoso, Bahia). Com a finalidade de investigar se essa despigmentação é resultado de bloqueio em algum passo da cadeia de síntese de melanina, foram feitos testes in vitro, utilizando-se fragmentos da nadadeira caudal extraídos de exemplares mantidos vivos, de reação à administração de L-DOPA. Com exceção dos de Rhamdiopsis sp. 2, os exemplares estudados revelaram-se DOPA(+), i.e., houve produção de melanina após a administração de L-DOPA, o que indica que sua despigmentação é devida a uma disfunção da tirosinase, enzima responsável pela transformação de tirosina em L-DOPA nos melanóforos, os quais, portanto, ainda existem nesses peixes. Já os exemplares Rhamdiopsis sp. 2, assim como o terço conspicuamente despigmentado da população de Trichomycterus itacarambiensis, espécie estudada anteriormente sob esse aspecto, são DOPA(-), seja porque o bloqueio na síntese de melanina ocorre em um passo a jusante da produção de L-DOPA, aparentemente o caso de T. itacarambiensis (herança monogênica em vista da descontinuidade fenotípica), ou porque houve perda total dos melanóforos. A perda fisiológica da capacidade de sintetizar melanina, aparentemente causada por diferentes mecanismos nas populações DOPA(+) e naquelas DOPA(-), pode co-existir com a redução no número e tamanho dos melanóforos, como observado nos dois terços pigmentados de T. itacarambiensis, provavelmente determinada por herança poligênica, que produz uma distribuição contínua de fenótipos.

Osteopatia hipertrófica em cães com afecções pulmonares - relato de dois casos / Hypertrophic osteopathy in two dogs - Case report

A osteopatia hipertrófica é uma afecção pouco frequente na rotina do médico veterinário, entretanto devido ao seu caráter insidioso, requer sempre um estudo pormenorizado sobre os diversos aspectos inerentes a esta doença. Seu tratamento tem variado de acordo com a apresentação clínica e gravidade da doença. Nosso objetivo foi relatar dois casos de ostepoatia hipertrófica na rotina e o tratamento utilizado. O primeiro caso ocorreu em um cão sem raça definida, que apresentava membro anterior esquerdo amputado. Na avaliação radiográfica foi encontrada uma neoformação periosteal, simétrica em toda extensão dos membros, sendo mais intensa nos ossos da porção distal. O exame radiográfico revelou presença de massa em lobo esquerdo cranial, segmento caudal. Foi realizado o procedimento de lobectomia total do lobo cranial esquerdo segmento caudal. Este animal apresenta-se sem qualquer alteração clínica. Já o segundo animal manifestava aumento de volume em região de terceiro metacarpo do membro esquerdo.Anteriormente já havia sido atendido com quadro respiratório grave compatível com bronquite. A radiografia pulmonar revelou padrão bronco- intersticial generalizado, leve a moderado. E a radiografia do membro, imagem compatível com a de osteopatia. O animal foi submetido a tratamento clínico com corticóide e apresentou melhora clínica duas semanas após o início do tratamento. Até o presente momento a imagem radiográfica pulmonar não apresentou melhora significativa, porém a do membro evidencia regressão das neoformações. Clinicamente o animal se apresenta estável.AU

The hypertrophic osteopathy is an uncommon disorder in routine veterinarian, however due to the insidious character, always requires a detailed study of the various aspects involved in this disease. His treatmenthas varied according to the clinical presentation and severity of disease. Our goalepo was to report two cases of hypertrophic ostepoatia and treatment in routine use. The first case occurred in a mixed breed dog, which had left front leg amputated. In the radiographic evaluation found a periosteal new formation, symmetric across limb extension, being more intense in the bones of the distal portion. Radiographic examination revealed the presence of a mass in the left lobe cranial, caudal segment. We carried out the procedure of lobectomy total left cranial lobe caudal segment. This animal is presented without any clinical change. The second beast manifested swelling in the region of the third metacarpal of the left limb. Previously had been met with severe respiratory compatible with bronchitis. Radiography revealed a pulmonary interstitial broncho generalized, mild to moderate. And the limb radiography, image compatible with osteopathy. The animal underwent medical treatment with corticosteroids and showed clinical improvement two weeks after beginning treatment. So far the radiographic lung showed no significant improvement, but the evidence of regression of neoformations member. Clinically the animal appears stable.AU

Osteopatia hipertrófica em cães com afecções pulmonares - relato de dois casos / Hypertrophic osteopathy in two dogs - Case report

A osteopatia hipertrófica é uma afecção pouco frequente na rotina do médico veterinário, entretanto devido ao seu caráter insidioso, requer sempre um estudo pormenorizado sobre os diversos aspectos inerentes a esta doença. Seu tratamento tem variado de acordo com a apresentação clínica e gravidade da doença. Nosso objetivo foi relatar dois casos de ostepoatia hipertrófica na rotina e o tratamento utilizado. O primeiro caso ocorreu em um cão sem raça definida, que apresentava membro anterior esquerdo amputado. Na avaliação radiográfica foi encontrada uma neoformação periosteal, simétrica em toda extensão dos membros, sendo mais intensa nos ossos da porção distal. O exame radiográfico revelou presença de massa em lobo esquerdo cranial, segmento caudal. Foi realizado o procedimento de lobectomia total do lobo cranial esquerdo segmento caudal. Este animal apresenta-se sem qualquer alteração clínica. Já o segundo animal manifestava aumento de volume em região de terceiro metacarpo do membro esquerdo.Anteriormente já havia sido atendido com quadro respiratório grave compatível com bronquite. A radiografia pulmonar revelou padrão bronco- intersticial generalizado, leve a moderado. E a radiografia do membro, imagem compatível com a de osteopatia. O animal foi submetido a tratamento clínico com corticóide e apresentou melhora clínica duas semanas após o início do tratamento. Até o presente momento a imagem radiográfica pulmonar não apresentou melhora significativa, porém a do membro evidencia regressão das neoformações. Clinicamente o animal se apresenta estável.

The hypertrophic osteopathy is an uncommon disorder in routine veterinarian, however due to the insidious character, always requires a detailed study of the various aspects involved in this disease. His treatmenthas varied according to the clinical presentation and severity of disease. Our goalepo was to report two cases of hypertrophic ostepoatia and treatment in routine use. The first case occurred in a mixed breed dog, which had left front leg amputated. In the radiographic evaluation found a periosteal new formation, symmetric across limb extension, being more intense in the bones of the distal portion. Radiographic examination revealed the presence of a mass in the left lobe cranial, caudal segment. We carried out the procedure of lobectomy total left cranial lobe caudal segment. This animal is presented without any clinical change. The second beast manifested swelling in the region of the third metacarpal of the left limb. Previously had been met with severe respiratory compatible with bronchitis. Radiography revealed a pulmonary interstitial broncho generalized, mild to moderate. And the limb radiography, image compatible with osteopathy. The animal underwent medical treatment with corticosteroids and showed clinical improvement two weeks after beginning treatment. So far the radiographic lung showed no significant improvement, but the evidence of regression of neoformations member. Clinically the animal appears stable.

Macroecologia de carnívoros do Novo Mundo (Mammalia): envelopes de restrição e análise de padrões filogenéticos

The relationship between body size and geographic range was analyzed for 70 species of terrestrial Carnivora ("fissipeds") of the New World, after the control of phylogenetic patterns in the data using phylogenetic eigenvector regression. The analysis from EcoSim software showed that the variables are related as a triangular envelope. Phylogenetic patterns in data were detected by means of phylogenetic correlograms, and 200 simulations of the phenotypic evolution were also performed over the phylogeny. For body size, the simulations suggested a non-linear relationship for the evolution of this character along the phylogeny. For geographic range size, the correlogram showed no phylogenetic patterns. A phylogenetic eigenvector regression was performed on original data and on data simulated under Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Since both characters did not evolve under a simple Brownian motion process, the Type I errors should be around 10%, compatible with other methods to analyze correlated evolution. The significant correlation of the original data (r = 0.38; P 0.05), as well as the triangular envelope, then indicate ecological and adaptive processes connecting the two variables, such as those proposed in minimum viable population models.

Macroecologia de carnívoros do Novo Mundo (Mammalia): envelopes de restrição e análise de padrões filogenéticos

The relationship between body size and geographic range was analyzed for 70 species of terrestrial Carnivora ("fissipeds") of the New World, after the control of phylogenetic patterns in the data using phylogenetic eigenvector regression. The analysis from EcoSim software showed that the variables are related as a triangular envelope. Phylogenetic patterns in data were detected by means of phylogenetic correlograms, and 200 simulations of the phenotypic evolution were also performed over the phylogeny. For body size, the simulations suggested a non-linear relationship for the evolution of this character along the phylogeny. For geographic range size, the correlogram showed no phylogenetic patterns. A phylogenetic eigenvector regression was performed on original data and on data simulated under Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Since both characters did not evolve under a simple Brownian motion process, the Type I errors should be around 10%, compatible with other methods to analyze correlated evolution. The significant correlation of the original data (r = 0.38; P 0.05), as well as the triangular envelope, then indicate ecological and adaptive processes connecting the two variables, such as those proposed in minimum viable population models.

Macroecologia de carnívoros do Novo Mundo (Mammalia): envelopes de restrição e análise de padrões filogenéticos

The relationship between body size and geographic range was analyzed for 70 species of terrestrial Carnivora ("fissipeds") of the New World, after the control of phylogenetic patterns in the data using phylogenetic eigenvector regression. The analysis from EcoSim software showed that the variables are related as a triangular envelope. Phylogenetic patterns in data were detected by means of phylogenetic correlograms, and 200 simulations of the phenotypic evolution were also performed over the phylogeny. For body size, the simulations suggested a non-linear relationship for the evolution of this character along the phylogeny. For geographic range size, the correlogram showed no phylogenetic patterns. A phylogenetic eigenvector regression was performed on original data and on data simulated under Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Since both characters did not evolve under a simple Brownian motion process, the Type I errors should be around 10%, compatible with other methods to analyze correlated evolution. The significant correlation of the original data (r = 0.38; P 0.05), as well as the triangular envelope, then indicate ecological and adaptive processes connecting the two variables, such as those proposed in minimum viable population models.

Ontogenetic variation of plastral spotting pattern in Phrynops hilarii (Testudines, Chelidae)

The plastral spotting variation in the chelid turtle Phrynops hilarii (Duméril & Bibron, 1835) in relation to sex, size, and geographic procedence of individuals was analyzed. States for qualitative characters were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Quantitative characters (shell and scute measurements) were standardized for body size by linear regression against carapace length, and were subjected to principal components analysis and canonical discriminant function analysis. Results suggest that increased plastral spotting is a polymorphic ontogenetic trait in P. hilarii. Neither hatchlings nor juveniles have plastral pattern moderately or heavily pigmented. The simplest pattern, however, may persist without changes in some adults. There are no differences between sexes. The spatial distribution of the plastral pattern is not ordered latitudinally or longitudinally, showing no relationship with gradients of elevation, temperature, or precipitation. This pattern trait lacks of taxonomic significance. The morphometric analysis failed to reveal any character of diagnostic utility in the plastron to support the possibility that these patterns correspond to different sympatric taxa.

Ontogenetic variation of plastral spotting pattern in Phrynops hilarii (Testudines, Chelidae)

The plastral spotting variation in the chelid turtle Phrynops hilarii (Duméril & Bibron, 1835) in relation to sex, size, and geographic procedence of individuals was analyzed. States for qualitative characters were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Quantitative characters (shell and scute measurements) were standardized for body size by linear regression against carapace length, and were subjected to principal components analysis and canonical discriminant function analysis. Results suggest that increased plastral spotting is a polymorphic ontogenetic trait in P. hilarii. Neither hatchlings nor juveniles have plastral pattern moderately or heavily pigmented. The simplest pattern, however, may persist without changes in some adults. There are no differences between sexes. The spatial distribution of the plastral pattern is not ordered latitudinally or longitudinally, showing no relationship with gradients of elevation, temperature, or precipitation. This pattern trait lacks of taxonomic significance. The morphometric analysis failed to reveal any character of diagnostic utility in the plastron to support the possibility that these patterns correspond to different sympatric taxa.