Pathological, molecular and phylogenic study of fowlpox virus in domesticated chickens of Tikrit City, Iraq / Estudo patológico, molecular e filogenético do vírus da varíola aviária em frangos de corte domesticados da cidade de Tikrit, Iraque

Fowlpox virus (FPV) is one of the viruses affecting chickens worldwide, causing pathological and economic losses in the poultry industry. Viral lesions are easily recognizable by the eye and usually appear in the featherless areas, especially the head. Moreover, the virus could lead to blindness and mortality in some cases. This study diagnosed the suspected fowlpox cases, identified and classified the causative agent. We also analyzed the differences and similarities of closely related viruses at the neighboring and regional countries. Fifty samples were collected from three locations of Tikrit city from the domesticated chickens, which showed cutaneous lesions. Virus DNA was extracted directly from tissue samples before the nested PCR technique was performed. The virion core protein (P4b) gene is partially sequenced and analyzed with routine histological sectioning. Results showed that the virus causes pock lesions of dermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. Hyperplasia and congestion of the chorioallantoic membrane were also recorded. The study also showed that the DNA of FPV could be extracted directly from animal tissue without further purification. The sequence analysis showed that the FPV was confirmed in all samples clustered in clade A identical with Iranian and Egyptian isolates. In conclusion, this study approved that the virus belongs to the classical dermal type of poxviruses and the short genetic distances between viruses related to closely neighboring countries. We also concluded that the conservative P4b gene included mutation sites that make this gene practical for diagnosing the virus and phylogenetic analysis.(AU)

O vírus da varíola aviária (VVA) é um dos vírus que acometem os frangos de corte em todo o mundo, causando perdas patológicas e econômicas na indústria aviária. As lesões causadas pelo vírus são facilmente reconhecidas pela observação visual e usualmente aparecem nas áreas do corpo das aves livres de penas, especialmente na cabeça. Além disso, em alguns casos a doença pode provocar a cegueira e a mortalidade de animais acometidos. O presente trabalho foi delineado para diagnosticar casos suspeitos de varíola aviária, identificar o agente causal e classificá-lo. Adicionalmente foram analisadas diferenças e similaridades com outros vírus estreitamente relacionados em localidades vizinhas e regionais. Cinquenta amostras foram colhidas em três localidades da cidade de Tikrit de frangos de corte, domesticados, que apresentavam lesões cutâneas. O DNA do vírus foi extraído diretamente das amostras de tecidos antes que a técnica de PCR fosse realizada. As proteínas do core do vírus, gene (P4b), foram parcialmente sequenciadas de analisadas em secções da rotina histológica. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o vírus causa lesões variólicas com hiperplasia dermal e hiperqueratose. A hiperplasia e a congestão da membrana corioalantóica também foram registradas. O estudo também revelou que o DNA do VVA pode ser extraído diretamente de tecidos animais sem a realização de uma pré-purificação. A análise sequencial revelou que o VVA foi confirmado em todas as amostras agrupando-se em uma classe A, idêntica com isolados iranianos e egípcios. A conclusão obtida foi que o presente trabalho confirmou que o vírus pertence ao tipo dérmico clássico dos poxvirus e que as curtas distâncias genéticas entre os vírus relacionados são encontrados em países vizinhos. Também foi concluído que o gene conservador P4b inclui pontos de mutação que o tornam um gene prático para diagnosticar o vírus em análises filogenéticas.(AU)

Pathological, molecular and phylogenic study of fowlpox virus in domesticated chickens of Tikrit City, Iraq / Estudo patológico, molecular e filogenético do vírus da varíola aviária em frangos de corte domesticados da cidade de Tikrit, Iraque

Fowlpox virus (FPV) is one of the viruses affecting chickens worldwide, causing pathological and economic losses in the poultry industry. Viral lesions are easily recognizable by the eye and usually appear in the featherless areas, especially the head. Moreover, the virus could lead to blindness and mortality in some cases. This study diagnosed the suspected fowlpox cases, identified and classified the causative agent. We also analyzed the differences and similarities of closely related viruses at the neighboring and regional countries. Fifty samples were collected from three locations of Tikrit city from the domesticated chickens, which showed cutaneous lesions. Virus DNA was extracted directly from tissue samples before the nested PCR technique was performed. The virion core protein (P4b) gene is partially sequenced and analyzed with routine histological sectioning. Results showed that the virus causes pock lesions of dermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. Hyperplasia and congestion of the chorioallantoic membrane were also recorded. The study also showed that the DNA of FPV could be extracted directly from animal tissue without further purification. The sequence analysis showed that the FPV was confirmed in all samples clustered in clade A identical with Iranian and Egyptian isolates. In conclusion, this study approved that the virus belongs to the classical dermal type of poxviruses and the short genetic distances between viruses related to closely neighboring countries. We also concluded that the conservative P4b gene included mutation sites that make this gene practical for diagnosing the virus and phylogenetic analysis.(AU)

O vírus da varíola aviária (VVA) é um dos vírus que acometem os frangos de corte em todo o mundo, causando perdas patológicas e econômicas na indústria aviária. As lesões causadas pelo vírus são facilmente reconhecidas pela observação visual e usualmente aparecem nas áreas do corpo das aves livres de penas, especialmente na cabeça. Além disso, em alguns casos a doença pode provocar a cegueira e a mortalidade de animais acometidos. O presente trabalho foi delineado para diagnosticar casos suspeitos de varíola aviária, identificar o agente causal e classificá-lo. Adicionalmente foram analisadas diferenças e similaridades com outros vírus estreitamente relacionados em localidades vizinhas e regionais. Cinquenta amostras foram colhidas em três localidades da cidade de Tikrit de frangos de corte, domesticados, que apresentavam lesões cutâneas. O DNA do vírus foi extraído diretamente das amostras de tecidos antes que a técnica de PCR fosse realizada. As proteínas do core do vírus, gene (P4b), foram parcialmente sequenciadas de analisadas em secções da rotina histológica. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o vírus causa lesões variólicas com hiperplasia dermal e hiperqueratose. A hiperplasia e a congestão da membrana corioalantóica também foram registradas. O estudo também revelou que o DNA do VVA pode ser extraído diretamente de tecidos animais sem a realização de uma pré-purificação. A análise sequencial revelou que o VVA foi confirmado em todas as amostras agrupando-se em uma classe A, idêntica com isolados iranianos e egípcios. A conclusão obtida foi que o presente trabalho confirmou que o vírus pertence ao tipo dérmico clássico dos poxvirus e que as curtas distâncias genéticas entre os vírus relacionados são encontrados em países vizinhos. Também foi concluído que o gene conservador P4b inclui pontos de mutação que o tornam um gene prático para diagnosticar o vírus em análises filogenéticas.(AU)

Intravitreal injection of peptides PnPa11 and PnPa13, derivatives of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, prevents retinal damage

PnPa11 and PnPa13 are synthetic peptides derived from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, which display antinociceptive and neuroprotective properties. In this work, we evaluated the safety of intravitreal use and the neuroprotective effect of these peptides. Methods: The cytotoxicity and the antiangiogenic activity of these peptides were evaluated by the sulforhodamine-B method and chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, respectively. The in vivo safety was analyzed in Wistar rats that were intravitreally injected with different doses (0.50; 1.25; 2.50; 3.75 and 5.00 µg/mL) of these peptides (right eye, n = 6). The retinal function was assessed by electroretinography exams (ERG), intraocular pressure (IOP), and histological analyzes. In order to investigate the neuroprotective effect, Wistar rats received intravitreal injections (right eye, n = 6) of peptides at 1.25 µg/mL and then were exposed to blue LED light. In addition, the visual function and the retinal microstructure were verified. Results: Cytotoxicity analyses demonstrated that the peptides did not present any toxicity over ARPE-19 (adult retinal pigmented epithelial) cell line and the antiangiogenic study highlighted that the peptides promoted the reduction of blood vessels. The intravitreal injection did not cause major changes, neither induced any irreversible damage. In the retinal degeneration assay, the ERG records demonstrated that the prior treatment with PnPa11 and PnPa13 protected the retina from damage. Morphological analyses confirmed the ERG findings. Immunoblotting analyses revealed that PnPa11 increased Erk1/2, NR2A, and NR2B retinal expression after the light stress model, but did not cause Akt1 activation, while PnPa13 prevented Erk1/2 and Akt1 dephosphorylation. Conclusions: The intraocular administration of these peptides was well tolerated and presented protective activity against retinal degeneration, suggesting the potential use of these peptides as neuroprotectors in the ophthalmological field.(AU)

Intravitreal injection of peptides PnPa11 and PnPa13, derivatives of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, prevents retinal damage

PnPa11 and PnPa13 are synthetic peptides derived from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, which display antinociceptive and neuroprotective properties. In this work, we evaluated the safety of intravitreal use and the neuroprotective effect of these peptides. Methods: The cytotoxicity and the antiangiogenic activity of these peptides were evaluated by the sulforhodamine-B method and chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, respectively. The in vivo safety was analyzed in Wistar rats that were intravitreally injected with different doses (0.50; 1.25; 2.50; 3.75 and 5.00 µg/mL) of these peptides (right eye, n = 6). The retinal function was assessed by electroretinography exams (ERG), intraocular pressure (IOP), and histological analyzes. In order to investigate the neuroprotective effect, Wistar rats received intravitreal injections (right eye, n = 6) of peptides at 1.25 µg/mL and then were exposed to blue LED light. In addition, the visual function and the retinal microstructure were verified. Results: Cytotoxicity analyses demonstrated that the peptides did not present any toxicity over ARPE-19 (adult retinal pigmented epithelial) cell line and the antiangiogenic study highlighted that the peptides promoted the reduction of blood vessels. The intravitreal injection did not cause major changes, neither induced any irreversible damage. In the retinal degeneration assay, the ERG records demonstrated that the prior treatment with PnPa11 and PnPa13 protected the retina from damage. Morphological analyses confirmed the ERG findings. Immunoblotting analyses revealed that PnPa11 increased Erk1/2, NR2A, and NR2B retinal expression after the light stress model, but did not cause Akt1 activation, while PnPa13 prevented Erk1/2 and Akt1 dephosphorylation. Conclusions: The intraocular administration of these peptides was well tolerated and presented protective activity against retinal degeneration, suggesting the potential use of these peptides as neuroprotectors in the ophthalmological field.(AU)

Chorioallantoic urothelial tumor avatar: a clinical tool for phenotype-based therapy

In the muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) standard of care treatment only patients presenting a major pathological tumor response are more likely to show the established modest 5% absolute survival benefit at 5 years after cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). To overcome the drawbacks of a blind NAC (i.e. late cystectomy with unnecessary NAC adverse events) with potential to survival improvements, preclinical models of urothelial carcinoma have arisen in this generation as a way to pre-determine drug resistance even before therapy is targeted. The implantation of tumor specimens in the chorioallantoic membrane (MCA) of the chicken embryo results in a high-efficiency graft, thus allowing large-scale studies of patient-derived tumor avatar. This article discusses a novel approach that exploits cancer multidrug resistance to provide personalized phenotype-based therapy utilizing the MIBC NAC dilemma.(AU)

Intravitreal injection of the synthetic peptide LyeTx I b, derived from a spider toxin, into the rabbit eye is safe and prevents neovascularization in a chorioallantoic membrane model

Background: The great diversity of molecules found in spider venoms include amino acids, polyamines, proteins and peptides, among others. Some of these compounds can interact with different neuronal receptors and ion channels including those present in the ocular system. To study potential toxicity and safety of intravitreal injection in rabbits of LyeTx I b, a synthetic peptide derived from the toxin LyeTx I found in venom from the spider Lycosa eritrognatha and to evaluate the angiogenic activity on a CAM model. Methods: ARPE-19 cells were treated with LyeTx I b (0.36; 0.54; 0.72; 2.89; 4.34 or 9.06 M). In this study, New Zealand rabbits were used. LyeTx I b (2.89 M) labeled with FITC dissolved in PBS, or only PBS, were injected into vitreous humor. Electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded 1 day before injection and at 7,14 and 28 days post-injection. Clinical examination of the retina was conducted through tonometer and eye fundus after ERG. Eyes were enucleated and retinas were prepared for histology in order to assess retinal structure. CAMs were exposed to LyeTx I b (0.54; 0.72; 2.17 or 2.89 M). Results: ARPE-19 cells exposed to LyeTx I b showed cell viability at the same levels of the control. The fluorescence of LyeTx I b labeled with FITC indicated its retinal localization. Our findings indicate ERG responses from rats injected in the eye with LyeTx I b were very similar to the corresponding responses of those animals injected only with vehicle. Clinical examination found no alterations of intraocular pressure or retinal integrity. No histological damage in retinal layers was observed. CAM presented reduced neovascularization when exposed to LyeTx I b. Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of LyeTx I b is safe for use in the rabbit eye and prevents neovascularization in the CAM model, at Bevacizumab levels... (AU)

Intravitreal injection of the synthetic peptide LyeTx I b, derived from a spider toxin, into the rabbit eye is safe and prevents neovascularization in a chorioallantoic membrane model

The great diversity of molecules found in spider venoms include amino acids, polyamines, proteins and peptides, among others. Some of these compounds can interact with different neuronal receptors and ion channels including those present in the ocular system. To study potential toxicity and safety of intravitreal injection in rabbits of LyeTx I b, a synthetic peptide derived from the toxin LyeTx I found in venom from the spider Lycosa eritrognatha and to evaluate the angiogenic activity on a CAM model. Methods: ARPE-19 cells were treated with LyeTx I b (0.36; 0.54; 0.72; 2.89; 4.34 or 9.06 µM). In this study, New Zealand rabbits were used. LyeTx I b (2.89 µM) labeled with FITC dissolved in PBS, or only PBS, were injected into vitreous humor. Electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded 1 day before injection and at 7,14 and 28 days post-injection. Clinical examination of the retina was conducted through tonometer and eye fundus after ERG. Eyes were enucleated and retinas were prepared for histology in order to assess retinal structure. CAMs were exposed to LyeTx I b (0.54; 0.72; 2.17 or 2.89 µM). Results: ARPE-19 cells exposed to LyeTx I b showed cell viability at the same levels of the control. The fluorescence of LyeTx I b labeled with FITC indicated its retinal localization. Our findings indicate ERG responses from rats injected in the eye with LyeTx I b were very similar to the corresponding responses of those animals injected only with vehicle. Clinical examination found no alterations of intraocular pressure or retinal integrity. No histological damage in retinal layers was observed. CAM presented reduced neovascularization when exposed to LyeTx I b. Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of LyeTx I b is safe for use in the rabbit eye and prevents neovascularization in the CAM model, at Bevacizumab levels. These findings support intravitreal LyeTx l b as a good candidate to develop future alternative treatment for the retina in neovascularization diseases.(AU)

Pluriparidade nas éguas: relação com características maternas, placentárias e neonatais / Pluriparity in mares: relationship with maternal, placental, and neonatal characteristics

A placenta é o órgão de ligação entre a égua e o potro e é um dos principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento fetal e pelas características morfométricas do neonato. Essa função se torna cada vez mais importante porque os estudos indicam que as características físicas dos potros predizem o seu desenvolvimento na vida adulta. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar número de partos (1-5) e características maternas de éguas com as características placentárias e o tamanho do potro. As éguas foram categorizadas em grupos de acordo com o número de partos sendo G1: 1 parto (n=4); G2: 2 partos (n=6); G3: 3 partos (n=7); G4: 4 partos (n=5); e G5: 5 partos (n=3). Como principais resultados obtidos, o perímetro torácico e o peso da égua pré- e pós-parto influenciaram positivamente peso (p=0,004/ R= 0,51; p=0,002/ R= 0,55; p=0,01/ R= 0,43), altura (p=0,0005/ R= 0,60; p=0,001/ R= 0,57; p=0,005/ R= 0,50) e perímetro torácico (p=0,0001/ R= 0,65; p≤0,0001/ R= 0,71; p=0,0002/ R= 0,64) dos potros ao nascimento. Éguas com maior peso corporal no pré-parto apresentaram maior peso placentário (p=0,01/R= 0,45) e pariram potros mais pesados (p=0,003/ R= 0,52) com maior perímetro torácico (p=0,01/ R= 0,45). Os neonatos de éguas do G4 foram os mais pesados, indicando que provavelmente o maior tamanho uterino em éguas pluríparas permita uma maior cobertura placentária, maior área de contato materno fetal e provavelmente maior aporte de nutrientes ao feto.(AU)

The placenta connects the mare and the foal and it is one of the main organs responsible for fetal development and newborns morphometric characteristics. This function becomes even more important because a number of studies indicates that foals physical characteristics are able to predict their development in adult life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to correlate mares parity (1-5) and maternal characteristics with placental characteristics as well as foals size. Mares were categorized according to parity in G1: 1 parturation (n=4); G2: 2 parturations (n=6); G3: 3 parturations (n=7); G4: 4 parturations (n=5); and G5: 5 parturations (n=3). Results indicate that the mares pre- and post-parturition thoracic perimeter and weight had a positive correlation on foals weight (p=0.004/ R= 0.51; p=0.002/ R= 0.55; p=0.01/ R= 0.43), height (p=0.0005/ R= 0.60; p=0.001/ R= 0.57; p=0.005/ R= 0,50), and thoracic perimeter (p=0.0001/ R= 0.65; p≤0.0001/ R= 0.71; p=0.0002/ R= 0.64) at birth. Mares that were heavier at pre-partum had greater placental weight (p=0.01/R= 0.45) and delivered heavier foals (p=0.003/ R= 0.52) with greater thoracic perimeter (p=0.01/ R= 0.45). Foals of mares in G4 were heavier, probably indicating that the greater uterine size in multiparous mares allows greater placental coverage, greater fetomaternal surface contact and probably greater supply of nutrient to the fetus.(AU)

Pluriparidade nas éguas: relação com características maternas, placentárias e neonatais / Pluriparity in mares: relationship with maternal, placental, and neonatal characteristics

A placenta é o órgão de ligação entre a égua e o potro e é um dos principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento fetal e pelas características morfométricas do neonato. Essa função se torna cada vez mais importante porque os estudos indicam que as características físicas dos potros predizem o seu desenvolvimento na vida adulta. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar número de partos (1-5) e características maternas de éguas com as características placentárias e o tamanho do potro. As éguas foram categorizadas em grupos de acordo com o número de partos sendo G1: 1 parto (n=4); G2: 2 partos (n=6); G3: 3 partos (n=7); G4: 4 partos (n=5); e G5: 5 partos (n=3). Como principais resultados obtidos, o perímetro torácico e o peso da égua pré- e pós-parto influenciaram positivamente peso (p=0,004/ R= 0,51; p=0,002/ R= 0,55; p=0,01/ R= 0,43), altura (p=0,0005/ R= 0,60; p=0,001/ R= 0,57; p=0,005/ R= 0,50) e perímetro torácico (p=0,0001/ R= 0,65; p≤0,0001/ R= 0,71; p=0,0002/ R= 0,64) dos potros ao nascimento. Éguas com maior peso corporal no pré-parto apresentaram maior peso placentário (p=0,01/R= 0,45) e pariram potros mais pesados (p=0,003/ R= 0,52) com maior perímetro torácico (p=0,01/ R= 0,45). Os neonatos de éguas do G4 foram os mais pesados, indicando que provavelmente o maior tamanho uterino em éguas pluríparas permita uma maior cobertura placentária, maior área de contato materno fetal e provavelmente maior aporte de nutrientes ao feto.

The placenta connects the mare and the foal and it is one of the main organs responsible for fetal development and newborn’s morphometric characteristics. This function becomes even more important because a number of studies indicates that foals physical characteristics are able to predict their development in adult life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to correlate mares parity (1-5) and maternal characteristics with placental characteristics as well as foals size. Mares were categorized according to parity in G1: 1 parturation (n=4); G2: 2 parturations (n=6); G3: 3 parturations (n=7); G4: 4 parturations (n=5); and G5: 5 parturations (n=3). Results indicate that the mares pre- and post-parturition thoracic perimeter and weight had a positive correlation on foals weight (p=0.004/ R= 0.51; p=0.002/ R= 0.55; p=0.01/ R= 0.43), height (p=0.0005/ R= 0.60; p=0.001/ R= 0.57; p=0.005/ R= 0,50), and thoracic perimeter (p=0.0001/ R= 0.65; p≤0.0001/ R= 0.71; p=0.0002/ R= 0.64) at birth. Mares that were heavier at pre-partum had greater placental weight (p=0.01/R= 0.45) and delivered heavier foals (p=0.003/ R= 0.52) with greater thoracic perimeter (p=0.01/ R= 0.45). Foals of mares in G4 were heavier, probably indicating that the greater uterine size in multiparous mares allows greater placental coverage, greater fetomaternal surface contact and probably greater supply of nutrient to the fetus.

Qual o papel placentário e materno no desenvolvimento de potros equinos? / What is the placental and maternal role in equine foal development?

Uma placenta normal e eficiente que desempenhe suas funções é um pré-requisito indispensável paraque a gestação seja conduzida com sucesso, permitindo o desenvolvimento e maturação fetal e resultando nonascimento de um produto sadio e com desenvolvimento adequado. Assim, um conjunto de avaliações queforneçam dados sobre as características maternas, eficiência placentária e monitoramento da gestação são deextrema importância para a criação e o mercado equestre. Têm sido demonstrada uma relação entra ascaracterísticas macro e microscópicas da placenta e viabilidade de potros ao nascimento. Dessa forma, oconhecimento das mudanças na estrutura e função placentária que são influenciadas pelo porte, idade e paridadematerna, e por sua vez, possam refletir no desenvolvimento e crescimento do feto, são de grande importânciapara uma melhor seleção e manejo das matrizes e/ou receptoras, que serão responsáveis por gestar um potro.(AU)

A normal and efficient placenta that fulfills its functions is an essential prerequisite in order to have aterm pregnancy, allowing fetal development and maturation resulting in the birth of a healthy, well developedfoal. Therefore, several evaluations that provide information on maternal characteristics, placental efficiencyand pregnancy monitoring are of extreme importance for equine breeding industry. A relationship betweenmacro and microscopic placental characteristics and foals viability at birth has been detected. Thus, theknowledge of the changes of structure and placental function that are influenced by size, age and maternalparity which can reflect in development and growth of the fetus are of major importance for a better selectionand management of broodmares and/or recipients that will carry a foal to term.(AU)

Qual o papel placentário e materno no desenvolvimento de potros equinos? / What is the placental and maternal role in equine foal development?

Uma placenta normal e eficiente que desempenhe suas funções é um pré-requisito indispensável paraque a gestação seja conduzida com sucesso, permitindo o desenvolvimento e maturação fetal e resultando nonascimento de um produto sadio e com desenvolvimento adequado. Assim, um conjunto de avaliações queforneçam dados sobre as características maternas, eficiência placentária e monitoramento da gestação são deextrema importância para a criação e o mercado equestre. Têm sido demonstrada uma relação entra ascaracterísticas macro e microscópicas da placenta e viabilidade de potros ao nascimento. Dessa forma, oconhecimento das mudanças na estrutura e função placentária que são influenciadas pelo porte, idade e paridadematerna, e por sua vez, possam refletir no desenvolvimento e crescimento do feto, são de grande importânciapara uma melhor seleção e manejo das matrizes e/ou receptoras, que serão responsáveis por gestar um potro.

A normal and efficient placenta that fulfills its functions is an essential prerequisite in order to have aterm pregnancy, allowing fetal development and maturation resulting in the birth of a healthy, well developedfoal. Therefore, several evaluations that provide information on maternal characteristics, placental efficiencyand pregnancy monitoring are of extreme importance for equine breeding industry. A relationship betweenmacro and microscopic placental characteristics and foals’ viability at birth has been detected. Thus, theknowledge of the changes of structure and placental function that are influenced by size, age and maternalparity which can reflect in development and growth of the fetus are of major importance for a better selectionand management of broodmares and/or recipients that will carry a foal to term.

Tissue damage and embryonic malformation induced by aqueous extract of Pteridium aquilinum on chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo (CAM) / Danos teciduais e mal formações morfológicas induzidas pelo extrato aquoso de Pteridium aquilinum sobre a membrana corioalantóica (CAM) e o embrião de galinha

The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of Bracken fern (BF) (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.) on biological systems. When consumed by animals can cause acute intoxication, hematuria, biochemistry alterations and cancer. To humans the toxicity is associated with its intake on contaminated ground water or milk and inhalation of its spores. In order to check the BF aqueous extract (AEB) deleterious effects on animals blood vessels system, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was used. It were applying on CAM 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL of AEB and saline as control. The angiogenesis was analyzed and the vascular density index (VDI) calculated. The CAM samples were prepared and stained with H&E to evaluation of microvessels, Masson’s trichrome to characterize collagen and fibrin deposition and Picro-sirius used to evaluate collagen using polarized light. Also the morphological aspects of embryos were analysed. We observe on the results of neovascularization that AEB did not change significantly the number of vessels/mm², however, membranes treated with AEB (5 or 10 µg/ mL) exhibit opacity and tissue fibrosis, both signs of inflammation. Histological analysis with Masson’s trichrome and picro-sirius on tissues exposed to AEB respectively has shown increased collagen fibers and presence of fibrilar collagen. The embryos exposed to concentrations of 5 or 10 μg/mL AEB, showed changes as poor face formation and poor closing of abdominal wall. The highest concentration of AEB (15 μg/mL) was lethal to embryos. Although significant effects on the CAM’s vasculature has not observed, tissue aggression was detected, a desmoplasia (an extensive inflammatory signal triggered by tissue injury), changes caused on embryos as well as the presence of toxic substances in the AEB show us an important and deleterious pathway of this bracken fern extract on its intoxicants effects on humans and animals, and even cancer or the death of animals.

O foco principal desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do extrato aquoso de Samambaia (EAS) (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) sobre sistemas biológicos. A ingestão das folhas de Samambaia pode provocar intoxicação aguda, hematúria, alterações bioquímicas e câncer se consumida por animais. Em humanos também pode provocar intoxicação ao ser ingerida com água ou leite contaminados e pela inalação de seus esporos. Considerando os efeitos danosos provocados pelo consumo dessa planta esse estudo analisou a ação do EAS sobre um sistema de vasos sanguíneos, a membrana corioalantóide (MCA) de embrião de galinha. Sobre a MCA foram aplicados 0,1, 0,5, 1, 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL de EAS, salina como controle. A angiogênese foi analisada e o índice de densidade vascular (IDV) calculado. Amostras da CAM foram coradas com H&E para avaliação de microvasos, Tricrômico de Masson para caracterização de colágeno e deposição de fibrina e Picro-sirius para analisar o colágeno através de luz polarizada. Os aspectos morfológicos dos embriões também foram analisados. Os resultados da neovascularização mostraram que não houve mudança significativa do número de vasos/mm². Entretanto, as membranas tratadas com 5 ou 10 µg/mL EAS exibiram uma opacidade junto com um tecido fibroso, ambos sinais de inflamação. Corroborando, as análises com Tricrômico Masson e Picro Sirius, respectivamente, apontaram para um aumento das fibras colágenas e presença de colágeno fibrilar. Embriões expostos às concentrações de 5 e 10 μg/mL do EAS sofreram malformações na face e na parede tóraco-abdominal. A concentração de 15 μg/mL foi letal para os embriões. Embora efeitos significativos na vasculatura da MCA não tenham ocorrido, observou-se desmoplasia (um grande sinal de inflamação). Esse fato, juntamente com as malformações no embrião e a presença de compostos tóxicos no EAS inferem, se a planta for ingerida, uma via importante para explicar a intoxicação de animais e humanos, e até mesmo o câncer ou a morte de animais.

Tissue damage and embryonic malformation induced by aqueous extract of Pteridium aquilinum on chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo (CAM) / Danos teciduais e mal formações morfológicas induzidas pelo extrato aquoso de Pteridium aquilinum sobre a membrana corioalantóica (CAM) e o embrião de galinha

The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of Bracken fern (BF) (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.) on biological systems. When consumed by animals can cause acute intoxication, hematuria, biochemistry alterations and cancer. To humans the toxicity is associated with its intake on contaminated ground water or milk and inhalation of its spores. In order to check the BF aqueous extract (AEB) deleterious effects on animals blood vessels system, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was used. It were applying on CAM 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL of AEB and saline as control. The angiogenesis was analyzed and the vascular density index (VDI) calculated. The CAM samples were prepared and stained with H&E to evaluation of microvessels, Massons trichrome to characterize collagen and fibrin deposition and Picro-sirius used to evaluate collagen using polarized light. Also the morphological aspects of embryos were analysed. We observe on the results of neovascularization that AEB did not change significantly the number of vessels/mm², however, membranes treated with AEB (5 or 10 µg/ mL) exhibit opacity and tissue fibrosis, both signs of inflammation. Histological analysis with Massons trichrome and picro-sirius on tissues exposed to AEB respectively has shown increased collagen fibers and presence of fibrilar collagen. The embryos exposed to concentrations of 5 or 10 μg/mL AEB, showed changes as poor face formation and poor closing of abdominal wall. The highest concentration of AEB (15 μg/mL) was lethal to embryos. Although significant effects on the CAMs vasculature has not observed, tissue aggression was detected, a desmoplasia (an extensive inflammatory signal triggered by tissue injury), changes caused on embryos as well as the presence of toxic substances in the AEB show us an important and deleterious pathway of this bracken fern extract on its intoxicants effects on humans and animals, and even cancer or the death of animals.(AU)

O foco principal desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do extrato aquoso de Samambaia (EAS) (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) sobre sistemas biológicos. A ingestão das folhas de Samambaia pode provocar intoxicação aguda, hematúria, alterações bioquímicas e câncer se consumida por animais. Em humanos também pode provocar intoxicação ao ser ingerida com água ou leite contaminados e pela inalação de seus esporos. Considerando os efeitos danosos provocados pelo consumo dessa planta esse estudo analisou a ação do EAS sobre um sistema de vasos sanguíneos, a membrana corioalantóide (MCA) de embrião de galinha. Sobre a MCA foram aplicados 0,1, 0,5, 1, 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL de EAS, salina como controle. A angiogênese foi analisada e o índice de densidade vascular (IDV) calculado. Amostras da CAM foram coradas com H&E para avaliação de microvasos, Tricrômico de Masson para caracterização de colágeno e deposição de fibrina e Picro-sirius para analisar o colágeno através de luz polarizada. Os aspectos morfológicos dos embriões também foram analisados. Os resultados da neovascularização mostraram que não houve mudança significativa do número de vasos/mm². Entretanto, as membranas tratadas com 5 ou 10 µg/mL EAS exibiram uma opacidade junto com um tecido fibroso, ambos sinais de inflamação. Corroborando, as análises com Tricrômico Masson e Picro Sirius, respectivamente, apontaram para um aumento das fibras colágenas e presença de colágeno fibrilar. Embriões expostos às concentrações de 5 e 10 μg/mL do EAS sofreram malformações na face e na parede tóraco-abdominal. A concentração de 15 μg/mL foi letal para os embriões. Embora efeitos significativos na vasculatura da MCA não tenham ocorrido, observou-se desmoplasia (um grande sinal de inflamação). Esse fato, juntamente com as malformações no embrião e a presença de compostos tóxicos no EAS inferem, se a planta for ingerida, uma via importante para explicar a intoxicação de animais e humanos, e até mesmo o câncer ou a morte de animais.(AU)

PLURIPARIDADE NAS ÉGUAS: RELAÇÃO COM CARACTERÍSTICAS MATERNAS, PLACENTÁRIAS E NEONATAIS

Abstract The placenta connects the mare and the foal and it is one of the main organs responsible for fetal development and newborns morphometric characteristics. This function becomes even more important because a number of studies indicates that foals physical characteristics are able to predict their development in adult life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to correlate mares parity (1-5) and maternal characteristics with placental characteristics as well as foals size. Mares were categorized according to parity in G1: 1 parturation (n=4); G2: 2 parturations (n=6); G3: 3 parturations (n=7); G4: 4 parturations (n=5); and G5: 5 parturations (n=3). Results indicate that the mares pre- and post-parturition thoracic perimeter and weight had a positive correlation on foals weight (p=0.004/ R= 0.51; p=0.002/ R= 0.55; p=0.01/ R= 0.43), height (p=0.0005/ R= 0.60; p=0.001/ R= 0.57; p=0.005/ R= 0,50), and thoracic perimeter (p=0.0001/ R= 0.65; p0.0001/ R= 0.71; p=0.0002/ R= 0.64) at birth. Mares that were heavier at pre-partum had greater placental weight (p=0.01/R= 0.45) and delivered heavier foals (p=0.003/ R= 0.52) with greater thoracic perimeter (p=0.01/ R= 0.45). Foals of mares in G4 were heavier, probably indicating that the greater uterine size in multiparous mares allows greater placental coverage, greater fetomaternal surface contact and probably greater supply of nutrient to the fetus.

Resumo A placenta é o órgão de ligação entre a égua e o potro e é um dos principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento fetal e pelas características morfométricas do neonato. Essa função se torna cada vez mais importante porque os estudos indicam que as características físicas dos potros predizem o seu desenvolvimento na vida adulta. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar número de partos (1-5) e características maternas de éguas com as características placentárias e o tamanho do potro. As éguas foram categorizadas em grupos de acordo com o número de partos sendo G1: 1 parto (n=4); G2: 2 partos (n=6); G3: 3 partos (n=7); G4: 4 partos (n=5); e G5: 5 partos (n=3). Como principais resultados obtidos, o perímetro torácico e o peso da égua pré- e pós-parto influenciaram positivamente peso (p=0,004/ R= 0,51; p=0,002/ R= 0,55; p=0,01/ R= 0,43), altura (p=0,0005/ R= 0,60; p=0,001/ R= 0,57; p=0,005/ R= 0,50) e perímetro torácico (p=0,0001/ R= 0,65; p0,0001/ R= 0,71; p=0,0002/ R= 0,64) dos potros ao nascimento. Éguas com maior peso corporal no pré-parto apresentaram maior peso placentário (p=0,01/R= 0,45) e pariram potros mais pesados (p=0,003/ R= 0,52) com maior perímetro torácico (p=0,01/ R= 0,45). Os neonatos de éguas do G4 foram os mais pesados, indicando que provavelmente o maior tamanho uterino em éguas pluríparas permita uma maior cobertura placentária, maior área de contato materno fetal e provavelmente maior aporte de nutrientes ao feto.

Embriões de galinha como modelo experimental para testes com fármacos e vírus

Ao longo dos anos o embrião de galinha (EG) tem sido um modelo animal muito usado; no entanto, há uma constante falta de padronização do uso de embriões. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar se alterações macroscópicas, histológicas, hematológicas, metabólicas e de estresse oxidativo em EG de diferentes idades são peculiares ao modelo, propondo a necessidade de uma padronização tendo como referência um vírus e dois fármacos que causam alterações conhecidas em adultos e outras espécies. Os EG foram incubados a 37ºC e 58% de umidade e virados automaticamente a cada duas horas. Aos 10 dias de incubação embrionária (DIE), EG foram inoculados com Gammacoronavirus no líquido alantóide tendo o controle (CN) em paralelo. Para o teste de drogas, foram realizadas inoculações com Filgrastim (FG) (150µg/EG) e dexametasona (DX) (0,08µg/EG) e um grupo CN nas idades de 0, 3, 7, 10 e 12 DIE via membrana da casca (MC) e via membrana corioalantoide (CAM). Os EG foram pesados, a mortalidade e as lesões macroscópicas foram avaliadas. Além disso, foram coletadas amostras para análise bioquímica, hematológica, exames histopatológicos e estresse oxidativo. A resposta dos embriões aos desafios com vírus e fármacos nem sempre ocorre conforme o esperado. Embora as alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas fossem visíveis nos infectados, as contagens de leucócitos e os biomarcadores de inflamação, como a proteína C reativa, não alteraram. É importante observar que algumas drogas podem não resultar efeitos esperados para o EG como constatado no tratamento com FG. Para os embriões tratados com DX, alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos e biomarcadores parecem ser inerentes ao modelo e são dependentes do estágio de desenvolvimento do EG.

For many years the chicken embryo (CE) has been a widely used animal model, however, there is a constant lack of standardization in the use of these animals. Thus, the objective of this study is to verify if macroscopic, histopathological, blood count, metabolic changes and oxidative stress in CE of different ages are peculiar to the model, proposing the need for standardization based on two drugs and a virus that cause known changes in other animals. The CE were incubated at 37ºC and 58% humidity and turned automatically every two hours. At 10 embryonic incubation days (EID), CE were inoculated with Gammacoronavirus in allantoic fluid having the negative control (NC) in parallel. For drug testing, inoculations were performed with Filgrastim (FG) (150µg/CE) and dexamethasone (DX) (0.08µg/EG) and a NC group at the ages of 0, 3, 7, 10 and 12 EID via shell membrane (SM) and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). CE were weighed and mortality and macroscopic lesions were assessed. In addition, samples were collected for biochemical, hematological, histopathological and oxidative stress analysis. The response of embryos to challenges with viruses and drugs does not always go as expected. Although macroscopic and microscopic changes were visible in those infected, white blood cell counts and inflammation biomarkers such as C-reactive protein did not change. It is important to note that some drugs may not result in expected effects for CE as seen in FG treatment. For embryos treated with DX, changes in blood parameters and biomarkers seem to be inherent in the model and are dependent on the stage of CE developmen

Epidemiology of avian infectious laryngotracheitis with special focus to south america: an update

Avian Infectious laryngotracheitis (AILT) is a respiratory tract disease of great importance because it causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry around the world. It is caused by a Gallid herpesvirus type 1, a member of the genus Iltovirus. The target system for Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (AILTV) infections is the respiratory system, and the main organ in which the virus remains latent is the trigeminal ganglia. However, the virus has demonstrated tropism for other organs besides the respiratory tract. The main transmission routes are ocular and respiratory. Infected birds with clinical symptoms are main sources of transmission, but birds with latent infections, litter, and contaminated fomites may also transmit the virus. Clinical signs usually appear 6-12 days after natural exposure and may be moderate or severe. The causative agent of this disease can be propagated in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of developing chicken embryos and replicate in mature chicken kidney cells, as well as in a variety of epithelial chick embryo cells, such as kidneys, liver and lungs. There are several procedures for the diagnosis of ILT such as the observation of clinical signs, the detection of gross and histopathological lesions, and the use of molecular techniques, including RFLP, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Vaccination with different types of vaccine provides a good expectation on disease control, such as vaccines produced in chicken-embryo-origin (CEO), tissue-culture-origin (TCO), and recombinant vaccines. However, in endemic areas, biosecurity measures and best management practices are important for the control of the disease. It is distributed worldwide and, in South America, it has been reported in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina causing great economic losses.

Epidemiology of avian infectious laryngotracheitis with special focus to south america: an update

Avian Infectious laryngotracheitis (AILT) is a respiratory tract disease of great importance because it causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry around the world. It is caused by a Gallid herpesvirus type 1, a member of the genus Iltovirus. The target system for Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (AILTV) infections is the respiratory system, and the main organ in which the virus remains latent is the trigeminal ganglia. However, the virus has demonstrated tropism for other organs besides the respiratory tract. The main transmission routes are ocular and respiratory. Infected birds with clinical symptoms are main sources of transmission, but birds with latent infections, litter, and contaminated fomites may also transmit the virus. Clinical signs usually appear 6-12 days after natural exposure and may be moderate or severe. The causative agent of this disease can be propagated in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of developing chicken embryos and replicate in mature chicken kidney cells, as well as in a variety of epithelial chick embryo cells, such as kidneys, liver and lungs. There are several procedures for the diagnosis of ILT such as the observation of clinical signs, the detection of gross and histopathological lesions, and the use of molecular techniques, including RFLP, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Vaccination with different types of vaccine provides a good expectation on disease control, such as vaccines produced in chicken-embryo-origin (CEO), tissue-culture-origin (TCO), and recombinant vaccines. However, in endemic areas, biosecurity measures and best management practices are important for the control of the disease. It is distributed worldwide and, in South America, it has been reported in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina causing great economic losses.(AU)

Angiogenic activity of latex from Euphorbia tirucalliLinnaeus 1753 (Plantae, Euphorbiaceae) / Atividade angiogênica do látex da Euphorbia tirucalliLinnaeus 1753 (Plantae, Euphorbiaceae)

To assess the pro-angiogenic activity of Euphorbia tirucalli, commonly known as “avelós” plant, we performed a series of tests by applying an aqueous E. tirucalli latex solution (10 mg/mL) to the chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of 80 fertilized chicken eggs incubated in a temperature- and humidity-controlled automatic incubator. The results indicated that the aqueous latex solution increased vascular network formation compared to that with the negative control (p < 0.05) and the inhibitor control (p < 0.05). This suggests that under the experimental conditions tested, the aqueous latex solution induced an inflammatory response leading to neoangiogenesis.(AU)

Com o objetivo de analisar a atividade angiogênica apresentada pela Euphorbia tirucalli, popularmente conhecida comumente como “avelós”, foram realizados ensaios utilizando solução aquosa de látex na concentração de 10 mg/ml, aplicada em membrana corioalantóide (MCA) de 80 ovos férteis de galinha, incubado em estufa automática com temperatura e umidade controladas. Os resultados apontaram que a ação da solução aquosa provocou aumento da percentagem da rede vascular formada em relação aos controles negativo (p<0,05) e inibidor (p<0,05), indicando que nas condições deste experimento, foi responsável pela ativação da resposta inflamatória e crescimento de novos vasos sanguíneos.(AU)

EFEITOS VASCULARES DA MESO-TETRAMETILPIRIDIL NA TERAPIA FOTODINÂMICA EM MODELO DE MEMBRANA CORIOALANTOIDE

A terapia fotodinâmica baseia-se na administração de uma substância fotossensibilizadora sob ativação luminosa através da emissão de comprimento de onda adequado na presença de oxigênio molecular. As reações fotoquímicas e fotofísicas desencadeiam na destruição do tecido irradiado, seja pela lesão celular ou lesão vascular. Sendo assim, as principais aplicações terapêuticas da terapia fotodinâmica são a terapia oncológica e o e o tratamento de distúrbios relacionados à neovascularização. As porfirinas catiônicas possuem propriedades químicas e físicas que favorecem seu uso na terapia fotodinâmica vascular, que tem como alvo a destruição da vascularização tecidual. Para o desenvolvimento de protocolos que possam ser utilizados na prática clínica, utiliza-se o modelo experimental da membrana corioalantoide de embrião de galinha. Este modelo permite a direta visualização e avaliação de uma ampla rede vascular. Diante disso, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito vascular da terapia fotodinâmica, com o uso da porfirina meso-tetrametilpiridil aplicada pela via tópica na membrana corioalantoide, na dose de 100M. Foram adquiridas imagens antes do tratamento e a cada 30 minutos após a aplicação, até completar cinco horas de avaliação. Essa análise foi baseada na resposta vascular geral, quantificando a área vascular em pixels e obtendo a redução vascular em porcentagem. Além disso, o efeito vascular foi avaliado através da avaliação visual macroscópica e microscópica. As principais alterações visuais identificadas foram vasoconstrição, formação de trombos, atrofia do mesoderma, fibrose perivascular, hiperemia de capilares ectodérmicos e necrose da membrana corioalantoide. Quanto a redução vascular, o tratamento somente com a irradiação luminosa (14%) ou somente com o solvente (5%) não apresentaram resultados significativos, assim como o tratamento somente com o fotossensibilizador (23%). No entanto, a redução vascular após a terapia fotodinâmica foi de 35%. Sendo assim, apesar de todos os tratamentos terem promovido alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas na membrana, a redução vascular do grupo tratado com a terapia fotodinâmica utilizando a porfirina meso-tetrametilpiridil foi superior em relação aos tratamentos com a luz e com o solvente. Dessa forma este tratamento, nessas condições, apresenta um potencial uso no tratamento de distúrbios que tem como alvo a vascularização.

Photodynamic therapy is based on the administration of a photosensitizing substance under light activation through the emission of an appropriate wavelength in the presence of molecular oxygen. Photochemical and photophysical reactions trigger the destruction of irradiated tissue, either by cell injury or vascular injury. Therefore, the main therapeutic applications of photodynamic therapy are cancer therapy and the treatment of disorders related to neovascularization. Cationic porphyrins have chemical and physical properties that favor their use in vascular photodynamic therapy, which targets the destruction of tissue vascularization. For the development of protocols that can be used in clinical practice, the experimental model of the chicken embryo chorioallantoid membrane is used. This model allows the direct visualization and evaluation of a wide vascular network. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the vascular effect of photodynamic therapy, using meso-tetramethylpyridyl porphyrin applied topically to the chorioallantoic membrane, at a dose of 100M. Images were acquired before treatment and every 30 minutes after application, until completing five hours of evaluation. This analysis was based on the general vascular response, quantifying the vascular area in pixels and obtaining the vascular reduction in percentage. In addition, the vascular effect was assessed through macroscopic and microscopic visual assessment. The main visual changes identified were vasoconstriction, thrombus formation, atrophy of the mesoderm, perivascular fibrosis, hyperemia of ectodermal capillaries and necrosis of the chorioallantoid membrane. As for vascular reduction, treatment with light irradiation (14%) or solvent alone (5%) did not show significant results, as well as treatment with photosensitizer (23%). However, the vascular reduction after photodynamic therapy was 35%. Thus, although all treatments have promoted macroscopic and microscopic changes in the membrane, the vascular reduction in the group treated with photodynamic therapy using meso-tetramethylpyridyl porphyrin was superior to the treatments with light and solvent. Thus, this treatment, under these conditions, has a potential use in the treatment of disorders that target vascularization.

Morphology of Pêga jennies term placenta and its fetal-maternal interface / Morfologia da placenta a termo e da interface materno-fetal da jumenta Pêga

This study describes the placental morphology and fetal-maternal interface regarding macroscopic and microscopic aspects from Pêga Jennies at end of pregnancy. Eleven placentas were evaluated after delivery, and four fragments from each placenta were taken in duplicate corresponding to the pregnant uterine horn and non-pregnant horn. Fragments from fetal-maternal interface were obtained from one Jennie at C- section. All fragments were submitted to light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Regarding the macroscopic aspect of the placenta, microcotyledons were observed at the endometrial interface, characterized by the diffuse aspect of the placenta. Light microscopy revealed villous type chorion at the chorioallantoic membrane, which were organized in agglomeration villi, presenting a connective tissue stroma and trophoblastic cells. At the fetal-maternal interface, micro placentation, which were composed by inter digitations of agglomeration of villi, limited by maternal crypts, circled by arcades, composed by a fetal trophoblast and an internal portion. In addition, endometrial glands opening were observed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the chorioallantoic membranes were covered by villi agglomerations. At the top of those fetal villi we observed cell protrusions from trophoblast cells, which carried debris from maternal tissues. A transversal section from the fetal- maternal interface represented an intricate villi interdigitation with thin maternal caruncle structures, which consist in micro placentation. Macro and microscopic aspects of Jennies placenta, as well as the fetalmaternal interface presented similarities with the observed in mares.(AU)

O presente trabalho descreveu a morfologia placentária e a interface materno-fetal de jumentas da raça Pêga, quanto aos aspectos macroscópicos e microscópicos ao final da gestação. Foram avaliadas onze placentas, colhendo-se quatro fragmentos por placenta em duplicata, correspondentes ao corno uterino prenhe e ao corno uterino não prenhe. Fragmentos da interface materno-fetal, oriundos de uma jumenta com gestação a termo, foram obtidos durante o procedimento de cesariana. Os fragmentos foram examinados por microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Na macroscopia, foi observado microcotilédone na interface com o endométrio caracterizando placentação difusa. À microscopia de luz na membrana corioalantoide foi observado o córion do tipo viloso, com vilos organizados em tufos vilosos, estroma de tecido conjuntivo e células trofoblásticas. Na interface materno-fetal, microplacentônios, formados pela interdigitação dos tufos vilosos, limitados pelas criptas maternas, circundados pelas arcadas, compostos por uma parte fetal trofoblástica e uma parte interna, observando-se a abertura de glândulas endometriais. À microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foi constatado que a membrana corioalantoide se encontrava coberta por tufos vilosos. Nos ápices dos vilos fetais, foram observadas protrusões de células do trofoblasto, carreando debris de tecidos maternos. Em corte transversal da interface materno-fetal, foi verificada a intrincada interdigitação dos vilos com as finas estruturas das carúnculas maternas, formando os microplacentônios. Os aspectos macro e microscópicos da placenta da jumenta, assim como as descrições da interface materno-fetal apresentaram similaridades com os observados na égua.(AU)