Follicular cystitis in a dog: first case report described in Brazil / Cistite folicular em cão: primeiro relato de caso descrito no Brasil

A 2-year-old English bulldog presented history of recurrent lower urinary tract disease, refractory to treatment. The Complete Blood Count revealed lymphopenia, hyperproteinemia, and hyperglobulinemia, while urinalysis indicated leukocyturia and bacteriuria. On the abdominal ultrasound, the bladder had a focal wall thickening in its cranial portion, as well as irregular echogenicity and internal margins. A bladder surgical biopsy was performed, indicating the presence of follicular cystitis. Clinical signs disappeared after treatment with a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, NSAIDs, supplementation with cranberry extract associated with cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa). Clinical follow-up 12 months after surgery showed remission at all clinical signs. Follicular cystitis in dogs was reported only once worldwide, this case report is the first in Brazil; thus, it may be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with refractory and recurrent lower urinary tract disease.

Um Bulldog Inglês de 2 anos apresentou história clínica de doença recorrente do trato urinário inferior, refratária ao tratamento. O hemograma revelou uma discreta linfopenia, hiperproteinemia e hiperglobulinemia. Já a urinálise apontou leucocitúria e bacteriúria. Na ultrassonografia, a bexiga apresentava espessamento focal da parede da bexiga em porção cranial, ecogênica e margens internas irregulares. A biópsia cirúrgica da bexiga foi compatível com cistite folicular. Os sinais clínicos desapareceram após o tratamento com uma combinação de amoxicilina - ácido clavulânico, AINEs, suplementação alimentar de extrato de cranberry associado a unha de gato (fitoterápico da planta Uncaria tomentosa). O acompanhamento, 12 meses após a cirurgia, confirmou que o cão estava livre de sinais clínicos. A cistite folicular foi relatada apenas em 1 cão no mundo, sendo esse considerado o primeiro relato no Brasil. Essa enfermidade deve ser considerada um diferencial para pacientes com doença refratária do trato urinário inferior de longa data.

Megaureter gigante por ectopia ureteral intramural em cadela / Giant megaureter by intramural ureteral etopia in a bitch

Background: The urinary tract is composed by kidneys, urinary bladder and urethra. The kidneys produce urine that achieve urinary bladder by ureters. These have the origin in the renal pelvis, run through the retroperitoneum, end up at the dorsolateral superficies of the urinary bladder, and empty at the trigone. Ureters abnormalities are the rarest congenital defects in the canine urinary tract and ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the distal segment of the ureter that could be associated to partial or complete urinary obstructions and could lead to megaureter and hydronephrosis. So, the aim of the present study was to describe a case of megaureter by intramural ureteral ectopia in a bitch. Case: A 1-year-old-and-8-month bitch Akita, weighing 18 kg, was referred to the Uniube Veterinary Hospital with vaginal secretion, prostration, hypodipsia, hyporexia and pyrexia related by the tutor. On physical examination, an increase in vulva volume and a vaginal discharge were observed. Nevertheless, others physical exams, blood count and biochemical tests were considered to be within normal parameters. Urinalysis showed cloudy aspect, proteinuria, occult blood, erythrocytes, pyuria, leucocytes, and discreet presence of bacteria. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a megaureter with right uterocele and excretory urography showed absence of glomerular filtration by right kidney. The patient was submitted to surgery for right kidney and ureter exeresis. Histopathology evaluation showed intense dilation of the ureter and severe multifocal renal fibrosis. The surgery was well succeeded, and the patient recovered completely. Discussion: Once megaureter are associated with congenital abnormalities like ectopic ureter and ureterocele, it is usually diagnosed in young patients with medium age of 10 months, which is below the age of the patient in this case report. Additionally, in the patient here reported, the unilateral alteration could explain the absence of kidney fail symptoms. In more than 90% of the cases, the ureteral ectopia was associated with multiple anomalies in the urinary tract, as was observed in this patient, that presented besides ectopic ureter, ureterocele, megaureter and renal dystrophy. All these morphological alterations made impossible the complete urine elimination, which predispose to urinary tract infection, that was observed in this report. According to literature, urinary tract anomalies are associated with infection in 64 to 85% and 50% of the cases also present hydronephrosis and hydroureter. It was also described that ureteral ectopia is diagnosed by visualization of hydroureter in abdominal ultrasonography. The findings present in this report differs a little, once the right kidney was atrophic possibly by malformation or even so by a chronic renal lesion due to the difficulty in urine flow. The excretory urography showed no filtration in the right kidney, indicating non-functionality that was confirmed by histopathology, in which was observed small glomerulus and large amount of connective tissue deposition. In cases of unilateral megaureter with ipsilateral kidney commitment, there is indication of nephroureterectomy, that was performed in the patient of the present report. As far as we know, this is the first report of megaureter, ureterocele and ectopia ureteral together in the same patient. In conclusion, the procedure was secure, efficient and promote a better quality of life for the patient and prevent the recurrence of urinary tract infections.

Complete bladder eversion in periparturient Nellore cow: case report / Eversão completa de bexiga no pré-parto em vaca Nelore: relato de caso

Partial or complete bladder eversion is a rare condition of poor prognosis in cows, commonly associated with intense tenesmus observed in the peripartum period. A 14-year-old obese Nellore cow at 280 days of gestation was referred with 24-hour bladder prolapse. The bladder was complete eversion through the vulvar vestibule showing a thick congested wall and small residual urine volume. After clinical examination, the cow received scopolamine butylbromide and intercoccygeal epidural anesthesia, and the externalized bladder segment was partially reduced, remaining only 10 cm externalized. The cow was maintained with an intravesical human gastric tube number 16 and constant monitoring. The eversion was fully reduced after 12 hours of local treatment, and as the cow presented subclinical ketosis, hypocalcemia and cystitis, antibiotic, glucose, calcium and propylene glycol therapy were performed. We opted for induction of parturition, and after 24 hours, a healthy 52kg calf was born and the placenta was delivered 16 hours after calving. The cow and calf were discharged on the sixth day of hospitalization, with no recurrences or secondary complications after treatment.

A eversão vesical parcial ou completa é uma condição rara de mau prognóstico em vacas, comumente associada a tenesmo intenso observado no período periparto. Uma vaca Nelore obesa de 14 anos de idade, com 280 dias de gestação, foi encaminhada com prolapso de bexiga de 24 horas. A bexiga apresentava eversão completa por meio do vestíbulo vulvar apresentando parede espessa e congestionada e pequeno volume residual de urina. Após exame clínico, a vaca recebeu butilbrometo de escopolamina e anestesia peridural intercoccígea, e o segmento vesical exteriorizado foi parcialmente reduzido, permanecendo apenas 10cm exteriorizado. A vaca foi mantida com sonda gástrica humana número 16 por via intravesical e monitorada constantemente. A eversão foi totalmente reduzida após 12 horas de tratamento local, e, como a vaca apresentava cetose subclínica, hipocalcemia e cistite, foi realizada antibioticoterapia, glicose, cálcio e propilenoglicol. Optou-se pela indução do parto. Após 24 horas, nasceu um bezerro saudável de 52kg e a placenta foi expelida 16 horas após o parto. A vaca e o bezerro receberam alta no sexto dia de internação, sem recidivas ou complicações secundárias após o tratamento.

Effects of supplementation with vitamins C and E on the acute inflammatory response in Piaractus mesopotamicus / Efeitos da suplementação com vitaminas C e E na resposta inflamatória aguda em Piaractus mesopotamicus

Vitamins C and E are potent antioxidants that reduces the harmful effects of stress in several species including fish. In this study, it was evaluated the effect of vitamins C, E and their combination in the acute aerocystitis induced by inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila in pacu. 288 fish were distributed into 4 groups supplemented for 90 days: G1-control; G2- supplemented with 500 mg of Vitamin C; G3-supplemented with 500 mg of Vitamin E; G4-supplemented with 500 mg of Vitamin C + 500 mg of Vitamin E. The fish were divided in three groups, the first was not inoculated; second were inoculated in the swim bladder with 3 x 109 CFU of inactivated A. hydrophila and the last one with saline. The inflammatory exudate was collected from the swim bladder for assessment of cellular component and cytochemistry. The results showed higher accumulation of leukocytes in fish inoculated with bacteria. Cytochemistry was effective identifying thrombocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages and, granulocytes present in the exudate. It was also observed fish that received supplementation with vitamins presented higher accumulation of total cells in the exudate with a predominance of lymphocytes and thrombocytes. These results suggested that supplementation with vitamins improved the immunological responses.

As vitaminas C e E são potentes antioxidantes que reduzem os efeitos nocivos do estresse em várias espécies, incluindo peixes. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito das vitaminas C, E e sua combinação na aerocistite aguda induzida por Aeromonas hydrophila inativada em pacu. 288 peixes foram distribuídos em 4 grupos suplementados por 90 dias: G1-controle; G2- suplementado com 500 mg de Vitamina C; G3-suplementado com 500 mg de Vitamina E; G4-suplementado com 500 mg de Vitamina C + 500 mg de Vitamina E. Os peixes foram divididos em três grupos, o primeiro não foi inoculado; o segundo foi inoculado na bexiga natatória com 3 x 109 UFC de A. hydrophila inativada e a última com soro fisiológico. O exsudato inflamatório foi coletado da bexiga natatória para avaliação do componente celular e citoquímica. Os resultados mostraram maior acúmulo de leucócitos nos peixes inoculados com a bactéria. A citoquímica foi eficaz na identificação de trombócitos, linfócitos, macrófagos e granulócitos presentes no exsudato. Também foi observado que os peixes que receberam suplementação com vitaminas apresentaram maior acúmulo de células totais no exsudato com predominância de linfócitos e trombócitos. Esses resultados sugeriram que a suplementação com vitaminas melhorou as respostas imunológicas.

Canine cystitis - biofilm formation by bacterial isolates

Background: Biofilms have been reported as important virulent markers associated with drug resistance in urinary tractinfections (UTIs) in humans and dogs. However, in veterinary medicine, researches involving biofilm formation, treatments and preventions have been limited; yet, it is still possible to find few studies demonstrating biofilm-forming bacteriaassociated with different comorbidities such as otitis, wound infections, UTIs, and endometritis. These studies generallyselect dogs with chronic and recurrent infections, which could be an important factor in antibiotic resistance. We aimed toevaluate biofilms in sporadic cystitis regarding prevalence and drug resistance.Materials, Methods & Results: Urine samples were collected by cystocentesis from 36 client-owned dogs under clinicaland laboratory suspicion of non-recurrent urinary bladder infection (cystitis). Urine was aseptically plated onto bloodagar, MacConkey, and CLED, followed by incubation for 24 to 48 h. Definitive identification of a potential pathogen wasmade by subculture collected from an isolated colony to obtain a pure culture. The gram staining method and specificbiochemical tests (phenol red fermentation, lysine, phenylalanine, citrate, sulfide-indole-motility, and urease) were usedto distinguish and classify the bacteria. After identification, the bacteria were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by astandard disk diffusion method, using the following antimicrobials: amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cefazolin, cephalothin, erythromycin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim. The biofilm-forming ability was determined based on a culture...

Cystitis in a bitch with chronic kidney disease caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections andantimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effectsby intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternativetreatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics iseffective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successfulintravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effectsin dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis wasperformed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterialcystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of adiluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter,and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. Onday 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), whichwas less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution...

Cystitis in a bitch with chronic kidney disease caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections andantimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effectsby intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternativetreatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics iseffective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successfulintravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effectsin dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis wasperformed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterialcystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of adiluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter,and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. Onday 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), whichwas less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution...(AU)

Retrospective study of bacterial agents found in urine culture of dogs: antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance profile / Estudo retrospectivo de agentes bacterianos observados na urocultura de cães: perfil de sensibilidade e resistência antimicrobiana

Urinary tract infections are commonly diagnosed in dogs, accounting for 2 to 3% of cases in the clinical routine, as cystitis being the most reported condition. Dogs of all ages and breeds can be affected, and early diagnosis is an important tool for therapeutic success. Urine culture and antibiogram are gold-standard tests for the diagnosis of bacterial cystitis, allowing correct therapy and better recovery of the patient, since currently there is great resistance to antimicrobials used in the veterinary clinics. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the main etiological agents isolated in dog urine cultures, as well as the resistance and sensitivity profile of the isolated agents in relation to antibiotics, in order to assist the clinician ́s choice of the most appropriate antimicrobial, aiming at the patient's therapeutic success. For this study, a retrospective study was performed of 49 samples of urine cultures of male and female dogs, collected between 2012 and 2021, which were positive for bacterial growth. From this analysis, it was observed that Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were the most isolated agents, presenting higher antimicrobial resistance to cephalexin, sulfadiazine plus trimethoprim, ampicillin, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively.(AU)

s infecções do trato urinário são comumente diagnosticadas em cães, representando de 2 a 3% dos casos na rotina clínica, sendo a cistite a afecção mais relatada. Cães de todas as idades e raças podem ser acometidos, sendo o diagnóstico precoce uma ferramenta importante para o sucesso terapêutico. A urocultura e o antibiograma são exames padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico das cistites bacterianas, permitindo a terapêutica correta e melhor recuperação do paciente, já que atualmente há grande resistência aos antimicrobianos empregados na rotina clínica veterinária. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os principais agentes etiológicos isolados nas uroculturas de cães, bem como o perfil de resistência e sensibilidade dos agentes isolados frente aos antibióticos, de modo a auxiliar o médico veterinário na eleição do antimicrobiano mais adequado, visando sucesso terapêutico do paciente. Para realização deste estudo foi feita uma análise retrospectiva de 49 uroculturas de cães machos e fêmeas, coletadas entre os anos de 2012 e 2021, as quais apresentaram crescimento bacteriano positivo. A partir desta análise foi observado que Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. e Staphylococcus spp. foram os agentes mais isolados nas uroculturas, apresentando maior resis-tência aos antimicrobianos cefalexina, sulfazotrim ampicilina, enrofloxacina e ciprofloxacina, respectivamente.(AU)

Lymphoplasmacytic hemorrhagic cystitis in dog: case report / Cistite hemorrágica linfoplasmocitária em cão: relato de caso

Hematuria is a relatively common manifestation in dogs and cats when secondary with urinary tract disorders, such as bacterial cystitis and urolithiasis, your treatment is limited to treatment of the primary cause. However, when the hematuria is persistent or capable of causing significant haematological disorders, other causes less common should to be investigated. A 12-year-old, male pit bull dog, was admitted presenting intense hematuria for the last 10 days. Laboratory tests showed intense normocytic and normochromic anemia, hypoalbuminemia and albuminuria associated with intense hematuria. The ultrasound images reveled presence of structures compatible with blood clots and increased wall thickness and irregularity of urinary bladder. The bladder wash cytology suggested chronic cystitis. Due to results of de laboratory tests and bladder US images, started treatment which antibiotic therapy associated with blood transfusions were maintained until histopathology results. During the biopsy surgery it was observed The bladder wall was thicker and richly vascularized, with normal elasticity and absence of masses or polyps on the inner and outer wall. Histopathological examination revealed thickening of the muscular layer, hemorrhage and diffuse hyperemia between muscle fibers and lamina propria, intact and ruptured capillaries filled with red blood cells, and a discrete multifoc

A hematúria é uma manifestação relativamente comum em cães e gatos quando secundária a distúrbios do trato urinário, tais como cistite bacteriana e urolitíase, sendo seu tratamento limitado à eliminação da causa primária. Entretanto, quando a hematúria é persistente ou capaz de causar distúrbios hematológicos significativos, outras causas menos comuns devem ser investigadas. Um cão, pit bull, macho de 12 anos de idade deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário da xxx com queixa principal de acentuado sangramento urinário há 10 dias. Os exames laboratoriais mostraram anemia normocítica e normo-crômica e hipoalbuminemia, associadas à proteinúria e hematúria intensa. As imagens ultrassonográficas revelaram à presença de estruturas compatíveis com coágulos sanguíneos e aumento da espessura e irregularidade da parede da bexiga, e a citologia do lavado vesical sugeriu cistite crônica. Com os resultados dos exames laboratoriais e de imagem, iniciaram-se os tratamentos com antibioticoterapia associados às transfusões sanguíneas, e o animal foi encaminhado para a biopsia de bexiga. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico, observou-se que a parede vesical apresentava-se espessa e ricamente vascularizada, com elasticidade normal e ausência de massas ou pólipos nas faces interna e externa. O exame histopatológico revelou tratar-se de cistite hemor-rágica linfoplasmocitária, uma doença rara e muito agressiva, a qual apresenta descrições semelhantes em seres humanos, mas ainda não descrita em cães.

Lymphoplasmacytic hemorrhagic cystitis in dog: case report / Cistite hemorrágica linfoplasmocitária em cão: relato de caso

Hematuria is a relatively common manifestation in dogs and cats when secondary with urinary tract disorders, such as bacterial cystitis and urolithiasis, your treatment is limited to treatment of the primary cause. However, when the hematuria is persistent or capable of causing significant haematological disorders, other causes less common should to be investigated. A 12-year-old, male pit bull dog, was admitted presenting intense hematuria for the last 10 days. Laboratory tests showed intense normocytic and normochromic anemia, hypoalbuminemia and albuminuria associated with intense hematuria. The ultrasound images reveled presence of structures compatible with blood clots and increased wall thickness and irregularity of urinary bladder. The bladder wash cytology suggested chronic cystitis. Due to results of de laboratory tests and bladder US images, started treatment which antibiotic therapy associated with blood transfusions were maintained until histopathology results. During the biopsy surgery it was observed The bladder wall was thicker and richly vascularized, with normal elasticity and absence of masses or polyps on the inner and outer wall. Histopathological examination revealed thickening of the muscular layer, hemorrhage and diffuse hyperemia between muscle fibers and lamina propria, intact and ruptured capillaries filled with red blood cells, and a discrete multifoc

A hematúria é uma manifestação relativamente comum em cães e gatos quando secundária a distúrbios do trato urinário, tais como cistite bacteriana e urolitíase, sendo seu tratamento limitado à eliminação da causa primária. Entretanto, quando a hematúria é persistente ou capaz de causar distúrbios hematológicos significativos, outras causas menos comuns devem ser investigadas. Um cão, pit bull, macho de 12 anos de idade deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário da xxx com queixa principal de acentuado sangramento urinário há 10 dias. Os exames laboratoriais mostraram anemia normocítica e normo-crômica e hipoalbuminemia, associadas à proteinúria e hematúria intensa. As imagens ultrassonográficas revelaram à presença de estruturas compatíveis com coágulos sanguíneos e aumento da espessura e irregularidade da parede da bexiga, e a citologia do lavado vesical sugeriu cistite crônica. Com os resultados dos exames laboratoriais e de imagem, iniciaram-se os tratamentos com antibioticoterapia associados às transfusões sanguíneas, e o animal foi encaminhado para a biopsia de bexiga. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico, observou-se que a parede vesical apresentava-se espessa e ricamente vascularizada, com elasticidade normal e ausência de massas ou pólipos nas faces interna e externa. O exame histopatológico revelou tratar-se de cistite hemor-rágica linfoplasmocitária, uma doença rara e muito agressiva, a qual apresenta descrições semelhantes em seres humanos, mas ainda não descrita em cães.(AU)

Eosinophilic cystitis, a rare cause of persistent haematuria in a diabetic dog / Cistite eosinofílica, uma causa rara de hematúria persistente em um cão diabético

Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of entire layers of the bladder wall. The condition has been described in adults, children, and dogs. However, there are no consensus guidelines for the treatment of eosinophilic cystitis. Although human and veterinary literature reviews show some effectiveness in management with corticosteroids, antihistamines, and antibiotics, a variety of serious and frequent side effects are associated with steroid therapy. As a result, steroids are relatively contraindicated for patients with diabetes mellitus and Cushing's syndrome. A five-year-old neutered male chow-chow with controlled diabetes was referred with an 18-month history of malodorous urine, gross haematuria, and dysuria that were nonresponsive to antibiotics. The findings on general examination were unremarkable except for abdominal suprapubic discomfort. The complete blood count and biochemical profile (such as urea and creatinine) were normal except for mild peripheral eosinophilia. Although ultrasonography, bladder contrast radiography, and urine cytology findings indicated malignancy, with the presence of atypical urothelial cells, histopathology confirmed eosinophilic cystitis. Management with cyclosporine was adequate with complete remission of haematuria. This case report presents the first reported successful use of cyclosporine for the treatment of eosinophilic cystitis in a dog with diabetes.(AU)

A cistite eosinofílica é uma doença inflamatória rara caracterizada por infiltração eosinofílica de todas as camadas da parede da bexiga. Essa enfermidade já foi descrita em adultos, crianças e cães. No entanto, não há um consenso de diretrizes sobre o seu tratamento. Mesmo que as literaturas humana e veterinária mostrem alguma eficácia no manejo com corticosteroides, anti-histamínicos e antibióticos, uma variedade de efeitos colaterais graves e frequentes está associada à terapia com esteroides. Dessa forma, o uso de esteroides é relativamente contraindicado para pacientes com diabetes mellitus e síndrome de Cushing, por exemplo. Um chow-chow, macho, castrado, de cinco anos e diabético estável foi encaminhado para atendimento com histórico de urina fétida, hematúria macroscópica e disúria não responsiva a antibióticos há 18 meses. A avaliação dos parâmetros físicos estava dentro dos padrões, exceto por desconforto abdominal suprapúbico à palpação. O hemograma e o perfil bioquímico (como a ureia e a creatinina) estavam dentro da normalidade para a espécie, exceto por eosinofilia periférica leve. Embora a ultrassonografia, a radiografia contrastada da bexiga e os achados da urinálise indicassem malignidade, com a presença de células uroteliais atípicas, a histopatologia confirmou o diagnóstico definitivo de cistite eosinofílica. O manejo com ciclosporina foi satisfatório, com ausência completa da hematúria. Este relato de caso apresenta o primeiro uso documentado de ciclosporina para o tratamento de cistite eosinofílica com sucesso em um cão com diabetes.(AU)

Eosinophilic cystitis, a rare cause of persistent haematuria in a diabetic dog / Cistite eosinofílica, uma causa rara de hematúria persistente em um cão diabético

Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of entire layers of the bladder wall. The condition has been described in adults, children, and dogs. However, there are no consensus guidelines for the treatment of eosinophilic cystitis. Although human and veterinary literature reviews show some effectiveness in management with corticosteroids, antihistamines, and antibiotics, a variety of serious and frequent side effects are associated with steroid therapy. As a result, steroids are relatively contraindicated for patients with diabetes mellitus and Cushing's syndrome. A five-year-old neutered male chow-chow with controlled diabetes was referred with an 18-month history of malodorous urine, gross haematuria, and dysuria that were nonresponsive to antibiotics. The findings on general examination were unremarkable except for abdominal suprapubic discomfort. The complete blood count and biochemical profile (such as urea and creatinine) were normal except for mild peripheral eosinophilia. Although ultrasonography, bladder contrast radiography, and urine cytology findings indicated malignancy, with the presence of atypical urothelial cells, histopathology confirmed eosinophilic cystitis. Management with cyclosporine was adequate with complete remission of haematuria. This case report presents the first reported successful use of cyclosporine for the treatment of eosinophilic cystitis in a dog with diabetes.(AU)

A cistite eosinofílica é uma doença inflamatória rara caracterizada por infiltração eosinofílica de todas as camadas da parede da bexiga. Essa enfermidade já foi descrita em adultos, crianças e cães. No entanto, não há um consenso de diretrizes sobre o seu tratamento. Mesmo que as literaturas humana e veterinária mostrem alguma eficácia no manejo com corticosteroides, anti-histamínicos e antibióticos, uma variedade de efeitos colaterais graves e frequentes está associada à terapia com esteroides. Dessa forma, o uso de esteroides é relativamente contraindicado para pacientes com diabetes mellitus e síndrome de Cushing, por exemplo. Um chow-chow, macho, castrado, de cinco anos e diabético estável foi encaminhado para atendimento com histórico de urina fétida, hematúria macroscópica e disúria não responsiva a antibióticos há 18 meses. A avaliação dos parâmetros físicos estava dentro dos padrões, exceto por desconforto abdominal suprapúbico à palpação. O hemograma e o perfil bioquímico (como a ureia e a creatinina) estavam dentro da normalidade para a espécie, exceto por eosinofilia periférica leve. Embora a ultrassonografia, a radiografia contrastada da bexiga e os achados da urinálise indicassem malignidade, com a presença de células uroteliais atípicas, a histopatologia confirmou o diagnóstico definitivo de cistite eosinofílica. O manejo com ciclosporina foi satisfatório, com ausência completa da hematúria. Este relato de caso apresenta o primeiro uso documentado de ciclosporina para o tratamento de cistite eosinofílica com sucesso em um cão com diabetes.(AU)

Cistite em um felino: relato de caso

A doença do trato urinário inferior de felinos é importante na rotina clínica, acometendo bexiga e/ou uretra, comprometendo o bem estar. Objetivou-se relatar um caso de cistite em felino. Felino, castrado foi atendido, apresentando polaquiúria e inquietação. Foram solicitados exames complementares. A urinálise mostrou: hematúria, leucocitúria, bacteriúria e proteinúria. Os níveis de creatinina e uréia sérica apresentavam-se normais. O hemograma não revelou alteração e, a ultrassonografia, mostrou presença de cristais. Conclui-se que a cistite induz alterações clínicas e laboratoriais no animal, principalmente na urinálise. O diagnóstico precoce e terapêutico adequado foi essencial para evitar o agravamento do quadro e, futuras complicações. (AU)

Feline lower urinary tract disease is important in the clinical routine, affecting bladder and / or urethra, compromising well-being. The objective of this study was to report a case of cat cystitis. Feline, castrated was attended, presenting polaquiúria and restlessness. Further examinations were ordered. Urinalysis showed: hematuria, leukocyturia, bacteriuria, proethinuria. Serum creatinine and urea levels were normal. The hemogram showed no alteration and, on ultrasonography, showed crystals. It is concluded that cystitis induces clinical and laboratory changes in the animal, mainly urinalysis. Adequate early diagnosis and therapy were essential to avoid aggravation of the condition and future complications.(AU)

Cistite em um felino: relato de caso

A doença do trato urinário inferior de felinos é importante na rotina clínica, acometendo bexiga e/ou uretra, comprometendo o bem estar. Objetivou-se relatar um caso de cistite em felino. Felino, castrado foi atendido, apresentando polaquiúria e inquietação. Foram solicitados exames complementares. A urinálise mostrou: hematúria, leucocitúria, bacteriúria e proteinúria. Os níveis de creatinina e uréia sérica apresentavam-se normais. O hemograma não revelou alteração e, a ultrassonografia, mostrou presença de cristais. Conclui-se que a cistite induz alterações clínicas e laboratoriais no animal, principalmente na urinálise. O diagnóstico precoce e terapêutico adequado foi essencial para evitar o agravamento do quadro e, futuras complicações.

Feline lower urinary tract disease is important in the clinical routine, affecting bladder and / or urethra, compromising well-being. The objective of this study was to report a case of cat cystitis. Feline, castrated was attended, presenting polaquiúria and restlessness. Further examinations were ordered. Urinalysis showed: hematuria, leukocyturia, bacteriuria, proethinuria. Serum creatinine and urea levels were normal. The hemogram showed no alteration and, on ultrasonography, showed crystals. It is concluded that cystitis induces clinical and laboratory changes in the animal, mainly urinalysis. Adequate early diagnosis and therapy were essential to avoid aggravation of the condition and future complications.

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a dog with a history of urolithiasis: case report / Escherichia coli multirresistente isolada de cão com histórico de urolitíase: relato de caso

Bacterial resistance is a reality in both human and veterinary health, it limits the therapeutic arsenal and raises the costs of the patient's treatment. A dog with signs of cystitis received treatment with 5mg/kg enrofloxacin at three consecutive times, with low effectiveness. The presence of urethral uroliths was identified and urohydropulsion was done. The animal presented a new obstruction, for which a cystotomy was performed, but continued with signs of infection. Uroculture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were then performed. Escherichia coli was identified, which was resistant to 13 antibiotics, being sensitive only to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin. In the screening test for ß-lactamase, the production of ESßL was detected. The qPCR indicated the presence of the bla CTXm, bla DHA, bla OXA, bla IMP, bla TEM, bla GIM, bla SIM, bla SPM and bla SME genes, which may lead to a phenotypic resistance profile for ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, aztreonam, cefepime cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This case reaffirms the value that laboratory analysis adds to the diagnosis and treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis, which can define the direction of evolution of the prognosis and the speed at which the patient's health will be restored.(AU)

A resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos é uma realidade, tanto na saúde humana quanto veterinária, limita o arsenal terapêutico e eleva os custos relacionados ao tratamento do paciente. Um cão, com sinais de cistite, recebeu tratamento com enrofloxacina, na dose de 5mg/kg, em três momentos seguidos, com baixa efetividade. Identificou-se presença de urólitos uretrais e foi feita uro-hidropropulsão. O animal apresentou nova obstrução, para a qual foi realizada uma cistotomia, mas continuou com sinais de infecção. Realizou-se, então, urocultura e teste de antibiograma. Foi identificada Escherichia coli, que se mostrou resistente a 13 antibióticos, sendo sensível somente à piperacilina-tazobactam e amicacina. No teste de triagem para ß-lactamase, detectou-se a produção de ESßL. A qPCR indicou presença dos genes blaCTXm, blaDHA, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM e blaSME, que podem conduzir um perfil fenotípico de resistência para ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, aztreonam, cefepima, cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam. Este caso reafirma o valor que a análise laboratorial agrega ao diagnóstico e tratamento da cistite e da urolitíase, podendo definir o sentido de evolução do prognóstico e a velocidade em que a saúde do paciente será restabelecia.(AU)

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a dog with a history of urolithiasis: case report / Escherichia coli multirresistente isolada de cão com histórico de urolitíase: relato de caso

Bacterial resistance is a reality in both human and veterinary health, it limits the therapeutic arsenal and raises the costs of the patient's treatment. A dog with signs of cystitis received treatment with 5mg/kg enrofloxacin at three consecutive times, with low effectiveness. The presence of urethral uroliths was identified and urohydropulsion was done. The animal presented a new obstruction, for which a cystotomy was performed, but continued with signs of infection. Uroculture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were then performed. Escherichia coli was identified, which was resistant to 13 antibiotics, being sensitive only to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin. In the screening test for ß-lactamase, the production of ESßL was detected. The qPCR indicated the presence of the bla CTXm, bla DHA, bla OXA, bla IMP, bla TEM, bla GIM, bla SIM, bla SPM and bla SME genes, which may lead to a phenotypic resistance profile for ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, aztreonam, cefepime cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This case reaffirms the value that laboratory analysis adds to the diagnosis and treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis, which can define the direction of evolution of the prognosis and the speed at which the patient's health will be restored.(AU)

A resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos é uma realidade, tanto na saúde humana quanto veterinária, limita o arsenal terapêutico e eleva os custos relacionados ao tratamento do paciente. Um cão, com sinais de cistite, recebeu tratamento com enrofloxacina, na dose de 5mg/kg, em três momentos seguidos, com baixa efetividade. Identificou-se presença de urólitos uretrais e foi feita uro-hidropropulsão. O animal apresentou nova obstrução, para a qual foi realizada uma cistotomia, mas continuou com sinais de infecção. Realizou-se, então, urocultura e teste de antibiograma. Foi identificada Escherichia coli, que se mostrou resistente a 13 antibióticos, sendo sensível somente à piperacilina-tazobactam e amicacina. No teste de triagem para ß-lactamase, detectou-se a produção de ESßL. A qPCR indicou presença dos genes blaCTXm, blaDHA, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM e blaSME, que podem conduzir um perfil fenotípico de resistência para ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, aztreonam, cefepima, cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam. Este caso reafirma o valor que a análise laboratorial agrega ao diagnóstico e tratamento da cistite e da urolitíase, podendo definir o sentido de evolução do prognóstico e a velocidade em que a saúde do paciente será restabelecia.(AU)

Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) in dog nutrition: influence on diet digestibility and palatability and in the course of urinary tract infections / [Cranberrys (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) na nutrição de cães: influência na digestibilidade e palatabilidade da dieta e no curso de infecções do trato urinário

The objective was to evaluate the effects of cranberry on blood and urinary parameters of dogs (experiment I), digestibility of nutrients (experiment II), palatability of diet (experiment III) and the influence of cranberry on E. coli UPEC-MRHA fimbriae in vitro (experiment IV). For experiment I and II, ten dogs were fed with diets containing 0% or 0.4% cranberry for 30 days. Experiment III compared the diets containing 0% and 0.4% cranberry using 16 adult dogs. There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) in the blood parameters evaluated. Dogs consuming cranberry presented lighter color and appearance of urine, compared to the control group (P<0.05). The diet containing cranberry showed higher digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, higher metabolizable energy (P<0.05) and reduced fecal sialic acid concentration (P<0.05) compared to the control diet. There was no influence of cranberry on the formation of fimbriae of E. coli UPEC-MRHA. There was a lower intake ratio of the diet containing cranberry (P<0.05). The inclusion of 0.4% cranberry increases the digestibility of nutrients and influences the color and appearance of urine of dogs. However, it reduces diet palatability and does not alter the adhesion of E. coli UPEC-MRHA in vitro.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do cranberry nos parâmetros sanguíneos e urinários de cães (experimento I), na digestibilidade dos nutrientes (experimento II), na palatabilidade da dieta (experimento III) e a influência do cranberry sobre E. coli UPEC-MRHA fimbriae in vitro (experimento IV). Para os experimentos I e II, 10 cães foram alimentados com dietas contendo 0% ou 0,4% de cranberry por 30 dias. O experimento III comparou as dietas contendo 0% e 0,4% de cranberry usando 16 cães adultos. Não houve diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05) nos parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados. Cães que consumiram cranberry apresentaram cor e aparência mais claras da urina, em comparação com o grupo controle (P<0,05). A dieta contendo cranberry apresentou maior digestibilidade da matéria seca, extrato etéreo, matéria orgânica, maior energia metabolizável (P<0,05) e menor concentração de ácido siálico fecal (P<0,05) comparada à dieta controle. Não houve influência do cranberry na formação de fímbrias de E. coli UPEC-MRHA. Houve uma menor taxa de ingestão da dieta contendo cranberry (P<0,05). A inclusão de 0,4% de cranberry aumenta a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, influencia a cor e a aparência da urina dos cães. No entanto, reduz a palatabilidade da dieta e não altera a adesão de E. coli UPEC-MRHA in vitro.(AU)

A cistite idiopática felina: o que devemos saber / Feline idiopathic cystitis: what we sould know

A cistite idiopática felina (CIF) é uma enfermidade que comumente afeta gatos domiciliados, sendo uma das principais causas da doença do trato urinário inferior (DTUIF). O objetivo dessa revisão de literatura é abordar os aspectos gerais sobre a CIF, dados atuais sobre a epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, formas de diagnóstico e terapia, indicados para essa patologia que tanto acomete os felinos. As causas da CIF são pouco conhecidas e sua fisiopatologia é incerta, envolvendo associação entre estímulos estressantes e a resposta do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal e sistema nervoso simpático em gatos susceptíveis. Durante o desenvolvimento do quadro clínico a CIF caracteriza-se pela presença de sinais clínicos recorrentes como periúria, hematúria, disúria, estrangúria, polaquiúria, anúria, anorexia, hiporexia, êmese, apatia, diarreia, isolamento, lambedura excessiva na região perineal e abdome caudal, bem como a remoção de pelos da cauda. O diagnóstico é realizado através de anamnese, sinais clínicos, investigação detalhada através de exames laboratoriais e de imagem que possibilitem a exclusão de outras causas de DTUIF. O tratamento tem como objetivo reduzir a gravidade dos sinais clínicos e aumentar o intervalo entre a ocorrência dos quadros clínicos e, devido à sua fisiopatologia multifatorial, torna-se interessante realizar um tratamento multimodal. Assim, a terapêutica torna-se variável conforme os sinais clínicos apresentados pelo paciente, visando principalmente, o restabelecimento do fluxo urinário e analgesia. Além disso, devem ser realizadas melhores adaptações ao manejo do animal, bem como a adoção de medidas que aumentem a ingestão hídrica e minimizar fatores estressantes que possam contribuir para recorrência do quadro clínico.

Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common disease found in domiciled cats, being one of the main causes of lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The purpose of this review is to address the general aspects of CIF, current data on the indicated epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy indicated for this pathology that affects both felines. Its causes are poorly understood and its pathophysiology is uncertain, involving the association between stressful stimuli and the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system in susceptible cats. During the development of the disease, FIC is characterized by the presence of recurrent clinical signs - periuria, hematuria, dysuria, strangury, polaquiuria, anuria, anorexia, hyporexia, emesis, apathy, diarrhea, isolation, excessive licking in the perineal region and caudal abdomen , as well as the removal of tail hairs. The diagnosis is made through anamnesis, clinical signs and detailed investigation through laboratorial and imaging exams that allow the exclusion of other causes of LUTD. The treatment aims to reduce the severity of clinical signs and increase the interval between the occurrence of clinical conditions and, due to its multifactor pathophysiology, it is interesting to perform a multimodal treatment. Thus, the therapy is variable according to the clinical signs presented by the patient aiming, mainly, the reestablishment of the urinary flow and analgesia. In addition, better adaptations to animal management should be made such as the adoption of measures that increase water intake and minimize stressors that may contribute to recurrence of the clinical picture. Keywords: Cat, lower urinary tract disease, stress, multimodal treatment.

A cistite idiopática felina: o que devemos saber / Feline idiopathic cystitis: what we sould know

A cistite idiopática felina (CIF) é uma enfermidade que comumente afeta gatos domiciliados, sendo uma das principais causas da doença do trato urinário inferior (DTUIF). O objetivo dessa revisão de literatura é abordar os aspectos gerais sobre a CIF, dados atuais sobre a epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, formas de diagnóstico e terapia, indicados para essa patologia que tanto acomete os felinos. As causas da CIF são pouco conhecidas e sua fisiopatologia é incerta, envolvendo associação entre estímulos estressantes e a resposta do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal e sistema nervoso simpático em gatos susceptíveis. Durante o desenvolvimento do quadro clínico a CIF caracteriza-se pela presença de sinais clínicos recorrentes como periúria, hematúria, disúria, estrangúria, polaquiúria, anúria, anorexia, hiporexia, êmese, apatia, diarreia, isolamento, lambedura excessiva na região perineal e abdome caudal, bem como a remoção de pelos da cauda. O diagnóstico é realizado através de anamnese, sinais clínicos, investigação detalhada através de exames laboratoriais e de imagem que possibilitem a exclusão de outras causas de DTUIF. O tratamento tem como objetivo reduzir a gravidade dos sinais clínicos e aumentar o intervalo entre a ocorrência dos quadros clínicos e, devido à sua fisiopatologia multifatorial, torna-se interessante realizar um tratamento multimodal. Assim, a terapêutica torna-se variável conforme os sinais clínicos apresentados pelo paciente, visando principalmente, o restabelecimento do fluxo urinário e analgesia. Além disso, devem ser realizadas melhores adaptações ao manejo do animal, bem como a adoção de medidas que aumentem a ingestão hídrica e minimizar fatores estressantes que possam contribuir para recorrência do quadro clínico.(AU)

Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common disease found in domiciled cats, being one of the main causes of lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The purpose of this review is to address the general aspects of CIF, current data on the indicated epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy indicated for this pathology that affects both felines. Its causes are poorly understood and its pathophysiology is uncertain, involving the association between stressful stimuli and the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system in susceptible cats. During the development of the disease, FIC is characterized by the presence of recurrent clinical signs - periuria, hematuria, dysuria, strangury, polaquiuria, anuria, anorexia, hyporexia, emesis, apathy, diarrhea, isolation, excessive licking in the perineal region and caudal abdomen , as well as the removal of tail hairs. The diagnosis is made through anamnesis, clinical signs and detailed investigation through laboratorial and imaging exams that allow the exclusion of other causes of LUTD. The treatment aims to reduce the severity of clinical signs and increase the interval between the occurrence of clinical conditions and, due to its multifactor pathophysiology, it is interesting to perform a multimodal treatment. Thus, the therapy is variable according to the clinical signs presented by the patient aiming, mainly, the reestablishment of the urinary flow and analgesia. In addition, better adaptations to animal management should be made such as the adoption of measures that increase water intake and minimize stressors that may contribute to recurrence of the clinical picture. Keywords: Cat, lower urinary tract disease, stress, multimodal treatment.(AU)

Terapias para cistite idiopática felina: revisão de literatura / Therapies for feline idiopathic cystitis: review

A cistite idiopática felina é uma doença inflamatória estéril crônica que não esta limitada somente as anormalidades relacionadas à bexiga e uretra. Sua fisiopatogenia ainda não está totalmente esclarecida e é a causa de base mais comum em gatos com Doença do Trato Urinário Inferior dos Felinos (DTUIF). Pode ser desencadeada por situações estressantes, divididas em: comportamento social, como disputa territorial, estado físico, como imunossupressão e ambiental, como alterações na rotina e ambiente do gato. É necessária uma ótima comunicação ao tutor sobre a necessidade de medidas de manejo a longo prazo, para auxiliar no bem-estar do paciente, uso de analgésicos, enriquecimento ambiental e em alguns casos pode ser necessário o uso outros fármacos para amenizar os quadros agudos ou crônicos. A Modificação Ambiental Multimodal (MEMO) por ser uma abordagem multifatorial, é a mais indicada pois melhora a qualidade de vida e bem-estar do gato, e deve ser utilizada antes da administração de fármacos. Juntamente a esta terapia, indica-se a introdução de dieta úmida com o objetivo de aumentar a ingestão hídrica, e consequentemente aumentar a diluição da urina. Medicamentos devem ser administrados somente quando todas as outras terapias não obtiveram uma resposta positiva. Esta revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo descrever as terapias que podem ser utilizados na cistite idiopática felina.

Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is not limited only to abnormalities related to the bladder and urethra. Its pathophysiology is still not fully understood and is the most common cause in cats with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). It can be triggered by stressful situations, divided into: social behavior, such as territorial dispute, physical state, such as immunosuppression and environmental, such as changes in the cat’s routine and environment. Adequate communication to the tutor is needed on the need for long-term management measures to assist patient well-being, use of analgesics, environmental enrichment, and in some cases it may be necessary to use other drugs to ameliorate acute or chronic diseases. The Multimodal Environmental Modification (MEMO), because it is a multifactorial approach, is the most indicated because it improves the quality of life and well-being of the cat, and should be used before the administration of drugs. Along with this therapy, the introduction of wet diet is indicated with the aim of increasing water intake, and consequently increasing the dilution of urine. Medications should be given only when all other therapies have not received a positive response. This literature review aims to describe the therapies that can be used in feline idiopathic cystitis.