In vitro conservation of 'Florida Rough' lemon plants / Conservação in vitro de plantas de limoeiro 'Rugoso da Florida'

The establishment of minimum growth conditions is essential for in vitro germplasm conservation. Changes to the basic medium and carbon source concentrations are important factors for reducing plant growth in vitro. This study adjusted a protocol for the in vitro conservation of 'Florida Rough' lemon plants. Microcuttings (approximately 1 cm) from plants that were previously cultivated in vitro were inoculated into test tubes with 10 mL of woody plant medium (WPM) at different concentrations (1/1, 1/2 and 1/4) and supplemented with 0, 12.5, 25 and 50 g.L-1 of sucrose, solidified with 7 g.L-1 agar and adjusted to pH 5.8. The experiment was completely randomized in a 3 x 4 factorial design with 15 replications and was maintained under controlled conditions for 360 days. After this period the plant height in cm (PH), the plant dry mass in g (PDM) and the 21 numbers of green leaves (NGL), senescent leaves (NSL) and microcuttings (NM) were evaluated. The variables that best explained the observed behavior of the 'Florida Rough' lemon plants were NGL and PH, with values of 61.63 and 35.08%, respectively. The original concentration of the WPM with the addition of 25 g. L-1 of sucrose yielded the best 'Florida Rough' lemon plant growth reduction in vitro while maintaining the physiologically health of the plants.

O estabelecimento de condições de crescimento mínimo é fundamental para a conservação in vitro de germoplasma. Alterações nas concentrações do meio básico, na fonte de carbono, são fatores importantes na desaceleração do crescimento de plantas in vitro. Este trabalho teve como objetivo ajustar um protocolo de conservação in vitro de plantas do limoeiro 'Rugoso da Flórida'. Microestacas de plantas previamente cultivadas in vitro, com aproximadamente 1 cm, foram inoculadas em tubos de ensaio contendo 10 mL do meio de cultura WPM em diferentes concentrações (1/1, 1/2 e 1/4), suplementado com 0; 12,5; 25 e 50 g.L-1 de sacarose, solidificado com 7 g.L-1 de ágar e o pH ajustado em 5,8. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 15 repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, e mantido sob condições controladas durante 360 dias. Após este período, foram avaliadas altura de planta em cm (AP), número de folhas verdes (NFV), número de folhas senescentes (NFS), número de microestacas (NM) e massa da planta seca em g (MPS). As variáveis que mais contribuíram para explicar a diferença existente no comportamento das plantas do limoeiro 'Rugoso da Flórida' no meio de cultura WPM foram NFV e AP com 61,63 e 35,08%, respectivamente. O meio de cultura WPM na sua concentração original com a adição de 25 g.L-1 de sacarose promoveu os melhores resultados na redução do crescimento das plantas in vitro do limoeiro 'Rugoso da Flórida', mantendo-as fisiologicamente sadias.

Nursery performance of potentially promising rootstocks for citriculture in the south of Brazil / Desempenho em viveiro de porta-enxertos potencialmente promissores para a citricultura do sul do Brasil

Diversification of rootstock varieties, with consequent reduction in phytosanitary risks, has great importance to the sustainability of citrus cultivation in the south of Brazil. This study evaluated the performance of 42 rootstocks in the nursery phase to generate 'Valencia Late' sweet orange seedlings. Therefore, nucellar seedlings from the rootstocks under study were analyzed in relation to plant height, stem diameter, mortality rate and percentage of bud set after grafting. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 20 sample units. Not adapted genotypes had high mortality rates, and the ones of both hybrids LCR x CTSW - 009 and LVK x LCR - 038 were 100% and 90%, respectively. Other 13 genotypes had mortality rates above 30%, and 'Sunki' mandarin was the female genitor of ten of them. 'Swingle' citrumelo was the rootstock with the highest development (plant height and stem diameter), associated with low mortality rate. In relation to the other rootstocks, the best results were the fast grafting diameter, associated with low mortality rate obtained by hybrids HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, and citrandarins ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’ and ‘San Diego’, as well as Trifoliate orange and ‘Rangpur’ lime. In addition to Trifoliate orange, which is widely used in Rio Grande do Sul, these rootstocks have great potential in citriculture in the south of Brazil.

A diversificação do uso de variedades porta-enxerto, com a consequente redução de riscos fitossanitários, é de fundamental importância para a sustentabilidade da citricultura do Sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de 42 porta-enxertos na formação de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência Late' em fase de viveiro. Nesse sentido, seedlings (plantas oriundas da germinação de sementes) nucelares dos porta-enxertos estudados foram avaliados relativamente aos caracteres altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, taxa de mortalidade e percentagem de pegamento de borbulhas após a enxertia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 unidades amostrais. Genótipos não adaptados tiveram altas taxas de mortalidade, os híbridos LCR x CTSW - 009 e LVK x LCR - 038 apresentaram 100% e 90% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Mais 13 genótipos apresentaram mortalidade superior a 30%, destes, dez têm como parental feminino a tangerineira 'Sunki'. O citrumelo 'Swingle' foi o porta-enxerto que apresentou maior desenvolvimento (altura da planta e diâmetro do caule), associado a uma baixa taxa de mortalidade. Quanto aos demais porta-enxertos, destacaram-se por atingir rapidamente o diâmetro de enxertia, associado a baixa taxa de mortalidade, os híbridos HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, citrandarins 'Indio', ‘Riverside’ e ‘San Diego’, assim como o limoeiro 'Cravo' e o Trifoliata. Além do Trifoliata, amplamente utilizado no Rio Grande do Sul, estes porta-enxertos são promissores para a citricultura do Sul do Brasil.

Nursery performance of potentially promising rootstocks for citriculture in the south of Brazil / Desempenho em viveiro de porta-enxertos potencialmente promissores para a citricultura do sul do Brasil

Diversification of rootstock varieties, with consequent reduction in phytosanitary risks, has great importance to the sustainability of citrus cultivation in the south of Brazil. This study evaluated the performance of 42 rootstocks in the nursery phase to generate 'Valencia Late' sweet orange seedlings. Therefore, nucellar seedlings from the rootstocks under study were analyzed in relation to plant height, stem diameter, mortality rate and percentage of bud set after grafting. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 20 sample units. Not adapted genotypes had high mortality rates, and the ones of both hybrids LCR x CTSW - 009 and LVK x LCR - 038 were 100% and 90%, respectively. Other 13 genotypes had mortality rates above 30%, and 'Sunki' mandarin was the female genitor of ten of them. 'Swingle' citrumelo was the rootstock with the highest development (plant height and stem diameter), associated with low mortality rate. In relation to the other rootstocks, the best results were the fast grafting diameter, associated with low mortality rate obtained by hybrids HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, and citrandarins ‘Indio, ‘Riverside and ‘San Diego, as well as Trifoliate orange and ‘Rangpur lime. In addition to Trifoliate orange, which is widely used in Rio Grande do Sul, these rootstocks have great potential in citriculture in the south of Brazil.(AU)

A diversificação do uso de variedades porta-enxerto, com a consequente redução de riscos fitossanitários, é de fundamental importância para a sustentabilidade da citricultura do Sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de 42 porta-enxertos na formação de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência Late' em fase de viveiro. Nesse sentido, seedlings (plantas oriundas da germinação de sementes) nucelares dos porta-enxertos estudados foram avaliados relativamente aos caracteres altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, taxa de mortalidade e percentagem de pegamento de borbulhas após a enxertia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 unidades amostrais. Genótipos não adaptados tiveram altas taxas de mortalidade, os híbridos LCR x CTSW - 009 e LVK x LCR - 038 apresentaram 100% e 90% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Mais 13 genótipos apresentaram mortalidade superior a 30%, destes, dez têm como parental feminino a tangerineira 'Sunki'. O citrumelo 'Swingle' foi o porta-enxerto que apresentou maior desenvolvimento (altura da planta e diâmetro do caule), associado a uma baixa taxa de mortalidade. Quanto aos demais porta-enxertos, destacaram-se por atingir rapidamente o diâmetro de enxertia, associado a baixa taxa de mortalidade, os híbridos HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, citrandarins 'Indio', ‘Riverside e ‘San Diego, assim como o limoeiro 'Cravo' e o Trifoliata. Além do Trifoliata, amplamente utilizado no Rio Grande do Sul, estes porta-enxertos são promissores para a citricultura do Sul do Brasil.(AU)

Nursery performance of potentially promising rootstocks for citriculture in the south of Brazil / Desempenho em viveiro de porta-enxertos potencialmente promissores para a citricultura do sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Diversification of rootstock varieties, with consequent reduction in phytosanitary risks, has great importance to the sustainability of citrus cultivation in the south of Brazil. This study evaluated the performance of 42 rootstocks in the nursery phase to generate 'Valencia Late' sweet orange seedlings. Therefore, nucellar seedlings from the rootstocks under study were analyzed in relation to plant height, stem diameter, mortality rate and percentage of bud set after grafting. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 20 sample units. Not adapted genotypes had high mortality rates, and the ones of both hybrids LCR x CTSW - 009 and LVK x LCR - 038 were 100% and 90%, respectively. Other 13 genotypes had mortality rates above 30%, and 'Sunki' mandarin was the female genitor of ten of them. 'Swingle' citrumelo was the rootstock with the highest development (plant height and stem diameter), associated with low mortality rate. In relation to the other rootstocks, the best results were the fast grafting diameter, associated with low mortality rate obtained by hybrids HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, and citrandarins 'Indio', 'Riverside' and 'San Diego', as well as Trifoliate orange and 'Rangpur' lime. In addition to Trifoliate orange, which is widely used in Rio Grande do Sul, these rootstocks have great potential in citriculture in the south of Brazil.

RESUMO: A diversificação do uso de variedades porta-enxerto, com a consequente redução de riscos fitossanitários, é de fundamental importância para a sustentabilidade da citricultura do Sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de 42 porta-enxertos na formação de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência Late' em fase de viveiro. Nesse sentido, seedlings (plantas oriundas da germinação de sementes) nucelares dos porta-enxertos estudados foram avaliados relativamente aos caracteres altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, taxa de mortalidade e percentagem de pegamento de borbulhas após a enxertia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 unidades amostrais. Genótipos não adaptados tiveram altas taxas de mortalidade, os híbridos LCR x CTSW - 009 e LVK x LCR - 038 apresentaram 100% e 90% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Mais 13 genótipos apresentaram mortalidade superior a 30%, destes, dez têm como parental feminino a tangerineira 'Sunki'. O citrumelo 'Swingle' foi o porta-enxerto que apresentou maior desenvolvimento (altura da planta e diâmetro do caule), associado a uma baixa taxa de mortalidade. Quanto aos demais porta-enxertos, destacaram-se por atingir rapidamente o diâmetro de enxertia, associado a baixa taxa de mortalidade, os híbridos HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, citrandarins 'Indio', 'Riverside' e 'San Diego', assim como o limoeiro 'Cravo' e o Trifoliata. Além do Trifoliata, amplamente utilizado no Rio Grande do Sul, estes porta-enxertos são promissores para a citricultura do Sul do Brasil.

Performance of mulberry cultivars (Morus spp) in response to different stem cuttings and fertilizers / Formação de mudas de amoreira (Morus spp) em diferentes tamanhos de estacas e de adubação

The objective is to analyze techniques to form mulberry seedlings with different cutting sizes and forms of fertilization with N-P-K aiming a low production cost and an easy application in field. The experiment was carried out in a screened nursery, with a shading of 34%. The treatments were distributed in randomized blocks (RB) and compared in a 2x4x3 factorial design with five replications and 12 plants per plot. The factorial design consisted of two cutting lengths (10 and 20 cm) distributed in plastic tubes of 70 and 120 mL, four mulberry cultivars (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin, and IZ3/2), and two types of fertilization: addition of 84 g of Osmocote® for each kilo of substrate, fertigation with aqueous solution containing 84 g of 14-14-14 N-P-K for each kilo of substrate, plus a control treatment (without fertilization). The commercial substrate Basaplant citrus® was used. 90 and 140 days after planting, assessments of percentage of rooting were carried out. At 140 days, shoot length (cm), number of shoots, number of leaves, root length (cm), and shoot and root green and dry matter were evaluated. The data obtained were evaluated using the Sanest software and Tukey test (P<0.05). Cuttings of 20 cm in length in tubes of 120 mL are recommended for the best formation of mulberry seedlings with the application of N-P-K fertilizer through fertigation. The cultivars showed different rooting potentials and shoot development. The best results are for Korin and IZ 10/1.

Objetivou-se estudar técnicas de formação de mudas de amoreira com diferentes tamanhos de estacas e formas de adubação com NPK visando baixo custo de produção e fácil aplicação no campo. O experimento foi realizado em viveiro do tipo telado, com sombreamento de 34%. Os tratamentos, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso (DBC) foram comparados, em esquema fatorial do tipo 2x4x3 com 5 repetições e 12 plantas por parcela, a saber: dois comprimentos de estacas, 10 e 20 cm, distribuídas em tubetes plásticos de 70 e 120 mL, quatro cultivares de amoreira (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin e IZ3/2) e dois tipos de adubação: adição de 84g de Osmocote® para cada quilo de substrato; fertirrigação com solução aquosa contendo 84g de NPK na formulação 14-14-14 para cada quilo de substrato e acrescido de um tratamento testemunha (sem adubação). Utilizou-se o substrato comercial Basaplant citrus®. Aos 90 e 140 dias após o plantio foram realizadas as avaliações da porcentagem de pegamento das estacas. Aos 140 dias, também, foram feitas avaliações do comprimento da parte aérea (cm), número de brotações, número de folhas, comprimento da raiz (cm), massas verde e seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio do programa Sanest e Teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que para a melhor formação das mudas de amoreira são recomendadas estacas de 20 cm de comprimento em tubetes de 120 mL com a aplicação do adubo NPK através da fertirrigação. As cultivares apresentaram diferentes potenciais de enraizamento e desenvolvimento da parte aérea sendo os melhores resultados encontrados para a Korin e IZ 10/1.

Performance of mulberry cultivars (Morus spp) in response to different stem cuttings and fertilizers / Formação de mudas de amoreira (Morus spp) em diferentes tamanhos de estacas e de adubação

The objective is to analyze techniques to form mulberry seedlings with different cutting sizes and forms of fertilization with N-P-K aiming a low production cost and an easy application in field. The experiment was carried out in a screened nursery, with a shading of 34%. The treatments were distributed in randomized blocks (RB) and compared in a 2x4x3 factorial design with five replications and 12 plants per plot. The factorial design consisted of two cutting lengths (10 and 20 cm) distributed in plastic tubes of 70 and 120 mL, four mulberry cultivars (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin, and IZ3/2), and two types of fertilization: addition of 84 g of Osmocote® for each kilo of substrate, fertigation with aqueous solution containing 84 g of 14-14-14 N-P-K for each kilo of substrate, plus a control treatment (without fertilization). The commercial substrate Basaplant citrus® was used. 90 and 140 days after planting, assessments of percentage of rooting were carried out. At 140 days, shoot length (cm), number of shoots, number of leaves, root length (cm), and shoot and root green and dry matter were evaluated. The data obtained were evaluated using the Sanest software and Tukey test (P<0.05). Cuttings of 20 cm in length in tubes of 120 mL are recommended for the best formation of mulberry seedlings with the application of N-P-K fertilizer through fertigation. The cultivars showed different rooting potentials and shoot development. The best results are for Korin and IZ 10/1.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar técnicas de formação de mudas de amoreira com diferentes tamanhos de estacas e formas de adubação com NPK visando baixo custo de produção e fácil aplicação no campo. O experimento foi realizado em viveiro do tipo telado, com sombreamento de 34%. Os tratamentos, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso (DBC) foram comparados, em esquema fatorial do tipo 2x4x3 com 5 repetições e 12 plantas por parcela, a saber: dois comprimentos de estacas, 10 e 20 cm, distribuídas em tubetes plásticos de 70 e 120 mL, quatro cultivares de amoreira (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin e IZ3/2) e dois tipos de adubação: adição de 84g de Osmocote® para cada quilo de substrato; fertirrigação com solução aquosa contendo 84g de NPK na formulação 14-14-14 para cada quilo de substrato e acrescido de um tratamento testemunha (sem adubação). Utilizou-se o substrato comercial Basaplant citrus®. Aos 90 e 140 dias após o plantio foram realizadas as avaliações da porcentagem de pegamento das estacas. Aos 140 dias, também, foram feitas avaliações do comprimento da parte aérea (cm), número de brotações, número de folhas, comprimento da raiz (cm), massas verde e seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio do programa Sanest e Teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que para a melhor formação das mudas de amoreira são recomendadas estacas de 20 cm de comprimento em tubetes de 120 mL com a aplicação do adubo NPK através da fertirrigação. As cultivares apresentaram diferentes potenciais de enraizamento e desenvolvimento da parte aérea sendo os melhores resultados encontrados para a Korin e IZ 10/1.(AU)

Occurrence and distribution of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Pará state, Brazil / Ocorrência e distribuição de Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) e Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) no estado do Pará

This study presents and discusses the results of a survey for the presence of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and its natural enemies in Citrus spp. citrus and Murraya sp. myrtle plants in Pará State, Brazil. From 2013 to 2017, observations were made in five mesoregions of the State, and where D. citri was present, branches were examined to quantify eggs, nymphs and mummies with parasitoid emergence holes and to obtain parasitoids. D. citri adults were used to detected the bacterium through nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). Psyllids were found in citrus and myrtle plants. A total of 583 parasitoid specimens of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) were obtained. The bacterial detection test was negative for Candidatus Liberibacter spp. Psyllids and parasitoids were present in the Lower Amazon, Metropolitan area, Northeastern Pará, Southeastern Pará and Southwestern Pará mesoregions. The presence of D. citri in citrus, with was previously absent in this host, alters the risk situation for Huanglongbing (HLB) in the State. These results will aid in developing preventive or containment measures through phytosanitary protection.(AU)

No presente estudo, são apresentados e discutidos os resultados de levantamento para a presença de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama e inimigos naturais em plantas de citros Citrus spp. e murta Murraya sp. no estado do Pará. No período de 2013 a 2017 foram realizadas observações em cinco mesorregiões do estado. Na presença de D. citri, ramos foram coletados com a quantificação de ovos, ninfas, múmias com orifício de emergência de parasitoide e obtenção de parasitoides. Adultos de D. citri foram analisados para a detecção da bactéria por meio de nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). O psilídeo foi constatado em citros e murta. Foram obtidos 583 exemplares do parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). O teste de detecção da bactéria foi negativo, indicando ausência de Candidatus Liberibacter spp. O psilídeo e o parasitoide estão presentes nas mesorregiões do Baixo Amazonas, Metropolitana, Nordeste Paraense, Sudeste Paraense e Sudoeste Paraense. A presença de D. citri em citros, até então ausente nesse hospedeiro, altera a situação de risco do Huanglongbing (HLB) para o Estado. Esses resultados auxiliarão na formulação de medidas preventivas ou de contenção pela defesa fitossanitária.(AU)

Occurrence and distribution of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Pará state, Brazil / Ocorrência e distribuição de Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) e Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) no estado do Pará

This study presents and discusses the results of a survey for the presence of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and its natural enemies in Citrus spp. citrus and Murraya sp. myrtle plants in Pará State, Brazil. From 2013 to 2017, observations were made in five mesoregions of the State, and where D. citri was present, branches were examined to quantify eggs, nymphs and mummies with parasitoid emergence holes and to obtain parasitoids. D. citri adults were used to detected the bacterium through nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). Psyllids were found in citrus and myrtle plants. A total of 583 parasitoid specimens of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) were obtained. The bacterial detection test was negative for Candidatus Liberibacter spp. Psyllids and parasitoids were present in the Lower Amazon, Metropolitan area, Northeastern Pará, Southeastern Pará and Southwestern Pará mesoregions. The presence of D. citri in citrus, with was previously absent in this host, alters the risk situation for Huanglongbing (HLB) in the State. These results will aid in developing preventive or containment measures through phytosanitary protection.(AU)

No presente estudo, são apresentados e discutidos os resultados de levantamento para a presença de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama e inimigos naturais em plantas de citros Citrus spp. e murta Murraya sp. no estado do Pará. No período de 2013 a 2017 foram realizadas observações em cinco mesorregiões do estado. Na presença de D. citri, ramos foram coletados com a quantificação de ovos, ninfas, múmias com orifício de emergência de parasitoide e obtenção de parasitoides. Adultos de D. citri foram analisados para a detecção da bactéria por meio de nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). O psilídeo foi constatado em citros e murta. Foram obtidos 583 exemplares do parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). O teste de detecção da bactéria foi negativo, indicando ausência de Candidatus Liberibacter spp. O psilídeo e o parasitoide estão presentes nas mesorregiões do Baixo Amazonas, Metropolitana, Nordeste Paraense, Sudeste Paraense e Sudoeste Paraense. A presença de D. citri em citros, até então ausente nesse hospedeiro, altera a situação de risco do Huanglongbing (HLB) para o Estado. Esses resultados auxiliarão na formulação de medidas preventivas ou de contenção pela defesa fitossanitária.(AU)

Soil quality indicators under management systems in a Quilombola community in the Brazilian Cerrado

Soil management systems exert different effects on soil attributes, especially on the organic matter content, and, consequently, the soil aggregation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different land uses practiced by quilombola family farmers on water stable aggregates, glomalin and organic carbon in soil aggregates. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm from areas cultivated under the following management systems: 1) conventional corn plantation (MA), 2) cultivation of citrus trees intercropped with annual crops (AC) (a conservationist approach), 3) pasture of Brachiaria (Urochloa spp.) (PA), and, as reference, an area of the Cerrado (CR) free of any anthropogenic interference. The studied areas were evaluated in a completely randomized design, with five replications, in a subplot scheme. The plots were the management systems and the subplots the depths. Soil macro-aggregates were predominant at both depths and the aggregate stability indices were higher than 90 % for all management systems. Total organic carbon in the two aggregate classes (micro and macro-aggregates) correlated with the MWD (mean weight-diameter), but not with the easily extractable glomalin (EEG) related soil protein. Soil micro and macro-aggregates, EEG and MWD discriminated management systems and are important soil quality indicators. The carbon content in both micro-aggregates (C-MIC) and macro-aggregates (C-MAC) of the intercropped system (AC) was higher than in the CR. The soil attributes that best separated the areas were C-MIC, MWD and EEG in macro-aggregates for the depth of 0-10 cm, and EEG in micro-aggregates, together with MWD and C-MAC for the depth of 10-20 cm.

Soil quality indicators under management systems in a Quilombola community in the Brazilian Cerrado

Soil management systems exert different effects on soil attributes, especially on the organic matter content, and, consequently, the soil aggregation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different land uses practiced by quilombola family farmers on water stable aggregates, glomalin and organic carbon in soil aggregates. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm from areas cultivated under the following management systems: 1) conventional corn plantation (MA), 2) cultivation of citrus trees intercropped with annual crops (AC) (a conservationist approach), 3) pasture of Brachiaria (Urochloa spp.) (PA), and, as reference, an area of the Cerrado (CR) free of any anthropogenic interference. The studied areas were evaluated in a completely randomized design, with five replications, in a subplot scheme. The plots were the management systems and the subplots the depths. Soil macro-aggregates were predominant at both depths and the aggregate stability indices were higher than 90 % for all management systems. Total organic carbon in the two aggregate classes (micro and macro-aggregates) correlated with the MWD (mean weight-diameter), but not with the easily extractable glomalin (EEG) related soil protein. Soil micro and macro-aggregates, EEG and MWD discriminated management systems and are important soil quality indicators. The carbon content in both micro-aggregates (C-MIC) and macro-aggregates (C-MAC) of the intercropped system (AC) was higher than in the CR. The soil attributes that best separated the areas were C-MIC, MWD and EEG in macro-aggregates for the depth of 0-10 cm, and EEG in micro-aggregates, together with MWD and C-MAC for the depth of 10-20 cm.(AU)

Vigor and mortality of citrus progenies with potential use as rootstocks / 10.1590/1678-992x-2016-0455

Rootstocks influence certain characteristics of the scion, such as vigor, fruit yield and quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors. In conventional citrus breeding programs, hybridization is the main method used for obtaining rootstock varieties. Between Sept and Oct 2006, controlled pollinations were carried out resulting in nine progenies, totaling 461 hybrid seedlings. The female parents were the ‘Santa Cruz Rangpur’ lime (SCRL) and the ‘Sunki of Florida’ mandarin (SFM), while the male parents, in addition to this mandarin, were the ‘Indio’ and ‘Riverside’ citrandarins, the ‘Thomasville’ citrangequat (THOM), the ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, the ‘Argentina’ citrange (AGC) and the ‘Benecke’ trifoliate orange (BKTO). Fruit setting rates of these crosses were measured and the hybrids generated were planted in the field in 2008 and evaluated from 2010 to 2014, for the variables of plant mortality, visual vigor, plant height and trunk diameter. The descriptive statistics mean, variation range, coefficient of variation and Pearson skewness coefficient were calculated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the treatments were grouped by the Scott-Knott test, both at 5 % significance. The progenies, having the ‘Sunki’ mandarin as the female parent, presented higher fruit setting rates and lower plant mortality rates than those obtained from the female parent ‘Rangpur’ lime, while zero plant mortality was observed in the SFM × BKTO cross. The crosses SCRL × SFM, SFM × BKTO, SFM × AGC and SFM × THOM have the potential to generate vigorous hybrids, resulting in rootstock varieties adapted to the landscape unit of Coastal Tableland.

Vigor and mortality of citrus progenies with potential use as rootstocks / 10.1590/1678-992x-2016-0455

Rootstocks influence certain characteristics of the scion, such as vigor, fruit yield and quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors. In conventional citrus breeding programs, hybridization is the main method used for obtaining rootstock varieties. Between Sept and Oct 2006, controlled pollinations were carried out resulting in nine progenies, totaling 461 hybrid seedlings. The female parents were the ‘Santa Cruz Rangpur lime (SCRL) and the ‘Sunki of Florida mandarin (SFM), while the male parents, in addition to this mandarin, were the ‘Indio and ‘Riverside citrandarins, the ‘Thomasville citrangequat (THOM), the ‘Swingle citrumelo, the ‘Argentina citrange (AGC) and the ‘Benecke trifoliate orange (BKTO). Fruit setting rates of these crosses were measured and the hybrids generated were planted in the field in 2008 and evaluated from 2010 to 2014, for the variables of plant mortality, visual vigor, plant height and trunk diameter. The descriptive statistics mean, variation range, coefficient of variation and Pearson skewness coefficient were calculated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the treatments were grouped by the Scott-Knott test, both at 5 % significance. The progenies, having the ‘Sunki mandarin as the female parent, presented higher fruit setting rates and lower plant mortality rates than those obtained from the female parent ‘Rangpur lime, while zero plant mortality was observed in the SFM × BKTO cross. The crosses SCRL × SFM, SFM × BKTO, SFM × AGC and SFM × THOM have the potential to generate vigorous hybrids, resulting in rootstock varieties adapted to the landscape unit of Coastal Tableland.(AU)

Vigor and mortality of citrus progenies with potential use as rootstocks

ABSTRACT: Rootstocks influence certain characteristics of the scion, such as vigor, fruit yield and quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors. In conventional citrus breeding programs, hybridization is the main method used for obtaining rootstock varieties. Between Sept and Oct 2006, controlled pollinations were carried out resulting in nine progenies, totaling 461 hybrid seedlings. The female parents were the Santa Cruz Rangpur lime (SCRL) and the Sunki of Florida mandarin (SFM), while the male parents, in addition to this mandarin, were the Indio and Riverside citrandarins, the Thomasville citrangequat (THOM), the Swingle citrumelo, the Argentina citrange (AGC) and the Benecke trifoliate orange (BKTO). Fruit setting rates of these crosses were measured and the hybrids generated were planted in the field in 2008 and evaluated from 2010 to 2014, for the variables of plant mortality, visual vigor, plant height and trunk diameter. The descriptive statistics mean, variation range, coefficient of variation and Pearson skewness coefficient were calculated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the treatments were grouped by the Scott-Knott test, both at 5 % significance. The progenies, having the Sunki mandarin as the female parent, presented higher fruit setting rates and lower plant mortality rates than those obtained from the female parent Rangpur lime, while zero plant mortality was observed in the SFM × BKTO cross. The crosses SCRL × SFM, SFM × BKTO, SFM × AGC and SFM × THOM have the potential to generate vigorous hybrids, resulting in rootstock varieties adapted to the landscape unit of Coastal Tableland.

Plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equídeos do estado de Sergipe

ABSTRACT: In a survey on toxic plants for ruminants and equidae conducted in 2015 and 2016 in the state of Sergipe, farms from16 municipalities of different microregions (litoral, agreste and sertão) were visited. Thirty two farmers and 10 veterinarians were interviewed about the occurrence of known toxic plants in the state of Sergipe and poisoning by plants previously unknown. According to the survey, Amorimia spp., Crotalaria retusa, Ipomoea asarifolia, Palicourea aeneofusca and Poiretia punctata are important causes of death on livestock in the region. Sporadic poisonings by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Mimosa tenuiflora, Pannisetum purpureum and Manihot esculenta were also registered. Some farmers reported poisoning by Ziziphus joazeiro and Citrus spp., which had not been reported previously as toxic.

RESUMO: Em um levantamento feito nos anos de 2015 e 2016 no estado de Sergipe, com o objetivo de conhecer as plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equídeos, foram visitadas propriedades rurais em 16 municípios, englobando as mesorregiões do litoral, agreste e sertão. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas a 32 produtores e 10 a médicos veterinários da região. De acordo com o levantamento, Amorimia spp., Crotalaria retusa, Ipomoea asarifolia, Palicourea aeneofusca e Poiretia punctata são responsáveis por mortes de animais gerando prejuízos consideráveis aos produtores. Surtos esporádicos de intoxicações por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Mimosa tenuiflora, Pannisetum purpureum e Manihot esculenta também foram relatados. Alguns produtores relataram surtos isolados de intoxicações por Ziziphus joazeiro e citrus sp, plantas não conhecidas anteriormente como tóxicas.

First record of Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Monophlebidae) in Brazil and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Pseudococcidae) in the state of Maranhão

Abstract Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) is recorded for the first time from Brazil and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is recorded for the first time from the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Both species were collected from branches, leaves and fruits of various fruit trees in the municipalities of São José de Ribamar, São Luís and Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brazil. Crypticerya zeteki was collected on Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) and Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), all first records for this species. Maconellicoccus hirsutus was collected on Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) and M. punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), both new records for this species.

Resumo Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) é registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil e Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) é registrada pela primeira vez para o estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Ambas as espécies foram coletadas em ramos, folhas e frutos de diferentes árvores frutíferas nos municípios de São José de Ribamar, São Luís e Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brasil. Crypticerya zeteki foi coletada sobre Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) e Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), todas registradas pela primeira vez para esta espécie. Maconellicoccus hirsutus foi coletado sobre Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) e M. punicifolia, ambos novos registros para esta espécie.

First record of Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Monophlebidae) in Brazil and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Pseudococcidae) in the state of Maranhão

Abstract Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) is recorded for the first time from Brazil and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is recorded for the first time from the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Both species were collected from branches, leaves and fruits of various fruit trees in the municipalities of São José de Ribamar, São Luís and Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brazil. Crypticerya zeteki was collected on Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) and Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), all first records for this species. Maconellicoccus hirsutus was collected on Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) and M. punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), both new records for this species.

Resumo Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) é registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil e Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) é registrada pela primeira vez para o estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Ambas as espécies foram coletadas em ramos, folhas e frutos de diferentes árvores frutíferas nos municípios de São José de Ribamar, São Luís e Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brasil. Crypticerya zeteki foi coletada sobre Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) e Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), todas registradas pela primeira vez para esta espécie. Maconellicoccus hirsutus foi coletado sobre Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) e M. punicifolia, ambos novos registros para esta espécie.

First record of Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Monophlebidae) in Brazil and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Pseudococcidae) in the state of Maranhão / Primeiro registro de Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Monophlebidae) no Brasil e Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Pseudococcidae) no Maranhão, Brasil

Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) is recorded for the first time from Brazil and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is recorded for the first time from the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Both species were collected from branches, leaves and fruits of various fruit trees in the municipalities of São José de Ribamar, São Luís and Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brazil. Crypticerya zeteki was collected on Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) and Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), all first records for this species. Maconellicoccus hirsutus was collected on Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) and M. punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), both new records for this species.

Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) é registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil e Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) é registrada pela primeira vez para o estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Ambas as espécies foram coletadas em ramos, folhas e frutos de diferentes árvores frutíferas nos municípios de São José de Ribamar, São Luís e Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brasil. Crypticerya zeteki foi coletada sobre Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) e Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), todas registradas pela primeira vez para esta espécie. Maconellicoccus hirsutus foi coletado sobre Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) e M. punicifolia, ambos novos registros para esta espécie.

Plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equídeos do estado de Sergipe / Toxic plants for ruminants and equidae in the state of Sergipe, Brazil

Em um levantamento feito nos anos de 2015 e 2016 no estado de Sergipe, com o objetivo de conhecer as plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equídeos, foram visitadas propriedades rurais em 16 municípios, englobando as mesorregiões do litoral, agreste e sertão. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas a 32 produtores e 10 a médicos veterinários da região. De acordo com o levantamento, Amorimia spp., Crotalaria retusa, Ipomoea asarifolia, Palicourea aeneofusca e Poiretia punctata são responsáveis por mortes de animais gerando prejuízos consideráveis aos produtores. Surtos esporádicos de intoxicações por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Mimosa tenuiflora, Pannisetum purpureum e Manihot esculenta também foram relatados. Alguns produtores relataram surtos isolados de intoxicações por Ziziphus joazeiro e citrus sp, plantas não conhecidas anteriormente como tóxicas.(AU)

In a survey on toxic plants for ruminants and equidae conducted in 2015 and 2016 in the state of Sergipe, farms from16 municipalities of different microregions (litoral, agreste and sertão) were visited. Thirty two farmers and 10 veterinarians were interviewed about the occurrence of known toxic plants in the state of Sergipe and poisoning by plants previously unknown. According to the survey, Amorimia spp., Crotalaria retusa, Ipomoea asarifolia, Palicourea aeneofusca and Poiretia punctata are important causes of death on livestock in the region. Sporadic poisonings by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Mimosa tenuiflora, Pannisetum purpureum and Manihot esculenta were also registered. Some farmers reported poisoning by Ziziphus joazeiro and Citrus spp., which had not been reported previously as toxic.(AU)

Plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equídeos do estado de Sergipe / Toxic plants for ruminants and equidae in the state of Sergipe, Brazil

Em um levantamento feito nos anos de 2015 e 2016 no estado de Sergipe, com o objetivo de conhecer as plantas tóxicas para ruminantes e equídeos, foram visitadas propriedades rurais em 16 municípios, englobando as mesorregiões do litoral, agreste e sertão. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas a 32 produtores e 10 a médicos veterinários da região. De acordo com o levantamento, Amorimia spp., Crotalaria retusa, Ipomoea asarifolia, Palicourea aeneofusca e Poiretia punctata são responsáveis por mortes de animais gerando prejuízos consideráveis aos produtores. Surtos esporádicos de intoxicações por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Mimosa tenuiflora, Pannisetum purpureum e Manihot esculenta também foram relatados. Alguns produtores relataram surtos isolados de intoxicações por Ziziphus joazeiro e citrus sp, plantas não conhecidas anteriormente como tóxicas.(AU)

In a survey on toxic plants for ruminants and equidae conducted in 2015 and 2016 in the state of Sergipe, farms from16 municipalities of different microregions (litoral, agreste and sertão) were visited. Thirty two farmers and 10 veterinarians were interviewed about the occurrence of known toxic plants in the state of Sergipe and poisoning by plants previously unknown. According to the survey, Amorimia spp., Crotalaria retusa, Ipomoea asarifolia, Palicourea aeneofusca and Poiretia punctata are important causes of death on livestock in the region. Sporadic poisonings by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Mimosa tenuiflora, Pannisetum purpureum and Manihot esculenta were also registered. Some farmers reported poisoning by Ziziphus joazeiro and Citrus spp., which had not been reported previously as toxic.(AU)

First record of Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Monophlebidae) in Brazil and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Pseudococcidae) in the state of Maranhão / Primeiro registro de Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Monophlebidae)no Brasil e Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Pseudococcidae) noMaranhão, Brasil

Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) is recorded for the first time from Brazil and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is recorded for the first time from the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Both species were collected from branches, leaves and fruits of various fruit trees in the municipalities of São José de Ribamar, São Luís and Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brazil. Crypticerya zeteki was collected on Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) and Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), all first records for this species. Maconellicoccus hirsutus was collected on Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) and M. punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), both new records for this species.(AU)

Crypticerya zeteki (Cockerell, 1914) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) é registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil e Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) é registrada pela primeira vez para o estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Ambas as espécies foram coletadas em ramos, folhas e frutos de diferentes árvores frutíferas nos municípios de São José de Ribamar, São Luís e Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brasil. Crypticerya zeteki foi coletada sobre Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae), Cycas revoluta L. (Cycadaceae), Malpighia punicifolia L. (Malpighiaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) e Theobroma grandiflorum Schum (Malvaceae), todas registradas pela primeira vez para esta espécie. Maconellicoccus hirsutus foi coletado sobre Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae) e M. punicifolia, ambos novos registros para esta espécie.(AU)