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The aim was to evaluate the insecticidal action and restoration of piriproxifen (PP) activity through the monoterpenes carveol and ß-citronellol on Aedes aegypti. Eggs were placed to incubate in trays with distilled water and fish food to obtain larvae at the third instar (L3). Monoterpenes were used individually in four repetitions at doses of 6.2; 12.5; 25 and 50 µL. For activity restoration, three doses of 5.0; 6.2 and 8.0 µL were used, as well as PP dissolved in distilled water. Ae. aegypti larvae were evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h after exposure. It was found that both carveol and ß-citronellol showed insecticidal activities against Ae. aegypti. Regarding modulation, the two monoterpenes potentiated the activity of PP. In this sense, studies are needed to elucidate the molecular targets of these bioactive molecules, as well as to explore them in synergy with other compounds.

O objetivo foi avaliar a ação inseticida e restauração da atividade do piriproxifeno (PP) através dos monoterpenos carveol e ß-citronelol sobre Aedes aegypti. Os ovos foram colocados para incubar em bandejas com água destilada e ração para peixes para obtenção de larvas de terceiro ínstar (L3). Os monoterpenos foram utilizados individualmente em quatro repetições nas doses de 6,2; 12,5; 25 e 50 µL. Na restauração da atividade foram utilizados três dosagens de 5,0, 6,2 e 8,0 µL, bem como, PP dissolvido em água destilada. As larvas de A. aegypti foram avaliadas em 24, 48 e 72 h após exposição. Verificou-se que tanto o carveol quanto o ß-citronelol apresentaram atividades inseticidas contra Ae. aegypti. Quanto à modulação, os dois monoterpenos potencializaram a atividade do PP. Nesse sentido, são necessários estudos que elucidem os alvos moleculares dessas moléculas bioativas, bem como explorá-las em sinergia com outros compostos.

Resumo

Aedes (Ae) aegypti is the primary mosquito vector responsible for transmitting the pathogens that cause Dengue fever and Dengue hemorrhagic fever. We have previously identified 31 kDa and 56 kDa immunogenic proteins from the salivary glands of Ae. aegypti. The 31 kDa fraction primarily contains D7 protein, which has immunomodulatory properties that influence the host's immune response. This study aims to analyze the humoral (IgG) and specific immune responses (represented by IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines) in a mouse model (Mus musculus) after exposure to the 31 kDa immunogenic protein from the salivary glands of Ae. aegypti. The mice were divided into three treatment groups: group A (elution buffer control), group B (adjuvant control), and group C (31 kDa 0.2 µg/µL + adjuvant). Injections were administered bi-weekly over six weeks. IgG levels and cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-4) concentrations were analyzed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The results showed that repeated exposure to the 31 kDa immunogenic protein elevated the humoral immune response (IgG) and modulated the host's immune response from the Th1 subset to the Th2 subset, characterized by a decrease in IFN-γ and an increase in IL-4 cytokine concentrations. This modulation is important in developing the host immune response against the transmitted dengue pathogen. This finding confirms that the 31 kDa protein is both immunogenic and immunomodulatory, inducing and modulating the immune response in mice. This study recognizes the 31 kDa protein from the salivary gland of Ae. aegypti as a potential target for the development of a vector-based dengue transmission-blocking vaccine.

Aedes aegypti é o principal vetor de mosquito responsável pela transmissão dos patógenos que causam a dengue e a febre hemorrágica da dengue. Anteriormente, identificamos proteínas imunogênicas de 31 kDa e 56 kDa nas glândulas salivares de Ae. aegypti. A fração de 31 kDa contém principalmente a proteína D7, que possui propriedades imunomoduladoras que influenciam a resposta imune do hospedeiro. Este estudo visa analisar as respostas imunológicas humorais (IgG) e específicas (representadas pelas citocinas IFN-γ e IL-4) em um modelo murino (Mus musculus) após a exposição à proteína imunogênica de 31 kDa das glândulas salivares de Ae. aegypti. Os camundongos foram divididos em três grupos de tratamento: grupo A (controle com tampão de eluição), grupo B (controle com adjuvante) e grupo C (31 kDa 0,2 µg/µL + adjuvante). As injeções foram administradas quinzenalmente durante seis semanas. Os níveis de IgG e as concentrações das citocinas (IFN-γ e IL-4) foram analisados utilizando o método ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Os resultados mostraram que a exposição repetida à proteína imunogênica de 31 kDa elevou a resposta imune humoral (IgG) e modulou a resposta imune do hospedeiro do subconjuntoTh1 para o subconjunto Th2, caracterizada por uma diminuição na IFN-γ e um aumento nas concentrações da citocina IL-4. Essa modulação é importante no desenvolvimento da resposta imune do hospedeiro contra o patógeno transmitido pelo dengue. Esta descoberta confirma que a proteína de 31 kDa é tanto imunogênica quanto imunomoduladora, induzindo e modulando a resposta imune em camundongos. Este estudo reconhece a proteína de 31 kDa da glândula salivar de Ae. aegypti como um alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina bloqueadora da transmissão do dengue baseada no vetor.

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Puberty, governed by the endocrine system, marks the onset of reproductive functions in animals and humans through a series of physiological and biological transformations. Although the mycotoxin DON can disrupt hormonal balance and cause reproductive abnormalities, its impact on puberty-associated reproductive changes remains understudied. Considering the increased exposure of children and adolescents to DON, our study aimed to elucidate its influence on follicular integrity and the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (BAX and Caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic protein (BCL-2) in juvenile rat ovarian tissue. We divided ten 28-day-old prepubertal Wistar rats into two dietary groups for 28 days: a control group with a mycotoxin-free diet and a DON group with a diet containing 10 mg DON/Kg. After the experiment, ovaries and uterus weights were recorded, and the ovaries underwent morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis. DON exposure led to significant reductions in both ovarian and uterine weights. Although DON intake did not change the number of ovarian follicles across developmental stages, we observed an increased expression of BAX and Caspase-3 and a decreased BCL-2 expression in most follicular stages and corpora lutea. In summary, DON exposure during puberty can interfere with apoptotic processes in diverse ovarian cell populations during early adulthood.(AU)

A puberdade é um processo regulado pelo sistema endócrino em que as diversas alterações fisiológicas e biológicas são responsáveis pelo início das funções reprodutivas em animais e humanos. DON pode interferir no sistema hormonal induzindo desordens endócrinas e danos reprodutivos. Entretanto, o potencial de DON em causar danos reprodutivos no período da puberdade tem sido negligenciado. Considerando que crianças e adolescentes têm um alto risco de exposição à DON, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito desta micotoxina durante a puberdade sobre a integridade folicular e a expressão de proteínas pró-apoptóticas (BAX e Caspase-3) e anti-apoptóticas (BCL-2) em ovários de ratos jovens. Dez ratos Wistar pré-púberes (28 dias de idade) foram utilizados. Os animais foram expostos por 28 dias às seguintes dietas: 1) controle: dieta livre de micotoxinas e 2) DON: dieta contendo 10 mg DON/Kg de alimento. Ao final, os ovários e úteros foram pesados e os ovários submetidos à análise morfométrica e imuno-histoquímica. A ingestão da dieta contaminada induziu a uma redução significativa no peso dos ovários e úteros, no entanto não houve diferença no número de folículos ovarianos em todos os estágios de desenvolvimento folicular. Um aumento significativo da expressão de BAX e Caspase-3 e uma diminuição da expressão de BCL-2 foram observados na maioria dos estágios foliculares e do corpo lúteo nos animais alimentados com DON. Em conclusão, a exposição ao DON durante o período pré-púbere induz apoptose em diferentes populações de células ovarianas e pode interferir no desenvolvimento reprodutivo de animais adultos.(AU)

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Cadmium is a typical heavy metal quite dangerous to humans and animals. Zinc supplementation protects the biological system from Cd toxicity and alleviates Cd-induced toxicity. The present study was assessed to evaluate the preventive effects of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) on male mice with liver damage induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2). Metals accumulation was quantified in the liver. Body weight, liver weight ratio, lipid peroxidation, caspase 3, and DNA damage were determined in the liver of male mice after receiving an intraperitoneal (IP) a single dose of CdCl2 at 1.5 and 3 mg/kg or/and ZnCl2 10 mg/kg during 21 days. The LD50 was 6.023 mg/kg for CdCl2 and 89.05 mg/kg for ZnCl2. The results indicate that mice in control and Zn groups gained body weight at the end of the experiment, while other treated groups significantly decreased. The relative weight of the liver revealed a significant increase in experimental groups. In addition, an increase in malondialdehyde level, Metallothionein concentration, and caspase-3 level was detected in Cd and Zn groups alone or in combination. Strand breaks of DNA of hepatocytes showed a significant increase in tail length of groups treated with cadmium. Co-treatment with zinc reduced these parameters compared to those measured in cells treated with cadmium. The outcome of this study implied that cadmium chloride causes oxidative stress, DNA damage, and elevated apoptosis markers in mice livers at low and medium doses. By pinpointing the target organ involved, the study results have also added some understanding of the impacts of zinc chloride injection to ameliorate cadmium toxicity in a low dose at 10 mg/kg.

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With the advancement of wild boar distribution in the rural environment, its impacts are not limited to health in the pig sector, but the requirements for monitoring and control of the species are requirements laid down by the OIE for the recognition of classical swine fever free zone status. The construction of ecological models of favorability or suitability for the occurrence of pest species are necessary tools for the decision making on priority areas of management aiming at risk management. This work aims to map the level of suitability for the occurrence of wild boar in the southern state of Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as to identify the main risk variables for contact with the wild boar and evaluate the biosecurity measures adopted by commercial farms integrated in the south of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. To evaluate the risk potential of wild boar for commercial and subsistence swine farming in southern Mato Grosso do Sul, a model of environmental suitability was constructed for this species in the swine producing region. This model considered different environmental strata, being the selection of the layers considered the physiological and behavioral characteristics of the species. In parallel, interviews were carried out in a sample of commercial farms integrating the region to survey the perception of the presence of the invasive species and the biosafety measures adopted. The results of this work indicate that the risk of contact among wild boars and animals reared in closed production systems may be high in the study area and only establishment of appropriate biosecurity measures that consider the characteristics and habits of the boar may prevent the intrusion of this species and contact with domestic swine. The built model can be considered of high reliability and it is recommended to apply it to other areas of the state, being a useful tool for the productive sector, environmental agencies and decision makers.(AU)

Com o avanço da distribuição do javali no ambiente rural, seus impactos não se restringem somente a sanidade suidea, embora as exigências quanto ao monitoramento e controle da espécie sejam exigências previstas pela OIE, para o reconhecimento do status de zona livre de peste suína clássica. A construção de modelos ecológicos de favorabilidade ou adequabilidade para a ocorrência de espécies-praga são ferramentas necessárias para as tomadas de decisão sobre áreas prioritárias de manejo visando gestão de risco. Este trabalho objetiva mapear o nível de adequabilidade para a ocorrência de javalis no sul do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, bem como levantar as principais variáveis de risco para o contato com o javali asselvajado e avaliar as medidas de biosseguridade adotadas por granjas comerciais integradas no sul do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Para avaliar o potencial de risco exercido pelos javalis para a suinocultura comercial e de subsistência nesta região foi construído um modelo de adequabilidade ambiental para essa espécie na região produtora de suínos. Esse modelo considerou diferentes estratos ambientais, sendo que para a seleção das camadas consideram-se características fisiológicas e comportamentais da espécie. Em paralelo, entrevistas foram realizadas em uma amostragem de granjas comerciais de integração da região para levantamento da percepção quanto a presença da espécie invasora e as medidas de biossegurança adotadas. Os resultados desse trabalho indicam que o risco de contato entre javalis de vida livre e os animais criados em sistemas de produção fechados pode ser alto na área de estudo e somente estabelecimento de medidas de biosseguridade apropriadas, que considerem as características e hábitos do javali poderá impedir a intrusão dessa espécie e o contato com os suínos domésticos. O modelo construído pode ser considerado de elevada confiabilidade e recomenda-se a sua aplicação para as outras áreas do estado, sendo uma ferramenta útil para o setor produtivo, os órgãos ambientais e os tomadores de decisão.(AU)

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Abstract The antitumor properties of ticks salivary gland extracts or recombinant proteins have been reported recently, but little is known about the antitumor properties of the secreted components of saliva. The goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of the saliva of the hard tick Amblyomma sculptum on neuroblastoma cell lines. SK-N-SK, SH-SY5Y, Be(2)-M17, IMR-32, and CHLA-20 cells were susceptible to saliva, with 80% reduction in their viability compared to untreated controls, as demonstrated by the methylene blue assay. Further investigation using CHLA-20 revealed apoptosis, with approximately 30% of annexin-V positive cells, and G0/G1-phase accumulation (>60%) after treatment with saliva. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was slightly, but significantly (p < 0.05), reduced and the actin cytoskeleton was disarranged, as indicated by fluorescent microscopy. The viability of human fibroblast (HFF-1 cells) used as a non-tumoral control decreased by approximately 40%. However, no alterations in cell cycle progression, morphology, and Δψm were observed in these cells. The present work provides new perspectives for the characterization of the molecules present in saliva and their antitumor properties.

Resumo As propriedades antitumorais de extratos de glândulas salivares de carrapatos ou proteínas recombinantes foram relatadas recentemente, mas pouco se sabe sobre as propriedades antitumorais dos componentes secretados da saliva. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito in vitro da saliva bruta do carrapato duro Amblyomma sculptum sobre as linhagens celulares de neuroblastoma. Células SK-N-SK, SH-SY5Y, Be(2)-M17, IMR-32 e CHLA-20 foram suscetíveis à saliva, com redução de 80% na sua viabilidade em comparação com controles não tratados, como demonstrado pelo ensaio de Azul de Metileno. Investigações posteriores utilizando CHLA-20 revelaram apoptose, com aproximadamente 30% de células positivas para anexina-V, e G0/G1 (> 60%) após tratamento com saliva. O potencial de membrana mitocondrial (Δψm) foi reduzido significativamente (p <0,05), e o citoesqueleto de actina foi desestruturado, como indicado pela microscopia de fluorescência. A viabilidade do fibroblasto humano (células HFF-1), usado como controle não tumoral, diminuiu em aproximadamente 40%. No entanto, não foram observadas alterações na progressão do ciclo celular, morfologia e Δψm nestas células. O presente trabalho fornece novas perspectivas para a caracterização das moléculas presentes na saliva e suas propriedades antitumorais.

Resumo

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis has been used to control the Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito larvae, the vector of virus diseases such as dengue, Chikungunya and Zika fever, which have become a major public health problem in Brazil and other tropical countries since the climate favors the proliferation and development of the transmitting vector. Because B. thuringiensis has shown potential for controlling insects of the Diptera order, this work aimed at testing the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis strain T01-328 and its proteins Cry2Aa and Cry2Ab for control A. aegypti and at comparing the results to the B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis specific dipteran strain. To this end, bioassays using spore-crystal of both strains, and Cry2Aa and Cry2Ab proteins from the heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, were performed against A. aegypti larvae. The results showed that the B. thuringiensis thuringiensis ­T01-328 has insecticidal activity against the larvae, but it is less toxic than B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Cry2Aa and Cry2Ab proteins expressed heterologously were effective for controlling A. aegypti larvae. Therefore, the results indicate that the Cry2Aa and Cry2Ab proteins of the B. thuringiensis thuringiensis T01-328 can be used as an alternative to assist in the control of A. aegypti.(AU)

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis vem sendo empregada no controle do díptero Aedes aegypti, vetor do vírus causador de doenças como dengue, febre Chikungunya e Zika, que se tornou um dos grandes problemas de saúde pública no Brasil e em outros países de clima tropical, que favorece a proliferação e o desenvolvimento do transmissor. Em virtude do potencial de B. thuringiensis no controle de dípteros, a proposta deste trabalho foi testar as proteínas Cry2Aa e Cry2Ab da linhagem de Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis T01-328 no controle de A. aegypti, em comparação à linhagem díptero específica B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Para tanto, foram realizados bioensaios com larvas de A. aegypti com o esporo-cristal de ambas as linhagens, bem como com as proteínas Cry2Aa e Cry2Ab com expressão heteróloga em Escherichia coli. A linhagem B. thuringiensis thuringiensis T01-328 apresentou atividade inseticida contra as larvas, porém foi menos tóxica que a B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. As proteínas Cry2Aa e Cry2Ab expressas de forma heteróloga foram eficazes no controle de A. aegypti. Os resultados obtidos sugerem as proteínas Cry2Aa e Cry2Ab da linhagem B. thuringiensis thuringiensis T01-328 como alternativas para contribuir no controle do A. aegypti.(AU)

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Abstract Short-period variability in plankton communities is poorly documented, especially for variations occurring in specific groups in the assemblage because traditional analysis is laborious and time-consuming. Moreover, it does not allow the high sampling frequency required for decision making. To overcome this limitation, we tested the submersible CytoSub flow cytometer. This device was anchored at a distance of approximately 10 metres from the low tide line at a depth of 1.5 metres for 12 hours to monitor the plankton at a site in the biological reserve of Barra da Tijuca beach, Rio de Janeiro. Data analysis was performed with two-dimensional scatter plots, individual pulse shapes and micro images acquisition. High-frequency monitoring results of two interesting groups are shown. The abundance and carbon biomass of ciliates were relatively stable, whereas those from dinoflagellates were highly variable along the day. The linear regression of biovolume measures between classical microscopy and in situ flow cytometry demonstrate high degree of adjustment. Despite the success of the trial and the promising results obtained, the large volume of images generated by the method also creates a need to develop pattern recognition models for automatic classification of in situ cytometric images.

Resumo A variabilidade de curto período em comunidades do plâncton é pouco documentada, especialmente as variações que ocorrem em grupos específicos das assembleias por causa das análises tradicionais serem muito trabalhosas e demoradas. Além disso, não permitem que a alta frequência amostral necessária para a tomada de decisão. Para superar esta limitação, nós testamos o CytoSub, um citômetro de fluxo submersível. Este aparelho foi ancorado a aproximadamente 10 metros de distância da linha de maré baixa a uma profundidade de 1,5 metros por 12 horas para monitorar o plâncton em um sítio da reserva biológica da praia da Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir de gráficos de dispersão bidimensionais, pelas assinaturas ópticas individuais escaneadas (pulse shape profile) e aquisição de micro imagens. Resultados do monitoramento de alta frequência de dois grupos interessantes são apresentados. A abundância e a biomassa de carbono de um grupo de ciliados foram relativamente estáveis, ao passo que o grupo de dinoflagelado, foi altamente variável ao longo do dia. O modelo de regressão linear das medidas de biovolume entre a clássica microscopia e a citometria de fluxo in situ apresentou alto grau de ajustamento. Apesar do sucesso deste ensaio e dos resultados promissores obtidos, o grande volume de imagens geradas por este método também gerou a necessidade de se desenvolver modelos de reconhecimento de padrões para a classificação automática de imagens de citometria in situ.

Resumo

The use of the parasitoid Neodusmetia sangwani to control the Rhodes grass mealybug Antonina graminis is one of the best examples of classical biological control in the world. The situation could not be different in Brazil, where the pest has also been introduced, and kept under control after the release of its natural enemy. In this review, it is united information with respect to the successful use of a natural enemy in this country. Notes about the description and biology of the insects involved and rearing and release procedures of the parasitoid for the Rhodes grass mealybug control in Brazil will also be presented.

O uso do parasitoide Neodusmetia sangwani para controlar a cochonilha-das-pastagens Antonina graminis é um dos melhores exemplos de controle biológico clássico no mundo. A situação não poderia ser diferente no Brasil, onde a praga foi introduzida e mantida sob controle após a liberação de seu inimigo natural. Nessa revisão são reunidas informações sobre o bem-sucedido uso de um inimigo natural nesse país. Serão apresentadas também notas sobre a descrição e biologia dos insetos envolvidos e procedimentos de multiplicação e liberação do parasitoide para o controle dessa cochonilha no Brasil.

Resumo

The use of the parasitoid Neodusmetia sangwani to control the Rhodes grass mealybug Antonina graminis is one of the best examples of classical biological control in the world. The situation could not be different in Brazil, where the pest has also been introduced, and kept under control after the release of its natural enemy. In this review, it is united information with respect to the successful use of a natural enemy in this country. Notes about the description and biology of the insects involved and rearing and release procedures of the parasitoid for the Rhodes grass mealybug control in Brazil will also be presented.(AU)

O uso do parasitoide Neodusmetia sangwani para controlar a cochonilha-das-pastagens Antonina graminis é um dos melhores exemplos de controle biológico clássico no mundo. A situação não poderia ser diferente no Brasil, onde a praga foi introduzida e mantida sob controle após a liberação de seu inimigo natural. Nessa revisão são reunidas informações sobre o bem-sucedido uso de um inimigo natural nesse país. Serão apresentadas também notas sobre a descrição e biologia dos insetos envolvidos e procedimentos de multiplicação e liberação do parasitoide para o controle dessa cochonilha no Brasil.(AU)

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Since volatiles do not leave residues in food and cause low toxicity to humans, they can act as a skeleton for new nematicidal molecules, once they have demonstrated activity against phytonematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by wood-associated fungi on controling second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita. All 28 wood-associated fungi isolates produced VOCs which caused in excess of 76 % immobility in exposed J2 of M. incognita. The fungus isolate VOCs also caused significant mortality compared to control when J2 were exposed to them. After 6 h of exposure, the fungus species Epicoccum nigrum and Schizophyllum commune produced VOCs that immobilized exposed J2 compounds, in relation to the control. When J2 were inoculated into tomato under greenhouse conditions, the M. incognita infectivity and reproduction were reduced by exposure to the VOCs. Volatiles produced by most of the fungi isolates and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (CG-MS), included alcohols, esters, terpenes, and ketones. Certain compounds appeared only in S. commune or in E. nigrum suggesting their involvement in the high level of damage caused to nematode reproduction on tomato. Volatiles emitted by wood fungi demonstrated another mode of action of these microorganisms in nature.

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Background: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is caused by an obligatory intracellular parasite of Leishmania genus that affects organs and tissues. Several studies evaluate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The overproduction of ROS on infectious diseases can induce an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants at cellular or systemic level. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of antioxidant enzymes in CanL. Materials, Methods & Results: Females (n = 17) and males (n = 10), at different ages and with different weight, were selected for this study. Dogs were divided into two groups according classical clinical signs and sorological test to CanL. Animals were considered infected based on indirect immunofluorescent assay and ELISA titration 1:40. Group B (n = 15) composed by positive dogs to CanL from Zoonosis Control Center of Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil) and group A (n = 12) was composed by dogs from private kennel that were serologically negative to L. infantum and had absence of clinical signs to CanL. Blood sample were collected for evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activity. Data were analyzed by Students t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient (P 0.05). Total proteins (TP, mg/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, U/L) [...]

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Background: Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. CSFV E2 protein is the major target for neutralizing antibodies and the main component of marker vaccine. CSF vaccine based on human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) had achieved an efficient protection in swine. However, the efficacy of rAdV-E2 only expressed the E2 glycoprotein was unstable. As a vaccine adjuvant, FL has been proven to enhance the immune effect, and its extracellular domain retained full biological activity. The adjuvant activity of the porcine Flt3L (the extracellular domain) in CSF vectored vaccine based on HAdV-5 was investigated.Materials, Methods & Results: The FL (the extracellular domain) was linked to the CSFV E2 (N-terminus) by a 10GS (Gly4/Ser) linker. The rAdV-FL-E2 based on HAdV-5 was constructed and the FL-E2 protein expressed in 293 cells infected with rAdV-FL-E2 was confirmed by Western blot with the use of anti-CSFV serum. Twelve CSFV-free cross-bred piglets, which were 6 to 7 weeks old and double confirmed to be free to CSFV specific serum antibodies and antigens using the IDEXX HerdChek* CSFV Antibody Test Kit and real-time RT-PCR, respectively, and were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D) with three animals in each group. Groups A and B were vaccinated with a dose of 2×106 TCID50 of rAdV-FL-E2, and rAdV-E2 by intramuscular (i.m.) inoculation respectively. All pigs were given a booster immunization at 14 d intervals. Group C was immunized with one-dose CSFV C-strain vaccine and served as the positive control. Group D was injected with DMEM medium. Finally, all animals were challenged with 1×103 TCID50 of CSFV Shimen strain by i.m. injection at 21 d after the second vaccination. CSFV-specific neutralizing antibodies in sera were tested by using the IDEXX HerdChek* CSFV Antibody Test Kit and NPLA.[…]

Resumo

Dengue is a reemerging viral disease of epidemic character, transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Several strategies have been adopted in recent decades, but the spread of Aedes mosquito has not been controlled with traditional methods. This research aims to review studies on Aedes aegypti about the standards associated with the potential scenarios that hinder their control. In the face of multiple causes of this disease, it is necessary to improve epidemiological studies to identify the determinants of disease and vector presence. These are of physical, chemical, biological, environmental, social, economic, psychological and cultural natures, including their distribution in the geographic space. Therefore, it is possible to establish more effi cient public policies and effective education programs targeted to the population.

A dengue é uma virose reemergente, de caráter epidêmico, transmitida pelo vetor Aedes aegypti. Diversas estratégias foram adotadas nas últimas décadas, porém a dispersão do mosquito não tem sido controlada com métodos tradicionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo revisar estudos sobre o vetor Aedes aegypti acerca dos padrões associados aos cenários potenciais que dificultam seu controle. Diante da multi casualidade dessa enfermidade são necessários aprimoramentos dos estudos epidemiológicos para identificação dos determinantes da doença e da presença do vetor, sendo eles de caráter físico, químico, biológico, ambiental, social, econômico, psicológico e cultural, aliados à distribuição no espaço geográfico. Assim, é possível estabelecer políticas públicas mais eficientes e programas de educação efetivos direcionados à população.

Resumo

It is well recognized that the classical biological and chemical markers of environmental pollution do not necessarily indicate the presence or absence of emerging threats to public health, such as waterborne viruses and genotoxicants. The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the presence of material of enteroviruses (EV), rotavirus (RV) and adenovirus (AdV) and genotoxicity in water samples from points of routine monitoring of water quality in the main course of the Sinos River. The points are classified into different levels of pollution in accordance to the Brazilian federal regulations. Viral genomes from EV, AdV were detected in two of the 4 collection points regardless of the level of urbanisation of the surrounding areas. In contrast, genotoxicity was not observed in piava (Leporinus obtusidens) fingerlings cultivated on these same water samples. Results were compared with classical physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. There was no clear evidence of association between any of the classical markers and the presence of viral genomes in the water samples tested.

É amplamente reconhecido que os marcadores biológicos e químicos clássicos para a poluição ambiental não necessariamente indicam a presença ou ausência de ameaças emergentes à saúde pública, tais como vírus transmitidos pela água e genotoxicantes. Este estudo preliminar teve por objetivo detectar material genético de enterovírus (EV), rotavírus (RV) e adenovírus (AdV) e genotoxicidade em amostras de água de pontos de monitoramento de rotina da qualidade da água no curso principal do rio dos Sinos. Os pontos são classificados em níveis diferentes de poluição, de acordo com as normativas federais brasileiras. Genomas virais de EV, RV e RV foram detectados em dois dos quatro pontos de coleta, independente do nível de urbanização das áreas adjacentes. Por outro lado, não foi observada genotoxicidade em alevinos de piava (Leporinus obtusidens) cultivados nestas mesmas amostras de água. Os resultados são comparados com marcadores físicos, químicos e microbiológicos clássicos, não há nenhuma evidência clara da associação entre qualquer um dos marcadores clássicos e da presença de genomas virais nas amostras de água testadas.

Resumo

The alternative control of plant diseases aims to minimize environmental impacts through the use of natural products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro activity of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from Pycnoporus sanguineus and Lentinus crinitus against Fusarium sp. A fungus known to cause disease in plants. Fungis amples were collected in the urban and rural areas of Parintins-AM, and tested against different extracts concentrations. Inhibition of mycelia growth, inhibition of conidial germination and inhibition of germination of sclerotia were assessed. Mycelial growth inhibition was highest with hydroalcoholic cold extracts. Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts from P. sanguineus obtained by ultrasonic ation and hydroalcoholic cold extract from L. crinitus caused 92% of conidia sporulation. Aqueous hot extracts inhibited sclerotia germination in both fungi samples as well as hydroalcoholic cold extract from L. crinitus. Fungi consortium inhibited sclerotia germination at 1000 µg mL-1 concentration.

O controle alternativo de doenças de plantas tem como objetivo minimizar o impacto ambiental através da utilização de produtos naturais. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade in vitro de extrato aquoso e hidroalcoólico de Pycnoporus sanguineus e Lentinus crinitus contra Fusarium sp., conhecido por causar doenças das culturas. Os fungos foram coletados em áreas urbanas e rurais de Parintins-AM, e testados em diferentes concentrações de extratos, sendo avaliadas a inibição de crescimento micelial, a inibição da germinação de conídios e a inibição da germinação de esclerócios. Os melhores resultados de inibição do crescimento micelial foram obtidos com extratos hidroalcoólicos frios. Extratos de P. sanguineus obtidos em solvente hidroalcoólico frio e extrato aquoso ultrassônico e extrato de L. crinitus de solvente hidroalcoólico frio, inibiram mais de 92% da esporulação de conídios. Extratos aquosos quentes inibiram a germinação de escleródios, bem como o extrato de P. sanguineus hidroalcoólico frio. O consórcio dos fungos inibiram a germinação de escleródios em 1000 µg mL-1.

Resumo

PURPOSE: To study the protein Fas ligand (FasL) on the expression of apoptosis, using a model of oxidative stress induced by azoxymethane (AOM), in the crypt of colon in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats (n=14) were assigned into two groups: control (n=7) and AOM (n=7). A single subcutaneous administration of AOM (5mg/kg) or saline solution was performed at the beginning of third week and after three hours samples of proximal colon were collected. The expression of FasL was quantified (Software ImageLab) in percentage of areas in the top, base and all crypt. Results were expressed as mean ± sd (Shapiro-Wilks test and t Student test) (p < 0.05). RESULTS: In the animals of CG there was no significant difference between the FasL expression of the top (10.75±3.33) and basal (11.14±3.53) colon crypt (p=0.34293740). In the animals of AOM there was no significant difference between the FasL expression of the top (8.86±4.19) and basal (8.99±4.08) colon crypt (p=0.78486003). In the animals of CG (10.95±3.43) and AOM (8.92±4.13) there was a significant difference of the FasL expression (p=0.026466821). A significantly decrease on the FasL expression was observed in the animals of CG (10.75±3.33) and AOM (8.86±4.19) in the top crypt (p=0.00003755*). A significant decrease was also observed in the animals of CG (11.14±3.53) and AOM (8.99±4.08) in the basal colon crypt (p=0.00000381**). CONCLUSION: Azoxymethane induce the oxidative stress and the significantly decrease of FasL expression, although there is no significant difference between basal and top of colon crypt linked to consumption-activation of Fas ligand.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o marcador de apoptose Fas ligante (FasL) em um modelo de estresse oxidativo induzido pelo azoximetano (AOM) na cripta de cólon em ratos. MÉTODOS: 14 ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em dois grupos: controle (n=7) e AOM (n=7). A AOM (5mg/kg) ou solução salina foi aplicada via subcutânea e a coleta de amostras de colo proximal ocorreu 3 horas após. A FasL foi quantificada pelo percentual de áreas no topo, base e toda a cripta. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes de Shapiro-Wilks e t de Student (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: No grupo GC, não houve diferença significativa entre a expressão da FasL no topo (10,75 ± 3,33) e base (11,14 ± 3,53) da cripta (p=0,34293740). No grupo AOM não houve diferença significativa entre a expressão da FasL no topo (8,86 ± 4,19) e base (8,99 ± 4,08) e cripta (p=0,78486003). No grupo GC (10,95 ± 3,43) e AOM (8,92 ± 4,13), houve uma diferença significativa da expressão da FasL (p=0,026466821). Redução significativa na expressão da FasL ocorreu nos em GC (10,75 ± 3,33) e AOM (8,86 ± 4,19) no topo da cripta (p = 0,00003755*). Foi observada diminuição significativa em GC (11,14 ± 3,53) e AOM (8,99 ± 4,08) na base da cripta (p=0,00000381**). CONCLUSÃO: Azoximetano induziu o estresse oxidativo identificado pela diminuição significativa da expressão da FasL, embora não haja diferença significativa entre a base e parte superior da cripta associada à ativação de consumo do FasL.

Resumo

A esquistossomose mansônica no Brasil constitui-se um grave problema para a saúde pública, o que tem motivado inúmeras pesquisas envolvendo formas alternativas de controle do molusco hospedeiro, Biomphalaria glabrata. O presente estudo teve por objetivos: (1) avaliar o potencial moluscicida de Solanum lycocarpum procedente da Estação Ecológica Pirapitinga, TrêsMarias, MG e do campus Seropédica da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, RJ através de bioensaios com B. glabrata e (2) verificar efeitos crônicos, nos moluscos sobreviventes, da exposição ao extrato aquoso da planta sobre a reprodução (número de massas ovígeras) e mortalidade. Folhas da planta, após secas a temperatura ambiente, foram picotadas e pesadas para a preparação da infusão a 10%, a partir da qual foram obtidas as concentrações 2,5 e 5%. Os moluscos utilizados nos bioensaios apresentavam 9-13 mm de diâmetro de concha. Os extratos obtidos da planta, na concentração de 10%, determinaram as maiores taxas de mortalidade ao final do bioensaio, 100 e 93,4% respectivamente para as duas localidades de coleta. Sendo dessa forma, comprovada sua ação moluscicida. Decorridos 90 dias de observação, verificou-se a influência dos extratos sobre o parâmetro mortalidade dos moluscos sobreviventes aos bioensaios.

Schistosomiasis, in Brazil, is a serious problem for the public health, which has motivated numerous studies involving alternative forms of control the host snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to evaluate the molluscicidal potential of Solanum lycocarpum coming from the Estação Ecológica de Pirapitinga, Três Marias, Minas Gerais state and from campus Seropédica of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro state through bioassays with B. glabrata and (2) to verify chronic effect, in the surviving snails, of the exposition to the aqueous extract of the plant on the reproduction (number the egg mass) and mortality. Leaves of the plant were droughts in ambient temperature, cut and weighed for the infusion preparation 10%, from which concentrations 2.5 and 5% were prepared. The snails used in the bioassays showed 9-13 mm shell diameter. Strong molluscicidal activity was observed, already in first the 24 hours of observation with the 10% concentration, for the plants came from the two analyzed localities. After 90 days of observation the influence of extracts on the parameter mortality of the surviving snails to the bioassays was observed.

Resumo

Since 1987, when chemopreventive testing programs began, more than 1,000 agents and agent combinations have been selected and evaluated in preclinical studies of chemopreventive activity against various types of cancers. In the present study we aimed to provide quantitative and qualitative characterization of biological and pharmacological activities of ICD-85 on MDA-MB-231 cell line (a highly invasive breast cancer cell line) in order to gain a better understanding of the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of this compound. For this study, the MDA-MB-231 cell line was used and the effect of ICD-85 was assayed by measuring the activity of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), released into the culture medium after membrane damage. Morphological alterations of cells were investigated in the control group and cells incubated with ICD-85 as cytotoxic agent. Results showed, in the test group, that cells incubated with 16 µg/mL of ICD-85 had decreased cytoplasmic branching. Some cells were had ruptured and lost the continuity of their surrounding membranes while some had shrunk. Cells incubated with higher doses (above16 µg/mL) showed similar changes towards cellular normality with more severity. Results obtained from the ICD-85 stability test reveal that the effect of ICD-85 on MDA-MB-231 cell line in culture medium is stable throughout the incubation time period (24 hours). It appears that ICD-85 at higher concentrations acts at the membrane level, which allows the passage of ions down the concentration gradient, resulting in osmotic changes in organelles followed by several unidentified mechanisms leading to cell death. At lower concentrations, it appears that ICD-85 can prevent cell growth by another mechanism, which may be one of the causes for apoptosis in the cell line.(AU)

Resumo

PURPOSE: To study the effect of the modulation of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) in the biological immunohistochemistry expression of cellular signaling marker apoptosis, in model of carcinogenesis of colon induced by azoxymethane (AOM). METHODS: Wistar rats (N=112) distributed in 4 groups (n=28): Control; B, AOM (5 mg kg-1, 2x, to break week 3); C, IP6 (in water 1 percent, six weeks); D, IP6+AOM. Weekly euthanasia (n=7), from week three. Immunohistochemistry of ascendant colon with biological marker inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate receptor type III (Itpr3). Quantification of the immune-expression with use of computer-assisted image processing. Analysis statistics of the means between groups, weeks in groups, groups in weeks, and established significance when p<0.05. RESULTS: One proved significant difference between groups in the expression of Itpr3, p<0.0001; with Itpr3 reduction of BxD group, p<0.001. CONCLUSION: Inositol hexaphosphate promotes modulation of biological markers with reduction of Itpr3 in carcinogenesis of colon.

OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos da modulação do inositol hexafosfato (IP6) na expressão imunoistoquímica de marcador biológico de sinalização celular de apoptose, em modelo de carcinogênese induzida pelo azoximetano (AOM). MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar (N=112) distribuídos em 4 grupos (n=28): A, controle; B, AOM (5 mg Kg-1, 2x, a partir semana 3); C, IP6 (em água a 1 por cento, seis semanas); D, IP6+AOM. Eutanásia semanal (n=7), a partir de semana três. Imunoistoquímica de colo ascendente com marcador biológico inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptor type III (Itpr3). Quantificação da imunoexpressão com uso de processamento imagem assistida computador. Análise estatística da expressão média entre grupos, semanas em grupos e grupos em semanas, e estabelecido significância quando p<0.05. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se diferença significante entre grupos na expressão de Itpr3, p<0.0001; com diminuição Itpr3 de grupo BxD, p<0.001. CONCLUSÃO: O inositol hexafostato promove a modulação de marcador biológico com diminuição Itpr3 em carcinogênese de colo.