Physical and physiological qualities and productivity of corn seeds fertilized with poultry waste / Avaliação das qualidades física e fisiológica e da produtividade de sementes de milho adubado com resíduo avícola

This study evaluated the physical and physiological qualities and productivity of corn seeds, a variety UFVM 100 Native, produced in plots fertilized in top dressing with different levels of poultry waste. The experiment was organized in a randomized block design, with six treatments and four repetitions, totaling 24 plots. The treatments consisted of the application of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 t/ha of tanned poultry waste. The seeds were subjected to the following evaluations: uniformity test, thousand seed weight, germination, vigor (first germination count, accelerated aging, soilless cold test, percentage, and emergence rate in sand), and productivity. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the effects of different dosages of poultry waste on the variables considered. The quality of seeds was not influenced by the effects of different levels of fertilization. Among the dosages used, 7.5 t/ha is recommended because it provides a greater increase in productivity, which may result in a greater financial return to the producer.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as qualidades física e fisiológica, bem como a produtividade das sementes de milho, variedade UFVM 100 Nativo, produzidas em lavouras adubadas com diferentes níveis de resíduo avícola, em cobertura. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 24 parcelas. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação de 0,0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0 e 7,5 t/ha de resíduo avícola curtido. As sementes foram submetidas às seguintes avaliações: Teste de uniformidade, peso de mil sementes, germinação, vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio sem solo, porcentagem e velocidade de emergência em areia) e produtividade. Para avaliar o efeito das diferentes dosagens de resíduo avícola sobre as variáveis consideradas foram utilizados modelos de regressão linear. A qualidade das sementes não foi influenciada pelo efeito dos diferentes níveis de adubação. Dentre as dosagens utilizadas, recomenda-se a de 7,5 t/ha por proporcionar maior aumento da produtividade, o que poderá resultar em maior retorno financeiro ao produtor.

Pregnancy success in bitches - evaluation of interactions between artificial insemination method, serum progesterone concentration and vaginal cytology parameters

Background: The artificial insemination has become a well-established method in the breeding of bitches, and evaluation of the factors that may potentially affect pregnancy success is essential. For this reason, it is essential to evaluate the factors that may affect fertility of the bitch when artificial insemination is performed. Serum progesterone concentrations and vaginal cytology have been used to determine the time of ovulation and stage of the estrus cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the artificial insemination method, the serum progesterone concentration, the breed size, age, the whelping number, vaginal cytology parameters, and their interactions on pregnancy success in bitches. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 607 bitches that had undergone reproductive consultation with the Mexican Canine Federation from January to December 2016 were enrolled in the present study and assigned to one of 2 artificial insemination methods (intravaginal and transcervical) using fresh semen. Determination of the estrus cycle phase and the time of Artificial insemination was based on vaginal cytology and serum progesterone concentrations. Bitches inseminated by the transcervical technique had a higher pregnancy rate with respect to females inseminated by the intravaginal technique (P < 0.05). Moreover, females with a serum progesterone concentration of 5-10 ng/mL had a greater probability (> 4 times) of getting pregnant than animals with lower or higher progesterone concentrations (P < 0.05). Bitches inseminated by the intravaginal technique and with serum progesterone concentrations >10 ng/mL had a considerable reduction in pregnancy (P < 0.05) compared with females with < 10 ng/mL serum progesterone or with bitches inseminated by the transcervical technique. Discusion: Serum progesterone concentration, the artificial insemination method, and superficial cells without a nucleus modified the pregnancy rate in bitches. Females inseminated by transcervical semen deposition had a higher pregnancy rate than females inseminated by the intravaginal technique. Using fresh or frozen-thawed semen produced a higher pregnancy rate in bitches inseminated by transcervical semen deposition than females inseminated by the intravaginal technique. Differences in the pregnancy rate between transcervical and intravaginal insemination could be associated with the correct semen disposition, the distance that the sperm must travel to reach the oocyte, as well as the number of sperm that reach the oviduct ampulla. Exist evidences that after ovulation, as progesterone rises, the cervix is closed, which may compromise the passage of the sperm deposited into the vagina. Therefore, it is likely that in females with a serum progesterone concentration > 10 ng/mL, the cervix was closed, compromising the ability of the sperm to access the oviduct. Thus, the use of intravaginal insemination should be done in bitches with a serum progesterone concentrations < 11 ng/mL to reduce the possibility of cervical closure and to increase the odds of pregnancy. It is well documented that the serum progesterone concentration and vaginal cytology parameters have a great influence on pregnancy success, and the results confirm these findings. In the present study, 96% of the bitches inseminated with a serum progesterone concentration of 5-10 ng/mL got pregnant and had higher odds of pregnancy than bitches with lower or higher serum progesterone concentrations.

Effect of assisted calving on uterine puerperal disorders occurrence, and on reproductive efficiency in crossbred dairy cows / Efeito do parto assistido na ocorrência de desordens uterinas puerperais e na eficiência reprodutiva de vacas leiteiras mestiças

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the type of calving (normal or assisted) on the occurrence of puerperal uterine disorders and on the number of artificial inseminations (AI) per conception and pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum (PPD). Cows were observed during parturition and the type of calving was classified as normal or assisted. Normal calving required no human interference, while assisted calving required a calf removal aid via vaginal access. There were 825 births, 7 stillbirths (0.85%) and 17 twins (2.06%). We analyzed 801 single births, from which 766 (95.63%) were normal and 35 (4.36%) assisted. Were evaluated the uterine disorders occurrence such as retained placenta combined with metritis (PR/ME) and clinical endometritis (CE). The overall occurrences were 10.24% (82/801) of RP/ME, 12.86% for CE and 5.12% for RP/ME and CE. Most of normal calving cows had healthy puerperium (73.89%), whereas a majority of assisted calving cows had uterine disorders (74.29%). The number of AI per conception was similar for cows that had either normal or assisted calving (2.39±0.08 and 3.00±0.43, P = 0.16). There was no evidence of negative influence of calving type on the 150 PPD pregnancy rate of lactating crossbreed dairy cows (P = 0.44). Healthy cows had higher 150 PPD pregnancy rate than cows affected by puerperium uterine disorders (51.65 vs. 42.92%). Normal calving crossbred dairy cows had a healthier puerperium, compared to cows with assisted calving which were more susceptible to puerperium uterine disorders. And cows with a health puerperium have a higher pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum.

Objetivou-se avaliar em vacas leiteiras mestiças que pariram um bezerro vivo, o efeito do tipo de parto (normal ou assistido) na ocorrência de desordens uterinas puerperais e no número de inseminações artificiais (IA) por concepção e taxa de prenhez 150 dias pós-parto (DPP). As vacas foram monitoradas durante o parto e o tipo de parto foi classificado como normal ou assistido. O parto normal não precisou de interferência humana, enquanto o parto assistido precisou de auxílio para retirada do bezerro por via vaginal. Foram registrados 825 partos, sendo 7 natimortos (0,85%) e 17 gemelares (2,06%). Foram analisados 801 partos simples, dos quais 766 (95,63%) foram normais e 35 (4,36%) foram assistidos. Foram avaliadas a ocorrência de desordens uterinas como a retenção de placenta associada com metrite (RP/ME) e endometrite clínica (EC). A ocorrência das doenças foi de 10,24% (82/801) para RP/ME, 12,86% para EC e 5.12% para RP/ME com CE. A maioria das vacas com parto normal tiveram puerpério saudável (73,89%), enquanto a maioria das vacas com parto assistido apresentaram desordens uterinas (74,29%). O número de IA por concepção foi semelhante nas vacas que tiveram parto normal ou assistido (2,39±0,08 e 3,00±0,43, P = 0,16). Não houve evidência de influência negativa do tipo de parto na taxa de prenhez 150 DPP de vacas leiteiras mestiças em lactação (P = 0,44). Vacas saudáveis apresentaram maior taxa de prenhez 150 DPP do que vacas afetadas por desordens uterinas no puerpério (51,65 vs. 42,92%). Vacas leiteiras mestiças com parto normal tiveram um puerpério saudável, comparadas às que tiveram parto assistido, por sua vez foram mais susceptíveis as desordens uterinas no puerpério. E vacas com puerpério saudável resultaram em maiores taxas de prenhez aos 150 dias pós parto.

Effects of salinity on pre- and post-fertilization developmental events in the clam Anomalocardia flexuosa (Linnaeus, 1767)

The knowledge about the effect of salinity on the physiological mechanism of bivalve reproduction is fundamental to improve production strategies in hatcheries. The present work evaluated the influence of different salinity concentrations (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 g⋅L−1) on pre- and post-fertilization development processes in the clam, Anomalocardia flexuosa, oocytes obtained by stripping. Salinity directly interfered with the germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) rate and in the cellular stability of unfertilized oocytes. Salinity concentrations between 30 and 35 g⋅L−1 provided better percentages of stable GVBD within 120 min, and incubation of oocytes in the salinity range of 30-35 g⋅L−1 for a time interval of 80-120 min provided > 80% GVBD. In the post-fertilization analysis, salinity affected the rate of the extrusion of the first and second polar bodies (PB1 and PB2). The release of 50% of the PBs was faster at a salinity of 35 g⋅L−1, with an estimated time of 10 min for PB1 and 30 min for PB2. Thus, chromosome manipulation methodologies aiming triploids should be applied at 35 g⋅L−1 salinity, with application of post-fertilization shock before 10 min for PB1 retention or before 30 min for PB2 retention.(AU)

Cetose subclínica e seu impacto no desempenho reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras: revisão de literatura / Subclinical ketosis and its impact on the reproductive performance of dairy cows: literature review

A cetose, conhecida também como acetonemia, é um distúrbio metabólico que afeta principalmente vacas leiteiras de alta produção. A elevação anormal de corpos cetônicos nos tecidos e fluidos corporais do animal ocorre devido a um déficit de energia. A quantidade de alimento/nutrientes ingeridos não é suficiente para suprir a demanda corporal do mesmo, assim como a eficiência reprodutiva que está diretamente ligada à saúde, condição corporal e sua capacidade de produção. Animais de alta produção possuem um desafio muito grande de aumentar a produção a cada lactação, com isso, estão susceptíveis a mudanças metabólicas, entre elas a cetose, clínica ou subclínica. Tal enfermidade ocorre devido a uma má adaptação metabólica do animal a sua nova condição de lactante. A elevada incidência de doenças uterinas no pós-parto de vacas leiteiras é responsável por inúmeros prejuízos para a atividade, principalmente pela redução da eficiência reprodutiva das vacas acometidas por infecções. Contudo, visto que a cetose subclínica prevalece nos rebanhos leiteiros de alta produção, o objetivo desta revisão de literatura é apresentar a patogenia e os efeitos que esse distúrbio metabólico têm sobre a reprodução das vacas de aptidão leiteira no após o parto, utilizando de indicadores como taxa de prenhez, taxa de concepção, retorno a ciclicidade, intervalo entre partos e intervalo entre parto e estro.(AU)

Ketosis, also known as acetonemia, is a metabolic disorder that primarily affects high-yielding dairy cows. The abnormal elevation of ketone bodies in the animal's tissues and body fluids occurs due to an energy deficit. The amount of food/nutrients ingested are not enough to supply the body's demand, as well as the reproductive efficiency that is directly linked to health, body condition and its production capacity. High production animals have a very big challenge to increase production with each lactation, therefore, they are susceptible to metabolic changes, including clinical or subclinical ketosis. Such a disease occurs due to a poor metabolic adaptation of the animal to its new lactating condition. The high incidence of uterine diseases in the postpartum period of dairy cows is responsible for numerous losses to the activity, mainly for the reduction of the reproductive efficiency of cows affected by infections. However, since subclinical ketosis prevails in high production dairy herds, the objective of this literature review is to present the pathogenesis and the effects that this metabolic disorder has on the reproduction of dairy cows in the postpartum period, using indicators such as pregnancy rate, conception rate, return to cyclicity, calving interval and calving-estrus interval.(AU)

Antral follicle count classification selects fertile heifers without influencing the carcass traits / A classificação da contagem folicular antral seleciona novilhas mais férteis sem influenciar as características da carcaça

This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian structure, estrus intensity, ultrasound carcass measurements, and pregnancy rate of Nelore breed heifers and cows in accordance with antral follicle counts (AFCs). We evaluated 503 heifers and 565 Nelore cows, with a mean age of 15.5±2.2 and 69.8±36.1 months, respectively, submitted to a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol. On day zero, all bovine females were examined using ultrasound to determine the AFC. The mean AFC of the heifers and cows were 20±8.6 and 22.5±8.4, respectively. The rib-eye area (REA) and fat thickness (FT) of the heifers (n = 119 for REA and n = 219 for FT) were measured using ultrasound imaging. The average conception rates at the first FTAI and at the end of the breeding season were 35.8% and 57.5%, respectively, for heifers and 45.1% and 78.9%, respectively, for cows. We demonstrated that the probability of pregnancy at the first FTAI and at the end of the breeding season for both young heifers and cows increased as the AFC decreased (P>0.001 and P=0.0123, respectively). FT and REA showed no correlation with AFC in heifers. The intensity of estrus expression was negatively correlated with AFC (−0.46; P<0.0001). In conclusion, Nelore heifers and cows with low AFC had a high probability of pregnancy during the entire breeding season. Thus, AFC can be used as a tool to select heifers with increased fertility without affecting carcass traits (REA and FT).

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as estruturas ovarianas, intensidade do cio, medidas de carcaça por ultrassonografia e taxa de gestação de novilhas e vacas da raça Nelore com diferentes contagens de folículos antrais (CFA). Avaliamos 503 novilhas e 565 vacas Nelore, com idade média de 15,5 ± 2,2 e 69,8 ± 36,1 meses, respectivamente, submetidas a um protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). No dia zero, todas as fêmeas foram examinadas por ultrassom para determinar a CFA. A CFA média das novilhas foi de 20 ± 8,6 e a das vacas foi de 22,5 ± 8,4 folículos. A área de olho de lombo (AOL) e a espessura de gordura (EG) das novilhas (n = 119 para AOL e n = 219 para EG) foram medidas utilizando imagens ultrassonográficas. As taxas médias de concepção na primeira IATF e no final da estação de monta foram de 35,8% e 57,5% e 45,1% e 78,9% para as novilhas e vacas, respectivamente. Demonstramos que a probabilidade de gestação na primeira IATF e no final da estação de monta, tanto para novilhas jovens quanto para vacas, foi maior quando a CFA era menor (P>0,001 e P=0,0123, respectivamente). A espessura da gordura e a AOL não mostraram nenhuma correlação com a CFA. A intensidade da expressão do cio foi negativamente correlacionada com o CFA (-0,46; P < 0,0001). Em conclusão, novilhas jovens e vacas da raça Nelore com menor CFA apresentam maior probabilidade de prenhez durante toda a estação de monta. Nenhuma relação entre a CFA e as características de carcaça foram observadas em novilhas Nelore. A CFA pode ser usada como uma ferramenta de seleção de novilhas com maior fertilidade sem influenciar as características de carcaça (AOL e EG).

Conception rate according to sire, body condition score and estrus occurrence of suckled Bos taurus beef cows submitted to timed artificial insemination / Taxa de concepção de acordo com o touro, escore de condição corporal e ocorrência de estro em vacas de corte Bos taurus lactantes submetidas à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of estrus expression, body condition score (BCS), different sires and semen batches on the conception rate of suckled Bos taurus beef cows submitted to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Data from 7,737 TAI were obtained from five farms in South Brazil. Cows received an estradiol plus progesterone-based estrous synchronization protocol. Only sires (n = 13) with at least two semen batches and 50 AI in two different lots were included in the study. Conception rate was higher for cows in estrus (66.8% vs. 26.3%) or with BCS ≥ 3 (57.2% vs. 51.6%) than in cows without estrus or BCS < 3, respectively (P≤0.001). Conception rate per sire ranged from 42.6% (Sire L) to 74.3% (Sire K). Conception rate in cows with BCS ≥ 3 and estrus occurrence varied from 47.4% (Sire L) to 86.1% (Sire A) among sires. Conception rate differed among semen batches of the same sire (B1 = 58.5%, B2 = 62.5%, and B3 = 83.2%). In conclusion, there was individual variation in conception rate among AI sires and semen batches within sires. The conception rate was increased by estrus occurrence and greater BCS.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da manifestação de estro, o escore de condição corporal (ECC), os diferentes touros e partidas de sêmen na taxa de concepção de vacas Bos taurus lactantes de corte submetidas à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Dados de 7.737 IATF foram obtidos em cinco fazendas do sul do Brasil. As vacas receberam um protocolo de sincronização de estro à base de estradiol e progesterona. Somente touros (n=13) com no mínimo duas partidas e 50 inseminações em dois lotes diferentes foram incluídos no estudo. A taxa de concepção foi maior nas vacas em estro (66,8% vs. 26,3%) ou com ECC ≥ 3 (57,2% vs. 51,6%) do que em vacas sem estro ou com menor ECC, respectivamente (P≤0,001). A taxa de concepção por touro variou de 42,6% (Touro L) a 74,3% (Touro K). A taxa de concepção em vacas que demonstraram estro e com ECC ≥3 variou de 47,4% (Touro L) a 86,1% (Touro A) entre os touros. A taxa de concepção diferiu entre partidas de um mesmo touro (B1=58,5%, B2=62,5% e B3=83,2%). Em conclusão, houve variação individual na taxa de concepção entre touros e entre as partidas de sêmen de um mesmo touro. A taxa de concepção foi aumentada pela ocorrência de estro e maior ECC.

Strategic re-use of intravaginal progesterone devices increases conception rate in primiparous Nellore cows / Reutilização estratégica de dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona aumenta a taxa de concepção em vacas Nelore primíparas

In the present study, we investigate the effect of the presence or absence of corpus luteum (CL) at the beginning of a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol and to evaluate the impact of one-time use of intravaginal progesterone device (P4 device) in cows with or without CL. A total of 776 primiparous Nellore cows were subjected to FTAI approximately 45 days postpartum. In Experiment 1, 476 cows were divided into two experimental groups: with (CL-present, n=113) or without (CL-absent, n=363) CL, after ultrasound evaluation. On day 0 (D0), all cows received a new P4 device (1.0 g) and 2.0 mg estradiol benzoate (EB). Eight days later (D8), the P4 devices were withdrawn, and prostaglandin (15 mg), estradiol cypionate (0.5 mg), and eCG (300 IU) were administered i.m. All cows were inseminated 48 h after P4 device withdrawal (D10). In Experiment 2, the cows (n= 300) received (at D0) P4 devices that were previously used once in other cows with (n=109) or without CL (n=191) and 2 mg of EB. The same protocol as that used in Experiment 1 was performed from D8 onwards. In Experiment 1, the overall conception rate after FTAI was 55% (262/476). No difference was found in the conception rate between CL-present and CL-absent cows (52.2 vs. 55.5%). In Experiment 2, the conception rate obtained with P4 devices previously used in cows with CL (58.7%) was greater (P<0.05) than that obtained with P4 devices previously used in cows without CL (42.9%). Thus, this strategy resulted in a 15.8% increase in conception rate. In conclusion, the presence or absence of CL at the beginning of the FTAI protocol did not affect the conception rate in cows synchronized with the new P4 device, but the insertion of P4 devices previously used in cows with CL enhanced the conception rates in cows without CL.

No presente estudo, investigamos o efeito da presença ou ausência de corpo lúteo (CL) no início de um protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) e avaliamos o impacto do uso único de dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (dispositivo P4) em vacas com ou sem CL. Um total de 776 vacas Nelore primíparas, aproximadamente 45 dias pós-parto foram submetidas à IATF. No Experimento 1, após avaliação ultrassonográfica, 476 vacas foram divididas em dois grupos experimentais: com (CL-presente, n=113) ou sem (CL-ausente, n=363) CL. No dia 0 (D0), todas as vacas receberam um novo dispositivo de P4 (1,0 g) e 2.0 mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE). Após 8 dias (D8), os dispositivos P4 foram retirados e prostaglandina (15 mg), cipionato de estradiol (0,5 mg) e eCG (300 UI) foram administrados i.m. Todas as vacas foram inseminadas 48 horas após a retirada do dispositivo de P4 (D10). No Experimento 2, as vacas (n= 300) receberam (no D0) um dispositivo de P4 previamente utilizado uma única vez em outras vacas com (n=109) ou sem CL (n=191) e 2 mg de BE. O mesmo protocolo utilizado no Experimento 1 foi realizado a partir do D8. No experimento 1, a taxa geral de concepção após IATF foi de 55% (262/476). Não foi encontrada diferença na taxa de concepção entre as vacas com CL presente e CL ausente (52,2 vs. 55,5%). No Experimento 2, a taxa de concepção obtida com dispositivos P4 previamente utilizados em vacas com CL-presente (58,7%) foi maior (P<0,05) quando comparada aos dispositivos P4 previamente utilizados em vacas com CL-ausente (42,9%). Essa estratégia resultou em aumento de 15,8% na taxa de concepção. Em conclusão, a presença ou ausência de CL no início do protocolo de IATF não afetou a taxa de concepção em vacas sincronizadas com dispositivo novo de P4; e a eficácia dos dispositivos de P4 previamente utilizados em vacas com CL é maior durante seu segundo uso em vacas sem CL.

Evaluation of three classification methods of antral follicle count and fertility to the timed artificial insemination in cattle

The controversial data about antral follicle count (AFC) may be partially explained by the different criteria used to determine what is high, intermediate and low AFC. This study evaluated different classification methods for AFC groups, relating them to the conception rate, dominant follicle size and body condition score (BCS) in cows submitted to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Nelore cows (Bos indicus; n = 935), received a reproductive program consisting of TAI and natural breeding. Conception rate, BCS and dominant follicle size during TAI were evaluated by three AFC methodologies: i) mean and standard deviation: low (≤ 15 follicles); intermediate (≥ 16 to ≤ 44 follicles) or high (≥ 45 follicles); ii) quartiles: low (≤ 15 follicles); intermediate (≥ 16 to ≤ 39 follicles), or high (≥ 40 follicles); and iii) AFC score: I (low; ≤ 15 follicles); II (intermediate; ≥ 16 to ≤ 30 follicles); III (high; ≥ 31 to ≤ 44 follicles) or IV (very high; ≥ 45 follicles). Data were analyzed by a GLIMMIX and Tukey test or binary logistic regression model (P ≤ 0.05). The conception rate to TAI was influenced (P < 0.05) by AFC in the three methods classification, being the highest conception rate observed in the low AFC group regardless of method utilized: Mean (low 61.73%a, intermediate 54.02%ab and high 49.48%b), Quartiles (low 61.73%a, intermediate 53.59%ab and 51.46%b) and Score (I 61.73%a, II 54.80%ab, III 53.23%ab and IV 49.48%b). There were variations (P < 0.05) in the conception rate within the 2.50 to 2.75 BCS range for all AFC classification methods, with the low AFC females presenting the best results, regardless of the method used. Also, females with low AFC showed larger (P < 0.05) diameters of dominant follicles at the TAI regardless of method. The different methodologies used (Mean, Quartile and Score) to AFC classification showed a consistency between the main findings, and we believe that this standardization will facilitate the interpretation of data involving AFC.(AU)

Adaptation and acceptability testing of the Expector® vibration vest in horses / Adaptação e teste de aceitabilidade do colete de vibração Expector® em equinos

The project is based on a test of a thoracic vibration vest prototype, adapted to equines by the Expector® vest's company, on healthy animals. Ten (10) equines were used in the project, male or female, adults, healthy, belonging to FMVZ-USP or private owners. Each animal went through two phases: A and B. Phase A consisted of the placement of the vest without turning on the vibrators, evaluating the animal's acceptability, facility, adaptation to the animal's body, and discomfort due to the vest's use. Phase B included the placement of the vest and turning on the vibrators, evaluating the animal's acceptability, reaction to the vibrators, and, if present, to which velocity/type of vibration, and the presence of adverse effects. Both phases were done three times on separate days. The behavioral parameters: "placement facility" and "adaptation to the animal's body" were observed. In phase B, the response to the vibration was classified from 0 to 5. The answer was evaluated on low and high intensities for the four vibration types. The heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were also evaluated at the beginning and end of each repetition. The animals' HR was kept on normal, except for one animal on one day of the test. Concerning the RR, most animals presented moments of tachypnea. On the experiment's first day, 100% of grade Great to "facility of placement" and "adaptation to the animal's body" was obtained, but on days 2 and 3 this value dropped to 90% due to alterations in one animal's responses. Regarding vibration's responses, 77.3% were evaluated as no discomfort (grade 0), 17.1% little discomfort (grade 1), 3.3% medium discomfort (grade 2), 0.4% great discomfort (grade 3), 0.21% extreme discomfort (grade 4), and 1.6% non-acceptance of the vest (grade 5). Some possible changes on the prototype were also verified to be suggested to the manufacturer, such as the change of the buckle and the use of wireless control. Vest use appears promising for equine respiratory physiotherapy, considering the acceptability was good, and its efficiency on the expectoration of diseased animals must be tested.

O projeto consistiu no teste de um protótipo de colete de vibração torácica, adaptado aos equinos pela empresa do colete Expector®, em animais saudáveis. Foram utilizados 10 equinos, machos ou fêmeas, adultos, saudáveis, pertencentes à FMVZ-USP e a proprietários particulares. Cada animal passou por duas fases: A e B. A Fase A consistiu na colocação do colete sem ligar os vibradores, avaliando-se a aceitabilidade do animal; facilidade; adaptação ao corpo do animal e incômodo do mesmo à sua presença. Já a Fase B contava com a colocação do colete e funcionamento dos vibradores, avaliando-se a aceitabilidade do animal; reação aos vibradores e, se presente, a qual velocidade/tipo de vibração; presença de reações ou efeitos adversos. As duas fases foram realizadas em triplicata em dias separados. Foram observados os parâmetros comportamentais "facilidade de colocação" e "adaptação ao corpo do animal". Na fase B, a resposta à vibração foi classificada de 0 a 5. A resposta foi avaliada nas intensidades baixa e alta para os quatro diferentes tipos de vibração. Foram avaliadas também as frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR) no início e final de cada repetição. A FC dos animais se manteve dentro do intervalo de normalidade, com exceção de um animal em um dia de avaliação. Em relação à FR, a maioria apresentou momentos de taquipneia. No primeiro dia de experimento obteve-se 100% de avaliação Ótima para "facilidade de colocação" e "adaptação ao corpo do animal", mas nos dias 2 e 3 esse valor caiu para 90% devido à alteração na resposta de um animal. Em relação à resposta à vibração, 77,3% das respostas foram avaliadas como nenhum incômodo (nota 0), 17,1% pouco incômodo (nota 1), 3,3% médio incômodo (nota 2), 0,4% muito incômodo (nota 3), 0,21% incômodo extremo (nota 4) e 1,6% não aceitação do colete (nota 5). Foram também verificadas algumas possíveis mudanças no protótipo a serem sugeridas ao fabricante, como mudança do tipo de fivela e uso de controle sem fio. A utilização do colete parece ser muito promissora para a fisioterapia respiratória em equinos, visto que a aceitabilidade foi muito boa, devendo-se agora realizar a avaliação de sua eficácia na expectoração de animais enfermos.(AU)

Estação do ano ao parto e o desempenho reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras mestiças / Season of the year at calving and reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da estação do ano ao parto sobre a taxa de concepção à primeira inseminação pós-parto e o intervalo parto-concepção de vacas leiteiras mestiças. O estudo foi conduzido em sete fazendas localizadas em Ituiutaba/MG. O manejo reprodutivo foi realizado a cada 30 dias para avaliação ginecológica e diagnóstico de gestação. Na primeira cobertura pós-parto, as vacas detectadas em estro eram submetidas à inseminação artificial (IA) 12 horas após a detecção ou colocadas com touro (monta controlada ­ MC). As vacas não detectadas em estro até os 60 dias pós-parto eram submetidas à inseminação em tempo fixo (IATF). Os serviços subsequentes seguiam os critérios de cada fazenda. Foram avaliados 841 partos de 581 vacas ocorridos de janeiro de 2011 a junho de 2014. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC GLIMMIX do SAS (p<0,05), sendo incluídos no modelo a fazenda, a estação do ano ao parto, o tipo da primeira inseminação pós-parto e possíveis interações. As vacas que receberam MC apresentaram taxa de concepção à primeira IA pós-parto maior do que as vacas submetidas à IA convencional e à IATF (p<0,001). Não foi detectada interação entre o tipo de serviço e a estação do ano ao parto (p=0,2989) na taxa de concepção. A estação do ano ao parto não interferiu na taxa de concepção à primeira IA pós-parto de vacas leiteiras mestiças (p=0,36). No entanto, vacas que pariram na primavera-verão tiveram esse intervalo maior em relação às que pariram no outono-inverno (p=0,0044). Desta forma, concluiu-se que vacas leiteiras mestiças cujos partos ocorrem nas estações mais quentes e úmidas do ano apresentam um comprometimento da eficiência reprodutiva subsequente.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of the season of the year at calving on the conception rate at the first insemination post-partum and the calving-conception interval of crossbred dairy cows. The study was conducted on seven farms located in Ituiutaba/MG. The reproductive management was performed every 30 days for gynecologic evaluation and pregnancy diagnostic. At the first post-partum service, cows detected in estrus were submitted to artificial insemination (AI) 12 hours after estrus detection or bred by the sire (controlled breeding ­ CB). Cows that were not detected in estrus until 60 days after calving were submitted to timed artificial insemination (TAI). The subsequent services followed the criteria of each farm. A total of 841 parturitions from 581 cows occurred from January 2011 to June 2014 were evaluated. Data were analyzed by PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (p<0.05), including the farm, the season of the year at calving, the type of the first insemination post-partum and, possible interactions in the model. Cows submitted to CB presented a higher conception rate at first insemination post-partum than cows submitted to conventional AI and TAI (p<0.001). There was no interaction between the service type and the season of the year at calving (p=0.2989) on the conception rate. The season of the year at calving did not influence the conception rate at first insemination post-partum of crossbred dairy cows (p=0.36). However, cows that calved during spring-summer had a prolonged interval in relation to cows that calved during autumn-winter (p=0.0044). In conclusion, crossbred dairy cows whose calving occurs in the hottest and wettest seasons of the year show a subsequent impairment of their reproductive performance.

Multidimensional scaling analysis for investigating relations between milk yield and fertility parameters / [Análise multidimensional de escala para investigar as relações entre o rendimento do leite e os parâmetros de fertilidade]

Milk yield and fertility traits in dairy cattle and their relationship with the influencing factors were investigated using multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) in this study. The study focused on the relationship between lactation length, 305-day milk yield, actual milk yield and peak remaining days from milk yield characteristics, and service period, dry period, insemination per conception and calving interval from fertility traits, as well as the influencing factors such as calving age, lactation number, birth season, and birth year. When the MDS results were examined, it was discovered that all the traits had close Euclidean distances from each other, save for the birth season and birth year. As a result of MDS analysis, R2 and Stress Coefficient were calculated as 88.4% and 0.099, respectively. Consequently, the selection direction was tried to be identified by determining the milk yield and fertility traits and the relationship between these traits and the influencing factors through the MDS analysis and it was concluded that the MDS method could be employed in this field.

As características de produção de leite e fertilidade do gado leiteiro e sua relação com os fatores de influência foram investigadas utilizando a análise de escala multidimensional (MDS) neste estudo. O estudo concentrou-se na relação entre o tempo de lactação, produção de leite de 305 dias, produção real de leite e pico de dias restantes das características de produção de leite, e período de serviço, período seco, inseminação por concepção e intervalo de partos dos traços de fertilidade, bem como os fatores influenciadores como idade de parição, número de lactação, época de nascimento e ano de nascimento. Quando os resultados do MDS foram examinados, descobriu-se que todos os traços tinham distâncias Euclidianas próximas umas das outras, exceto para a época de nascimento e ano de nascimento. Como resultado da análise do MDS, o R2 e o Coeficiente de Estresse foram calculados como 88,4% e 0,099, respectivamente. Consequentemente, tentou-se identificar a direção da seleção determinando os traços de produção e fertilidade do leite e a relação entre estes traços e os fatores de influência através da análise MDS e concluiu-se que o método MDS poderia ser empregado neste campo.

DNA methylation level of gene SIRT1 in ram spermatozoa and relationship with fertilizing ability according to breed and age

Background: Effect of the epigenetic factors on the male fertility is well proofed. Sperm acts as a carrier of genetic material, and its DNA methylome can affect maternal pregnancy rate and offspring phenotype. However, the research on the DNA methylation in the spermatozoids of livestock males, in particular rams, is still limited. To best of our knowledge the data about as a global as well as gene specific DNA methylation in ram spermatozoa from different breeds and ages are missed in the scientific literature. The present study was designed to analyze the relationship between methylation levels of the important for spermatogenesis gene SIRT1 in spermatozoa and fertilizing ability of sperm in rams from different breeds and ages. Materials, Methods & Results: The ejaculates of 16 rams from Lacaune, East Friesian and Assaf breeds at age between 18 to 96 months were evaluated. The kinematic parameters of 2 semen samples from each animal were estimated by CASA. The separated spermatozoa were used for DNA extraction followed by bisulfite conversion. The DNA methylation of SIRT1 was detected through quantitative methylation-specific PCR using 2 sets of primers designed specifically for bisulfite-converted DNA sequences to attach methylated and unmethylated sites. The breed and age effect on the gene SIRT1 methylation by ANOVA was estimated. Experimental females included 393 clinically healthy milk ewes (Lacaune, n = 131; East Friesian sheep, n = 100 and Assaf, n = 162) in breeding season. Reproductive performances (conception rate at lambing, lambing percentage and fecundity) of ewes, inseminated by sperm of the investigated rams, were statistically processed. ANOVA showed that the animal breed influences significantly on the level of DNA methylation of gene SIRT1 in ram spermatozoa (P = 0.002) An average value of DNA methylation of SIRT1 in ram sperm from Lacaune breed was significantly higher than in Assaf and East Friesian (81.21 ± 15.1% vs 36.7 ± 14.2% and 38.3 ± 18.6 respectively, P < 0.01). The highest percent of SIRT1 methylation was observed in old animals compared to the young and middle-age. Moderate and strong correlations (r from 0.44 to 0.71, P < 0.05) between the methylation level of the SIRT1 gene in rams' sperm and reproductive parameters of inseminated ewes in all breeds were established. Discussion: Our data are the first message about the effect of breed on the specificity of DNA methylation of gene SIRT1 in ram spermatozoa. These results demonstrated an existence of the sheep breeds with high and low level of DNA methylation of gene SIRT1 in ram sperm. Although the effect of age on the methylation level in sperm is still discussable, our results showed a moderate correlation between age and methylation level of SIRT1 in spermatozoa of rams. Taking into account that DNA methylation in sperm is stabilized with puberty onset and is a heritable epigenetic modification, it can be a promising marker of sperm quality in animal breeding. In all investigated breeds the rams with relatively high level of DNA methylation of gene SIRT1 in spermatozoa (50-68%) demonstrated a high conception rate at lambing (> 70%). In conclusion, the DNA methylation level of the SIRT1 gene in ram spermatozoa is determined by both the breed and the age of the animals and correlates with fertilizing ability of sperm.

Application of PGF2α at the moment of fixed-time artificial insemination in crossbred beef cows

Although studies have shown positive effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) at the moment of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in the conception rate (CR) of cattle, its effects on treatments based on progesterone (P4) and estradiol benzoate (EB) is still not conclusive. The objective of this study was (1) to evaluate the effect of a PGF2α analogue at FTAI in the CR of crossbred beef cows submitted to a 11d FTAI protocol based on P4 and EB; and (2) to describe the CR between PGF2α-treated and control cows in different body condition scores (BCS) and parity categories. Crossbred (½ Nellore and ½ Angus) beef cows were submitted to a synchronization protocol and randomly assigned into 2 groups: Control (n = 163), at FTAI cows received 2 mL of saline solution as a placebo, and PGF2α (n = 163), at FTAI cows were treated with PGF2α analogue (10 mg of dinoprost tromethamine). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 33d post-FTAI. Binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of PGF2α treatment on CR. There was no difference in CR between PGF2α and control groups (P > 0.05; odds ratio (OR) = 0.92; confidence interval (CI) = 0.59-1.4). A greater CR was found in heifers (P = 0.0006, OR = 2.65, CI = 1.61 - 4.38) and multiparous (P = 0.0006, OR = 2.12, CI = 1.04 - 4.3) when compared to primiparous cows. Cows with low BCS (4; 9-point scale) showed lower CR when compared with moderate BCS (5-6; 9-point scale) (P < 0.05; OR = 0.10; CI = 0.06 - 0.18). There was no numerical difference on CR between PGF2α-treated and control cows in different BCS and parity categories. The results suggested that the CR in this study was not influenced by 10 mg PGF2α analogue at FTAI.(AU)

Evaluation of fertilization capability of frozen-thawed completely immotile spermatozoa collected from a white bengal tiger after interspecific ICSI with bovine oocytes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fertilization capability of White Bengal Tiger frozen-thawed completely immotile spermatozoa after interspecific intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with bovine oocytes. The fertilization status of presumptive zygotes was assessed 18 h after ICSI by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. The fertilization rate was 34.8% (8/23), as confirmed by the extrusion of two polar bodies, or male and female pronuclei formation. For unfertilized oocytes (65.2%, 15/23), one activated oocyte had an activated spermatozoon but most were unactivated oocytes with unactivated spermatozoa (1/15, 6.7% vs 10/15, 66.7%, respectively, p < 0.05). These results showed that White Bengal Tiger frozen-thawed completely immotile spermatozoa retained the capacity to fertilize bovine oocytes after interspecific ICSI. This is the first report of in vitro produced zygotes using tiger immotile sperm with bovine oocytes by interspecific ICSI technique, which provides an efficient and feasible method for preservation and utilization of endangered feline animals.(AU)

Reproductive disorders and reconception of beef cows subjected to timed artificial insemination / Perdas reprodutivas e reconcepção em fêmeas bovinas de corte submetidas a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo

The objective of this study was to evaluate gestational losses between 30 and 120 days of gestation and reconception in beef cows submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). The 18,462 information from the zootechnical file of animals submitted to FTAI in the period of the breeding season from November 2019 to April 2020 in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais were analyzed. The parameters evaluated were gestational loss, animal category, presence of the calf with the cow, body condition score (BCS) and final situation of the breeding season of the females that lost gestation after FTAI, the data were analyzed by Person's chi-square test (χ²) and Kruskal-Wallis test, with a significance level of 5% with use of the SPSS program. The final pregnancy rate was 58.52%. The loss rate between the first and second gestational diagnosis was 3.6%. Dependence was observed between the variables category and gestational loss (χ²= 12.374, p<0.05). The presence of the calf or not at the foot of the cow had no influence in relation to gestational loss (p>0.05). The difference in BSC between the categories was significant (p<0.05). Final situation was influenced (p<0.05) by animal category. Calving order and body condition score significantly influenced the gestational loss rate.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as perdas gestacionais entre 30 e 120 dias de gestação e reconcepção em vacas de corte submetidas à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Foram analisadas 18.462 informações do arquivo zootécnico de animais submetidos a IATF no período da estação de monta de novembro de 2019 a abril de 2020 na região do semiárido de Minas Gerais. Os parâmetros avaliados foram perda gestacional, categoria animal, presença do bezerro ao pé da vaca, escore de condição corporal (ECC) e situação final da estação de monta das fêmeas que perderam gestação após a IATF, os dados foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado de Person (χ²) e teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 5% com uso do programa SPSS. A taxa de prenhez final foi de 58,52%. A taxa de perdas entre o primeiro e segundo diagnóstico gestacional foi de 3,6%. Observou-se dependência entre as variáveis categoria e perda gestacional (X²= 12,374, p<0,05). A presença do bezerro ou não ao pé da vaca, não teve influência em relação a perda gestacional (p>0,05). A diferença do ECC entre as categorias foi significativa (p<0,05). A situação final foi influenciada (p<0,05) pela categoria animal. A ordem de parição e o escore de condição corporal influenciam significativamente a taxa de perda gestacional.

Avaliação do perfil de trabalhadores e das condições de trabalho na pesca da Baía do Sol, Belém, PA, Brasil / Evaluation of workers' profile and work conditions in fishing in Baía do Sol, Belém, PA, Brazil / Evaluación del perfil de los trabajadores y condiciones de trabajo en la pesca en Baía do Sol, Belém, PA, Brasil

Considerada uma atividade de risco, a pesca registra um elevado índice de sinistralidades, sendo a maioria não notificada, e pouco treinamento na prevenção de acidentes. Neste sentido, com o objetivo de avaliar o perfil e as condições de trabalho de pescadores da Baía do Sol, Ilha de Mosqueiro, em Belém do Pará, foi efetivado um levantamento por meio de um questionário aplicado em forma de entrevista entre os meses de setembro e novembro de 2017. Com base nos questionários aplicados (n=74), observa-se que a comunidade de pescadores da Baía do Sol não difere de maneira significativa de outras comunidades pesqueiras já estudadas. No entanto, duas características ganharam destaque no perfil dos entrevistados: o nível de escolaridade, bem acima da média para o estado do Pará; e a faixa etária, onde grande parte dos pescadores encontra-se na faixa de idade abaixo dos 40 anos. Por outro lado, devido a condições socioeconômicas, essa comunidade pesqueira e talvez toda a categoria de pescadores artesanais precisa de atenção por parte dos órgãos governamentais, no sentido do desenvolvimento de tecnologias adequadas para EPI's, com distribuição gratuita.(AU)

Fishing is considered one risky activity, with a high accident rate, most of which are not notified, and little training in accident prevention. In order to assess the profile and working conditions of fishermen from Baía do Sol, Mosqueiro Island, in Belém do Pará, a survey was carried out through a questionnaire applied in the form of an interview from September to November 2017. Based on the questionnaires applied (n=74), it is observed that the fishing community of Baía do Sol does not differ significantly from other fishing communities already studied. However, two characteristics gained prominence in the profile of the interviewees: the level of education, well above the average for the state of Pará; and the age group, since most of the fishermen are in the age group below 40 years. On the other hand, due to socioeconomic conditions, this fishing community and perhaps the entire category of artisanal fishermen needs attention from government agencies, in the sense of developing appropriate technologies for PPE's, with free distribution.(AU)

Considerada una actividad de riesgo, la pesca tiene una alta tasa de accidentes, la mayoría de los cuales no se denuncian, y poca formación en prevención de accidentes. En este sentido, con el fin de evaluar el perfil y las condiciones laborales de los pescadores de Baía do Sol, Ilha de Mosqueiro, en Belém do Pará, se realizó una encuesta a través de un cuestionario aplicado en forma de entrevista entre los meses de septiembre. y noviembre de 2017. Con base en los cuestionarios aplicados (n = 74), se observa que la comunidad pesquera de Baía do Sol no difiere significativamente de otras comunidades pesqueras ya estudiadas. Sin embargo, dos características destacaron en el perfil de los entrevistados: el nivel de educación, muy por encima del promedio del estado de Pará; y el grupo de edad, donde la mayoría de los pescadores tienen menos de 40 años. Por otro lado, debido a las condiciones socioeconómicas, esta comunidad pesquera y quizás toda la categoría de pescadores artesanales necesitan la atención de las agencias gubernamentales, en el sentido de desarrollar tecnologías apropiadas para PPE, con distribución gratuita.(AU)

In vitro sperm characteristics and in vivo fertility of sex-sorted and conventional semen in suckled Nelore cows at a traditional schedule for timed-AI with estrus detection / Características espermáticas in vitro e fertilidade in vivo de sêmen convencional e sexado em vacas Nelore pósparto submetidas à IATF tradicional com detecção de estro

The aim of this study was to assess in vitro sperm characteristics and pregnancies/AI (P/AI) of conventional and sex-sorted semen at timed-AI of suckled, multiparous Nelore cows. All cows (n=348) were submitted to a traditional estradiol/progesterone (P4)-based protocol. At 48h after P4-device removal, the estrous behavior was recorded, and AI was performed with conventional or sex-sorted semen from two bulls. The following sperm assessments were performed: CASA, Hyposmotic Test, sperm morphometry and chromatin structure by TB staining. P/AI were reduced (P<0.001) for sex-sorted compared to conventional semen in cows expressing estrus (27vs47%) or not (11vs.37%). Membrane integrity (Bull1: 30.3±9.6 vs. 52.3±12.4%, P=0.01; Bull2: 24.5±3.0 vs. 48.7±1.6%, P=0.006) and sperm concentration (Bulll: 23.2±0.6 vs. 43.0±0.8x10 sperm/mL, P<0.001; Bull2: 25.1+2.8 VS. 42.1±0.7x10 sperm/mL; P<0.001) were reduced in sex-sorted compared to conventional semen, for both bulls. Total and progressive motility were reduced in sex-sorted semen for Bull1 (TM: 49.7±15.9 vs. 94.9±1.9%, P=0.007; PM: 16.7±3.4 vs. 44.1±13.2%, P=0.009) and no differences were detected for Bull2 (TM: 45.0±17.5 vs. 68.2±19.1%, P=0.098; PM: 12.8±4.7 vs. 30.0±13.0%, P=0.065). Sperm ellipticity from sex-sorted was lower than conventional semen for Bull2 (0.306±0.01 vs. 0.342±0.02, P=0.02) and no difference was detected for Bull1 (0.332±0.01 vs. 0.330±0.01, P=0.55). Reduced in vivo fertility was observed for sex-sorted semen, regardless of estrous behavior. In vitro sperm quality of sex-sorted semen was compromised for both bulls, but differently affected for each sire.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar características espermáticas in vitro e a taxa de concepção (TC) de sêmen convencional e sexado em um programa de IATF tradicional de vacas Nelore pós-parto. Todas as vacas (n=348) foram submetidas ao mesmo protocolo de IATF à base de estradiol e de progesterona. Após 48 horas da retirada do implante, foi determinada a expressão de estro dos animais e a IA foi realizada com sêmen convencional e sexado de dois touros Angus. As seguintes características espermáticas foram avaliadas: análise computadorizada do sêmen, teste hiposmótico, morfometria espermática e estrutura cromatinica por meio da coloração com azul de toluidina. A TC foi menor (P<0,001) para sêmen sexado comparado ao convencional, em vacas que expressaram estro (27 vs. 47%) e que não apresentaram estro (11 vs. 37%). A integridade da membrana plasmática (Touro 1: 30,319,6 vs. 52,3+12,4%, P=0,010; Touro 2: 24,5+3,0 vs. 48,7±1,6%, P=0,006) e a concentração espermática (Touro 1: 23,2±0,6 vs. 43,0±0,8x10 sperm/mL, P<0,001; Touro 2: 25,1+2,8 vs. 42,1 +0,7x10'sperm/mL, P<0,001) foram menores no sêmen sexado comparado ao convencional, para ambos os touros. Motilidades total e progressiva foram menores no sêmen sexado comparado ao convencional para o Touro 1 (MT: 49,7±15,9 vs. 94,9±1,9%, P=0,007; MP: 16,7+3,4 vs. 44,1+13,2%, P=0,009), enquanto diferenças não foram detectadas no Touro 2 (MT: 45,0±17,5 vs. 68,2±19,1%, P=0,098; MP: 12,8±4,7 vs. 30,0±13,0%, P=0,065). Elipticidade espermática do sêmen sexado foi menor do que do sêmen convencional no Touro 2 (0,306±0,01 vs. 0,342±0,02, P=0,020), mas não houve diferença no Touro 1 (0,332±0,01 vs. 0,330±0,01, P=0,552). Reduzida fertilidade in vivo foi observada para o sêmen sexado em relação ao convencional, independentemente da expressão de cio das vacas. A qualidade seminal in vitro do sêmen sexado foi comprometida para ambos os touros, mas diferentemente afetada para cada reprodutor.

Níveis de progesterona e os parâmetros reprodutivos no período periovulatório de vacas Nelore submetidas ao protocolo de IATF / Progesterone levels and reproductive parameters in the periovulatory period of Nellore cows under FTAI protocol

Background: Fixed Time Artificial Insemination (FTAI) has achieved a significant evolution in the last 18 years, however, despite the progress achieved by modern FTAI programs, the conception rates obtained are still low. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the interrelation between progesterone levels in the periovulatory period and reproductive parameters of Nellore cows submitted to an FTAI protocol. Materials, Methods & Results: On a random day, called day 0 (D0), 57 cows received a P4 device associated with the intramuscular (IM) application of 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate. On D9, the P4 devices were removed and then were administered 500 µg of cloprostenol sodium IM; 0.6 mg of estradiol cypionate IM and 300 IUI of Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin IM. Blood samples were collected for the determination of serum P4 concentrations on D9 and D11 of the protocol. The evaluations of follicular diameter (DFOL), follicular wall area (AFOL) and the vascularization area of the follicle wall (VFOL) were carried out on D11 using B-mode ultrasonography examination and colour Doppler, and then the artificial inseminations were performed. The evaluation of the corpus luteum diameter (CLD), of the total corpus luteum area (CLA), of the area of corpus luteum vascularization (CLV) and blood sampling for determination of postovulatory P4 levels (Post-P4) were performed on D24. For the analysis of the P4 concentration the chemiluminescence method was used, with a sensitivity of 0.1 ng/mL. According to the P4 concentrations on D11, cows were divided into 2 groups, LOW LEVELS OF P4 and HIGH LEVELS OF P4. The diagnosis of pregnancy was performed using transrectal ultrasonography on D45, at this point the cows were divided into 2 groups, PREGNANT and NON-PREGNANT. The correlation between DFOL and P4 dosage on D11 was moderate, negative and significant and between the AFOL and the serum P4 levels on D9, was moderate, negative and significant. As for the other correlations between follicular and luteal parameters and serum P4 levels, these were low to moderate, negative and not significant. Cows in the LOW LEVELS OF P4 group had significantly larger diameter and follicular areas than the cows in the HIGH LEVELS OF P4 group, the other follicular and luteal parameters showed no statistical difference. Of the total 57 cows that were inseminated, 30 cows became pregnant. Cows in the PREGNANT group had serum P4 levels on D9 equivalent to that obtained by the NON-PREGNANT group. However, at D11 the cows that became pregnant presented significantly lower serum P4 levels than cows that did not become pregnant. Discussion: The results of the interrelation between follicular parameters and P4 levels obtained in the present study, pointed out that the lower the levels of P4, the higher the follicular parameters, corroborating with other authors. Thus, larger preovulatory follicles provided high ovulation rates. Periovulatory serum P4 levels did not significantly affect the morphofunctional parameters of the CL. Such findings may be justified by high periovulatory P4 levels resulting from less efficient luteolysis, exert a negative effect on the results of FTAI protocols, because progesterone inhibits the release of LH pulses. It is concluded that lower periovulatory P4 levels established a favourable condition for follicular development and fertility, however, morphofunctional parameters of the corpus luteum were not affected.

Reproductive performance of fixed-time artificial insemination in heifers supplemented with a homeopathic complex / Desempenho reprodutivo à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em novilhas suplementadas com complexo homeopático

For this study, ½ blood Nelore × Aberdeen Angus heifers (n = 40; 14 months) were divided into two groups: control (n=20; 310 kg) and Pró-Cio (n=20; 304 kg). For Pró-Cio group, 20g of homeopathic product (Pró-cio®, Real H, Campo Grande, Brazil) was supplied together with corn eighteen days prior (D-18) to the beginning of the fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI). On D0, all females received an intravaginal P4 device and 2 mg BE. On D5, the AFC was assessed by ultrasound and blood was collected for AMH dosage. On D8, P4 device was removed; 300 IU eCG, 0.530 mg of cloprostenol sodium and 0.5 mg of EC were administered; an estrus-identifying adhesive was fixed at the tail insertion and the diameter of the dominant follicle (DF) was measured. On D10, all heifers were inseminated, estrus manifestation was assessed and the preovulatory follicle (POF) was measured. On D20, the CL area was measured and blood flow was assessed using Doppler ultrasound. Data were analyzed by Student, Mann-Whitney or Friedman test. The rates of heat expression, ovulation, and blood flow score with Doppler were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and pregnancy rate by binary logistic regression model (P ≤ 0.05). There was no difference in AFC or AMH dosage (P > 0.05). Pró-Cio group had greater diameters of the DF (9.94 ± 0.42 mm) and POF (11.61 ± 0.56 mm) than the controls (DF: 7.72 ± 0.34 mm and POF: 9.91 ± 0.37 mm), as well a larger CL area (3.26 ± 0.26 versus 2.35 ± 0.16 cm2) and a higher mean CL vascularization score (3.06 versus 2.26; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between estrus manifestation or conception rate for control and Pró-Cio groups. Heifers supplemented with the homeopathic product showed larger follicular diameters at the end of the FTAI protocol and CL with better blood flow scores compared to the control group.

Para esse estudo, novilhas ½ sangue Nelore x Aberdeen Angus (n = 40; 14 meses) foram divididas em dois grupos: Controle (n = 20; 310 kg) e Pró-cio (n = 20; 304 kg). Para o grupo Pró-Cio, 20 g/animal de produto homeopático (Pró-cio®, Real H, Campo Grande, Brazil) foi fornecido juntamente com o milho dezoito dias antes (D-18) de inicar o protocolo de inseminaçãoa artificial em tempo-fixo (IATF). No D0, todas as fêmeas receberam um dispositivo intravaginal de P4 e 2 mg BE. No D5, avaliou-se a contagem de folículos antrais (CFA) por ultrassonografia e realizou-se coleta de sangue para dosagem de AMH. No D8, procedeu-se a retirada do dispositivo de P4; aplicação de 300 UI de eCG, 0,530 mg de cloprostenol sódico e 0,5 mg de CE; um adesivo identificador de estro foi fixado na inserção da cauda e foi feita a mensuração do diâmetro do folículo dominante (FD). No D10, todas as novilhas foram inseminadas, foi realizada a avaliação da manifestação de estro e mensuração do folículo pré-ovulatório (FPO). No D20, realizou-se mensuração da área e avaliação do fluxo sanguíneo do CL por ultrassonografia Doppler. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes de Student, Mann-Whitney ou Friedman. As taxas de expressão de estro, ovulação e escore de fluxo sanguíneo com Doppler foram analisadas usando o teste exato de Fisher e taxa de prenhez pelo modelo de regressão logística binária (p ≤ 0,05). Não houve diferença na CFA nem na dosagem de AMH (p > 0,05). O grupo PróCio apresentou maior diâmetro do FD (9,94 ± 0,42 mm) e FPO (11,61 ± 0,56 mm) em relação ao controle (FD: 7,72 ± 0,34 mm e FPO: 9,91 ± 0,37 mm), além de maior área do CL (3,26 ± 0,26 versus 2,35 ± 0,16 cm2; p < 0,05) e maior escore de vascularização médio do CL (3,06 versus 2,26; p < 0,05). Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) na taxa de manifestação de estro e nem na taxa de concepção entre os grupos Controle e Pró-Cio, respectivamente. Novilhas suplementadas com o produto homeopático apresentaram maiores diâmetros foliculares ao final do protocolo de IATF e CL com melhores escores de fluxo sanguíneo em relação ao grupo controle.