Acute toxicity of essential oils of Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér) Britton, Lippia gracilis Schauer, and Piper aduncum L. in Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) / Toxicidade aguda dos óleos essenciais de Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér) Britton, Lippia gracilis Schauer e Piper aduncum L. em Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818)

The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of the essential oils (EOs) of Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis and Piper aduncum in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), and evaluate the possible histopathological alterations in their gills. For the acute toxicity tests, juvenile tambaqui (n=24/treatment) were distributed in six treatments with three replicates, which comprised the control and five EO concentrations of A. triphylla (60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg L-1), L. gracilis (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 mg L-1) and P. aduncum (42.5, 45, 47.5, 50 and 52.5 mg L-1), with an exposure period of 4 h. The mortality rate and severity of damage to the tambaqui gills were proportional to the increase in the concentration of the EO, with LC50-4 h values estimated at 109.57 mg L -1 for A. triphylla, 41.63 mg L -1 for L. gracilis and 48.17 mg L -1 for P. aduncum. The main morphological damages observed in the gills of the tambaqui exposed to the three EOs, were Grade I: hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lamellar epithelial cells, lamellar fusion, epithelial detachment, capillary dilation and constriction, proliferation of chloride cells and mucosal cells and edema; in low frequency Grade II damage as epithelial rupture and lamellar aneurysm. Necrosis (Grade III damage) was observed only in gill lamellae exposed to P. aduncum EO (47.5, 50.0 and 52.5 mg L-1). Concentrations of EOs below LC50-4 h can be used sparingly, for short periods of exposure for the treatment of diseases in tambaqui breeding.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a toxicidade aguda dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis e Piper aduncum em juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), e avaliar as possíveis alterações histopatológicas em suas brânquias. Para os testes de toxicidade aguda, juvenis de tambaqui (n=24/tratamento) foram distribuídos em 6 tratamentos, com três repetições, sendo o controle e cinco concentração do OE de A. triphylla (60, 80, 100, 120 e 140 mg L-1), L. gracilis (35, 40, 45, 50 e 55 mg L-1) e P. aduncum (42,5, 45, 47,5, 50 e 52,5 mg L-1), com exposição de 4 h. A taxa de mortalidade e a severidade dos danos nas brânquias de tambaqui foram proporcionais ao aumento da concentração do OE, com os valores de CL50-4 h estimados em 109,57 mg L-1 para A. triphylla, em 41,63 mg L-1 para L. gracilis e em 48,17 mg L-1 para P. aduncum. Os principais danos morfológicos observados nas brânquias de tambaqui, expostos aos três OEs, foram os de grau I: hipertrofia e hiperplasia das células do epitélio lamelar, fusão lamelar, descolamento epitelial, dilatação e constrição capilar, proliferação de células de cloreto e de células mucosas e edema; em baixa frequência os de grau II como ruptura epitelial e aneurisma lamelar. Necrose (dano de grau III) foi observado somente nas lamelas branquiais expostas ao OE de P. aduncum (47,5, 50,0 e 52,5 mg L-1). Concentrações do OEs abaixo dos valores de CL50-4 h podem ser utilizados com parcimônia, em curtos períodos de exposição para o tratamento de doenças na criação de tambaqui.

Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic deviation of gastric vein with azygos in a bitch

Background: Portosystemic shunt (PSS), an alteration commonly found in toy dogs, is caused by an anastomosis between the systemic and portal circulation, interfering with the metabolism of several toxins. It can be of congenital or acquired origin and is classified as intra- or extrahepatic. Clinical signs include the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, and urinary system according to the fraction of the shunt. It is diagnosed by several imaging tests and exploratory laparotomy. Therapy involves drug therapy and/or surgical correction of the anomalous vessels. Thus, the aim is to present an unusual case of extrahepatic cPSS originating from the left gastric vein and insertion into the azygos vein. Case: A 2-year-old female toy poodle, spayed, weighing 2.7 kg was treated with a history of recurrent cystitis and neurological signs such as focal seizures, ataxia, tremors, blindness, lethargy, head pressing, and compulsive gait. Complementary tests revealed normochromic microcytic anemia, neutrophilia-induced leukocytosis, monocytosis, and lymphopenia. Biochemical analysis revealed hypoproteinemia due to hypoglobulinemia, an increase in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase, and a decrease in urea. In the urinalysis, ammonium biurate crystals were detected, and Doppler ultrasound revealed microhepathy and the presence of an anomalous gastrosplenic vein inserted into the azygos vein, a finding compatible with the congenital extrahepatic PSS. Abdominal tomography confirmed vascular deviation with a sinuous path originating from the left gastric and splenic veins, inserting into the azygos vein, measuring approximately 5.95 cm in length. Cranial tomography revealed changes consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. Drug therapy was performed with hydration, liver chow, lactulose, probiotics, metronidazole, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, and ursodeoxycholic acid, and after 15 days, surgery was performed to place a 3.5 mm ameroid constrictor ring for gradual occlusion of the anomalous vessel. The animal recovered well, and a control abdominal ultrasound was repeated 30 days after the procedure, noting that the constrictor had not yet fully occluded the deviation. Doppler imaging revealed a favorable evolution with an increase in the diameter of the portal vein in the hepatopetal direction. The patient was followed-up for a year and had a normal and healthy life. Discussion: Extrahepatic PSS is frequently diagnosed in purebred and toy dogs, commonly occurring between the portal vein and one of its tributaries, with a lower frequency of anomalous vessels between the azygos veins, as in the present report. The patient's age and clinical signs were compatible with the disease, in addition to ammonia biurate crystals and hematological and biochemical alterations. The neurological clinical signs observed were compatible with hepatic encephalopathy secondary to congenital PSS. The imaging examinations facilitated the identification of the extrahepatic vascular anomaly, with the tomography being more accurate and helping in proper surgical planning. Clinical treatment should be performed for presurgical stabilization, and occlusion can be performed by placing cellophane bands or an ameroid constrictor, which is the technique of choice for congenital PSS, as it allows for slow constriction to avoid acute portal hypertension, as in this case, emphasizing that anesthesia in animals with portosystemic shunts must be performed with care.

Nova técnica de ligadura do pedículo ovariano e coto uterino em cadela com utilização de duas pinças / Novel technique of ligature of the ovarian pedicle and uterine stump in bitches using two clamps

A ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH), que consiste na retirada cirúrgica de ovários, tubas uterinas e útero, é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais realizados em cadelas na rotina veterinária. É utilizado para evitar prenhez indesejada e no tratamento e profilaxia de enfermidades reprodutivas. Classicamente, na técnica de ligadura do pedículo ovariano e coto uterino na OSH em cadelas e gatas, são empregadas três pinças para expor a área de ligadura, por isso, a técnica é conhecida como técnica das três pinças. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi propor uma técnica diferente para executar tais ligaduras, reduzindo o tempo do procedimento por meio da diminuição do número de pinças usadas para a exposição dos locais a serem feitas as ligaduras. Desta forma, o experimento foi conduzido com 20 cadelas hígidas submetidas à OSH. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: animais submetidos ao procedimento de ligadura pela técnica das três pinças e animais submetidos a ligadura pela técnica proposta neste estudo. A abertura da cavidade abdominal, para expor as estruturas a serem ligadas, foi a mesma para as duas técnicas (laparotomia mediana ventral). Foi mensurado, por meio de cronômetro digital, o tempo despendido na realização de todas as cirurgias. Não ocorreram óbitos e não houve dificuldades na execução das duas técnicas. Além disso, no transoperatório, não houve intercorrências dignas de nota. Os resultados demonstraram que o tempo de execução foi estatisticamente menor para a técnica proposta, indicando a aplicação preferencial deste procedimento para realização de OSH em cadelas.

The ovariohysterectomy (OH), which consists of the surgical removal of ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus, is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on bitches in the veterinary routine. It is used to prevent unwanted pregnancy and in the treatment and prophylaxis of reproductive diseases. Classically, in the technique of ligation of the ovarian pedicle and uterine stump in OH in bitches and cats, three clamps are used to expose the ligature area, that is why the technique is known as the three clamps technique. Thus, this study aimed to propose a different technique to perform such ligatures, reducing the procedure time by reducing the number of clamps used to expose the sites to be ligated. Therefore, the experiment was carried out with twenty healthy bitches submitted to OH. The animals were divided into two groups: animals submitted to the ligation procedure using the three clamps technique and animals submitted to ligation using the technique proposed in this study. The opening of the abdominal cavity, to expose the structures to be ligated, was the same for both techniques (ventral median laparotomy). The time spent performing all surgeries was measured using a digital timer. There were no deaths and there were no difficulties in performing both techniques. Besides, in the transoperative period, there were no noteworthy complications. The results demonstrated that the execution time was statistically shorter for the proposed technique, indicating the preferential application of this procedure for performing OH in bitches.

New species of Urocleidoides (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) from the gills of two species of Anostomidae from the Brazilian Amazon / Novas espécies de Urocleidoides (Dactylogyridae) das brânquias de duas espécies de Anostomidae da Amazônia brasileira

Three species (2 new) of Urocleidoides are described and/or reported from the gills of Schizodon fasciatus and Laemolyta proxima (Anostomidae) from the Jari River in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Urocleidoides jariensis n. sp. presents a sclerotized, tubular, spiral male copulatory organ (MCO) with one counterclockwise coil, a circular sclerotized tandem brim associated with the base of the MCO; a heavily sclerotized, funnel-shaped vaginal vestibule; and a broadly V-shaped ventral bar with anteromedial constriction and enlarged ends. Urocleidoides ramentacuminatus n. sp. has a sclerotized, tubular, spiral MCO with one counterclockwise coil; an accessory piece with a hook-shaped distal portion; and a dorsal anchor with a short, straight shaft; anchor point with ornamentation as sclerotized shredded filaments. Urocleidoides paradoxus is reported for the first time parasitizing S. fasciatus.(AU)

Três espécies (2 novas) de Urocleidoides são descritas e/ou reportadas das brânquias de Schizodon fasciatus e Laemolyta proxima (Anostomidae) da bacia do Rio Jari, na Amazônia oriental brasileira. Urocleidoides jariensis n. sp. apresenta um órgão copulatório masculino (OCM) convoluto, com uma volta no sentido anti-horário, uma borda em tandem esclerotizada circular, associada à base do OCM; um vestíbulo vaginal fortemente esclerotizado e em forma de funil; um canal vaginal esclerotizado na porção proximal; e uma barra ventral em forma de V com constrição anteromedial e ampliações terminais. Urocleidoides ramentacuminatus n. sp. tem um OCM convoluto com, aproximadamente, uma volta no sentido anti-horário; uma peça acessória com uma porção distal em forma de gancho; uma âncora dorsal com haste curta e reta; e ponta da âncora com ornamentação como filamentos desfiados esclerotizados. Urocleidoides paradoxus é relatada pela primeira vez parasitando S. fasciatus.(AU)

Analgesic and side effects of intravenous recombinant Phα1ß

Intrathecal injection of voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker peptide toxins exerts analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Upon intrathecal administration, recombinant Phα1ß exerts the same analgesic effects as the those of the native toxin. However, from a clinical perspective, the intrathecal administration limits the use of anesthetic drugs in patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible antinociceptive effect of intravenous recombinant Phα1ß in rat models of neuropathic pain, as well as its side effects on motor, cardiac (heart rate and blood pressure), and biochemical parameters. Methods: Male Wistar rats and male Balb-C mice were used in this study. Giotto Biotech® synthesized the recombinant version of Phα1ß using Escherichia coli expression. In rats, neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve and paclitaxel-induced acute and chronic pain. Mechanical sensitivity was evaluated using von Frey filaments. A radiotelemeter transmitter (TA11PA-C10; Data Sciences, St. Paul, MN, USA) was placed on the left carotid of mice for investigation of cardiovascular side effects. Locomotor activity data were evaluated using the open-field paradigm, and serum CKMB, TGO, TGP, LDH, lactate, creatinine, and urea levels were examined. Results: Intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1ß toxin induced analgesia for up to 4 h, with ED50 of 0.02 (0.01-0.03) mg/kg, and reached the maximal effect (Emax = 100% antinociception) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. No significant changes were observed in any of the evaluated motor, cardiac or biochemical parameters. Conclusion: Our data suggest that intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1ß may be feasible for drug-induced analgesia, without causing any severe side effects.(AU)

Analgesic and side effects of intravenous recombinant Ph alfa 1 beta

Background: Intrathecal injection of voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker peptide toxins exerts analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Upon intrathecal administration, recombinant Phα1β exerts the same analgesic effects as the those of the native toxin. However, from a clinical perspective, the intrathecal administration limits the use of anesthetic drugs in patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible antinociceptive effect of intravenous recombinant Phα1β in rat models of neuropathic pain, as well as its side effects on motor, cardiac (heart rate and blood pressure), and biochemical parameters. Methods: Male Wistar rats and male Balb-C mice were used in this study. Giotto Biotech® synthesized the recombinant version of Phα1β using Escherichia coli expression. In rats, neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve and paclitaxel-induced acute and chronic pain. Mechanical sensitivity was evaluated using von Frey filaments. A radiotelemeter transmitter (TA11PA-C10; Data Sciences, St. Paul, MN, USA) was placed on the left carotid of mice for investigation of cardiovascular side effects. Locomotor activity data were evaluated using the open-field paradigm, and serum CKMB, TGO, TGP, LDH, lactate, creatinine, and urea levels were examined. Results: Intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β toxin induced analgesia for up to 4 h, with ED50 of 0.02 (0.01-0.03) mg/kg, and reached the maximal effect (Emax = 100% antinociception) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. No significant changes were observed in any of the evaluated motor, cardiac or biochemical parameters. Conclusion: Our data suggest that intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β may be feasible for drug-induced analgesia, without causing any severe side effects.(AU)

Analgesic and side effects of intravenous recombinant Ph alfa 1 beta

Background: Intrathecal injection of voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker peptide toxins exerts analgesic effect in several animal models of pain. Upon intrathecal administration, recombinant Phα1β exerts the same analgesic effects as the those of the native toxin. However, from a clinical perspective, the intrathecal administration limits the use of anesthetic drugs in patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible antinociceptive effect of intravenous recombinant Phα1β in rat models of neuropathic pain, as well as its side effects on motor, cardiac (heart rate and blood pressure), and biochemical parameters. Methods: Male Wistar rats and male Balb-C mice were used in this study. Giotto Biotech® synthesized the recombinant version of Phα1β using Escherichia coli expression. In rats, neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve and paclitaxel-induced acute and chronic pain. Mechanical sensitivity was evaluated using von Frey filaments. A radiotelemeter transmitter (TA11PA-C10; Data Sciences, St. Paul, MN, USA) was placed on the left carotid of mice for investigation of cardiovascular side effects. Locomotor activity data were evaluated using the open-field paradigm, and serum CKMB, TGO, TGP, LDH, lactate, creatinine, and urea levels were examined. Results: Intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β toxin induced analgesia for up to 4 h, with ED50 of 0.02 (0.01-0.03) mg/kg, and reached the maximal effect (Emax = 100% antinociception) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. No significant changes were observed in any of the evaluated motor, cardiac or biochemical parameters. Conclusion: Our data suggest that intravenous administration of recombinant Phα1β may be feasible for drug-induced analgesia, without causing any severe side effects.

Tratamento de estenose pélvica em gato com enxerto heterólogo e colectomia subtotal / Treatment of pelvic stenosis with heterologous graft and subtotal colectomy in a cat

Background: The management of malunion of pelvic fracture and its complications may require from conservative tosurgical methods, depending on the severity and temporal evolution. Thus, the aim of this present report is to describe thetreatments adopted in a cat with severe pelvic stenosis.Case: An approximately 3-year-old neutered male crossbreed cat, weighing 3 kg, was presented due to difficulty in defecation in the previous eight months. According to its tutor, the cat was adopted one year earlier, with a history of pelvicfracture due to a run over, which had been treated conservatively. The tutor also mentioned that since the appearance ofdyschezia, the cat had only been treated with enemas, but without success. In abdominal palpation, there was presence ofpain and a mass of firm content in descending colon topography. The radiographic examination of the pelvis presentedan exuberant bone callus, characterizing an old fracture, a consolidation with change of bone axis in the right ischium,together with megacolon and fecaloma. It was initially decided that a liquid glycerin-based enema would be performed,in conjunction with clinical treatment with administration of cisapride, dimethicone and lactulose. Although the medicaltreatment initially helped improve the clinical picture, the cat presented fecaloma two months later. Surgical treatment wasthen performed, in which distraction of the pubic symphysis with use of a heterologous cortical bone graft (canine tibiastored in glycerin 98%) was performed, as the tutor was not favorable to colectomy as the first option. However, after onemonth of intervention, despite good evolution, the animal again showed signs of dyschezia. At this point the tutor agreedto colectomy, which was subtotal with preservation of the ileocolic valve.Discussion: The...

Tratamento de estenose pélvica em gato com enxerto heterólogo e colectomia subtotal / Treatment of pelvic stenosis with heterologous graft and subtotal colectomy in a cat

Background: The management of malunion of pelvic fracture and its complications may require from conservative tosurgical methods, depending on the severity and temporal evolution. Thus, the aim of this present report is to describe thetreatments adopted in a cat with severe pelvic stenosis.Case: An approximately 3-year-old neutered male crossbreed cat, weighing 3 kg, was presented due to difficulty in defecation in the previous eight months. According to its tutor, the cat was adopted one year earlier, with a history of pelvicfracture due to a run over, which had been treated conservatively. The tutor also mentioned that since the appearance ofdyschezia, the cat had only been treated with enemas, but without success. In abdominal palpation, there was presence ofpain and a mass of firm content in descending colon topography. The radiographic examination of the pelvis presentedan exuberant bone callus, characterizing an old fracture, a consolidation with change of bone axis in the right ischium,together with megacolon and fecaloma. It was initially decided that a liquid glycerin-based enema would be performed,in conjunction with clinical treatment with administration of cisapride, dimethicone and lactulose. Although the medicaltreatment initially helped improve the clinical picture, the cat presented fecaloma two months later. Surgical treatment wasthen performed, in which distraction of the pubic symphysis with use of a heterologous cortical bone graft (canine tibiastored in glycerin 98%) was performed, as the tutor was not favorable to colectomy as the first option. However, after onemonth of intervention, despite good evolution, the animal again showed signs of dyschezia. At this point the tutor agreedto colectomy, which was subtotal with preservation of the ileocolic valve.Discussion: The...(AU)

Hemogasometria arterial pré e pós-rinoplastia em cães braquicefálicos portadores de estenose de narina / Arterial hemogasometry pre and post rhinoplasty in brachyphalic dogs with nostril stenosis

Vinte e seis cães braquicefálicos portadores de estenose de narina, 22 machos e quatro fêmeas, foram submetidos à rinoplastia bilateral. Dezesseis cães eram Buldogues Franceses; dois, Buldogues Ingleses; seis, Pugs; e dois, Shih Tzus, com idade variando de seis meses a seis anos. Foram efetuadas coletas de sangue arterial para análises hemogasométricas no pré-operatório e 30 dias após a cirurgia. Para cada avaliação, foi obtida uma amostra de 0,5mL de sangue coletado da artéria femoral, em seringa plástica heparinizada. Em seguida, procedeu-se à avaliação hemogasométrica em analisador de gases sanguíneos (I-stat-Abbot®). Os resultados da hemogasometria pré e pós-rinoplastia mostraram uma redução nos valores médios de pCO2, TCO2 , HCO3- e BEecf, hematócrito e hemoglobina, e aumento de pH, pO2 e SO2, indicando melhora na condição ventilatória dos animais após a correção cirúrgica da estenose de narina. Isso posto, conclui-se que a hemogasometria arterial é um exame importante no diagnóstico da síndrome respiratória dos cães braquicefálicos, e extremamente útil no acompanhamento da resposta do paciente ao tratamento. A rinoplastia mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento da síndrome respiratória, promovendo melhora nos parâmetros hemogasométricos que indicam acidose respiratória secundária à obstrução das vias aéreas, comum nas raças braquicefálicas.(AU)

Twenty-six brachycephalic dogs with nostril stenosis, 22 males and four females, underwent bilateral rhinoplasty. Sixteen dogs were French Bulldogs; two, English Bulldogs; Six, Pugs; and two, Shih tzus, ranging in age from six months to six years. Blood samples were collected for hemogasometric analysis in the preoperative period and 30 days after surgery. For each evaluation, a 0.5ml sample of blood collected from the femoral artery was obtained in a heparinized plastic syringe. Hemogasometric evaluation was then performed on a blood gas analyzer (I-stat-Abbot®). The results of hemogasometry before and after rhinoplasty showed a reduction in the mean values of pCO2, TCO2, HCO3- and BEecf, hematocrit and hemoglobin, and an increase in pH, pO2 and SO2, indicating an improvement in the ventilatory condition of the animals after surgical correction of Nostril stenosis. Therefore, it is concluded that arterial hemogasometry is an important diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of brachycephalic respiratory syndrome and is extremely useful in monitoring the patient's response to treatment. Rhinoplasty was effective in the treatment of respiratory syndrome, promoting improvement in hemogasometric parameters that indicate respiratory acidosis secondary to airway obstruction, common in the brachycephalic races.(AU)

Hemogasometria arterial pré e pós-rinoplastia em cães braquicefálicos portadores de estenose de narina / Arterial hemogasometry pre and post rhinoplasty in brachyphalic dogs with nostril stenosis

Vinte e seis cães braquicefálicos portadores de estenose de narina, 22 machos e quatro fêmeas, foram submetidos à rinoplastia bilateral. Dezesseis cães eram Buldogues Franceses; dois, Buldogues Ingleses; seis, Pugs; e dois, Shih Tzus, com idade variando de seis meses a seis anos. Foram efetuadas coletas de sangue arterial para análises hemogasométricas no pré-operatório e 30 dias após a cirurgia. Para cada avaliação, foi obtida uma amostra de 0,5mL de sangue coletado da artéria femoral, em seringa plástica heparinizada. Em seguida, procedeu-se à avaliação hemogasométrica em analisador de gases sanguíneos (I-stat-Abbot®). Os resultados da hemogasometria pré e pós-rinoplastia mostraram uma redução nos valores médios de pCO2, TCO2 , HCO3- e BEecf, hematócrito e hemoglobina, e aumento de pH, pO2 e SO2, indicando melhora na condição ventilatória dos animais após a correção cirúrgica da estenose de narina. Isso posto, conclui-se que a hemogasometria arterial é um exame importante no diagnóstico da síndrome respiratória dos cães braquicefálicos, e extremamente útil no acompanhamento da resposta do paciente ao tratamento. A rinoplastia mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento da síndrome respiratória, promovendo melhora nos parâmetros hemogasométricos que indicam acidose respiratória secundária à obstrução das vias aéreas, comum nas raças braquicefálicas.(AU)

Twenty-six brachycephalic dogs with nostril stenosis, 22 males and four females, underwent bilateral rhinoplasty. Sixteen dogs were French Bulldogs; two, English Bulldogs; Six, Pugs; and two, Shih tzus, ranging in age from six months to six years. Blood samples were collected for hemogasometric analysis in the preoperative period and 30 days after surgery. For each evaluation, a 0.5ml sample of blood collected from the femoral artery was obtained in a heparinized plastic syringe. Hemogasometric evaluation was then performed on a blood gas analyzer (I-stat-Abbot®). The results of hemogasometry before and after rhinoplasty showed a reduction in the mean values of pCO2, TCO2, HCO3- and BEecf, hematocrit and hemoglobin, and an increase in pH, pO2 and SO2, indicating an improvement in the ventilatory condition of the animals after surgical correction of Nostril stenosis. Therefore, it is concluded that arterial hemogasometry is an important diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of brachycephalic respiratory syndrome and is extremely useful in monitoring the patient's response to treatment. Rhinoplasty was effective in the treatment of respiratory syndrome, promoting improvement in hemogasometric parameters that indicate respiratory acidosis secondary to airway obstruction, common in the brachycephalic races.(AU)

Condições clínicas do conduto auditivo externo e da membrana timpânica por meio de otoscopia em cães / Clinical conditions of external hearing conduct and timpanic membrane through otoscopy in dogs

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar as condições clínicas do conduto auditivo e da membrana timpânica (MT) através do exame otoscópico, correlacionando a utilização de ceruminolíticos e soluções tópica para a visualização das estruturas supracitadas. Realizou-se exames otoscópicos em 20 cães adultos, SRD, divididos em três grupos. Grupo Controle ou I (GI): cinco animais não receberam nenhum tipo de tratamento prévio à realização do exame otoscópico; Grupo II (GII): 10 cães receberam tratamento bilateral com ceruminolítico, composto por hidroxiquinolina (0,4 mg/mL) e trolamina (140 mg/L), nos três dias que antecederam aos exames; Grupo III (GIII): cinco cães receberam o mesmo tratamento do GII adicionando-se a lavagem bilateral dos ouvidos com solução fisiológica em temperatura ambiente (25 ºC) ao momento do exame. Procedeu-se a avaliação do conduto auditivo e da MT, realizando-se contenções física, seguida de química em todos os animais. Na avaliação da orelha encontrou-se odor fétido em 5,0% dos cães. No conduto auditivo, observou-se hiperemia em 40,0%, estenose em 20,0% e exsudato sanguinolento em 10,0% dos cães. Obstruções totais ou parciais dos condutos auditivos pelo excesso de cerúmen representaram 42,5% e 25,0% dos ouvidos; respectivamente. A MT foi observada em 45,0% dos cães, sendo 60% dos animais pertencentes ao GI, 50,0% do GII e 20,0% do GIII. Quando associada à hiperemia no conduto auditivo, a visualização da MT foi possível em 37,5% e nos casos de estenose foi visualizada em apenas 25,0% dos cães. Concluiu-se que o excesso de cerúmen e estenose do conduto auditivo foram as condições clínicas que mais interferiram na visualização das estruturas, independente do grupo ao qual os animais pertenciam, e limitaram a utilização do exame otoscópico como método diagnóstico. O uso de soluções tópicas no tratamento prévio à realização do exame otológico não demostrou ganho na visualização da MT dos cães, necessitando de melhorias nas técnicas utilizadas.

The objectives of the study was evaluated the clinical conditions of the ear canal and the tympanic membrane (TM) through otoscopic examination, correlating the use of ceruminolytics and topical solutions with visualization of the structures mentioned above. Otoscopic examinations were performed on 20 adult dogs, random breeded, divided into three groups. Control Group or I (GI): five animals didn’t receive any type of prior treatment to the otoscopic examination; Group II (GII): 10 dogs received bilateral treatment with ceruminolytic in the three days before the exams; Group III (GIII): five dogs received the same treatment as GII, adding bilateral lavage of the ears with physiological solution at room temperature (25 ºC) at the time of examination. The ear canal and TM were evaluated, and physical and chemical restraints were performed. In the evaluation of the ear was found fetid odor in 5.0% of the dogs. In the ear canal, hyperemia was observed in 40.0%, stenosis in 20.0% and bloody exudate in 10.0% of the dogs. Total or partial obstructions of the ear canal due to excess cerumen represented 42.5% and 25.0% of the ears; respectively. MT was observed in 45.0% of the dogs, 60% of the animals belonging to GI, 50.0% of GII and 20.0% of GIII. When associated with hyperemia in the ear canal, visualization of TM was possible in 37.5% and in cases of stenosis was visualized in only 25.0% of dogs. It was concluded that the excess of cerumen and stenosis of the ear canal were the clinical conditions that most interfered in the visualization of the structures and limited the use of otoscopic examination as diagnostic method. The use of topical solutions in the treatment prior to the otological examination did not demonstrate a gain in the TM of the dogs, requiring improvements in the techniques used.

Condições clínicas do conduto auditivo externo e da membrana timpânica por meio de otoscopia em cães / Clinical conditions of external hearing conduct and timpanic membrane through otoscopy in dogs

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar as condições clínicas do conduto auditivo e da membrana timpânica (MT) através do exame otoscópico, correlacionando a utilização de ceruminolíticos e soluções tópica para a visualização das estruturas supracitadas. Realizou-se exames otoscópicos em 20 cães adultos, SRD, divididos em três grupos. Grupo Controle ou I (GI): cinco animais não receberam nenhum tipo de tratamento prévio à realização do exame otoscópico; Grupo II (GII): 10 cães receberam tratamento bilateral com ceruminolítico, composto por hidroxiquinolina (0,4 mg/mL) e trolamina (140 mg/L), nos três dias que antecederam aos exames; Grupo III (GIII): cinco cães receberam o mesmo tratamento do GII adicionando-se a lavagem bilateral dos ouvidos com solução fisiológica em temperatura ambiente (25 ºC) ao momento do exame. Procedeu-se a avaliação do conduto auditivo e da MT, realizando-se contenções física, seguida de química em todos os animais. Na avaliação da orelha encontrou-se odor fétido em 5,0% dos cães. No conduto auditivo, observou-se hiperemia em 40,0%, estenose em 20,0% e exsudato sanguinolento em 10,0% dos cães. Obstruções totais ou parciais dos condutos auditivos pelo excesso de cerúmen representaram 42,5% e 25,0% dos ouvidos; respectivamente. A MT foi observada em 45,0% dos cães, sendo 60% dos animais pertencentes ao GI, 50,0% do GII e 20,0% do GIII. Quando associada à hiperemia no conduto auditivo, a visualização da MT foi possível em 37,5% e nos casos de estenose foi visualizada em apenas 25,0% dos cães. Concluiu-se que o excesso de cerúmen e estenose do conduto auditivo foram as condições clínicas que mais interferiram na visualização das estruturas, independente do grupo ao qual os animais pertenciam, e limitaram a utilização do exame otoscópico como método diagnóstico. O uso de soluções tópicas no tratamento prévio à realização do exame otológico não demostrou ganho na visualização da MT dos cães, necessitando de melhorias nas técnicas utilizadas. (AU)

The objectives of the study was evaluated the clinical conditions of the ear canal and the tympanic membrane (TM) through otoscopic examination, correlating the use of ceruminolytics and topical solutions with visualization of the structures mentioned above. Otoscopic examinations were performed on 20 adult dogs, random breeded, divided into three groups. Control Group or I (GI): five animals didnt receive any type of prior treatment to the otoscopic examination; Group II (GII): 10 dogs received bilateral treatment with ceruminolytic in the three days before the exams; Group III (GIII): five dogs received the same treatment as GII, adding bilateral lavage of the ears with physiological solution at room temperature (25 ºC) at the time of examination. The ear canal and TM were evaluated, and physical and chemical restraints were performed. In the evaluation of the ear was found fetid odor in 5.0% of the dogs. In the ear canal, hyperemia was observed in 40.0%, stenosis in 20.0% and bloody exudate in 10.0% of the dogs. Total or partial obstructions of the ear canal due to excess cerumen represented 42.5% and 25.0% of the ears; respectively. MT was observed in 45.0% of the dogs, 60% of the animals belonging to GI, 50.0% of GII and 20.0% of GIII. When associated with hyperemia in the ear canal, visualization of TM was possible in 37.5% and in cases of stenosis was visualized in only 25.0% of dogs. It was concluded that the excess of cerumen and stenosis of the ear canal were the clinical conditions that most interfered in the visualization of the structures and limited the use of otoscopic examination as diagnostic method. The use of topical solutions in the treatment prior to the otological examination did not demonstrate a gain in the TM of the dogs, requiring improvements in the techniques used. (AU)

Leukotriene B4 in equine asthma syndrome: what do we know so far?

ABSTRACT: The term equine asthma syndrome (EAS) was recently proposed due to the resemblance of the equine disease to human asthma. Leukotrienes cause constriction of the bronchi, especially in the lower airways and increase mucus secretion in the respiratory system. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been discovered as a strong chemotactic factor, which plays a role in neutrophil migration. The immunologic background of EAS remains not fully elucidated despite many studies on the pathogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the LTB4 concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with and without pulmonary inflammatory disease. Thirty-five mixed breed horses were studied and LTB4 was determined by using specific ELISA Kit. The horses were grouped by 2 different criteria for statistical analysis of data: 1) according to the values for BALF citology and 2) according to the detection of LTB4 in BALF. There was signicant difference of effect of age on the LTB4 detection in equine BALF. Younger animals were the majority where it was possible to detect LTB4 values in LBA. In conclusion, there was an effect of age on the detection of LTB4 in equine BALF, where LTB4 levels were more easily detected in younger animals than older animals and the results of this study raise the possibility of considering future studies with the objective of establishing the real role and the best moment to detect LTB4 in BALF of the equine asthma syndrome.

RESUMO: Recentemente, o termo síndrome da asma equina (SAE) foi proposto devido à semelhança da doença equina à asma humana. Os leucotrienos causam constrição dos brônquios, especialmente nas vias aéreas posteriores e aumentam a secreção de muco no sistema respiratório. O leucotrieno B4 (LTB4) foi descoberto como um forte fator quimiotático, que desempenha um papel na migração de neutrófilos. O fundo imunológico do SAE permanece não completamente elucidado apesar de muitos estudos sobre a patogênese. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a concentração de LTB4 no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) de equinos com e sem doença inflamatória pulmonar. Trinta e cinco cavalos de raças mistas foram estudados e o LTB4 foi determinado usando o kit ELISA específico. Os animais foram agrupados por dois critérios diferentes para análise estatística dos dados: 1) de acordo com os valores para citologia do LBA e 2) de acordo com a detecção do LTB4 no LBA. Houve diferença significativa do efeito da idade na detecção do LTB4 no LBA equino. Os animais mais jovens foram a maioria onde foi possível detectar os valores de LTB4 no LBA. Em conclusão, houve um efeito da idade na detecção de LTB4 em LBA equino, onde os níveis de LTB4 foram mais facilmente detectados em animais jovens do que em animais mais velhos e foi possível detectar a concentração de LTB4 no LBA equino e os resultados deste estudo levantam a possibilidade de considerar futuros estudos com o objetivo de estabelecer o real papel e o melhor momento para detectar LTB4 no LBA da síndrome asmática equina.

First report of Diplostomidae metacercariae (Trematoda: Digenea) in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in Brazil / Primeiro relato de metacercárias de Diplostomidae (Trematoda: Digenea) em bagre africano Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes, Clariidae) no Brasil

Clarias gariepinus is a fish from North of South Africa and was later introduced in several countries, including Brazil. The present study aimed to describe the first report of Diplostomidae metacercariae in C. gariepinus in Brazil. For this, 30 C. gariepinus were captured in a lake in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. Fishes were euthanized using freezing and necropsied for collection of parasites. The organs were dissected and analyzed for the presence of parasites that were processed for light and scanning electron microscopy. Trematodes were stained with Semichons Carmine and Gomoris Trichrome, observed and schematized under a light microscope with image analysis software. A total of 190 trematodes were collected from the gills, suprabranchial organs, heart, stomach, intestinal mesentery, liver and body cavity of the fish. The parasites had a foliaceous body divided by a discrete constriction, without genital primordia, and a holdfast organ present at the posterior region, typical of metacercariae of the family Diplostomidae. It was classified as the 'Diplostomulum' morphotype, based on the morphology of the reserve bladder structure. This is the first report of the metacercariae of Diplostomidae parasitizing C. gariepinus in the Americas. This fish acts as an intermediate or paratenic host of this digenean in Brazil.(AU)

Clarias gariepinus é um peixe do Norte da África do Sul e posteriormente introduzido em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o primeiro relato de metacercárias em C. gariepinus no Brasil. Para tanto, 30 C. gariepinus foram capturados em um lago na cidade de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil. Os peixes foram eutanasiados por congelamento e necropsiados para a coleta de parasitos. Os órgãos foram dissecados e analisados para a presença de parasitos que foram processados para microscopia ótica e electronica de varredura. Os Trematodeos foram corados com carmim de Semichon e tricrômico de Gomori, observados e esquematizados sob microscópio ótico equipado com software de análise de imagens. Um total de 190 trematodeos foram coletados das brânquias, órgãos suprabrânquiais, coração, estômago, mesentério intestinal, fígado e cavidade corporal dos peixes. Os parasitos tinham corpo foliáceo, dividido por uma discrete contrição, sem primórdio genital, e órgão tribocítico presente na região posterior, típico das metacercárias da fámilia Diplostomidae. Foram classificados como do morfotipo 'Diplostomulum', baseado na morfologia da estrutura da bexiga de reserva. Este é o primeiro relato de metacercárias de Diplostomidae parasitando C. gariepinus nas Américas. Este peixe atua como hospedeiro intermediário ou paratênico deste Digenea no Brasil.(AU)

Leukotriene B4 in equine asthma syndrome: what do we know so far? / Leucotrieno B4 na síndrome asmática equina: o que sabemos até o momento?

The term "equine asthma syndrome" (EAS) was recently proposed due to the resemblance of the equine disease to human asthma. Leukotrienes cause constriction of the bronchi, especially in the lower airways and increase mucus secretion in the respiratory system. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been discovered as a strong chemotactic factor, which plays a role in neutrophil migration. The immunologic background of EAS remains not fully elucidated despite many studies on the pathogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the LTB4 concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with and without pulmonary inflammatory disease. Thirty-five mixed breed horses were studied and LTB4 was determined by using specific ELISA Kit. The horses were grouped by 2 different criteria for statistical analysis of data: 1) according to the values for BALF citology and 2) according to the detection of LTB4 in BALF. There was significant difference of effect of age on the LTB4 detection in equine BALF. Younger animals were the majority where it was possible to detect LTB4 values in LBA. In conclusion, there was an effect of age on the detection of LTB4 in equine BALF, where LTB4 levels were more easily detected in younger animals than older animals and the results of this study raise the possibility of considering future studies with the objective of establishing the real role and the best moment to detect LTB4 in BALF of the equine asthma syndrome.(AU)

Recentemente, o termo "síndrome da asma equina" (SAE) foi proposto devido à semelhança da doença equina à asma humana. Os leucotrienos causam constrição dos brônquios, especialmente nas vias aéreas posteriores e aumentam a secreção de muco no sistema respiratório. O leucotrieno B4 (LTB4) foi descoberto como um forte fator quimiotático, que desempenha um papel na migração de neutrófilos. O fundo imunológico do SAE permanece não completamente elucidado apesar de muitos estudos sobre a patogênese. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a concentração de LTB4 no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) de equinos com e sem doença inflamatória pulmonar. Trinta e cinco cavalos de raças mistas foram estudados e o LTB4 foi determinado usando o kit ELISA específico. Os animais foram agrupados por dois critérios diferentes para análise estatística dos dados: 1) de acordo com os valores para citologia do LBA e 2) de acordo com a detecção do LTB4 no LBA. Houve diferença significativa do efeito da idade na detecção do LTB4 no LBA equino. Os animais mais jovens foram a maioria onde foi possível detectar os valores de LTB4 no LBA. Em conclusão, houve um efeito da idade na detecção de LTB4 em LBA equino, onde os níveis de LTB4 foram mais facilmente detectados em animais jovens do que em animais mais velhos e foi possível detectar a concentração de LTB4 no LBA equino e os resultados deste estudo levantam a possibilidade de considerar futuros estudos com o objetivo de estabelecer o real papel e o melhor momento para detectar LTB4 no LBA da síndrome asmática equina.(AU)

Leukotriene B4 in equine asthma syndrome: what do we know so far? / Leucotrieno B4 na síndrome asmática equina: o que sabemos até o momento?

The term “equine asthma syndrome” (EAS) was recently proposed due to the resemblance of the equine disease to human asthma. Leukotrienes cause constriction of the bronchi, especially in the lower airways and increase mucus secretion in the respiratory system. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been discovered as a strong chemotactic factor, which plays a role in neutrophil migration. The immunologic background of EAS remains not fully elucidated despite many studies on the pathogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the LTB4 concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with and without pulmonary inflammatory disease. Thirty-five mixed breed horses were studied and LTB4 was determined by using specific ELISA Kit. The horses were grouped by 2 different criteria for statistical analysis of data: 1) according to the values for BALF citology and 2) according to the detection of LTB4 in BALF. There was significant difference of effect of age on the LTB4 detection in equine BALF. Younger animals were the majority where it was possible to detect LTB4 values in LBA. In conclusion, there was an effect of age on the detection of LTB4 in equine BALF, where LTB4 levels were more easily detected in younger animals than older animals and the results of this study raise the possibility of considering future studies with the objective of establishing the real role and the best moment to detect LTB4 in BALF of the equine asthma syndrome.(AU)

Recentemente, o termo "síndrome da asma equina" (SAE) foi proposto devido à semelhança da doença equina à asma humana. Os leucotrienos causam constrição dos brônquios, especialmente nas vias aéreas posteriores e aumentam a secreção de muco no sistema respiratório. O leucotrieno B4 (LTB4) foi descoberto como um forte fator quimiotático, que desempenha um papel na migração de neutrófilos. O fundo imunológico do SAE permanece não completamente elucidado apesar de muitos estudos sobre a patogênese. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a concentração de LTB4 no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) de equinos com e sem doença inflamatória pulmonar. Trinta e cinco cavalos de raças mistas foram estudados e o LTB4 foi determinado usando o kit ELISA específico. Os animais foram agrupados por dois critérios diferentes para análise estatística dos dados: 1) de acordo com os valores para citologia do LBA e 2) de acordo com a detecção do LTB4 no LBA. Houve diferença significativa do efeito da idade na detecção do LTB4 no LBA equino. Os animais mais jovens foram a maioria onde foi possível detectar os valores de LTB4 no LBA. Em conclusão, houve um efeito da idade na detecção de LTB4 em LBA equino, onde os níveis de LTB4 foram mais facilmente detectados em animais jovens do que em animais mais velhos e foi possível detectar a concentração de LTB4 no LBA equino e os resultados deste estudo levantam a possibilidade de considerar futuros estudos com o objetivo de estabelecer o real papel e o melhor momento para detectar LTB4 no LBA da síndrome asmática equina.(AU)

Partial internal hemipelvectomy as rescue therapy in obstipation in four dogs: case report / Hemipelvectomia caudal parcial interna como terapia de salvamento na obstipação em quatro cães: relato de caso

Multiple pelvic fractures can lead to narrowing of the pelvic canal and loss of life quality. Hemipelvectomy, characterized by removal of bone fragments from the pelvis, is considered a rescue therapy. This report describes the technique of caudal partial hemipelvectomy in four cases of obstipation secondary to traumatic pelvic canal narrowing in four dogs, with promising results. All patients had tenesmus and fecal retention. After the procedure, the patients presented immediate normochezia and support of the ipsilateral limb after 10 to 20 days, showing the feasibility of the technique in small animals, providing clinical improvement without walking alterations.(AU)

Múltiplas fraturas da pelve podem gerar angústia pélvica. A hemipelvectomia, caracterizada pela remoção de fragmentos ósseos da pelve, é considerada terapia de salvamento. O presente relato descreve a técnica de hemipelvectomia interna parcial em quatro casos de obstipação por angústia pélvica traumática em cães, com resultados alvissareiros. Todos os pacientes apresentavam tenesmo e retenção fecal. Após a realização do procedimento, os pacientes apresentaram normoquesia imediata e apoio do membro ipsilateral ao procedimento após 10 a 20 dias, mostrando a exequibilidade da técnica em animais leves, uma vez que houve melhora clínica sem alterações na deambulação.(AU)

Partial internal hemipelvectomy as rescue therapy in obstipation in four dogs: case report / Hemipelvectomia caudal parcial interna como terapia de salvamento na obstipação em quatro cães: relato de caso

Multiple pelvic fractures can lead to narrowing of the pelvic canal and loss of life quality. Hemipelvectomy, characterized by removal of bone fragments from the pelvis, is considered a rescue therapy. This report describes the technique of caudal partial hemipelvectomy in four cases of obstipation secondary to traumatic pelvic canal narrowing in four dogs, with promising results. All patients had tenesmus and fecal retention. After the procedure, the patients presented immediate normochezia and support of the ipsilateral limb after 10 to 20 days, showing the feasibility of the technique in small animals, providing clinical improvement without walking alterations.(AU)

Múltiplas fraturas da pelve podem gerar angústia pélvica. A hemipelvectomia, caracterizada pela remoção de fragmentos ósseos da pelve, é considerada terapia de salvamento. O presente relato descreve a técnica de hemipelvectomia interna parcial em quatro casos de obstipação por angústia pélvica traumática em cães, com resultados alvissareiros. Todos os pacientes apresentavam tenesmo e retenção fecal. Após a realização do procedimento, os pacientes apresentaram normoquesia imediata e apoio do membro ipsilateral ao procedimento após 10 a 20 dias, mostrando a exequibilidade da técnica em animais leves, uma vez que houve melhora clínica sem alterações na deambulação.(AU)

Hipertrofia muscular intestinal da válvula íleo-ceco-cólica em cão / Intestinal muscular hipertrophy of ileus-cecal-colic valve in a dog

O presente relato tem o objetivo de alertar o clínico quanto à dificuldade diagnóstica e a importância da hipertrofia íleo-ceco-cólica em obstruções intestinais em cães. As obstruções intestinais são afecções frequentemente encontradas, sendo a ingestão de corpos estranhos a principal causa. A hipertrofia muscular intestinal pode ser causada por estenose ou por origem idiopática, sendo incomum na espécie canina. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos, havendo necessidade de exame histopatológico. Foi atendido um cão com quadro de vômito, anorexia e aquesia há 20 dias. Os estudos de imagem revelaram obstrução total na região do intestino delgado com distensão de alças, mas não foi possível elucidar a localização precisa e nem a causa da mesma. O paciente foi encaminhado para a celiotomia exploratória com suspeita de obstrução intestinal de origem a esclarecer. Durante a cirurgia, notou-se uma alteração na região da válvula íleo-ceco-cólica, e a mesma foi removida e encaminhada para análise histopatológica, que confirmou a hipertrofia muscular intestinal. No entanto, as sequelas da obstrução completa e crônica do intestino culminaram como óbito do paciente.

In the small animal clinical routine, intestinal obstructions are frequently encountrered, and foreign body intake is the main cause. However, there are other causes of digestive tract obstructions. The intestinal muscular hipertrophy can be caused by stenosis or idiopathic origin. It’s frequenly reported in horse ileus, but little reported in canines. The clinical signs include emesis, diarrhea and anorexia, among other signs of intestinal obstruction, but by having nonspecific signs, there is difficulty in closing diagnosis, requiring histopathological exam. A dog with vomiting, anorexia and dyskinesia about 20 days ago was seen at HUVet. A general physical examination, complete blood count, serious biochemistry, abdominal ultrasonography and simple and contrasting abdominal radiographs were performed. The patient was referred to an exploratory laparotomy with suspected intestinal obstruction and paralytic ileus. During surgery, a change was observed in the ileus-cecal-colic valve region, and it was removed and referred for histopathological analysis, which confirmed intestinal muscular hypertrophy.