Cardiovascular system of agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha)

Background: The species Dasyprocta prymnolopha is a wild rodent with a geographic distribution that extends from Mexico to South America, including Brazil. Agouti has been the subject of morphophysiological research, but data on the cardiovascular system remains limited. Therefore, the objective was to describe the macroscopic and microscopic morphology, including the study of the cardiac and coronary system syntopy of the species D. prymnolopha. Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve Dasyprocta primnolopha adults were used, 6 males and 6 females. Topographic analysis of the heart was evaluated in situ, with subsequent measurement, anatomovascular description and macroscopic study of cardiac and coronary vascularization. A microscopic investigation and identification of structural cardiac aspects were also carried out in adult agoutis, the biological samples of the heart were submitted to histological techniques and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's Trichrome. The heart is located between the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 5th intercostal space, with the apex reaching the 6th space. It presents the presence of 2 ligaments: phrenopericardium and sternopericardium. The right atrioventricular valve is composed of 2 cusps, the parietal and the septal, with variations within the same species for 3 cusps. Projections that interconnect the papillary muscles with each other were observed. In the left ventricle there are variations in the number of papillary muscles (range 2 to 4). In the region of the aortic valve, 5 ostia were observed in the left aortic sinus in all animals. The coronary circulation has a predominantly left distribution. Histologically, the heart consists of 3 main layers: endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. The cusp valves of the atrioventricular openings are composed of endocardial folds that contain a central plate of dense connective tissue, and inserted in this cardiac musculature was observed the cardiac skeleton, with its fibrous ring consisting of collagen and elastic fibers that surrounds the atrioventricular opening. Discussion: Cardiac assessment in wild animals is challenging, as in-depth knowledge of the morphology of the cardiovascular system is required for the use of diagnostic tools. In this first anatomical study of the heart, this organ presents syntopy with those of other rodents, but the topography may vary in individuals of the same species, which may be related to the accentuated vertebral curve. The phrenopericardial and sternopericardial ligaments were observed in this research, although there are no reports in other species of Dasyprocta sp. The arrangement of the arteries has, as a particularity, the larger left atrium in relation to the heart/atrium size ratio when compared to other domestic species, covering the left coronary sinus until it reaches the left atrial surface. In the agouti, it was observed that the vascularization is left, with the left coronary artery giving rise to both the paraconal and subsinuous interventricular branch, a fact found in animals such as ruminants, dogs. In the histological observations of the present study, the heart was similar to that of other mammals. Our data reveal morphological characteristics similar to those of other mammals, but with very expressive characteristics that differ even within the species. It is important to generate new information to elucidate cardiac and coronary diagnostic analyses, which can be extended to different species.

Comparison of the internal thoracic artery flow dissected by video endoscopy or conventional technique

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the blood flow in the internal thoracic artery when dissected endoscopically in a conventional manner, in addition to develop a reliable experimental training model for the surgical team. Methods: Paired experimental study. Ten pigs were operated and had both internal thoracic arteries dissected, the right with a conventional technique and the left by video endoscopy. The main outcomes to be studied were flow, length, and time of dissection of each vessel. Results: Blood flow measurements were performed with mean heart rate of 100 ± 16 bpm and mean arterial pressure of 89.7 ± 13 mm Hg. The mean blood flow of endoscopic dissection of the internal thoracic artery was 170.2 ± 66.3 mL/min and by direct view was 180.8 ± 70.5 (p = 0.26). Thus, there was no statistically significant difference between the flows, showing no inferiority between the methods. Conclusions: The minimally invasive dissection of the internal thoracic artery was shown to be not inferior to the dissection by open technique in relation to the blood flow in the present experimental model. In addition, the model that we replicated was shown to be adequate for the development of the learning curve and improvement of the endoscopic abilities.

Angioarchitecture of the coronary arteries in Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814) / Angioarquitetura das artérias coronárias em Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814)

Mazama gouazoubira is a widely distributed deer in the South American continent. However, studies on its anatomical characteristics are still scarce. The objective of this study was to elucidate the coronary circulation of M. gouazoubira. With this aim, after collecting cadavers on highways, twenty-four hearts injected with latex and preserved in formaldehyde at 10% were dissected. The dissections revealed that all specimens presented left coronary dominance, characterized by the origin of the subsinuous interventricular branch from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. The number of ventricular branches originated from branches of the left coronary artery was approximately five times higher than that of the right coronary artery. The occurrence of myocardial bridges was registered in 91.7% of the individuals, with bridges predominating over the paraconal interventricular branch. The mean length of the paraconal interventricular sulcus was significantly higher in males (p = 0.02). The number of atrial branches and ventricular branches, length of myocardial bridges and length of subsinuous interventricular sulcus did not vary significantly between sex. Left coronary dominance and high frequency of myocardial bridges in M. gouazoubira are preponderant anatomical traits also present in different species of Ruminantia suborder. Coronary dominance studies in other South American deer species may confirm the correlation of this trait with the evolutionary history of these animals.

Mazama gouazoubira é um cervídeo com ampla distribuição no continente sul americano. Entretanto, estudos sobre suas características anatômicas, ainda, são escassos. Objetivou-se elucidar a circulação coronariana do M. gouazoubira. Para tal, foram dissecados 24 corações injetados com látex e conservados em formaldeído a 10%, obtidos de cadáveres recolhidos em rodovias. As dissecações revelaram que todos os espécimes apresentaram dominância coronariana esquerda, caracterizada pela origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a partir do ramo circunflexo da artéria coronária esquerda. O número de ramos ventriculares originados, a partir de ramos da artéria coronária esquerda, foi aproximadamente cinco vezes maior do que aquele da artéria coronária direita. A ocorrência de pontes de miocárdio foi registrada em 91,7% dos indivíduos, predominando as pontes sobre o ramo interventricular paraconal. O comprimento médio do sulco interventricular paraconal foi significativa-mente maior em machos (p = 0,02). O número de ramos atriais e ramos ventriculares, comprimento das pontes de miocárdio e comprimento do sulco interventricular subsinuoso, não variaram, significativamente, entre os sexos. A dominância corona-riana esquerda e a elevada frequência de pontes de miocárdio no M. gouazoubira são traços anatômicos preponderantes, tam-bém, em diferentes espécies da subordem Ruminantia. Estudos sobre dominância coronariana em outras espécies de cervídeos sul americanos poderão sugerir a correlação desta característica com a história evolutiva destes animais.

Angioarchitecture of the coronary arteries in Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814) / Angioarquitetura das artérias coronárias em Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814)

Mazama gouazoubira is a widely distributed deer in the South American continent. However, studies on its anatomical characteristics are still scarce. The objective of this study was to elucidate the coronary circulation of M. gouazoubira. With this aim, after collecting cadavers on highways, twenty-four hearts injected with latex and preserved in formaldehyde at 10% were dissected. The dissections revealed that all specimens presented left coronary dominance, characterized by the origin of the subsinuous interventricular branch from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. The number of ventricular branches originated from branches of the left coronary artery was approximately five times higher than that of the right coronary artery. The occurrence of myocardial bridges was registered in 91.7% of the individuals, with bridges predominating over the paraconal interventricular branch. The mean length of the paraconal interventricular sulcus was significantly higher in males (p = 0.02). The number of atrial branches and ventricular branches, length of myocardial bridges and length of subsinuous interventricular sulcus did not vary significantly between sex. Left coronary dominance and high frequency of myocardial bridges in M. gouazoubira are preponderant anatomical traits also present in different species of Ruminantia suborder. Coronary dominance studies in other South American deer species may confirm the correlation of this trait with the evolutionary history of these animals.(AU)

Mazama gouazoubira é um cervídeo com ampla distribuição no continente sul americano. Entretanto, estudos sobre suas características anatômicas, ainda, são escassos. Objetivou-se elucidar a circulação coronariana do M. gouazoubira. Para tal, foram dissecados 24 corações injetados com látex e conservados em formaldeído a 10%, obtidos de cadáveres recolhidos em rodovias. As dissecações revelaram que todos os espécimes apresentaram dominância coronariana esquerda, caracterizada pela origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a partir do ramo circunflexo da artéria coronária esquerda. O número de ramos ventriculares originados, a partir de ramos da artéria coronária esquerda, foi aproximadamente cinco vezes maior do que aquele da artéria coronária direita. A ocorrência de pontes de miocárdio foi registrada em 91,7% dos indivíduos, predominando as pontes sobre o ramo interventricular paraconal. O comprimento médio do sulco interventricular paraconal foi significativa-mente maior em machos (p = 0,02). O número de ramos atriais e ramos ventriculares, comprimento das pontes de miocárdio e comprimento do sulco interventricular subsinuoso, não variaram, significativamente, entre os sexos. A dominância corona-riana esquerda e a elevada frequência de pontes de miocárdio no M. gouazoubira são traços anatômicos preponderantes, tam-bém, em diferentes espécies da subordem Ruminantia. Estudos sobre dominância coronariana em outras espécies de cervídeos sul americanos poderão sugerir a correlação desta característica com a história evolutiva destes animais.(AU)

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...(AU)

Characterization of coronary arteries in Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla: Myrmecophagidae) / Caracterização da artéria coronária em tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla: Myrmecophagidae)]

Were used twelve (12) adult anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), adults, 6 (six) males and 6 (six) females, weighing from 20 to 27.32kg from free life. The thoracic cavity was opened until visualization of the whole heart and lungs and later injection of the coronary vessels. The right coronary artery emerged through a single coronary ostium of the aorta, 50%, emitting the intermediate branch and the subsinuous interventricular branch, had a path directed to the subsurface interventricular groove. In the other 50%, the right coronary artery was not present, showing only its branches, intermediate branch and subsurface interventricular branch with emergence of the aorta. Left coronary artery presented, in 83.33%, origin from the aorta in single ostium, issuing the circumflex and interventricular paraconal branches. In 16.66%, the left coronary artery was not evidenced originating from the aorta, but its branches, circumflex and interventricular paraconal.(AU)

Foram utilizados 12 tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), adultos, sendo seis machos e seis fêmeas, pesando de 20 a 27,32kg, provenientes de vida livre. Foi realizada abertura da cavidade torácica até a visualização do conjunto coração e pulmões e, posteriormente, injeção dos vasos coronários. A artéria coronária direita emergia, 50% dela, por um único óstio coronário da aorta, emitindo o ramo intermédio e o ramo interventricular subsinuoso; tinha trajeto direcionado ao sulco interventricular subsinuoso. Nos outros 50%, a artéria coronária direita não estava presente, exibindo somente seus ramos, ramo intermédio e ramo interventricular subsinuoso com emergência da aorta. A artéria coronária esquerda apresentou, em 83,33%, origem a partir da aorta em óstio único, emitindo os ramos circunflexo e interventricular paraconal. Em 16,66%, a artéria coronária esquerda não foi evidenciada originando-se da aorta, mas, sim, de seus ramos, circunflexo e interventricular paraconal.(AU)

Characterization of coronary arteries in Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla: Myrmecophagidae) / Caracterização da artéria coronária em tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla: Myrmecophagidae)]

Were used twelve (12) adult anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), adults, 6 (six) males and 6 (six) females, weighing from 20 to 27.32kg from free life. The thoracic cavity was opened until visualization of the whole heart and lungs and later injection of the coronary vessels. The right coronary artery emerged through a single coronary ostium of the aorta, 50%, emitting the intermediate branch and the subsinuous interventricular branch, had a path directed to the subsurface interventricular groove. In the other 50%, the right coronary artery was not present, showing only its branches, intermediate branch and subsurface interventricular branch with emergence of the aorta. Left coronary artery presented, in 83.33%, origin from the aorta in single ostium, issuing the circumflex and interventricular paraconal branches. In 16.66%, the left coronary artery was not evidenced originating from the aorta, but its branches, circumflex and interventricular paraconal.(AU)

Foram utilizados 12 tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), adultos, sendo seis machos e seis fêmeas, pesando de 20 a 27,32kg, provenientes de vida livre. Foi realizada abertura da cavidade torácica até a visualização do conjunto coração e pulmões e, posteriormente, injeção dos vasos coronários. A artéria coronária direita emergia, 50% dela, por um único óstio coronário da aorta, emitindo o ramo intermédio e o ramo interventricular subsinuoso; tinha trajeto direcionado ao sulco interventricular subsinuoso. Nos outros 50%, a artéria coronária direita não estava presente, exibindo somente seus ramos, ramo intermédio e ramo interventricular subsinuoso com emergência da aorta. A artéria coronária esquerda apresentou, em 83,33%, origem a partir da aorta em óstio único, emitindo os ramos circunflexo e interventricular paraconal. Em 16,66%, a artéria coronária esquerda não foi evidenciada originando-se da aorta, mas, sim, de seus ramos, circunflexo e interventricular paraconal.(AU)

Origin and distribution of the coronary arteries of boars / Origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias de javalis

The heart of a domestic swine is similar to that of a human regarding anatomy, blood perfusion, and distribution of nurturing arteries. In addition to the similarities, its low cost compared with other species is also one of the reasons these animals have been increasingly used in medical schools and in clinical, surgical, and pharmacological studies. Therefore, we aimed to identify the origin and distribution of the right and left coronary arteries of boars, emphasizing the configuration and macroscopic representativity of their branches while characterizing a possible dominance concerning the type of circulation and the potential use of this animal as an experimental model, hence boars are the ancestors of the domestic pigs. The left coronary artery has bifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch; or it has trifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch, the oblique branch, and into the left circumflex branch. The right coronary artery has originated the marginal branches to the right ventricle and the right circumflex branch, which has branched out in the subsinuous interventricular branch. Anastomoses have stood out among the paraconal and subsinuous interventricular branches ­ where a right dominant coronary artery occurred ­ and between the right and left circumflex branches. We concluded that the morphology and the distribution of the coronary arteries of boars resemble those of a human and, thus, our results are useful for the conception of experimental hemodynamics and possible use as process models.(AU)

O coração dos suínos domésticos apresenta semelhanças ao dos humanos mediante a anatomia, perfusão sanguínea e configuração da distribuição de suas artérias nutridoras. Tendo um menor custo para sua aquisição quando comparado a outras espécies, e dada sua similaridade apresentada, o uso desses animais nas escolas de medicina, em estudos clínicos, cirúrgicos e farmacológicos tem aumentado. Portanto, objetivou-se identificar a origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias direita e esquerda de javalis com ênfase na configuração e representatividade macroscópica dos ramos derivados das mesmas, caracterizando uma possível dominância quanto ao tipo de circulação e o potencial uso deste suídeo como modelo experimental, visto que são considerados ancestrais dos suínos domésticos. A artéria coronária esquerda bifurcou-se e deu origem aos ramos interventricular paraconal e circunflexo esquerdo, ou trifurcou-se nos ramos interventricular paraconal, oblíquo e circunflexo esquerdo. Já a artéria coronária direita deu origem aos ramos marginal para o ventrículo direito e circunflexo direito que, por sua vez, ramificou-se no ramo interventricular subsinuoso. Foram evidenciadas anastomoses entre os ramos interventriculares paraconal e subsinuoso, e entre os ramos circunflexos direito e esquerdo e, conforme tal origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a forma de dominância coronariana foi predominantemente direita. Conclui-se que a morfologia e distribuição das artérias coronárias de javalis se assemelham à do homem e, desse modo, nossos resultados são úteis para sua concepção da hemodinâmica experimental, e possível utilização como modelos processuais.(AU)

Origin and distribution of the coronary arteries of boars / Origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias de javalis

The heart of a domestic swine is similar to that of a human regarding anatomy, blood perfusion, and distribution of nurturing arteries. In addition to the similarities, its low cost compared with other species is also one of the reasons these animals have been increasingly used in medical schools and in clinical, surgical, and pharmacological studies. Therefore, we aimed to identify the origin and distribution of the right and left coronary arteries of boars, emphasizing the configuration and macroscopic representativity of their branches while characterizing a possible dominance concerning the type of circulation and the potential use of this animal as an experimental model, hence boars are the ancestors of the domestic pigs. The left coronary artery has bifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch; or it has trifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch, the oblique branch, and into the left circumflex branch. The right coronary artery has originated the marginal branches to the right ventricle and the right circumflex branch, which has branched out in the subsinuous interventricular branch. Anastomoses have stood out among the paraconal and subsinuous interventricular branches where a right dominant coronary artery occurred and between the right and left circumflex branches. We concluded that the morphology and the distribution of the coro

O coração dos suínos domésticos apresenta semelhanças ao dos humanos mediante a anatomia, perfusão sanguínea e configuração da distribuição de suas artérias nutridoras. Tendo um menor custo para sua aquisição quando comparado a outras espécies, e dada sua similaridade apresentada, o uso desses animais nas escolas de medicina, em estudos clínicos, cirúrgicos e farmacológicos tem aumentado. Portanto, objetivou-se identificar a origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias direita e esquerda de javalis com ênfase na configuração e representatividade macroscópica dos ramos derivados das mesmas, caracterizando uma possível dominância quanto ao tipo de circulação e o potencial uso deste suídeo como modelo experimental, visto que são considerados ancestrais dos suínos domésticos. A artéria coronária esquerda bifurcou-se e deu origem aos ramos interventricular paraconal e circunflexo esquerdo, ou trifurcouse nos ramos interventricular paraconal, oblíquo e circunflexo esquerdo. Já a artéria coronária direita deu origem aos ramos marginal para o ventrículo direito e circunflexo direito que, por sua vez, ramificou-se no ramo interventricular subsinuoso. Foram evidenciadas anastomoses entre os ramos interventriculares paraconal e subsinuoso, e entre os ramos circunflexos direito e esquerdo e, conforme tal origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a forma de dominância coronariana foi pre

Origin and distribution of the coronary arteries of boars / Origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias de javalis

The heart of a domestic swine is similar to that of a human regarding anatomy, blood perfusion, and distribution of nurturing arteries. In addition to the similarities, its low cost compared with other species is also one of the reasons these animals have been increasingly used in medical schools and in clinical, surgical, and pharmacological studies. Therefore, we aimed to identify the origin and distribution of the right and left coronary arteries of boars, emphasizing the configuration and macroscopic representativity of their branches while characterizing a possible dominance concerning the type of circulation and the potential use of this animal as an experimental model, hence boars are the ancestors of the domestic pigs. The left coronary artery has bifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch; or it has trifurcated into paraconal interventricular branch, the oblique branch, and into the left circumflex branch. The right coronary artery has originated the marginal branches to the right ventricle and the right circumflex branch, which has branched out in the subsinuous interventricular branch. Anastomoses have stood out among the paraconal and subsinuous interventricular branches where a right dominant coronary artery occurred and between the right and left circumflex branches. We concluded that the morphology and the distribution of the coro(AU)

O coração dos suínos domésticos apresenta semelhanças ao dos humanos mediante a anatomia, perfusão sanguínea e configuração da distribuição de suas artérias nutridoras. Tendo um menor custo para sua aquisição quando comparado a outras espécies, e dada sua similaridade apresentada, o uso desses animais nas escolas de medicina, em estudos clínicos, cirúrgicos e farmacológicos tem aumentado. Portanto, objetivou-se identificar a origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias direita e esquerda de javalis com ênfase na configuração e representatividade macroscópica dos ramos derivados das mesmas, caracterizando uma possível dominância quanto ao tipo de circulação e o potencial uso deste suídeo como modelo experimental, visto que são considerados ancestrais dos suínos domésticos. A artéria coronária esquerda bifurcou-se e deu origem aos ramos interventricular paraconal e circunflexo esquerdo, ou trifurcouse nos ramos interventricular paraconal, oblíquo e circunflexo esquerdo. Já a artéria coronária direita deu origem aos ramos marginal para o ventrículo direito e circunflexo direito que, por sua vez, ramificou-se no ramo interventricular subsinuoso. Foram evidenciadas anastomoses entre os ramos interventriculares paraconal e subsinuoso, e entre os ramos circunflexos direito e esquerdo e, conforme tal origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso(AU)

Myocardial ischemic post-conditioning protects the lung against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage by activating GSK-3

Purpose: To investigate whether modulating GSK-3 could attenuate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) induced acute lung injury (ALI) and analyze the underlying mechanism. Methods: Male SD rats were subjected to MIRI with or without myocardial ischemic post-conditioning in the presence or absence of GSK-3 inhibitor. GSK-3 inhibitor was injected peritoneally 10min before MIRI. Lung W/D weight ratio, MPO, PMNs, histopathological changes, TUNEL, Bax, Bcl-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GSK-3, and caspase-3 were evaluated in the lung tissues of all rats. Results: After MIRI, lung injury was significantly increased manifested as significant morphological changes and increased leukocytes in the interstitial capillaries, Lung W/D ratio, MPO, and PMN in BALF, which was associated with enhanced inflammation evidenced by increased expressions of IL-6, IL-8 and reduced expression of IL-10. MIRI significantly increased cell apoptosis in the lung as increased levels of apoptotosis, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and reduced expression of Bcl-2 was observed, which was concomitant with reduced p-GSK-3. All these changes were reversed/prevented by ischemic post-conditioning, while these beneficial effects of ischemic post-conditioning were abolished by GSK-3 inhibition. Conclusion: Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury induces acute lung injury by induction of inflammation and cell apoptosis. Ischemic post-conditioning protects the lung from ALI following MIRI by increasing p-GSK-3.(AU)

Variação nos tipos de irrigação do nodo sinoatrial em cães de diferentes raças / Variation in irrigation of the sinoatrial node in dogs of different breeds

Considerando a heterogeneidade anatômica e eletrofisiológica do nodo sinoatrial para a geração e propagação do potencial de ação, bem como as particularidades relacionadas a origem da sua irrigação sanguínea, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento das artérias envolvidas na irrigação do nodo sinoatrial em cães realizando uma análise descritiva e comparativa entre diferentes raças estudadas, detalhando a origem, o percurso e a ramescência dos vasos, assim como a eventual ocorrência de anastomoses. Ao todo analisamos resultados obtidos em 240 corações, os quais foram fixados em solução de formalina 10% e submetidos a diafanização de Spalteholz. A irrigação deste ocorre mediante colaterais oriundos do ramo circunflexo direito ou ramo circunflexo esquerdo, mostrando particularidades diferentes para cada raça. Assim, predominantemente, nas raças ora estudadas a irrigação arterial do nodo sinoatrial depende exclusivamente (63,6%), ou de anastomoses de colaterais da artéria coronária direita, havendo também participação dos ramo proximal atrial direito e intermédio atrial direito. Menos frequentemente (15,4%) o suprimento sanguíneo ocorre exclusivamente por conta do ramo proximal atrial esquerdo, oriundo do ramo circunflexo da artéria coronária esquerda. Os dados aqui apresentados sobre a origem da irrigação sanguínea do nodo sinoatrial e a ramescência dos vasos envolvidos nesta tarefa representam conhecimento fundamental para o desenvolvimento da clínica-cirúrgica em cães, da patologia e trabalhos de natureza experimental.(AU)

Considering the anatomical and electrophysiological heterogeneity of the sinoatrial node for generation and propagation of the action potential, as well as the particularities relating to the origin of blood nutrition, this study aimed to analyze the behavior of arteries involved in irrigation of the sinoatrial node in dogs performing a descriptive and comparative analysis between different breeds, with emphasis in the origin, pathway and branching of vessels, as well as the presence of anastomoses. Totally, 240 hearts were fixed in solution of formalin 10% and subjected to Spalteholz diaphanization. The vascularization of the sinoatrial node occurs by the right circumflex branch or left circumflex branch, showing several particularities according to the breed. Thus, predominantly in the studied breeds, the blood supply of the sinoatrial node depends exclusively (63.6%) or from anastomosis of the right coronary artery. There is also participation of right atrial proximal branch and right atrial intermediary branch. Less often (15.4%) the blood supply occurs exclusively from the left atrial proximal branch, which is a branch of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. In summary, our results related to the origin of the sinoatrial node blood nutrition and the branching of vessels involved on that represents a fundamental knowledge for the development and improvement of surgery in dogs, as well as for pathology and experimental research.(AU)

Variação nos tipos de irrigação do nodo sinoatrial em cães de diferentes raças / Variation in irrigation of the sinoatrial node in dogs of different breeds

Considerando a heterogeneidade anatômica e eletrofisiológica do nodo sinoatrial para a geração e propagação do potencial de ação, bem como as particularidades relacionadas a origem da sua irrigação sanguínea, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento das artérias envolvidas na irrigação do nodo sinoatrial em cães realizando uma análise descritiva e comparativa entre diferentes raças estudadas, detalhando a origem, o percurso e a ramescência dos vasos, assim como a eventual ocorrência de anastomoses. Ao todo analisamos resultados obtidos em 240 corações, os quais foram fixados em solução de formalina 10% e submetidos a diafanização de Spalteholz. A irrigação deste ocorre mediante colaterais oriundos do ramo circunflexo direito ou ramo circunflexo esquerdo, mostrando particularidades diferentes para cada raça. Assim, predominantemente, nas raças ora estudadas a irrigação arterial do nodo sinoatrial depende exclusivamente (63,6%), ou de anastomoses de colaterais da artéria coronária direita, havendo também participação dos ramo proximal atrial direito e intermédio atrial direito. Menos frequentemente (15,4%) o suprimento sanguíneo ocorre exclusivamente por conta do ramo proximal atrial esquerdo, oriundo do ramo circunflexo da artéria coronária esquerda. Os dados aqui apresentados sobre a origem da irrigação sanguínea do nodo sinoatrial e a ramescência dos vasos envolvidos nesta tarefa representam conhecimento fundamental para o desenvolvimento da clínica-cirúrgica em cães, da patologia e trabalhos de natureza experimental.(AU)

Considering the anatomical and electrophysiological heterogeneity of the sinoatrial node for generation and propagation of the action potential, as well as the particularities relating to the origin of blood nutrition, this study aimed to analyze the behavior of arteries involved in irrigation of the sinoatrial node in dogs performing a descriptive and comparative analysis between different breeds, with emphasis in the origin, pathway and branching of vessels, as well as the presence of anastomoses. Totally, 240 hearts were fixed in solution of formalin 10% and subjected to Spalteholz diaphanization. The vascularization of the sinoatrial node occurs by the right circumflex branch or left circumflex branch, showing several particularities according to the breed. Thus, predominantly in the studied breeds, the blood supply of the sinoatrial node depends exclusively (63.6%) or from anastomosis of the right coronary artery. There is also participation of right atrial proximal branch and right atrial intermediary branch. Less often (15.4%) the blood supply occurs exclusively from the left atrial proximal branch, which is a branch of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. In summary, our results related to the origin of the sinoatrial node blood nutrition and the branching of vessels involved on that represents a fundamental knowledge for the development and improvement of surgery in dogs, as well as for pathology and experimental research.(AU)

Doença vestibular central por infarto isquêmico secundário a hipotireoidismo em cão / Central vestibular disease due to ischemic stroke secondary to hypothyroidism in a dog

Background: Hypothyroidism in dogs can cause lethargy, weight gain, dermatological signs and, uncommonly, neurological signs. These may involve the peripheral or central nervous system, leading to a decreased level of consciousness, central or peripheral vestibular disease, epileptic seizures, cognitive dysfunction, facial nerve paralysis, laryngeal paralysis, and polyneuropathy. There are few cases reported in the literature relating hypothyroidism and central vestibular disease. The aim of this study was to report a case of a stroke secondary to hypothyroidism that resulted in central vestibular syndrome in a dog. Case: A 13-year-old female Pitbull, weighting 37 kg, was referred to a Veterinary University Hospital with a two weeks history of dyspnea, coughing and walking difficulty. On neurological examination, the animal presented vertical nystagmus, somnolence, non-ambulatory tetraparesis, decreased postural reaction in all limbs and normal spinal reflexes. The laboratory exams revealed a mild leukocytosis and increased creatinine, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Due to historical, clinical, neurological and laboratory tests findings, the animal was diagnosed with central vestibular syndrome secondary to an intracranial neoplasm. Clinical treatment was instituted with corticosteroids, however the animal did not respond and died. On necropsy, the heart was enlarged and coronary arteries were thicker. No macroscopic changes were found in the brain. On histological analysis, the coronary arteries were congest by lipids that almost occluded the arterial lumen. The same alteration were found in splenic and renal arterioles, and in the brain’s leptomeninges. Also in the brain, it was observed perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells and focal gliosis. The thyroid was atrophied and fibrosed bilaterally. Therefore, those changes were compatible with atherosclerosis secondary to hypothyroidism...

Doença vestibular central por infarto isquêmico secundário a hipotireoidismo em cão / Central vestibular disease due to ischemic stroke secondary to hypothyroidism in a dog

Background: Hypothyroidism in dogs can cause lethargy, weight gain, dermatological signs and, uncommonly, neurological signs. These may involve the peripheral or central nervous system, leading to a decreased level of consciousness, central or peripheral vestibular disease, epileptic seizures, cognitive dysfunction, facial nerve paralysis, laryngeal paralysis, and polyneuropathy. There are few cases reported in the literature relating hypothyroidism and central vestibular disease. The aim of this study was to report a case of a stroke secondary to hypothyroidism that resulted in central vestibular syndrome in a dog. Case: A 13-year-old female Pitbull, weighting 37 kg, was referred to a Veterinary University Hospital with a two weeks history of dyspnea, coughing and walking difficulty. On neurological examination, the animal presented vertical nystagmus, somnolence, non-ambulatory tetraparesis, decreased postural reaction in all limbs and normal spinal reflexes. The laboratory exams revealed a mild leukocytosis and increased creatinine, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Due to historical, clinical, neurological and laboratory tests findings, the animal was diagnosed with central vestibular syndrome secondary to an intracranial neoplasm. Clinical treatment was instituted with corticosteroids, however the animal did not respond and died. On necropsy, the heart was enlarged and coronary arteries were thicker. No macroscopic changes were found in the brain. On histological analysis, the coronary arteries were congest by lipids that almost occluded the arterial lumen. The same alteration were found in splenic and renal arterioles, and in the brains leptomeninges. Also in the brain, it was observed perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells and focal gliosis. The thyroid was atrophied and fibrosed bilaterally. Therefore, those changes were compatible with atherosclerosis secondary to hypothyroidism...(AU)

Patterns of arterial vascularization in swine hearts / Padrões de vascularização arterial em corações de suínos

This study aimed to characterize the patterns of arterial vascularization in swine hearts. Ninety swine hearts were submitted to the Spalteholz diaphanization technique in order to dissect the coronary arteries. Three types of arterial vascularization patterns were characterized through the behaviorof the rami circumflexus and interventricularis, namely: balanced, right and left types. The balanced pattern was the most frequently (42.2%); in this case, the rami circumflexus and interventricularis occupied their respective sulci. The right type (40%) was further categorized into three vascularization subtypes. In the first, ramus circumflexus dexter branched from the ramus interventricularis subsinuosus. In the second, the arteria coronaria dextra branched from ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus. In the third model, arteria coronaria sinister branched from ramus interventricularis paraconalis. The left type (17.7%) exhibited two subtypes. In the first, ramus interventricularis paraconalis ran through the entire corresponding sulcus and the ventral third of sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus, and ramus interventricularis subsinuosus occupied the dorsal and middle third of its respective sulcus. In the second, ramus interventricularis subsinuosus branched from arteria coronaria dextra and ran through the dorsal and medium thirds of its respective sulcus, and the ventral third was occupied by the collateral branch of ramus circumflexus sinister. Our results reinforce the thesis that the blood distribution system through the coronary artery in swine is similar to human, not only in qualitative but also by a quantitative comparison.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os padrões de vascularização arterial em corações de suínos. Para tanto, 90 corações de suínos foram submetidos à técnica de diafanização de Spalteholz com a finalidade de dissecar as artérias coronárias. Através do comportamento dos rami circumflexus e interventricularis caracterizou-se três modalidades de vascularização arterial do coração de suínos, sendo eles os tipos equilibrado, direito e esquerdo. O equilibrado foi observado com maior frequência (42,2%), neste caso os rami circumflexus e interventricularis das artérias coronárias ocupavam seus respectivos sulcos. O tipo direito (40%) apresentou três subtipos de vascularização. No primeiro o ramus circumflexus dexter ramificava-se formando o ramus interventricularis subsinuosus. No segundo, a arteria coronaria dextra emitia o ramus interventricularis subsinuosus e ramus circunflexus. E no terceiro modelo, da arteria coronaria sinistra emergia o ramus interventricularis paraconalis. O tipo esquerdo (17,7%) apresentou dois subtipos. No primeiro, o ramus interventricularis paraconalis percorria todo o sulco correspondente e o terço ventral do sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus, o ramus interventricularis subsinuosus ocupava os terços dorsal e médio do seu respectivo sulco. No segundo, o ramus interventricularis subsinuosus oriundo da arteria coronaria dextra percorria apenas os terços dorsal e médio do seu respectivo sulco, ficando o terço ventral ocupado por colateral do ramus circumflexus sinister. Nossos resultados reforçam a tese de que a distribuição do suprimento sanguíneo pela artéria coronária em suínos é semelhante ao humano, não apenas de maneira qualitativa, mas também do ponto de vista quantitativo.(AU)

Descrição morfológica do coração e dos vasos da base do jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare Daudin, 1802) proveniente de zoocriadouro / Morphological description of heart and large vessels of the jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare Daudin, 1802) from a crocodile breeding Center

Com este estudo objetivou-se descrever os aspectos anatômicos e histológicos do coração do jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare), proveniente de zoocriadouro. Para tanto, estudou-se 13 exemplares da espécie, os quais foram perfundidos, conservados em solução de formaldeído a 10% e submetidos às técnicas anatômicas específicas. O coração foi separado e amostras foram colhidas e submetidas à avaliação histológica. Macroscopicamente o coração é tetracavitário, e além de dois átrios e dois ventrículos, apresenta uma estrutura denominada cone arterial, do qual emergem os vasos da base do coração. Foram identificadas duas aortas, direita e esquerda, sendo que a esquerda emerge do ventrículo direito e se comunica com o tronco sistêmico direito por meio do forame de Panizza. Histologicamente o coração possui epicárdio, miocárdio e endocárdio típicos. Concluímos que a histologia do coração, no jacaré-do-pantanal, é semelhante à de outras espécies de répteis. Contudo, anatomicamente apresenta particularidades importantes, as quais representam, possivelmente, adaptações que permitiram a perpetuação da espécie.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe anatomical and histological aspects of the heart of Caiman yacare from a crocodile breeding center. For this purpose, we have chosen and further studied 13 specimens which were perfused and preserved in a 10% formaldehyde solution and they were subjected to the specific anatomical techniques. The heart was separated and samples were collected and submitted to the specific histological procedures. Macroscopically, the heart is four-chambered and besides two atria and two ventricles, has a structure called arterial cone from which the large vessels of the heart emerge. Two aortas, left and right, were identified. The left aorta emerges from the right ventricle and communicates with the systemic trunk through the Foramen of Panizza. From a histological point of view, the heart is typically composed of epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. According to these observations, it is assumed that the histology of the heart of "Jacaré-do-Pantanal" is similar to other species of reptiles. However, there are some anatomic particularities, which possibly represent the adaptations allowing the perpetuation of the species.(AU)

Descrição morfológica do coração e dos vasos da base do jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare Daudin, 1802) proveniente de zoocriadouro / Morphological description of heart and large vessels of the jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare Daudin, 1802) from a crocodile breeding Center

Com este estudo objetivou-se descrever os aspectos anatômicos e histológicos do coração do jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare), proveniente de zoocriadouro. Para tanto, estudou-se 13 exemplares da espécie, os quais foram perfundidos, conservados em solução de formaldeído a 10% e submetidos às técnicas anatômicas específicas. O coração foi separado e amostras foram colhidas e submetidas à avaliação histológica. Macroscopicamente o coração é tetracavitário, e além de dois átrios e dois ventrículos, apresenta uma estrutura denominada cone arterial, do qual emergem os vasos da base do coração. Foram identificadas duas aortas, direita e esquerda, sendo que a esquerda emerge do ventrículo direito e se comunica com o tronco sistêmico direito por meio do forame de Panizza. Histologicamente o coração possui epicárdio, miocárdio e endocárdio típicos. Concluímos que a histologia do coração, no jacaré-do-pantanal, é semelhante à de outras espécies de répteis. Contudo, anatomicamente apresenta particularidades importantes, as quais representam, possivelmente, adaptações que permitiram a perpetuação da espécie.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe anatomical and histological aspects of the heart of Caiman yacare from a crocodile breeding center. For this purpose, we have chosen and further studied 13 specimens which were perfused and preserved in a 10% formaldehyde solution and they were subjected to the specific anatomical techniques. The heart was separated and samples were collected and submitted to the specific histological procedures. Macroscopically, the heart is four-chambered and besides two atria and two ventricles, has a structure called arterial cone from which the large vessels of the heart emerge. Two aortas, left and right, were identified. The left aorta emerges from the right ventricle and communicates with the systemic trunk through the Foramen of Panizza. From a histological point of view, the heart is typically composed of epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. According to these observations, it is assumed that the histology of the heart of "Jacaré-do-Pantanal" is similar to other species of reptiles. However, there are some anatomic particularities, which possibly represent the adaptations allowing the perpetuation of the species.(AU)

Pontes de miocárdio em corações de suínos (SUS domesticus) e suas possíveis influências sobre lesões ateroscleróticas em artérias coronárias / Myocardial bridge of pigs (Sus domesticus) hearts associated with lesions of coronary arteries

Seek, therefore, to analyze in adults and young pigs, under light microscopy, the morphological characteristics of the coronary arterial branches under of the myocardial bridges, as well as the prepontine and postpontine segments, attempting to establish morphofunctional correlations between these. Was used for the study 40 pig hearts, all mongrel females, being 20 young and 20 adults, all with myocardial bridges, of which were removed prepontine, pontine and postpontine segments of the coronary arteries, together with the surrounding tissue. The segments were submitted with usual techniques of the light microscopy and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Changes were observed in tunica intima, such as thickening, cells with clear cytoplasm, disruption and duplication of the limiting internal elastic lamina. The statistical test was significant for the position in adult pigs, confirming that there is a highter frequency of lesions in prepontine segment of the tunica intima of the coronary arteries when compared with the pontine and postpontine segments. The statistical test confirmed variation in the lesions frequency between sample studied, being highter in young animals when compared with adult animals. For the young animals, the test was not significant for the variable positions between of the segments compared with each other. There is statistically a highter occurrence of atherosclerotic lesions which precedes the myocardial bridge in relation to the others segments studied.

Buscou-se analisar em suínos jovens e adultos, sob microscopia de luz, as características morfológicas dos ramos arteriais coronarianos sob as pontes de miocárdio, bem como dos segmentos pré-pontino e pós-pontino, na tentativa de estabelecer correlações morfofuncionais entre eles. Foram utilizados 40 corações de suínos para a pesquisa, todos fêmeas sem raça definida, sendo 20 jovens e 20 adultos, todos portadores de pontes de miocárdio, dos quais foram retirados fragmentos pré-pontino, pontino e pós-pontino de ramos da artéria coronária direita e esquerda, junto com o tecido circunjacente. Os segmentos foram submetidos às técnicas habituais da microscopia de luz e corados pela hematoxilina-eosina. Observou-se alterações da íntima, tais como espessamentos, células com citoplasma claro, ruptura e/ou duplicação da lâmina limitante elástica interna. O teste estatístico se mostrou significativo para posição em suínos adultos, confirmando que existe uma maior frequência de lesões no segmento pré-pontino da túnica íntima das artérias coronárias quando comparado com o segmento pontino e com o pós-pontino. O mesmo teste confirmou uma variação na frequência de lesões entre as amostras estudadas, sendo maior em animais jovens quando defrontado com animais adultos. Paraos animais jovens, o teste não se apresentou significativo para a variável posição entre nenhum dos segmentos comparados entre si. Concluiu-se, estatisticamente, uma maior ocorrência de lesões ateroscleróticas nos segmentos arteriais que antecedem a ponte de miocárdio em relação aos demais segmentos estudados.