Trypanosoma evansi in horses from Colombia - associated infection factors

Background: Trypanosoma evansi is the most common protozoan in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, due to its ability to maintain and be transmitted by vectors such as Stomoxys spp. and Tabanus spp. This protozoan causes high morbidity and mortality rates in horses in African, American and Asian countries. In the years 2021 and 2022, a high mortality rate was reported among horses with symptoms associated with Trypanosoma spp. in the municipality of Arauca, department of Arauca, Colombia. The investigation described here was therefore carried out, seeking to identify the pathogens and risk factors that led to the death of the horses in this region of Colombia. Cases: Blood samples were collected from Colombian criollo horses and dogs, as were samples of ticks, flies and horseflies that infested the horses. A variety of tissue samples were removed from the horses a few min after their death for histopathological analysis. Two questionnaires were applied to obtain information about the horses and the environment in which they live. The results of the clinical examination revealed pale mucous membranes, jaundice, high fever, dehydration and lethargy. The horses were also infested with Amblyomma mixtum (17.6%) and Dermacentor nitens (82.4%) ticks, and with Tabanus pungens (74%), Tabanus spp. (26%), and Stomoxys calcitrans flies (100%), while the dogs were infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (77.7%) and Amblyomma mixtum (22.2%) ticks. The blood smear test results revealed the presence of Trypanosoma spp. in 66.6% (n = 4) of the horse blood samples, and in 50% (n = 1) of the dog blood samples. PCR performed to identify the Trypanosoma species confirmed the presence of T. evansi. Histological examination of the spleen revealed the involvement and dissemination of T. evansi in the tissues. The horses also showed the presence of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV). Discussion: This is the first updated specific report of T. evansi in criollo horses in the savannah flood zone of the municipality of Arauca, Colombia. The main risk associated with T. evansi infection in horses was found to be infestation with the natural vector T. pungens and the mechanical vector S. calcitrans, which are efficient ectoparasites for the transmission of this parasite. The presence of T. evansi in dogs represents a constant risk to horses, because dogs may serve as a reservoir for the maintenance of the hemoparasite in the population under study. Another risk factor for horses could be the presence of vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), a species of bat that has been described as a vector and reservoir of T. evansi in Colombia. The presence of EIAV antibodies in the horses under study can be attributed to the exposure of sick horses to vectors of this virus, such as Tabanus spp., S. calcitrans and inanimate needle-shaped fomites. This is the first study that identifies the coinfection of T. evansi and EIAV in horses in the floodplain region of Colombia. In view of the importance of these 2 pathologies to the health of horses, a greater number of tests and a larger animal population will be required to determine if this coinfection is the cause of the death of criollo horses in this region of Colombia. Lastly, the owners reported that pharmacological control with trypanocides has not been successful in most of the outbreaks that occurred during the years 2021 and 2022. This may suggest that Trypanosoma evansi is developing resistance to these drugs; therefore, specific studies will be required in the future to test this hypothesis.

Bovine landscape genetics in Brazil

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore spatial genetic structure patterns in cattle breeds adapted to local conditions in Brazil. We georeferenced 876 animals of ten breeds raised in Brazil kept in the Genebank of Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) by sample locations using the QGIS 2.4.0 software. The Mantel tests, spatial autocorrelation, and Monmonier tests were performed. The distances for spatial correlation tests ranged from 5 to 15 classes. The results indicated genetic discontinuities in cattle breeds from the Midwest, South, and Southeast of the country. Correlation between genetic and geographic distance was low, but significant. The Monmonier Maximum Distance Algorithm indicated an initial subdivision of Curraleiro and then Pantaneiro from the other breeds. In another subdivision, Criollo, Mocho Nacional, and Caracu were grouped. Genetic discontinuity was observed beyond 431 km, the minimum sampling distance between populations for conservation purposes.

Bovine landscape genetics in Brazil

The aim of this study was to explore spatial genetic structure patterns in cattle breeds adapted to local conditions in Brazil. We georeferenced 876 animals of ten breeds raised in Brazil kept in the Genebank of Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) by sample locations using the QGIS 2.4.0 software. The Mantel tests, spatial autocorrelation, and Monmonier tests were performed. The distances for spatial correlation tests ranged from 5 to 15 classes. The results indicated genetic discontinuities in cattle breeds from the Midwest, South, and Southeast of the country. Correlation between genetic and geographic distance was low, but significant. The Monmonier Maximum Distance Algorithm indicated an initial subdivision of Curraleiro and then Pantaneiro from the other breeds. In another subdivision, Criollo, Mocho Nacional, and Caracu were grouped. Genetic discontinuity was observed beyond 431 km, the minimum sampling distance between populations for conservation purposes.(AU)

Effects of breed, age and gender on equine platelet rich plasma and correlation of platelet count with its physical aspect / [Efeitos de raça, idade e gênero sobre o plasma rico em plaquetas em equinos e correlação da contagem plaquetária com seu aspecto físico]

Platelet rich plasma samples from 50 healthy horses of five different breeds (Thoroughbreds - TB, Brazilian Criollo Horses - BCH, Brazilian Sport Horses - BSH, Miniature Horses - MH and Crossbred Horses - CB), were investigated as to breed, age, and gender effect for platelet concentration. Moreover, a score for physical analysis was established to correlate PRP physical aspect with platelet count. Platelet count was performed by an automatic hematology analyzer and by manual count. PRP physical analysis was based on color, aspect, and capacity to separate blood components. MH showed significant higher platelet concentration than BSH (p<0.05), while the other breed comparisons showed no significant difference. There was no significant difference for gender but there was a weak correlation of age with PRP platelet concentrations (rs = -0.24). Most of the PRP presented yellow color, the separation of blood components showed no correlation, but the aspect showed a moderate correlation (rs = 0.30) with platelet count. Results suggest that PRP platelet concentration can be influenced by intrinsic factors such as breed. Additionally, the analysis of PRP aspect can help to evaluate the quality of the product when there is no access to platelet counts.

Amostras de plasma rico em plaquetas de 50 cavalos saudáveis, de cinco raças diferentes (Puro Sangue de Corrida, Crioula, Brasileiro de Hipismo, Pônei Brasileiro e sem raça definida), foram investigadas quanto à concentração plaquetária em relação à raça, à idade e ao sexo. Além disso, um escore foi estabelecido para correlacionar o aspecto físico do PRP com a contagem plaquetária. A contagem celular foi realizada por um analisador hematológico automático e pelo método manual. A análise física baseou-se na cor, no aspecto e na capacidade de separar hemocomponentes. Pôneis tiveram concentração plaquetária significativamente maior que os Brasileiros de Hipismo (P<0,05), mas as demais comparações entre raças não apresentaram diferença quanto à contagem plaquetária. Não houve diferença para o gênero, mas a idade demonstrou correlação fraca com as concentrações plaquetárias do PRP (rs = -0,24). A maioria dos PRPs apresentaram coloração amarela, e a separação dos hemocomponentes não mostrou correlação com a contagem plaquetária, mas o aspecto apresentou uma correlação moderada (rs = 0,30). Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a concentração plaquetária do PRP pode ser influenciada por fatores intrínsecos, como a raça. Além disso, a análise do aspecto do PRP pode ajudar na avaliação da qualidade do produto quando não há acesso à contagem plaquetária.

Bovine landscape genetics in Brazil

The aim of this study was to explore spatial genetic structure patterns in cattle breeds adapted to local conditions in Brazil. We georeferenced 876 animals of ten breeds raised in Brazil kept in the Genebank of Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) by sample locations using the QGIS 2.4.0 software. The Mantel tests, spatial autocorrelation, and Monmonier tests were performed. The distances for spatial correlation tests ranged from 5 to 15 classes. The results indicated genetic discontinuities in cattle breeds from the Midwest, South, and Southeast of the country. Correlation between genetic and geographic distance was low, but significant. The Monmonier Maximum Distance Algorithm indicated an initial subdivision of Curraleiro and then Pantaneiro from the other breeds. In another subdivision, Criollo, Mocho Nacional, and Caracu were grouped. Genetic discontinuity was observed beyond 431 km, the minimum sampling distance between populations for conservation purposes.

Effects of daily curve and age on intraocular pressure in Criollo horses / Efeitos da curva diária e da idade na pressão intraocular em cavalos Crioulos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy Criollo horses using a rebound tonometer throughout the day. In addition, assessments were made in horses of different ages. Twenty-seven horses, male and female, were divided into three groups by age: Group I (3-5 years old), Group II (6-8 years old), and Group III: (9-16 years old). Ophthalmic examinations were performed using the Schirmer tear test, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein test and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Seven measurements of IOP were assessed on the same day (at 6:00 am, 9:00 am, 12:00 am, 3:00 pm, 6:00 pm, 9:00 pm and 00:00 pm). A t-test was used when there were two groups of comparisons and ANOVA was used to detect differences in IOP between measurement times and between age categories. The average IOP was 28.4 ± 3.7 mmHg for all eyes. The mean IOP for Groups I, II and III were 29.2 ± 3.5, 28.4 ± 4.3 and 27.7 ± 3.2 mmHg, respectively. There was no statistically difference between right and left eyes. There was a significant difference between Group I and Group III (P = 0.008). There were no statistically significant differences between measurements recorded at different times of the day (P = 0.560). The IOP was not influenced by the circadian rhythm, but older horses showed reduced IOP.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a pressão intraocular (PIO) com um tonômetro rebote em cavalos da raça Crioula ao longo do dia. Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações em cavalos de diferentes idades. Vinte e sete cavalos, machos ou fêmeas foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a idade: Grupo I (3 a 5 anos), Grupo II (6 a 8 anos) e Grupo III (9 a 16 anos). O exame oftálmico incluiu teste da lágrima de Schirmer, biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda, prova da fluoresceína e oftalmoscopia indireta. Sete medidas de PIO foram realizadas no mesmo dia (às 6h, 9h, 12h, 15h, 18h, 21h e 24h). O teste t foi usado quando havia dois grupos de comparações e a análise de variância (ANOVA) foi usada para detectar diferenças na PIO entre os momentos de medição e entre as categorias de idade. A PIO média foi de 28,4 ± 3,7 mmHg para todos os olhos. A PIO média dos grupos I, II e III foi de 29,2 ± 3,5, 28,4 ± 4,3 e 27,7 ± 3,2 mmHg, respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatística entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. Houve diferença entre o grupo I e o grupo III (P = 0,008). Não houve diferença entre as medidas registradas em diferentes momentos do dia (P = 0,560). A PIO aferida com tonômetro de rebote em cavalos da raça Crioula saudáveis não sofreu influência da hora do dia em que foi realizada, mas foi menor em equinos mais velhos.

Changes in cholesterol, triglycerides and body composition in pregnant mares

Background: Mares are very different from other species during pregnancy, and studies on the physiologicalchanges of this period are important. During late pregnancy, the distribution of weight and body fat are oftenused as indicators of adequate nutrition. This is a physiological period that results in an increase in metabolicdemand. There is a tendency for the Criollo breed to have a higher body condition score that becomes moreevident during pregnancy, a period when mares tend to gain more weight. The current study monitored serumcholesterol and triglyceride levels in pregnant mares during late gestation to determine a possible correlationwith the distribution of fat or body weight.Materials, Methods & Results: Four body parameters of 34 Criollo-type mares in late gestation were evaluated: body weight measured with a weight scale, body weight using a commercial weight tape, total body fatand fat thickness and the serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. The fat thickness was measuredin an ultrasound device and the prediction of total body fat was calculated using an equation. According to thedays prior foaling, biometric monitoring and blood collection were carried out in five periods: F-90 (± 90 daysprior to foaling) n = 33; F-60 (± 60 days prior to foaling) n = 33; F-30 (± 30 days prior to foaling) n = 31; F-15(± 15 days prior to foaling) n = 29 and Foaling (at day of foaling) n = 14. Mares were monitored daily andaccompanied foaling was also performed, ensuring collection at the right time. Comparisons of means wereperformed between variables in addition to the Pearson correlation test. Statistical significance was establishedat P 0.05). Astrong positive correlation was observed between the average weights (P < 0.001). The fat thickness showeda correlation between the weights (P < 0.01). There was no correlation with...

Effects of daily curve and age on intraocular pressure in Criollo horses / Efeitos da curva diária e da idade na pressão intraocular em cavalos Crioulos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy Criollo horses using a rebound tonometer throughout the day. In addition, assessments were made in horses of different ages. Twenty-seven horses, male and female, were divided into three groups by age: Group I (3-5 years old), Group II (6-8 years old), and Group III: (9-16 years old). Ophthalmic examinations were performed using the Schirmer tear test, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein test and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Seven measurements of IOP were assessed on the same day (at 6:00 am, 9:00 am, 12:00 am, 3:00 pm, 6:00 pm, 9:00 pm and 00:00 pm). A t-test was used when there were two groups of comparisons and ANOVA was used to detect differences in IOP between measurement times and between age categories. The average IOP was 28.4 ± 3.7 mmHg for all eyes. The mean IOP for Groups I, II and III were 29.2 ± 3.5, 28.4 ± 4.3 and 27.7 ± 3.2 mmHg, respectively. There was no statistically difference between right and left eyes. There was a significant difference between Group I and Group III (P = 0.008). There were no statistically significant differences between measurements recorded at different times of the day (P = 0.560). The IOP was not influenced by the circadian rhythm, but older horses showed reduced IOP.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a pressão intraocular (PIO) com um tonômetro rebote em cavalos da raça Crioula ao longo do dia. Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações em cavalos de diferentes idades. Vinte e sete cavalos, machos ou fêmeas foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a idade: Grupo I (3 a 5 anos), Grupo II (6 a 8 anos) e Grupo III (9 a 16 anos). O exame oftálmico incluiu teste da lágrima de Schirmer, biomicroscopia com lâmpada de fenda, prova da fluoresceína e oftalmoscopia indireta. Sete medidas de PIO foram realizadas no mesmo dia (às 6h, 9h, 12h, 15h, 18h, 21h e 24h). O teste t foi usado quando havia dois grupos de comparações e a análise de variância (ANOVA) foi usada para detectar diferenças na PIO entre os momentos de medição e entre as categorias de idade. A PIO média foi de 28,4 ± 3,7 mmHg para todos os olhos. A PIO média dos grupos I, II e III foi de 29,2 ± 3,5, 28,4 ± 4,3 e 27,7 ± 3,2 mmHg, respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatística entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. Houve diferença entre o grupo I e o grupo III (P = 0,008). Não houve diferença entre as medidas registradas em diferentes momentos do dia (P = 0,560). A PIO aferida com tonômetro de rebote em cavalos da raça Crioula saudáveis não sofreu influência da hora do dia em que foi realizada, mas foi menor em equinos mais velhos.(AU)

Changes in cholesterol, triglycerides and body composition in pregnant mares

Background: Mares are very different from other species during pregnancy, and studies on the physiologicalchanges of this period are important. During late pregnancy, the distribution of weight and body fat are oftenused as indicators of adequate nutrition. This is a physiological period that results in an increase in metabolicdemand. There is a tendency for the Criollo breed to have a higher body condition score that becomes moreevident during pregnancy, a period when mares tend to gain more weight. The current study monitored serumcholesterol and triglyceride levels in pregnant mares during late gestation to determine a possible correlationwith the distribution of fat or body weight.Materials, Methods & Results: Four body parameters of 34 Criollo-type mares in late gestation were evaluated: body weight measured with a weight scale, body weight using a commercial weight tape, total body fatand fat thickness and the serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. The fat thickness was measuredin an ultrasound device and the prediction of total body fat was calculated using an equation. According to thedays prior foaling, biometric monitoring and blood collection were carried out in five periods: F-90 (± 90 daysprior to foaling) n = 33; F-60 (± 60 days prior to foaling) n = 33; F-30 (± 30 days prior to foaling) n = 31; F-15(± 15 days prior to foaling) n = 29 and Foaling (at day of foaling) n = 14. Mares were monitored daily andaccompanied foaling was also performed, ensuring collection at the right time. Comparisons of means wereperformed between variables in addition to the Pearson correlation test. Statistical significance was establishedat P < 0.05. There was no difference in relation to the period in body composition measurements (P > 0.05). Astrong positive correlation was observed between the average weights (P < 0.001). The fat thickness showeda correlation between the weights (P < 0.01). There was no correlation with...(AU)

Complete avulsion of the hoof capsule and subsequent testicular degeneration in a criollo stallion

Background: Complete avulsion of the hoof in horses, also known as exungulation, is not a commonly reported injury and usually leads to euthanasia due to the great amount of tissue loss, intense pain, secondary complications, expensive and lengthy treatment. It can involve deep structures and cause different complications leading to chronic lameness. In stallions affected by such injury, the reproductive tract and performance may also be affected. The aim of this study was to report a case of complete avulsion of the right front hoof in a Criollo stallion and subsequent bilateral testicular degeneration. Case: A 10-year-old Criollo stallion was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV- UFPel) with a complete avulsion of the left front hoof. At admission, the stallion had clinical parameters compatible with intense pain and blood loss. Evaluation of the wound demonstrated that the distal end of the third phalanx (P3) was exposed but no fracture was detected on radiological evaluation. No other structure was apparently affected. Initially, anti-inflammatory (phenylbutazone) and opioid (morphine) was given for pain control and supportive fluid therapy was started to restore hydration. Antibiotic (Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim) was administered for 10 days. Continued therapy with phenylbutazone, pentoxifylline, omeprazole and supplementation with methionine, biotin and zinc was also given. Local treatment was carried out by cleaning the wound, applying an antimicrobial ointment and dressing it with a bandage. Wound management was adapted according to the evolution and healing process. The stallion was kept in stall rest during its hospitalization time. In the second month after the injury, accumulation of liquid in the scrotum was observed. Clinical and ultrasound evaluation lead to a presumptive diagnosis of testicular degeneration. The stallion was discharged after three months when the wound was almost healed and the hoof had started to grow. Six month later, a follow up by the referring vet showed that the hoof was almost completely grown and the x-ray assessment demonstrated a dorsal rotation and resorption of the distal end of the third phalanx. Discussion: The stallion of this report had a complete avulsion of the hoof capsule caused by trauma. Conservative treatment was established including wound cleaning and dressing to avoid contamination, control of pain and inflammation, antimicrobial care and supplementation to support hoof growth. Time period for wound healing and hoof growth was in agreement with other cases described previously. Bone sequestrum of the distal end of the third phalanx, and detachment of a fragment were observed in this case, followed by bone resorption. The stallion was closely monitored to prevent laminitis in the contralateral limb and no alterations were detected during the treatment period. Testicular degeneration was observed, probably caused as a consequence of hoof avulsion and due to a long period of stall rest. Degenerative alterations in testicles interfere with thermoregulation and spermatogenesis, affecting semen quality and reproductive performance. Rotation of the third phalanx was also observed six months later caused by the hoof loss. In conclusion, the patient of this report had a complete regrowth of the hoof capsule although a long intensive treatment was necessary to achieve this result. As a consequence, testicles degeneration may happen impairing its function as a stallion.(AU)

Outcome of a ceratohyiodectomy in a criollo mare with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Background: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is a progressive disease that causes acute onset of peripheral vestibular signs with or without facial paralysis. Ankylosis of temporhyoid joint occurs which predispose to fractures of theinvolved bones and consequently causes the commonly neurological signs observed. Clinical signs vary depending on thestage of the disease and the nerves affected. Surgical treatment is advised to improve survival rates in which the ceratohyoidectomy is currently known as the most advantageous. The aim of the present study is to report a case and outcome ofa ceratohyoidectomy procedure in a Criollo mare presenting THO of the right temporohyoid joint.Case: A 17-year-old Criollo mare was referred to the Equine Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas witha 5-day history of facial paralysis on the right side, head tilt and difficulty to chew and swallow. Auricular, palpebraland labial ptosis along with deviation of the lip and nostril to the left were observed. A corneal ulcer was also identifiedin the right eye. Complementary imaging exams (endoscopy of the guttural pouches and radiography of the head) wereperformed and showed thickening of the right stylohyoid bone confirming a diagnosis of THO. Anti-inflammatory andantibiotic therapy were administered and the corneal ulcer was treated with topical antibiotics and autologous serum. Dueto rapid deterioration of clinical signs, the mare was referred to surgery. A ceratohyoidectomty procedure was performedunder general anesthesia. In this procedure, the ceratohyoid bone was disarticulated from the ceratohyoid-basihyoid jointand removed. During the procedure, a branch of the linguofacial vein was accidentally incised causing hemorrhage, thebranch was identified and successfully ligated. Recovery was uneventful. Supportive treatment with anti-inflammatory andantibiotics was continued after surgery and ...

Outcome of a ceratohyiodectomy in a criollo mare with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Background: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is a progressive disease that causes acute onset of peripheral vestibular signs with or without facial paralysis. Ankylosis of temporhyoid joint occurs which predispose to fractures of theinvolved bones and consequently causes the commonly neurological signs observed. Clinical signs vary depending on thestage of the disease and the nerves affected. Surgical treatment is advised to improve survival rates in which the ceratohyoidectomy is currently known as the most advantageous. The aim of the present study is to report a case and outcome ofa ceratohyoidectomy procedure in a Criollo mare presenting THO of the right temporohyoid joint.Case: A 17-year-old Criollo mare was referred to the Equine Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas witha 5-day history of facial paralysis on the right side, head tilt and difficulty to chew and swallow. Auricular, palpebraland labial ptosis along with deviation of the lip and nostril to the left were observed. A corneal ulcer was also identifiedin the right eye. Complementary imaging exams (endoscopy of the guttural pouches and radiography of the head) wereperformed and showed thickening of the right stylohyoid bone confirming a diagnosis of THO. Anti-inflammatory andantibiotic therapy were administered and the corneal ulcer was treated with topical antibiotics and autologous serum. Dueto rapid deterioration of clinical signs, the mare was referred to surgery. A ceratohyoidectomty procedure was performedunder general anesthesia. In this procedure, the ceratohyoid bone was disarticulated from the ceratohyoid-basihyoid jointand removed. During the procedure, a branch of the linguofacial vein was accidentally incised causing hemorrhage, thebranch was identified and successfully ligated. Recovery was uneventful. Supportive treatment with anti-inflammatory andantibiotics was continued after surgery and ...(AU)

Anthelmintic resistance in Creole horses in the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / [Resistência anti-helmíntica em equinos da raça Crioula no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil]

The objective of the study was to evaluate the antiparasitic resistance against horse nematodes in the South of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The results concerning the tests of anthelmintic efficacy on horses, stored in the database of the Parasitic Diseases Study Group (GEEP) - Veterinary Faculty, at the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), were carried out in the laboratory from 2018 to 2019. Stool samples were received from farms with breeding of adult female and male Criollo horses naturally infected, located in municipalities in the country's southern region. The antiparasitic agents tested were Triclorfon + Fenbendazole, Closantel + Albendazole, Ivermectin + Praziquantel, Fenbendazole, Ivermectin, Doramectin, Mebendazole and Moxidectin. Techniques such as Gordon and Whitlock, Coproculture and Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test were performed. Of all the antiparasitic drugs tested, it was observed that only treatments with Ivermectin 2% showed desired values. The observed results indicate that resistance to macrocyclic lactones is usual in equine parasites in this Brazilian region, despite the results with isolated Ivermectin.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a resistência antiparasitária contra nematodeos de equinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os resultados referentes aos testes de eficácia anti-helmíntica em cavalos, armazenados no banco de dados do Grupo de Estudos de Doenças Parasitárias (GEEP) - Faculdade de Veterinária, da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), foram realizados em laboratório, no período de 2018 a 2019. Amostras de fezes foram recebidas de fazendas com criação de cavalos Crioulos adultos fêmeas e machos naturalmente infectados, localizadas em municípios da região Sul do país. Os agentes antiparasitários testados foram triclorfon + fenbendazol, closantel + ivermectina + praziquantel, fenbendazol, ivermectina, doramectina, mebendazol e moxidectina. Técnicas como Gordon e Whitlock, coprocultura e teste de redução da contagem de ovos fecais foram realizadas. De todos os antiparasitários testados, observou-se que apenas os tratamentos com ivermectina 2% apresentaram os valores desejados. Os resultados indicam que a resistência às lactonas macrocíclicas é comum em parasitas equinos nessa região brasileira, apesar dos resultados com ivermectina isolada.(AU)

Omentum as non-strangled inguino scrotal hernia content in stallion: case report / [Omento como conteúdo de hérnia inguino-escrotal não estrangulada em garanhão: relato de caso]

Non-strangulated acquired hernias in stallions are rare, especially when the herniated content is not intestinal loops. Thus, the aim of the current study is to describe a case of acquired non-strangulated inguinoscrotal hernia in a stallion, whose herniated content was the omentum. The patient was a Criollo stallion with history of rhabdomyolysis, laminitis and bilateral scrotal volume increase observed in the left scrotal region. The animal presented pain in both thoracic limbs, abnormal blood test, especially hypoproteinemia, and mild pain during palpation in the left inguinal ring region. Hydrocele secondary to hypoproteinemia was suspected. After admission, the animal showed signs of acute abdomen, which were clinically reversed. With this, the animal was subjected to ultrasound examination of the scrotal region, whose findings suggested non-strangulated inguinal hernia, although the content could not be identified. Surgical treatment was chosen in order to identify the herniated content and remove the left testicle. Access to the affected scrotum was performed, in which the presence of fluid and a portion of the omentum was observed surrounding the testis and adhering to it. The animal was discharged after he recovered from the surgery and from laminitis. During the breeding season, the stallion remained with a herd of mares for natural mating. After 15 months of surgery, the animal was reassessed and showed no active signs of inflammatory and degenerative processes in the remaining testis. On this occasion, a pregnancy diagnosis was also performed, and all the mares were pregnant. It is concluded that the presence of omentum as a herniated content does not represent a surgical emergency but can make the reproductive prognosis reserved. In addition, removal of the affected testicle can benefit the spermatogenesis of the remaining testicle.(AU)

As hérnias adquiridas não estranguladas em garanhões são raras, principalmente quando o conteúdo herniado não é de alças intestinais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um caso de hérnia inguino escrotal adquirida e não estrangulada em garanhão, cujo conteúdo herniado era composto pelo omento. Foi atendido um garanhão da raça Crioula com histórico de rabdomiólise, laminite e aumento de volume escrotal bilateral, evidenciado na região escrotal esquerda. O animal apresentava dor nos membros torácicos, alterações na avaliação sanguínea, destacando-se a hipoproteinemia, e demonstrava dor leve à palpação na região do anel inguinal esquerdo. Suspeitou-se de hidrocele secundária a hipoproteinemia. Após a internação, o animal apresentou sinais de abdômen agudo, revertidos clinicamente. Com isso, realizou-se ultrassonografia da região escrotal, cujos achados sugeriram hérnia inguinal não estrangulada, sem que o conteúdo pudesse ser identificado. Optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico, com o intuito de identificação do conteúdo herniado e remoção do testículo esquerdo. Foi realizado acesso à bolsa escrotal afetada, na qual se observou presença de líquido e de uma porção do omento envolvendo o testículo e aderido a ele. O animal recebeu alta após restabelecimento da cirurgia e da laminite. Na propriedade, durante temporada reprodutiva, o garanhão permaneceu com uma manada de éguas para realização de monta natural. Passados 15 meses da cirurgia, o animal foi reavaliado e não demonstrou sinais ativos de processo inflamatório e degenerativos no testículo remanescente. Nessa ocasião, também foi realizado diagnóstico de gestação e todas as éguas encontravam-se prenhes. Conclui-se que a presença de omento como conteúdo herniado não representa uma emergência cirúrgica, mas pode tornar o prognóstico reprodutivo reservado. Ainda, a remoção do testículo afetado pode trazer benefícios à espermatogênese do remanescente.(AU)

Divergência fenotípica entre éguas Crioulas das linhagens uruguaia "La invernada", argentina "Cardal" e chilena / [Phenotypic divergence between Criollo mares lines of the Uruguayan "La invernada", Argentine "Cardal" and Chilean]

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a dissimilaridade fenotípica de amostras populacionais de três linhagens de éguas Crioulas, uruguaia (La Invernada), argentina (Cardal) e chilena, para caracteres morfológicos, apontando as características de maior variância intra e entre as diferentes linhagens que são passíveis de seleção. Foram avaliadas 22 características morfológicas de 113 éguas da linhagem uruguaia "La Invernada", 38 argentinas "Cardal" e 73 chilenas puras, totalizando 224 éguas de cria pertencentes à raça Crioula. Para determinação das variáveis lineares e de perímetro, foi utilizada fita métrica, prumo, paquímetro e hipômetro. Verificou-se variabilidade nas características morfológicas entre as três linhagens (P<0,05), incluindo as características lineares altura, perímetro de tórax e perímetro de canela (P<0,01), consideradas de caráter impositivo para fins de registro. Maior variação fenotípica foi observada nas éguas da linhagem chilena em relação aos outros dois grupos genéticos (P<0,01). As características morfológicas altura garupa, perímetro rostral pescoço, comprimento metatarso, largura garupa, profundidade do tórax, comprimento dorsal pescoço e comprimento do corpo foram passíveis de seleção entre as éguas Crioulas pertencentes às linhagens argentina (Cardal), uruguaia (La Invernada) e chilena. Em conclusão, não há homogeneidade entre as linhagens estudadas, o que identifica a diversidade entre as linhagens de éguas Crioulas estudadas.(AU)

The aim of the study was to analyze the phenotypic dissimilarity of morphological characteristics of three strains of Criollo mares, Uruguian (La Invernada), Argentine (Cardal), and Chilena, pointing to the characteristics of higher variance within and among the different strains that are selectable. We evaluated 22 morphological characteristics of 113 mares of the Uruguaian line, 38 Argentines and 73 pure Chilean, totaling 224 breeding mares belonging to the criollo breed. For the determination of the linear and perimeter variables, a metric tape, plumb, pachymeter and hypometer were used. There was variability in the morphological characteristics between the three strains (P<0.05), including the linear characteristics of height, chest circumference and perimeter of cinnamon (P<0.01), considered as taxation for registration purposes. Higher phenotypic variation was observed in the mares of the Chilean line in relation to the other two genetic groups (P<0.01). The morphological characteristics of height croup, rostral perimeter neck, metatarsal length, croup width, chest depth, dorsal neck length, and body length were the selectable characteristics among the breeding mares belonging to the Argentine (Cardal), Uruguaian (La Invernada) and Chilena strains. In conclusion, there is no homogeneity between the studied strains, which identifies the diversity among the lines of Criollo mares studied.(AU)

Características seminais pós-descongelamento em garanhões da raça crioula / Post-thaw seminal characteristics of Criollo breed stallions

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características seminais de garanhões da raça Crioula após o processo de criopreservação utilizando o BotuCrio® . Foram utilizados 24 garanhões alojados nas proximidades de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. As análises do sêmen foram realizadas pré e pósdescongelamento através do sistema Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis AndroVision®. Somente foram utilizadas amostras com motilidade total ≥ 60 % e vigor ≥ 3, estas foram envasadas em palhetas de 0,5 ml, dispostas horizontalmente a 5ºC durante 20 minutos. Após colocadas a 6 cm acima do nível de nitrogênio líquido durante 20 minutos. Sendo finalmente imersas em nitrogênio líquido, após descongeladas em banho-maria a 37ºC durante 30 segundos. Os valores médios e desvios padrões das variáveis pós-descongelamento foram: motilidade total (52,85 % ± 7,27); motilidade progressiva (31,15 % ± 10,21); motilidade rápida (4,78 % ± 5,37); motilidade local (22,44 % ± 8,68); velocidade curvilinear (97,67 μm/s ± 35,25); velocidade em linha reta (35,33 μm/s ± 15,29); velocidade da trajetória média (44,99 μm/s ± 17,98); linearidade (0,3 % ± 0,15); BCF (2,5 Hz ± 1,7); ALH (0,35 μm ± 0,3); integridade funcional da membrana (42,73 % ± 7,06) e integridade estrutural da membrana (48,06 % ± 8,99). Concluímos que o protocolo utilizando diluente BotuCrio® é viável para criopreservação do sêmen de cavalos da raça Crioula, pois garante motilidade acima de 30 % pós-descongelamento que é recomendado pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate seminal characteristics of Criollo breed stallions, after cryopreservation process using the BotuCrio®. One ejaculate from twenty-four stallions located near to Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil were used. Semen analysis were performed pre and post-freezing through the Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis AndroVision® system. Only samples with total motility ≥ 60 % and vigor ≥ 3 were used. The samples were placed in 0.5 ml straws, arranged horizontally at 5ºC for 20 minutes. Then, 6 cm above the level of liquid nitrogen in vapor for 20 minutes. Finally, being immersed in liquid nitrogen, the samples thawed in a water bath at 37ºC for 30 seconds. Mean values and standard deviations of post-freeze variables were: total motility (52.85 % ± 7.27); progressive motility (31.15 % ± 10.21); rapid motility (4.78 % ± 5.37); local motility (22.44 % ± 8.68); Curvilinear Velocity (97.67 μm/s ± 35.25); Straight Line Velocity (35.33 μm/s ± 15.29); Average Path Velocity (44.99 μm/s ± 17.98); Linearity (0.3 % ± 0.15); BCF (2.5 Hz ± 1.7); ALH (0.35 μm ± 0.3) functional integrity (42.73 % ± 7.06) and physical integrity (48.06 % ± 8.99). We conclude that the protocol used for semen cryopreservation is feasible for use in the Criollo breed, because it has motility above 30 % post-freezing semen parameters, wich is the recommended by the Brazilian College of Animal Reproduction.(AU)

Características seminais pós-descongelamento em garanhões da raça crioula / Post-thaw seminal characteristics of Criollo breed stallions

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características seminais de garanhões da raça Crioula após o processo de criopreservação utilizando o BotuCrio® . Foram utilizados 24 garanhões alojados nas proximidades de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. As análises do sêmen foram realizadas pré e pósdescongelamento através do sistema Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis AndroVision®. Somente foram utilizadas amostras com motilidade total ≥ 60 % e vigor ≥ 3, estas foram envasadas em palhetas de 0,5 ml, dispostas horizontalmente a 5ºC durante 20 minutos. Após colocadas a 6 cm acima do nível de nitrogênio líquido durante 20 minutos. Sendo finalmente imersas em nitrogênio líquido, após descongeladas em banho-maria a 37ºC durante 30 segundos. Os valores médios e desvios padrões das variáveis pós-descongelamento foram: motilidade total (52,85 % ± 7,27); motilidade progressiva (31,15 % ± 10,21); motilidade rápida (4,78 % ± 5,37); motilidade local (22,44 % ± 8,68); velocidade curvilinear (97,67 μm/s ± 35,25); velocidade em linha reta (35,33 μm/s ± 15,29); velocidade da trajetória média (44,99 μm/s ± 17,98); linearidade (0,3 % ± 0,15); BCF (2,5 Hz ± 1,7); ALH (0,35 μm ± 0,3); integridade funcional da membrana (42,73 % ± 7,06) e integridade estrutural da membrana (48,06 % ± 8,99). Concluímos que o protocolo utilizando diluente BotuCrio® é viável para criopreservação do sêmen de cavalos da raça Crioula, pois garante motilidade acima de 30 % pós-descongelamento que é recomendado pelo Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate seminal characteristics of Criollo breed stallions, after cryopreservation process using the BotuCrio®. One ejaculate from twenty-four stallions located near to Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil were used. Semen analysis were performed pre and post-freezing through the Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis AndroVision® system. Only samples with total motility ≥ 60 % and vigor ≥ 3 were used. The samples were placed in 0.5 ml straws, arranged horizontally at 5ºC for 20 minutes. Then, 6 cm above the level of liquid nitrogen in vapor for 20 minutes. Finally, being immersed in liquid nitrogen, the samples thawed in a water bath at 37ºC for 30 seconds. Mean values and standard deviations of post-freeze variables were: total motility (52.85 % ± 7.27); progressive motility (31.15 % ± 10.21); rapid motility (4.78 % ± 5.37); local motility (22.44 % ± 8.68); Curvilinear Velocity (97.67 μm/s ± 35.25); Straight Line Velocity (35.33 μm/s ± 15.29); Average Path Velocity (44.99 μm/s ± 17.98); Linearity (0.3 % ± 0.15); BCF (2.5 Hz ± 1.7); ALH (0.35 μm ± 0.3) functional integrity (42.73 % ± 7.06) and physical integrity (48.06 % ± 8.99). We conclude that the protocol used for semen cryopreservation is feasible for use in the Criollo breed, because it has motility above 30 % post-freezing semen parameters, wich is the recommended by the Brazilian College of Animal Reproduction.

Small intestine strangulating obstruction by mesenteric pedunculated lipoma in a criollo mare

Background: The abdominal lipomas are benign tumors of hyperplastic growth that originate from mesenteric adiposetissue, most commonly in the small intestine. Pedunculated lipoma strangulation occurs when the pedicle wraps aroundan intestinal loop and its mesentery, obstructing the intestinal lumen and blood supply of the affected segment. The aim ofthe present study is to report a case of a Criollo mare presenting a strangulating obstruction of the jejunum and ileum bya pedunculated lipoma, focusing the discussion in the causes and epidemiology of this alteration.Case: A 24-year-old Criollo mare with a body condition score 8 out of 9 was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospitalof the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV-UFPel) presenting acute abdominal pain. At the hospital, the mare was presenting mild signs of abdominal discomfort. At the initial clinical exam, the mare had an increased heart and respiratory rates,normal body temperature, hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refil time of 3 s and absent gut sounds in all fourquadrants during auscultation. Mild dehydration was present, increased fibrinogen and serum lactate. Rectal palpationrevealed distention of the small intestine by gas, during abdominal ultrassonography the small intestinal wall thicknesswas increased Peritoneal lactate was 11 mmol/L and protein was 6 mg/dL. Due to the clinical findings during the exam, anexploratory celiotomy was performed. Necrosis of the final third of jejunum and the entire extension of ileum was found.Examining the compromised intestinal portion, it was observed a linear structure strangulating two segments of the smallintestine. Taking into account the extensive area of irreversible necrosis and the advanced age of the patient, euthanasiawas performed. The mare was then referred for necropsy and findings confirmed...

Small intestine strangulating obstruction by mesenteric pedunculated lipoma in a criollo mare

Background: The abdominal lipomas are benign tumors of hyperplastic growth that originate from mesenteric adiposetissue, most commonly in the small intestine. Pedunculated lipoma strangulation occurs when the pedicle wraps aroundan intestinal loop and its mesentery, obstructing the intestinal lumen and blood supply of the affected segment. The aim ofthe present study is to report a case of a Criollo mare presenting a strangulating obstruction of the jejunum and ileum bya pedunculated lipoma, focusing the discussion in the causes and epidemiology of this alteration.Case: A 24-year-old Criollo mare with a body condition score 8 out of 9 was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospitalof the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV-UFPel) presenting acute abdominal pain. At the hospital, the mare was presenting mild signs of abdominal discomfort. At the initial clinical exam, the mare had an increased heart and respiratory rates,normal body temperature, hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refil time of 3 s and absent gut sounds in all fourquadrants during auscultation. Mild dehydration was present, increased fibrinogen and serum lactate. Rectal palpationrevealed distention of the small intestine by gas, during abdominal ultrassonography the small intestinal wall thicknesswas increased Peritoneal lactate was 11 mmol/L and protein was 6 mg/dL. Due to the clinical findings during the exam, anexploratory celiotomy was performed. Necrosis of the final third of jejunum and the entire extension of ileum was found.Examining the compromised intestinal portion, it was observed a linear structure strangulating two segments of the smallintestine. Taking into account the extensive area of irreversible necrosis and the advanced age of the patient, euthanasiawas performed. The mare was then referred for necropsy and findings confirmed...(AU)

Foals developmental orthopedic disease associated with metabolic and biometric characterization of pregnant overweight crioulo mares

Background: Musculoskeletal changes in growing foals can be linked to metabolic disorders which affect the cartilage metabolism associated of obesity during the late gestation of the mares, negatively affecting the athletic performance of the otherwise prospective foals. High basal insulin levels can be associated with increased weight and obesity of the mares, altering the supply of the glucose to the fetus and the production of IGF-1, which plays an important role in the endochondral cartilage metabolism. The present study aims to describe the association of metabolic and biometric alterations in overweight Criollo mares with IGF-1 levels and the presence of articular and physeal lesions in their foals. Materials, Methods & Results: A prospective and observational cohort study was conducted using the foals and the overweight mares at field conditions. Twenty-eight foals and their overweight mothers were utilized. The foals’ biometric and metabolic features as weight and height; glucose, total cholesterol, cholesterol HDL, triglycerides, basal insulin, leptin, glucose, total T4 and IGF-1 were analyzed, from the birth until the weaning period around sixth month of life of it. All the foals, at the weaning period, were submitted to the radiograph examination of the tarsal joints and the metacarpal-phalangeal joints to evaluate signs of lesions and the possible distal metacarpal physeal changes, respectively. The mares’ biometric and metabolic features as weight, height and fat tail-head deposition; basal insulin, leptin, glucose, total cholesterol, cholesterol HDL and triglycerides were analyzed at the final period of gestation. The basal insulin levels of the foals at the second, fourth and sixth month of life were 9.87 ± 1.82 µUI/mL, 9.13 ± 1.94 µUI/mL, 9.39 ± 2.54 µUI/mL. The IGF-1 levels of the foals at the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth...