Manejo e qualidade ambiental / Management and quality environmental

O cultivo de organismos aquáticos com fins ornamentais no país é considerado hoje uma das atividades mais lucrativas da piscicultura, em plena expansão nas últimas décadas em todo o mundo, em resposta ao aumento da demanda. Esse cultivo geralmente é feito em sistemas semi-intensivos e intensivos e em sistema de produção aberto ou fechado, como o sistema de recirculação (SriUam et al., 2016), por exemplo. O que esses sistemas de produção têm em comum, além da água, é que todos eles vão gerar resíduos. Normalmente esses resíduos são divididos em três tipos: animais cultivados, animais micro, como vermes e parasitas, e a água, o efluente. Qualquer organismo aquático que é cultivado em cativeiro nunca deve ser solto na natureza, mesmo que seja um animal nativo daquela região, salvo algum projeto que tenha como objetivo o repovoamento. Isso porque, ao cultivar algum animal em cativeiro, ele vai ter contato com outros animais, podendo pegar algum parasita do sistema, e, ao ser solto na natureza, pode levar esse parasita consigo. Um outro problema é quando esses animais se proliferam naquele ambiente e prejudicam todo o ecossistema naquela região. Em relação aos animais micro, como exemplo há o verme âncora, Learnea. Ele é um crustáceo parasita que foi trazido ao Brasil, mediante a importação de carpas e kinguios, e hoje é um problema sério no país, causando prejuízo financeiro por prejudicar a carne nos peixes de corte e o aspecto visual de peixes criados para ornamentação.(AU)

Reproductive parameters and weight gain of roosters fed with waste oil from olive culture

Waste oil from olive oil extraction industry was used, instead of soybean oil, in heavy roosters diet in order to evaluate birds reproductive parameters. Atotal of forty roosters were housed individually in boxes with 1.2 m². Two experimental diets were used: control diet, based on corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil; and test diet, where soybean oil was totally replaced by waste oil. In order to verify weight gain and feed intake, animals were individually weighed weekly. Seven semen collections were performed with fifteen-day interval. Reproductive variables analyzed sperm volume, motility, concentration, and morphology. No statistical difference (p >0.05) was observed between treatments at the different collection periods for the variables sperm volume, motility, and concentration. There was a statistically significant difference between treatments for body weight in periods three (p =0.04), and seven (p=0.04). Statistical differences (p =0.01) were also observed between treatments for abnormal sperm morphology. Among collection periods, statistical difference was observed for motility (p =0.00), and sperm concentration (p =0.01). Total replacement of soybean oil by waste oil from olive oil extraction in young heavy roosters diets does not affect sperm volume, motility, and concentration; reduces defects in sperm tail, and promotes better weight gain control.(AU)

Reproductive parameters and weight gain of roosters fed with waste oil from olive culture

Waste oil from olive oil extraction industry was used, instead of soybean oil, in heavy roosters' diet in order to evaluate birds' reproductive parameters. A total of forty roosters were housed individually in boxes with 1.2 m². Two experimental diets were used: control diet, based on corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil; and test diet, where soybean oil was totally replaced by waste oil. In order to verify weight gain and feed intake, animals were individually weighed weekly. Seven semen collections were performed with fifteen-day interval. Reproductive variables analyzed sperm volume, motility, concentration, and morphology. No statistical difference (p > 0.05) was observed between treatments at the different collection periods for the variables sperm volume, motility, and concentration. There was a statistically significant difference between treatments for body weight in periods three (p = 0.04), and seven (p = 0.04). Statistical differences (p = 0.01) were also observed between treatments for abnormal sperm morphology. Among collection periods, statistical difference was observed for motility (p = 0.00), and sperm concentration (p = 0.01). Total replacement of soybean oil by waste oil from olive oil extraction in young heavy roosters' diets does not affect sperm volume, motility, and concentration; reduces defects in sperm tail, and promotes better weight gain control.(AU)

Reproductive biology of seven fish species of commercial interest at the Ramsar site in the Baixada Maranhense, Legal Amazon, Brazil

The purpose of this study is to determine the parameters of the reproductive biology of seven commercial species at the Ramsar Site of the Baixada Maranhense to support fisheries management measures. The collections were carried out between 2012 and 2016. The reproductive period, sex ratio, weight-length relationship and first sexual maturity were evaluated for seven species of commercial importance. The sex ratio showed that females are predominant for all species, except for Plagioscion squamossissimus. The weight-length relationship indicated a greater investment in weight for Cichla monoculus and Hassar affinis, and a greater investment in length for Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri, and Schizodon dissimilis. The reproductive activity of the species was predominant in the rainy season, but C. monoculus, H. malabaricus and P. lacustris showed the ability to reproduce in both seasons. As management measures for the region, it is suggested a change in the closed fishing season established by IBAMA, from December 1 to April 30, to ensure the protection of all commercial species in this study.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os parâmetros da biologia reprodutiva de sete espécies comerciais no Sítio Ramsar da Baixada Maranhense, para apoiar medidas de manejo pesqueiro. As coletas foram realizadas entre 2012 e 2016, com um ano de coleta para cada espécie. Foram avaliados o período reprodutivo, a razão sexual, a relação peso-comprimento e a primeira maturidade sexual para sete espécies de importância comercial. A razão sexual mostrou que as fêmeas são predominantes para todas as espécies, exceto para Plagioscion squamossissimus. A relação peso-comprimento indicou um maior investimento em peso para Cichla monoculus e Hassar affinis, e um maior investimento em comprimento para Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri e Schizodon dissimilis. A atividade reprodutiva das espécies foi predominante na estação chuvosa, mas C. monoculus, H. malabaricus e P. lacustris mostraram capacidade de se reproduzir nas duas estações. Como medidas de manejo para a região, sugere-se uma mudança do período de defeso, estabelecida pelo IBAMA, de 1 de dezembro a 30 de abril, para garantir a proteção de todas as espécies comerciais.(AU)

Reproductive biology of seven fish species of commercial interest at the Ramsar site in the Baixada Maranhense, Legal Amazon, Brazil

The purpose of this study is to determine the parameters of the reproductive biology of seven commercial species at the Ramsar Site of the Baixada Maranhense to support fisheries management measures. The collections were carried out between 2012 and 2016. The reproductive period, sex ratio, weight-length relationship and first sexual maturity were evaluated for seven species of commercial importance. The sex ratio showed that females are predominant for all species, except for Plagioscion squamossissimus. The weight-length relationship indicated a greater investment in weight for Cichla monoculus and Hassar affinis, and a greater investment in length for Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri, and Schizodon dissimilis. The reproductive activity of the species was predominant in the rainy season, but C. monoculus, H. malabaricus and P. lacustris showed the ability to reproduce in both seasons. As management measures for the region, it is suggested a change in the closed fishing season established by IBAMA, from December 1 to April 30, to ensure the protection of all commercial species in this study.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os parâmetros da biologia reprodutiva de sete espécies comerciais no Sítio Ramsar da Baixada Maranhense, para apoiar medidas de manejo pesqueiro. As coletas foram realizadas entre 2012 e 2016, com um ano de coleta para cada espécie. Foram avaliados o período reprodutivo, a razão sexual, a relação peso-comprimento e a primeira maturidade sexual para sete espécies de importância comercial. A razão sexual mostrou que as fêmeas são predominantes para todas as espécies, exceto para Plagioscion squamossissimus. A relação peso-comprimento indicou um maior investimento em peso para Cichla monoculus e Hassar affinis, e um maior investimento em comprimento para Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Prochilodus lacustris, Pygocentrus nattereri e Schizodon dissimilis. A atividade reprodutiva das espécies foi predominante na estação chuvosa, mas C. monoculus, H. malabaricus e P. lacustris mostraram capacidade de se reproduzir nas duas estações. Como medidas de manejo para a região, sugere-se uma mudança do período de defeso, estabelecida pelo IBAMA, de 1 de dezembro a 30 de abril, para garantir a proteção de todas as espécies comerciais.(AU)

Macrocrustaceans associated with reefs of Phragmatopoma caudata Krøyer in Mörch, 1863 (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) and rocky shore in the Northeastern Brazil

Ecosystem engineering species create, modify, and/or maintain the characteristics of the environment. The polychaete Phragmatopoma caudata builds large sand reefs in the intertidal region of the Brazilian coast with high structural complexity, favoring the increase of diversity and interactions among the species associated. However, there are no studies concerning the association of polychaetes with crustacean macrofauna in the northeastern Brazil ecoregion, leaving an information gap on baseline biodiversity. Our aim was to analyze the effect of P. caudata colonies (PC) on the local diversity of macrocrustaceans compared to the rocky shore (RS) microhabitat. Monthly collections were carried out in low tide from September 2015 to August 2016 on 10 × 10 m quadrants for fauna and environmental variables (temperature and salinity) samples. In each microhabitat, the capture effort was two hours by two researchers. We collected 3,390 individuals, 60% associated with the colonies of PC and 40% with the RS. The PC obtained higher Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness and species richness coupled with milder water temperature and salinity conditions (minor air exposure during tide), compared to the RS that obtained greater species dominance and more extreme abiotic conditions (major air exposure). The Porcellanidae family stood out because all its species were highly abundant and had high occurrence in the colonies. The tropical Brazil porcelain crab Pachycheles greeleyi was dominant in both microhabitats (major dominance in PC). The structural complexity in the reefs of PC promoted higher availability of niches for the species, as more shelter for the resident species and refugium for temporary species with preference for more complex microhabitats. Conservation managers should prioritize the health of these colonies and subsequent species that constitute important ecosystemic and fishery resources.(AU)

The deep sea teleost fish fauna of the Brazilian North Coast

Data on the deep sea fishes found off the northern Brazilian coast are restricted to the results of the surveys of the RV Oregon, a research vessel of the North American National Marine Fisheries Service, and the REVIZEE Program. The REVIZEE Score-Norte Program focused on commercial fish species and natural resources with potential for exploitation on the continental shelf and slope off the northern coast of Brazil. In this sense, the REVIZEE Score-Norte Program generated little information on species of no commercial value, did not catalog its inventory in zoological collections, and did not publish species lists. Given this considerable knowledge gap on the deep-sea fish found off the North coast of Brazil, we compiled all the available data on the deep-sea fish of this region and also retrieved photographic records from the REVIZEE Score-Norte Program, including the PRODEMERSAL and PROTUNA projects. Considering the published records, specimens deposited in zoological collections, and the interpretation of photographic records, we compiled a list of 63 species of deep-sea fish from the North coast of Brazil. An additional 30 species were found in the published records from the PRODEMERSAL and PROTUNA, but were considered to be doubtful or pending confirmation.(AU)

Os dados sobre peixes de profundidade encontrados na costa Norte do Brasil são restritos aos resultados de coletas realizadas pelo RV Oregon, um navio do Serviço Nacional de Pesca Marítima da América do Norte, e do Programa REVIZEE. O Programa REVIZEE Score-Norte teve como foco as espécies de peixes com valor comercial e recursos naturais com potencial para exploração na plataforma continental da costa Norte do Brasil. Contudo, o REVIZEE Score-Norte gerou pouca informação sobre as espécies sem valor comercial, não catalogou o material da biodiversidade inventariada, assim como não gerou listas de espécies. Dada a lacuna no conhecimento sobre os peixes de profundidade da costa norte do Brasil, nós compilamos todos os dados disponíveis e recuperamos registros fotográficos do Programa REVIZEE Score-Norte, incluindo os projetos PRODEMERSAL e PROTUNA. Considerando os registros publicados, espécimes depositados em coleções zoológicas e os registros fotográficos, apresentamos uma lista de 63 espécies de peixes de profundidade na costa Norte do Brasil. Outras 30 espécies encontradas nos registros publicados do PRODEMERSAL e PROTUNA, foram consideradas duvidosas, carecendo de confirmação.(AU)

The deep sea teleost fish fauna of the Brazilian North Coast

Data on the deep sea fishes found off the northern Brazilian coast are restricted to the results of the surveys of the RV Oregon, a research vessel of the North American National Marine Fisheries Service, and the REVIZEE Program. The REVIZEE Score-Norte Program focused on commercial fish species and natural resources with potential for exploitation on the continental shelf and slope off the northern coast of Brazil. In this sense, the REVIZEE Score-Norte Program generated little information on species of no commercial value, did not catalog its inventory in zoological collections, and did not publish species lists. Given this considerable knowledge gap on the deep-sea fish found off the North coast of Brazil, we compiled all the available data on the deep-sea fish of this region and also retrieved photographic records from the REVIZEE Score-Norte Program, including the PRODEMERSAL and PROTUNA projects. Considering the published records, specimens deposited in zoological collections, and the interpretation of photographic records, we compiled a list of 63 species of deep-sea fish from the North coast of Brazil. An additional 30 species were found in the published records from the PRODEMERSAL and PROTUNA, but were considered to be doubtful or pending confirmation.(AU)

Os dados sobre peixes de profundidade encontrados na costa Norte do Brasil são restritos aos resultados de coletas realizadas pelo RV Oregon, um navio do Serviço Nacional de Pesca Marítima da América do Norte, e do Programa REVIZEE. O Programa REVIZEE Score-Norte teve como foco as espécies de peixes com valor comercial e recursos naturais com potencial para exploração na plataforma continental da costa Norte do Brasil. Contudo, o REVIZEE Score-Norte gerou pouca informação sobre as espécies sem valor comercial, não catalogou o material da biodiversidade inventariada, assim como não gerou listas de espécies. Dada a lacuna no conhecimento sobre os peixes de profundidade da costa norte do Brasil, nós compilamos todos os dados disponíveis e recuperamos registros fotográficos do Programa REVIZEE Score-Norte, incluindo os projetos PRODEMERSAL e PROTUNA. Considerando os registros publicados, espécimes depositados em coleções zoológicas e os registros fotográficos, apresentamos uma lista de 63 espécies de peixes de profundidade na costa Norte do Brasil. Outras 30 espécies encontradas nos registros publicados do PRODEMERSAL e PROTUNA, foram consideradas duvidosas, carecendo de confirmação.(AU)

A lima bean core collection based on molecular markers

Some germplasm collections have a high number of accessions, which makes it difficult to explore the genetic variability present in the germplasm bank due to the redundancy and the difficulty of detailed analysis of all conserved accessions. Therefore, our study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of 153 lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) accessions for the purpose of constructing a core collection. Eleven SSRs were used for this purpose. The 153 lima bean accessions can be represented by low redundancy using a minimum of 34 accessions, thus representing 22 % of the size of the entire germplasm bank. The core collection had a higher Shannon diversity index and expected heterozygosity (1.906 and 0.811, respectively) than those presented by the entire germplasm bank (1.605 and 0.713, respectively), indicating a higher polymorphism of the representative cultivars in relation to the entire collection. The accessions selected for the core collection may be used in future studies of genome association as well as in genetic crosses in breeding programs aimed at developing improved cultivars with high genetic diversity which can meet current and future market needs.

A lima bean core collection based on molecular markers

Some germplasm collections have a high number of accessions, which makes it difficult to explore the genetic variability present in the germplasm bank due to the redundancy and the difficulty of detailed analysis of all conserved accessions. Therefore, our study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of 153 lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) accessions for the purpose of constructing a core collection. Eleven SSRs were used for this purpose. The 153 lima bean accessions can be represented by low redundancy using a minimum of 34 accessions, thus representing 22 % of the size of the entire germplasm bank. The core collection had a higher Shannon diversity index and expected heterozygosity (1.906 and 0.811, respectively) than those presented by the entire germplasm bank (1.605 and 0.713, respectively), indicating a higher polymorphism of the representative cultivars in relation to the entire collection. The accessions selected for the core collection may be used in future studies of genome association as well as in genetic crosses in breeding programs aimed at developing improved cultivars with high genetic diversity which can meet current and future market needs.(AU)

Evaluation of water quality in fee-fishing ponds located in Guarapirangas sub basin, Upper Tietê River basin, São Paulo State / Avaliação da qualidade da água de pesqueiros localizados na Sub-Bacia Guarapiranga, Alto Tietê, SP

This study intended to characterize the fee-fishing ponds located in Guarapiranga's sub-basin both in terms of structure and environmental conditions. The studied region was mapped and 15 out of 24 georeferenced fee-fishing ponds had their owners interviewed through semi-structured questionnaires. In addition to that, samples were collected from the seven fee-fishing ponds closest to the reservoir throughout a seasonal cycle divided in four sample collections carried out between November 2013 and August 2014, aiming at measuring the following variables in situ: water flow rates, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen concentration in affluents and effluents. Other samples were taken in order to assess total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations. Our results show a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration along with an increase in TP and TN concentration in effluents, as compared to affluents. TP e TN concentrations exceeded the permitted values established by CONAMA 357/2005 Class II resolution in all effluents at least during part of the year. High nutrient levels were observed in affluents, condition with which basins that have been affected by population growth are commonly met. It was verified, by interviewing the owners regarding venture management and by analyzing the collected samples, that there is significant correlation between the daily feeding and the TP and TN levels (p=0.021 and p=0.045, respectively), with the ponds where feeding is more intense having showed the highest nutrient levels in their effluents. The results highlight the importance of mitigation measures such as educating the owners on proper water management, the installation of pond aerators in conjunction with tanks the filters of which shall be composed of aquatic macrophytes in their effluents, as well as awareness campaigns aiming to reduce the usage of dough by fishermen in order to minimize detrimental impacts on Guarapirangas sub-basin.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar, em termos estruturais e ambientais pesqueiros localizados na sub-bacia da Guarapiranga. A região de estudo foi mapeada, e do total de 24 pesque-pague georreferenciados, 15 foram entrevistados com os proprietários através de questionários semi-estruturados e, nos sete pesque-pagues com tributários mais próximos da represa, foram coletadas amostras de água em um ciclo sazonal divididas em quatro coletas entre novembro de 2013 a agosto de 2014. Foram medidos in situ: vazão, pH, turbidez, condutividade elétrica e oxigênio dissolvido nos afluentes e efluentes, e também foram coletadas amostras de água para determinação da concentração de fósforo total (PT) e nitrogênio total (NT). Os resultados mostraram que há uma diminuição nas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido e aumento nas concentrações de PT e NT nos efluentes em relação aos afluentes. Os efluentes apresentaram valores de PT e NT acima dos limites permitidos pela resolução CONAMA 357/2005 Classe II, ao menos em um período do ano. Também foram identificados afluentes com cargas elevadas de nutrientes, característica de bacias impactadas pelo adensamento populacional. Através do questionário aplicado aos proprietários sobre o manejo dos empreendimentos e pelas análises de água verificou-se que houve correlação significativa entre o arraçoamento diário e as cargas de PT e de NT (p=0,021 e p=0,045, respectivamente), sendo que nos locais onde o arraçoamento foi mais intenso, a carga de nutrientes nos efluentes foi maior. Os resultados evidenciam a importância de medidas mitigadoras como orientações aos proprietários para o manejo adequado dos lagos, projetos de educação ambiental com os usuários para diminuir do uso de ceva para a captura dos peixes, além da instalação de aeradores artificiais nos lagos e tanques com filtros compostos de macrófitas aquáticas nos seus efluentes, minimizando os impactos na sub-bacia do Guarapiranga.(AU)

Methods of biological maceration in the preparation of bat skulls: benefits and limitations

Osteologic collections are used as an aid to scientific and teaching activities, to provide information on specific vertebrate characteristics, such as body support, posture, mode of locomotion, feeding habits and ecological niche. Known techniques for cleaning entire skeletons or mammalian skulls vary according to the destination of the material, the objective of the study, the taxonomic group, and the size of the specimen. The objective of this study was to test three different methods of maceration for cleaning bat skulls (traditional biological maceration, controlled biological maceration using Dermestes maculatus and controlled biological maceration using necrophagous fly larvae). The methods were carried out during five consecutive months, and the minimum and maximum times taken by each method were recorded and documented. Cleaning by fly larvae was the least costly method; the whole process was carried out during the preparation of the osteologic material. The flies ovulated directly on the pieces and the time spent was relatively short. Cleaning by dermestid larvae also resulted in clean parts in a short period, however, its culture needs specific maintenance conditions, since the size of the colony oscillates according to environmental temperature.

Methods of biological maceration in the preparation of bat skulls: benefits and limitations

Osteologic collections are used as an aid to scientific and teaching activities, to provide information on specific vertebrate characteristics, such as body support, posture, mode of locomotion, feeding habits and ecological niche. Known techniques for cleaning entire skeletons or mammalian skulls vary according to the destination of the material, the objective of the study, the taxonomic group, and the size of the specimen. The objective of this study was to test three different methods of maceration for cleaning bat skulls (traditional biological maceration, controlled biological maceration using Dermestes maculatus and controlled biological maceration using necrophagous fly larvae). The methods were carried out during five consecutive months, and the minimum and maximum times taken by each method were recorded and documented. Cleaning by fly larvae was the least costly method; the whole process was carried out during the preparation of the osteologic material. The flies ovulated directly on the pieces and the time spent was relatively short. Cleaning by dermestid larvae also resulted in clean parts in a short period, however, its culture needs specific maintenance conditions, since the size of the colony oscillates according to environmental temperature.(AU)

Agronomic and molecular characterization of wild germplasm Saccharum spontaneum for sugarcane and energycane breeding purposes

Among the species related to sugarcane, Saccharum spontaneum (L.) is a wild species with the greatest potential as a source of genetic variation to cope with biomass production in harsh environments. Due to its high yield, early vigor, ratooning ability, low input requirements and tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, sugarcane breeders have shown interest in its contribution, as a donor of genes, to the development of high biomass energy canes. The conservation, evaluation and utilization of the genetic variability of S. spontaneum available in germplasm collections are critical for breeding, but, given the aggressive rhizomatous growth habit and the ability to propagate via seed dispersal, S. spontaneum is classified as a noxious weed in several nations, including the U.S.A. As a result, field trials are restrictive and few phenotypic analyses have been carried out on these collections. In the present study, a subset of 130 S. spontaneum accessions obtained from the World Collection of Sugarcane and Related Grasses in Miami, FL has been characterized phenotypically - with either morphological and agronomic traits (including composition analysis) or reaction to abiotic stress and genotypically - molecular markers (Simple Sequence Repeats - SSR). Using these data, a core collection has been established, genotypes with positive agronomic traits have been identified and are being used as parents for hybridization crosses, aimed at genetic improvement of sugarcane and energycane.(AU)

Controle de parasitas gastrintestinais em ovinos e análise financeira de uma fazenda com sistema de pastejo rotacionado irrigado no semiárido nordestino

ABSTRACT: The irrigated rotational grazing system is an alternative for sheep farming in the Brazilian semi-arid region. However, the mean limitation for its implementation is the difficulty to control gastrointestinal nematodes. The objective of this research was to determine management measures for the control of the gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in irrigated rotational grazing and to perform the economic analysis of the system. The experiment was carried out on a farm in the Municipality of Belém do São Francisco, Pernambuco, from April 2013 to September 2014, in a herd of 646 to 859 crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês sheep, reared in an area of 12 hectares with coast cross (Cynodon dactylon) pastures divided into 24 paddocks. For grazing, the sheep were divided into two groups: one of lactating ewes and their lambs, and the other with non-lactating ewes and ewe hoggets older than two months. Both groups grazed three days in each paddock and each paddock lasted 36 days without being grazed. Antihelminth Fecal Egg Count Reduction Tests were performed at the beginning of the experiment and annually, resulting in the annual change of the drug used. In the second year, for fecal collections and for selective anthelmintic treatment, the ewes and the non-lactating sheep were divided into two subgroups each: fat and thin lactating ewes, and fat and thin non-lactating ewes. Each month, feces of 10% of the sheep of each subgroup were collected for egg counts and larval culture. Treatments were performed when the mean fecal egg counts were greater than 1000/g. Samples of grass were collected every two months to count and identify grass free-living Trichostrongylidae larvae. During the 18 months of study, approximately 3797 individual anthelmintic treatments were performed, equivalent to 6.49 treatments per sheep (3.97 in 2013 and 2.52 in 2014). The most prevalent helminth in coprocultures (50%-85%) and pasture (83.2%) was Haemonchus contortus. The lowest numbers of infective larvae in the pasture (94 to 111 larvae L3/kg DM) occurred on days 35 and 2 to 8 of grazing. The highest numbers occurred between days 17 to 20 (374 to 761 L3/kg DM). The meat production of the farm was 1023 kg per hectare and the profitability was 3.31%. It is concluded that grazing the paddocks for 3 days, with a rest of 36 days and using selective treatments, allows the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in irrigated rotational grazing systems. However, annual resistance tests are necessary to mitigate resistance of parasites to anti-helminths.

RESUMO: O sistema de pastejo rotacionado irrigado é uma alternativa para a ovinocultura do semiárido. No entanto, a maior limitante para sua implementação são as dificuldades para controlar as parasitoses gastrintestinais. Neste trabalho objetivou-se determinar medidas de manejo para o controle das helmintoses gastrintestinais de ovinos em pastejo rotacionado irrigado e fazer a análise econômica do sistema. O experimento foi realizado em uma fazenda no Munícipio de Belém do São Francisco, Pernambuco, no período de abril de 2013 a setembro de 2014, em um rebanho de 646 a 859 ovinos mestiços da raça Dopper com Santa Inês, criados em uma área de 12 ha de pastagem de capim coast cross (Cynodon dactylon) dividida em 24 piquetes. Para o pastejo os ovinos foram divididos em dois grupos, um de ovelhas paridas e outro de ovelhas secas e borregas de mais de dois meses, que pastejavam três dias em cada piquete. Os piquetes tinham 36 dias de descanso. Foi feito teste de resistência aos anti-helmínticos no início de experimento e anualmente, que resultou na mudança anual do produto utilizado. No segundo ano, para as coletas de fezes e para o tratamento anti-helmíntico seletivo, as ovelhas paridas e as ovelhas secas foram divididas em dois subgrupos cada: paridas gordas, paridas magras, secas magras e secas gordas. Todos os meses coletavam-se fezes de 10% dos ovinos de cada subgrupo para fazer OPG e coprocultura. Cada grupo era tratado quando apresentavam média de mais de que 1000 OPG. Coletaram-se amostras de capim a cada dois meses para fazer a contagem e identificação de larvas do pasto. Durante os 18 meses de estudo foram tratados individualmente aproximadamente 3797 ovinos, equivalente a 6,49 tratamentos por ovino (3,97 em 2013 e 2,52 em 2014). O helminto mais prevalente nas coproculturas (50-85%) e no pasto (83,2%) foi Haemonchus contortus. Os menores números de larvas infectantes no pasto (94 a 111 larvas L3/ kg MS) ocorreram nos dias 35 e 2 a 8 de pastejo e os maiores números entre os dias 17 a 20 (374 a 761 L3/kg MS). A produção de carne da fazenda foi 1023 kg por hectare e a rentabilidade de 3,31%. Conclui-se que o pastoreio dos potreiros por três dias, com um descanso de 36 dias, com a utilização de tratamento seletivo, permite controlar as helmintoses gastrintestinais em sistemas de pastoreio rotacional irrigado. No entanto, é necessário realizar testes de resistência dos parasitas aos anti-helmínticos anualmente para contornar esse problema.

Controle de parasitas gastrintestinais em ovinos e análise financeira de uma fazenda com sistema de pastejo rotacionado irrigado no semiárido nordestino / Control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and financial analysis on a farm with irrigated rotational grazing system in the Brazilian semi-arid region

O sistema de pastejo rotacionado irrigado é uma alternativa para a ovinocultura do semiárido. No entanto, a maior limitante para sua implementação são as dificuldades para controlar as parasitoses gastrintestinais. Neste trabalho objetivou-se determinar medidas de manejo para o controle das helmintoses gastrintestinais de ovinos em pastejo rotacionado irrigado e fazer a análise econômica do sistema. O experimento foi realizado em uma fazenda no Munícipio de Belém do São Francisco, Pernambuco, no período de abril de 2013 a setembro de 2014, em um rebanho de 646 a 859 ovinos mestiços da raça Dopper com Santa Inês, criados em uma área de 12 ha de pastagem de capim coast cross (Cynodon dactylon) dividida em 24 piquetes. Para o pastejo os ovinos foram divididos em dois grupos, um de ovelhas paridas e outro de ovelhas secas e borregas de mais de dois meses, que pastejavam três dias em cada piquete. Os piquetes tinham 36 dias de descanso. Foi feito teste de resistência aos anti-helmínticos no início de experimento e anualmente, que resultou na mudança anual do produto utilizado. No segundo ano, para as coletas de fezes e para o tratamento anti-helmíntico seletivo, as ovelhas paridas e as ovelhas secas foram divididas em dois subgrupos cada: paridas gordas, paridas magras, secas magras e secas gordas. Todos os meses coletavam-se fezes de 10% dos ovinos de cada subgrupo para fazer OPG e coprocultura. Cada grupo era tratado quando apresentavam média de mais de que 1000 OPG. Coletaram-se amostras de capim a cada dois meses para fazer a contagem e identificação de larvas do pasto. Durante os 18 meses de estudo foram tratados individualmente aproximadamente 3797 ovinos, equivalente a 6,49 tratamentos por ovino (3,97 em 2013 e 2,52 em 2014). O helminto mais prevalente nas coproculturas (50-85%) e no pasto (83,2%) foi Haemonchus contortus. Os menores números de larvas infectantes no pasto (94 a 111 larvas L3/ kg MS) ocorreram nos dias 35 e 2 a 8 de pastejo e os maiores números entre os dias 17 a 20 (374 a 761 L3/kg MS). A produção de carne da fazenda foi 1023 kg por hectare e a rentabilidade de 3,31%. Conclui-se que o pastoreio dos potreiros por três dias, com um descanso de 36 dias, com a utilização de tratamento seletivo, permite controlar as helmintoses gastrintestinais em sistemas de pastoreio rotacional irrigado. No entanto, é necessário realizar testes de resistência dos parasitas aos anti-helmínticos anualmente para contornar esse problema.(AU)

The irrigated rotational grazing system is an alternative for sheep farming in the Brazilian semi-arid region. However, the mean limitation for its implementation is the difficulty to control gastrointestinal nematodes. The objective of this research was to determine management measures for the control of the gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in irrigated rotational grazing and to perform the economic analysis of the system. The experiment was carried out on a farm in the Municipality of Belém do São Francisco, Pernambuco, from April 2013 to September 2014, in a herd of 646 to 859 crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês sheep, reared in an area of 12 hectares with coast cross (Cynodon dactylon) pastures divided into 24 paddocks. For grazing, the sheep were divided into two groups: one of lactating ewes and their lambs, and the other with non-lactating ewes and ewe hoggets older than two months. Both groups grazed three days in each paddock and each paddock lasted 36 days without being grazed. Antihelminth Fecal Egg Count Reduction Tests were performed at the beginning of the experiment and annually, resulting in the annual change of the drug used. In the second year, for fecal collections and for selective anthelmintic treatment, the ewes and the non-lactating sheep were divided into two subgroups each: fat and thin lactating ewes, and fat and thin non-lactating ewes. Each month, feces of 10% of the sheep of each subgroup were collected for egg counts and larval culture. Treatments were performed when the mean fecal egg counts were greater than 1000/g. Samples of grass were collected every two months to count and identify grass free-living Trichostrongylidae larvae. During the 18 months of study, approximately 3797 individual anthelmintic treatments were performed, equivalent to 6.49 treatments per sheep (3.97 in 2013 and 2.52 in 2014). The most prevalent helminth in coprocultures (50%-85%) and pasture (83.2%) was Haemonchus contortus. The lowest numbers of infective larvae in the pasture (94 to 111 larvae L3/kg DM) occurred on days 35 and 2 to 8 of grazing. The highest numbers occurred between days 17 to 20 (374 to 761 L3/kg DM). The meat production of the farm was 1023 kg per hectare and the profitability was 3.31%. It is concluded that grazing the paddocks for 3 days, with a rest of 36 days and using selective treatments, allows the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in irrigated rotational grazing systems. However, annual resistance tests are necessary to mitigate resistance of parasites to anti-helminths.(AU)

Controle de parasitas gastrintestinais em ovinos e análise financeira de uma fazenda com sistema de pastejo rotacionado irrigado no semiárido nordestino / Control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and financial analysis on a farm with irrigated rotational grazing system in the Brazilian semi-arid region

O sistema de pastejo rotacionado irrigado é uma alternativa para a ovinocultura do semiárido. No entanto, a maior limitante para sua implementação são as dificuldades para controlar as parasitoses gastrintestinais. Neste trabalho objetivou-se determinar medidas de manejo para o controle das helmintoses gastrintestinais de ovinos em pastejo rotacionado irrigado e fazer a análise econômica do sistema. O experimento foi realizado em uma fazenda no Munícipio de Belém do São Francisco, Pernambuco, no período de abril de 2013 a setembro de 2014, em um rebanho de 646 a 859 ovinos mestiços da raça Dopper com Santa Inês, criados em uma área de 12 ha de pastagem de capim coast cross (Cynodon dactylon) dividida em 24 piquetes. Para o pastejo os ovinos foram divididos em dois grupos, um de ovelhas paridas e outro de ovelhas secas e borregas de mais de dois meses, que pastejavam três dias em cada piquete. Os piquetes tinham 36 dias de descanso. Foi feito teste de resistência aos anti-helmínticos no início de experimento e anualmente, que resultou na mudança anual do produto utilizado. No segundo ano, para as coletas de fezes e para o tratamento anti-helmíntico seletivo, as ovelhas paridas e as ovelhas secas foram divididas em dois subgrupos cada: paridas gordas, paridas magras, secas magras e secas gordas. Todos os meses coletavam-se fezes de 10% dos ovinos de cada subgrupo para fazer OPG e coprocultura. Cada grupo era tratado quando apresentavam média de mais de que 1000 OPG. Coletaram-se amostras de capim a cada dois meses para fazer a contagem e identificação de larvas do pasto. Durante os 18 meses de estudo foram tratados individualmente aproximadamente 3797 ovinos, equivalente a 6,49 tratamentos por ovino (3,97 em 2013 e 2,52 em 2014). O helminto mais prevalente nas coproculturas (50-85%) e no pasto (83,2%) foi Haemonchus contortus. Os menores números de larvas infectantes no pasto (94 a 111 larvas L3/ kg MS) ocorreram...(AU)

The irrigated rotational grazing system is an alternative for sheep farming in the Brazilian semi-arid region. However, the mean limitation for its implementation is the difficulty to control gastrointestinal nematodes. The objective of this research was to determine management measures for the control of the gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in irrigated rotational grazing and to perform the economic analysis of the system. The experiment was carried out on a farm in the Municipality of Belém do São Francisco, Pernambuco, from April 2013 to September 2014, in a herd of 646 to 859 crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês sheep, reared in an area of 12 hectares with coast cross (Cynodon dactylon) pastures divided into 24 paddocks. For grazing, the sheep were divided into two groups: one of lactating ewes and their lambs, and the other with non-lactating ewes and ewe hoggets older than two months. Both groups grazed three days in each paddock and each paddock lasted 36 days without being grazed. Antihelminth Fecal Egg Count Reduction Tests were performed at the beginning of the experiment and annually, resulting in the annual change of the drug used. In the second year, for fecal collections and for selective anthelmintic treatment, the ewes and the non-lactating sheep were divided into two subgroups each: fat and thin lactating ewes, and fat and thin non-lactating ewes. Each month, feces of 10% of the sheep of each subgroup were collected for egg counts and larval culture. Treatments were performed when the mean fecal egg counts were greater than 1000/g. Samples of grass were collected every two months to count and identify grass free-living Trichostrongylidae larvae. During the 18 months of study, approximately 3797 individual anthelmintic treatments were performed, equivalent to 6.49 treatments per sheep (3.97 in 2013 and 2.52 in 2014). The most prevalent helminth in coprocultures (50%-85%) and pasture (83.2%) was Haemonchus contortus...(AU)

Dermatophytes in Cats without Dermatopathies in the Metropolitan Area of Florianópolis, Brazil

Background: Dermatophytes are infectious agents responsible for dermatophytosis, an important worldwide zoonosis. Cats are considered potential hosts and reservoir of these fungi, especially Microsporum canis. The prevalence in cats without dermatopathies varies according to the region, climate and animal husbandry. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of dermatophytes in cats without clinical signs of dermatopathy in the Metropolitan Area of Florianópolis, situated in the coast of Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 198 samples were obtained from cats without dermatopathies domiciled in the metropolitan area of Florianópolis. The collections were made through vigorous hair brushing throughout the body of the animal, using a sterile toothbrush. Mycological culture was performed onto Sabouraud Agar Chloramphenicol-Cyclohexamide (SCC), and incubated at 25-27C for 21-28 days. The diagnosis was based on the macro and micromorphological characteristics of the isolated dermatophyte. One hundred and ten samples (55.6%) were collected in veterinary clinics and 88 (44.4%) in multiple household cats (average 11). The frequency of dermatophytes corresponded to 3.0% (6/198). Only the genus Microsporum was observed with predominance of M. canis (66.7%), followed by M. gypseum (33.3%). Saprotrophic fungi were observed in 94.4% of the cultures and 5.6%

Seletividade da rede malhadeira na captura de Hemiodus unimaculatus no baixo Rio Tocantins, Amazônia, Brasil / Selectivity of gillnets targeting Hemiodus unimaculatus in the lower Tocantins River, Amazon, Brazil

O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar as curvas de seletividade das redes que capturam a jatuarana-escama-grossa, Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794), uma das espécies de peixe mais desembarcadas na área de influência do reservatório de Tucuruí, rio Tocantins, Pará. O local de estudo corresponde à área localizada a montante da barragem da Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí. As coletas foram efetuadas trimestralmente nos anos de 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006 e 2007 e semestralmente nos anos de 2002 e 2004, em cinco locais do reservatório e dois a montante, utilizando bateria de redes de emalhar de 50 m de comprimento e 3 m de altura, com malhas de 40, 60 e 80 mm entre nós opostos. A seletividade das redes foi determinada por meio da construção de curvas de seleção, que evidenciaram ser a malha de 60 mm a mais indicada para a pesca, considerando a captura de 50% de indivíduos adultos.(AU)

The authors set out to determine the selectivity curves of the nets that capture the jatuarana, Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794). The study site corresponds the area located upstream of the dam of the Tucuruí Hydroelectric Power Plant. The collections were made quarterly in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2007 and semiannually in the years of 2002 and 2004, in five sites in the reservoir and two upstream, using a battery of gill nets with 50 m long and 3 m height, with meshes of 40, 60 and 80 mm between opposing nodes. The selectivity was determined through the construction of the selection curves, indicating that the 60 mm mesh is the most suitable for fishing, considering the capture of 50% of adult individuals.(AU)

Seletividade da rede malhadeira na captura de Hemiodus unimaculatus no baixo Rio Tocantins, Amazônia, Brasil / Selectivity of gillnets targeting Hemiodus unimaculatus in the lower Tocantins River, Amazon, Brazil

O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar as curvas de seletividade das redes que capturam a jatuarana-escama-grossa, Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794), uma das espécies de peixe mais desembarcadas na área de influência do reservatório de Tucuruí, rio Tocantins, Pará. O local de estudo corresponde à área localizada a montante da barragem da Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí. As coletas foram efetuadas trimestralmente nos anos de 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006 e 2007 e semestralmente nos anos de 2002 e 2004, em cinco locais do reservatório e dois a montante, utilizando bateria de redes de emalhar de 50 m de comprimento e 3 m de altura, com malhas de 40, 60 e 80 mm entre nós opostos. A seletividade das redes foi determinada por meio da construção de curvas de seleção, que evidenciaram ser a malha de 60 mm a mais indicada para a pesca, considerando a captura de 50% de indivíduos adultos.

The authors set out to determine the selectivity curves of the nets that capture the jatuarana, Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794). The study site corresponds the area located upstream of the dam of the Tucuruí Hydroelectric Power Plant. The collections were made quarterly in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2007 and semiannually in the years of 2002 and 2004, in five sites in the reservoir and two upstream, using a battery of gill nets with 50 m long and 3 m height, with meshes of 40, 60 and 80 mm between opposing nodes. The selectivity was determined through the construction of the selection curves, indicating that the 60 mm mesh is the most suitable for fishing, considering the capture of 50% of adult individuals.