Bioavailability of soil Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from soil fractions / Biodisponibilidade de Cu, Fe, Mn, e Zn em frações do solo

Cationic micronutrients bioavailability depends on the chemical characteristics of soil fractions. Fourteen soils received individual doses of five micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) arranged in seven treatments set according a Baconian Matrix. The soils incubated with treatments during 15 days had corn cultivated in greenhouse for 30 days, in three consecutive growth cycles. The cationic micronutrients were determined in the corn shoots after each growth cycle. Soil samples collected before the first and after each growth cycle had the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn determined by single extractions (Mehlich-1 and DTPA-pH 7.3) and by sequential extraction. Correlation analysis was performed for the Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations determined in the corn shoots, the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soils (Mehlich-1 and DTPA) and the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil fractions (sequential extraction). The distribution of available metals forms in fractions reflected their affinity with soil components. Soil available Cu correlated with Cu bound to organic matter. The exchangeable fraction was the main source of soil available Mn and Zn. The Fe availability related mainly to the Mn oxides, Fe oxides, and exchangeable fractions. The plants absorbed Cu mainly from the Mn-oxides and organic matter fractions.(AU)

A biodisponibilidade dos micronutrientes catiônicos depende das características químicas das frações do solo. Quatorze solos receberam doses individuais de cinco micronutrientes (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) em sete tratamentos, estabelecidos conforme uma Matriz Baconiana. Os solos, com os tratamentos, foram incubados em vasos plásticos durante 15 dias, cultivando-se milho durante 30 dias, em três ciclos consecutivos. Amostras de solo e planta foram coletadas após cada ciclo de crescimento. Os metais foram determinados na parte aérea das plantas e correlacionados com sua disponibilidade no solo (DTPA/Mehlich-1) e concentrações nas frações do solo (extração sequencial). A distribuição dos metais disponíveis nas frações refletiu sua afinidade com os componentes do solo. O Cu disponível correlacionou-se com o ligado à matéria orgânica. Enquanto a fração trocável foi a principal fonte de Mn e Zn disponíveis, a disponibilidade de Fe esteve ligada às frações óxidos de Mn, óxidos de Fe, e fração trocável. As plantas absorveram o Cu, principalmente, das frações óxidos de Mn e matéria orgânica; o Mn das frações trocável e óxidos de Mn; e o Zn da fração trocável. As extrações com DTPA e Mehlich-1 se correlacionaram positivamente com Cu, Mn e Zn absorvidos pelas plantas(AU)

Bioavailability of soil Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn from soil fractions / Biodisponibilidade de Cu, Fe, Mn, e Zn em frações do solo

Cationic micronutrients bioavailability depends on the chemical characteristics of soil fractions. Fourteen soils received individual doses of five micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) arranged in seven treatments set according a Baconian Matrix. The soils incubated with treatments during 15 days had corn cultivated in greenhouse for 30 days, in three consecutive growth cycles. The cationic micronutrients were determined in the corn shoots after each growth cycle. Soil samples collected before the first and after each growth cycle had the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn determined by single extractions (Mehlich-1 and DTPA-pH 7.3) and by sequential extraction. Correlation analysis was performed for the Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations determined in the corn shoots, the available concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soils (Mehlich-1 and DTPA) and the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil fractions (sequential extraction). The distribution of available metals forms in fractions reflected their affinity with soil components. Soil available Cu correlated with Cu bound to organic matter. The exchangeable fraction was the main source of soil available Mn and Zn. The Fe availability related mainly to the Mn oxides, Fe oxides, and exchangeable fractions. The plants absorbed Cu mainly from the Mn-oxides and organic matter fractions.

A biodisponibilidade dos micronutrientes catiônicos depende das características químicas das frações do solo. Quatorze solos receberam doses individuais de cinco micronutrientes (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B) em sete tratamentos, estabelecidos conforme uma Matriz Baconiana. Os solos, com os tratamentos, foram incubados em vasos plásticos durante 15 dias, cultivando-se milho durante 30 dias, em três ciclos consecutivos. Amostras de solo e planta foram coletadas após cada ciclo de crescimento. Os metais foram determinados na parte aérea das plantas e correlacionados com sua disponibilidade no solo (DTPA/Mehlich-1) e concentrações nas frações do solo (extração sequencial). A distribuição dos metais disponíveis nas frações refletiu sua afinidade com os componentes do solo. O Cu disponível correlacionou-se com o ligado à matéria orgânica. Enquanto a fração trocável foi a principal fonte de Mn e Zn disponíveis, a disponibilidade de Fe esteve ligada às frações óxidos de Mn, óxidos de Fe, e fração trocável. As plantas absorveram o Cu, principalmente, das frações óxidos de Mn e matéria orgânica; o Mn das frações trocável e óxidos de Mn; e o Zn da fração trocável. As extrações com DTPA e Mehlich-1 se correlacionaram positivamente com Cu, Mn e Zn absorvidos pelas plantas

Soil-applied Zn effect on soil fractions

The interaction of Zn with soil compartments influences its bioavailability and uptake by plants. In this study, rice and soybean were cultivated under greenhouse conditions with the aim of evaluating Zn bioavailability and fractionation in a clayey-textured Typic Hapludox as a function of Zn rates (4 or 8 mg kg 1 Zn). The experiment was conducted until grain filling. Two soil subsamples (t 1 and t 2 ) that referred to the seeding and flowering stages, were collected and compared with two single extraction schemes, DTPA (Zn DTPAt1 and Zn DTPAt2 ) and Mehlich-1 (Zn Mt1 and Zn Mt2 ) for Zn available contents. Zn fractionation was carried out with t 2 soil subsamples for the testing of the following fractions: exchangeable Zn (Zn Exc ), Zn bound to carbonates (Zn Carb ), Zn bound to organic matter (Zn OM ), Zn bound to oxides (Zn Oxi ) and residual Zn (Zn res ). Zn applied to soil increased the Zn concentration in labile fractions in decreasing order as follows: Zn Exc > Zn OM > Zn Carb . There was no difference between the lesser or unavailable fractions, Zn Oxi and Zn res, when there was no correlation between the rates either with total accumulated Zn in plants (Zna total ), or the contents extracted by DTPA or Mehlich-1. Total cumulative Zn content in rice and soybean affected by the ZnCl 2 rates applied were positively correlated with Zn content extracted by both solutions. Both extractant solutions presented positive correlation between available contents of Zn with Zn bound to labile fractions.

Soil-applied Zn effect on soil fractions

The interaction of Zn with soil compartments influences its bioavailability and uptake by plants. In this study, rice and soybean were cultivated under greenhouse conditions with the aim of evaluating Zn bioavailability and fractionation in a clayey-textured Typic Hapludox as a function of Zn rates (4 or 8 mg kg 1 Zn). The experiment was conducted until grain filling. Two soil subsamples (t 1 and t 2 ) that referred to the seeding and flowering stages, were collected and compared with two single extraction schemes, DTPA (Zn DTPAt1 and Zn DTPAt2 ) and Mehlich-1 (Zn Mt1 and Zn Mt2 ) for Zn available contents. Zn fractionation was carried out with t 2 soil subsamples for the testing of the following fractions: exchangeable Zn (Zn Exc ), Zn bound to carbonates (Zn Carb ), Zn bound to organic matter (Zn OM ), Zn bound to oxides (Zn Oxi ) and residual Zn (Zn res ). Zn applied to soil increased the Zn concentration in labile fractions in decreasing order as follows: Zn Exc > Zn OM > Zn Carb . There was no difference between the lesser or unavailable fractions, Zn Oxi and Zn res, when there was no correlation between the rates either with total accumulated Zn in plants (Zna total ), or the contents extracted by DTPA or Mehlich-1. Total cumulative Zn content in rice and soybean affected by the ZnCl 2 rates applied were positively correlated with Zn content extracted by both solutions. Both extractant solutions presented positive correlation between available contents of Zn with Zn bound to labile fractions.(AU)

Exposure of free-living jaguars to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona in the Brazilian Pantanal / Exposição de onças-pintadas a Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum e Sarcocystis neurona no Pantanal brasileiro

Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona are related apicomplexan parasites that cause reproductive and neurological disorders in a wide range of domestic and wild animals. In the present study, the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) was used to investigate the presence of antibodies against T. gondii, N. caninum and S. neurona in the sera of 11 free-living jaguars (Panthera onca) in two protected areas in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Ten jaguars (90.9%) showed seropositivity for T. gondii, eight (72.7%) for S. neurona, and seven (63.6%) for N. caninum antigens. Our findings reveal exposure of jaguars to these related coccidian parasites and circulation of these pathogens in this wild ecosystem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first serological detection of N. caninum and S. neurona in free-living jaguars.

Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum e Sarcocystis neurona são coccídios relacionados responsáveis por causar desordens reprodutivas e neurológicas em uma ampla variedade de animais domésticos e selvagens. No presente estudo, a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) foi utilizada para investigar a presença de anticorpos contra T. gondii, N. caninum e S.neurona em soros de 11 onças-pintadas de vida livre (Panthera onca), provenientes de duas áreas protegidas na região do Pantanal do Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Dez (90,9%), sete (63,6%) e oito (72,7%) onças amostradas foram soropositivas para T. gondii, N. caninum e S. neurona, respectivamente. Os resultados indicam a exposição a esses coccídios relacionados entre as onças-pintadas e a circulação ambiental desses patógenos nesse ecossistema selvagem. Este é o primeiro relato da detecção sorológica de N. caninum e S. neurona em onças-pintadas de vida livre.

Cadmium phytoavailability in soils and evaluation of extractant effectiveness using an isotope technique

Large areas of land are nowadays contaminated by heavy metals and, it is therefore, important to monitor their levels in soils. Vegetables act as transfer mechanisms of such contaminants from soils to higher levels in the food chain. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical extractants by the L-value method for Cd phytoavailability using the 109Cd radionuclide. In a greenhouse experiment, rocket plants (Eruca sativa L.) were cultivated in pots with samples from Typic Hapludox and Typic Quartzipsamment soils. Cadmium concentrations ranging from 0 to 16 mg kg-1 were added to a 200 mL solution containing 148 kBq 109Cd. The available Cd in the soil was extracted by DTPA, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, and a mixture of organic acids (acetic, citric, lactic, and oxalic acids). Cd concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and 109Cd radionuclide activity was measured by low-level -counting. The dry matter yield was not influenced by Cd rates, but the Cd content and accumulation in shoots had a positive linear correlation. Generally, Cd was extracted in higher quantities by Mehlich-1 followed by DTPA, Mehlich-3, and organic acids. A linear correlation was found between the chemical extractants and Cd accumulation in shoots for both soils. According to the L Ratio, the extractants based on strong acids and chelating agents presented low efficiency regarding Cd phytoavailability. The organic acids, which presented values close to the L-value, may provide a promising method for evaluating environmental contaminants.

Cadmium phytoavailability in soils and evaluation of extractant effectiveness using an isotope technique

Large areas of land are nowadays contaminated by heavy metals and, it is therefore, important to monitor their levels in soils. Vegetables act as transfer mechanisms of such contaminants from soils to higher levels in the food chain. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical extractants by the L-value method for Cd phytoavailability using the 109Cd radionuclide. In a greenhouse experiment, rocket plants (Eruca sativa L.) were cultivated in pots with samples from Typic Hapludox and Typic Quartzipsamment soils. Cadmium concentrations ranging from 0 to 16 mg kg-1 were added to a 200 mL solution containing 148 kBq 109Cd. The available Cd in the soil was extracted by DTPA, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, and a mixture of organic acids (acetic, citric, lactic, and oxalic acids). Cd concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and 109Cd radionuclide activity was measured by low-level -counting. The dry matter yield was not influenced by Cd rates, but the Cd content and accumulation in shoots had a positive linear correlation. Generally, Cd was extracted in higher quantities by Mehlich-1 followed by DTPA, Mehlich-3, and organic acids. A linear correlation was found between the chemical extractants and Cd accumulation in shoots for both soils. According to the L Ratio, the extractants based on strong acids and chelating agents presented low efficiency regarding Cd phytoavailability. The organic acids, which presented values close to the L-value, may provide a promising method for evaluating environmental contaminants.(AU)

Extraction methods and availability of micronutrients for wheat under a no-till system with a surface application of lime

Micronutrient availability can be affected by the increase of the soil pH due to surface liming. A field trial was carried out on a loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludox at Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil. The main objective was to evaluate the effects of surface liming and re-liming on the availability of micronutrients [copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropped under a no-till system. A randomized complete block design was used in a split-plot arrangement. The main plots received surface lime applications (2, 4, and 6 Mg ha-1) in July 1993. In the subplots, surface lime (3 Mg ha-1) was applied again in June 2000. In 2003, before the wheat sowing, soil samples were taken at 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm layers. Soil cationic micronutrients concentrations using different extractants (DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, HCl, and Mehlich-3) and solution/soil ratios were determined. Application of lime increased soil pH at 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm. The increase in soil pH by liming did not affect soil organic carbon content. The Mehlich-3 solution had a greater capacity in extracting soil micronutrients. Increasing solution/soil ratio of the DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, and HCl solutions generally increased the extraction of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Liming and re-liming caused a decrease in Mn concentration in the wheat leaves. Leaf concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn were not affected by liming treatments. The solutions of DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, HCl, and Mehlich-3 were ineffective to predict the soil cationic micronutrients availability for a wheat crop after surface application of lime.

A disponibilidade de micronutrientes pode ser alterada pelo aumento no pH do solo proporcionado pela calagem superficial. Os efeitos da calagem e da reaplicação de calcário na superfície sobre a disponibilidade de micronutrientes [cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn)] para o trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) foram estudados em um Latossolo Vermelho textura média sob plantio direto, em Ponta Grossa (PR). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas receberam calagem superficial (2, 4 e 6 Mg ha-1) em julho de 1993. O calcário (3 Mg ha-1) foi reaplicado nas subparcelas em junho de 2000. Antes da semeadura do trigo em 2003, retiraram-se amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm e determinaram-se os micronutrientes catiônicos com diferentes extratores (DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, HCl e Mehlich-3) e relações solução/solo. A calagem aumentou o pH do solo nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm, mas não alterou o carbono orgânico. O extrator Mehlich-3 apresentou maior capacidade de extração de micronutrientes catiônicos. O aumento da relação solução/solo dos extratores DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1 e HCl geralmente aumentou a extração de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. A calagem e a reaplicação do calcário diminuíram a concentração de Mn nas folhas de trigo. Os teores foliares de Cu, Fe e Zn não foram alterados pela calagem. As soluções de DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, HCl e Mehlich-3 foram ineficientes para prever a disponibilidade de micronutrientes catiônicos para o trigo, após aplicação superficial de calcário.

Extraction methods and availability of micronutrients for wheat under a no-till system with a surface application of lime

Micronutrient availability can be affected by the increase of the soil pH due to surface liming. A field trial was carried out on a loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludox at Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil. The main objective was to evaluate the effects of surface liming and re-liming on the availability of micronutrients [copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropped under a no-till system. A randomized complete block design was used in a split-plot arrangement. The main plots received surface lime applications (2, 4, and 6 Mg ha-1) in July 1993. In the subplots, surface lime (3 Mg ha-1) was applied again in June 2000. In 2003, before the wheat sowing, soil samples were taken at 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm layers. Soil cationic micronutrients concentrations using different extractants (DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, HCl, and Mehlich-3) and solution/soil ratios were determined. Application of lime increased soil pH at 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm. The increase in soil pH by liming did not affect soil organic carbon content. The Mehlich-3 solution had a greater capacity in extracting soil micronutrients. Increasing solution/soil ratio of the DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, and HCl solutions generally increased the extraction of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Liming and re-liming caused a decrease in Mn concentration in the wheat leaves. Leaf concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn were not affected by liming treatments. The solutions of DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, HCl, and Mehlich-3 were ineffective to predict the soil cationic micronutrients availability for a wheat crop after surface application of lime.

A disponibilidade de micronutrientes pode ser alterada pelo aumento no pH do solo proporcionado pela calagem superficial. Os efeitos da calagem e da reaplicação de calcário na superfície sobre a disponibilidade de micronutrientes [cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn)] para o trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) foram estudados em um Latossolo Vermelho textura média sob plantio direto, em Ponta Grossa (PR). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas receberam calagem superficial (2, 4 e 6 Mg ha-1) em julho de 1993. O calcário (3 Mg ha-1) foi reaplicado nas subparcelas em junho de 2000. Antes da semeadura do trigo em 2003, retiraram-se amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm e determinaram-se os micronutrientes catiônicos com diferentes extratores (DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, HCl e Mehlich-3) e relações solução/solo. A calagem aumentou o pH do solo nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm, mas não alterou o carbono orgânico. O extrator Mehlich-3 apresentou maior capacidade de extração de micronutrientes catiônicos. O aumento da relação solução/solo dos extratores DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1 e HCl geralmente aumentou a extração de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. A calagem e a reaplicação do calcário diminuíram a concentração de Mn nas folhas de trigo. Os teores foliares de Cu, Fe e Zn não foram alterados pela calagem. As soluções de DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1, HCl e Mehlich-3 foram ineficientes para prever a disponibilidade de micronutrientes catiônicos para o trigo, após aplicação superficial de calcário.

Phytoremediation of lead by jack beans on a Rhodic Hapludox amended with EDTA

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition to soils on the lead (Pb) phytoextraction potential of jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis L.). In a pot experimentSoil samples (dystrophic Rhodic Hapludox) were treated with six Pb rates (0, 100, 200, 350, 1,200, and 2,400 mg kg-1 soil) applied as Pb(NO3)2 without and with EDTA application (0 and 0.5 g kg-1, respectively). Lead, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, SO4(2-), H2PO4-, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and DOC (dissolved organic carbon) concentrations obtained in a saturation soil extract (soil:water ratio of 1:0.3) were used for Pb speciation by means of the software Visual-Minteq 2.30. Soil Pb-availability was assessed with Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction. EDTA treated soils showed higher Pb (as PbEDTA2-), and Fe (as FeEDTA-) concentrations in soil solution leading to higher uptake of these elements by the jack bean. On the other hand, it decreased the concentration of stable complexes as Pb-DOC and Fe-DOC. EDTA also induced better nutrition to plants building up the concentration of non target metals (Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in shoots. Shoot dry matter yield remained constant even at the highest Pb rates after EDTA treatment. Jack bean can be considered as a potential Pb-phytoextractor. In addition, the DTPA solution was effective to assess Pb availability to the plants at all applied Pb rates.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, em condições de casa de vegetação, os efeitos do ácido etilenodiamino tetraacético (EDTA) no potencial fitoextrator do feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis L.). Amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico foram tratadas com seis doses de Pb (0, 100, 200, 350, 1.200 e 2.400 mg kg-1 de solo) aplicadas como Pb(NO3)2 com e sem a aplicação de EDTA (0 e 0,5 g kg-1, respectivamente) e colocadas em vasos. A concentração de Pb2+, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, SO4(2-), H2PO4-, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ e COD (carbono orgânico dissolvido) foram determinadas no extrato de saturação (razão solo:água de 1:0,3) e utilizadas para especiação iônica através do software Visual-Minteq 2.30. A disponibilidade de Pb foi avaliada com solução extratora de ácido dietilenotriamino pentacético (DTPA). O solo tratado com EDTA apresentou maior concentração de Pb (como PbEDTA2-) e Fe (como FeEDTA-) na solução do solo levando a maior absorção destes elementos pelo feijão de porco. Por outro lado reduziu a concentração das espécies Pb-COD e Fe-COD. O EDTA também contribuiu com melhor nutrição da planta devido ao aumento da concentração de outros nutrientes (Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe e Mn) na parte aérea. A produção de matéria seca foi constante mesmo para as doses mais altas de Pb no solo. O feijão-de-porco possui potencial fitorremediador. O extrator DTPA foi efetivo em avaliar a disponibilidade de Pb para as plantas para todas as doses de Pb aplicadas.

Phytoremediation of lead by jack beans on a Rhodic Hapludox amended with EDTA

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition to soils on the lead (Pb) phytoextraction potential of jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis L.). In a pot experimentSoil samples (dystrophic Rhodic Hapludox) were treated with six Pb rates (0, 100, 200, 350, 1,200, and 2,400 mg kg-1 soil) applied as Pb(NO3)2 without and with EDTA application (0 and 0.5 g kg-1, respectively). Lead, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, SO4(2-), H2PO4-, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and DOC (dissolved organic carbon) concentrations obtained in a saturation soil extract (soil:water ratio of 1:0.3) were used for Pb speciation by means of the software Visual-Minteq 2.30. Soil Pb-availability was assessed with Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction. EDTA treated soils showed higher Pb (as PbEDTA2-), and Fe (as FeEDTA-) concentrations in soil solution leading to higher uptake of these elements by the jack bean. On the other hand, it decreased the concentration of stable complexes as Pb-DOC and Fe-DOC. EDTA also induced better nutrition to plants building up the concentration of non target metals (Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) in shoots. Shoot dry matter yield remained constant even at the highest Pb rates after EDTA treatment. Jack bean can be considered as a potential Pb-phytoextractor. In addition, the DTPA solution was effective to assess Pb availability to the plants at all applied Pb rates.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, em condições de casa de vegetação, os efeitos do ácido etilenodiamino tetraacético (EDTA) no potencial fitoextrator do feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis L.). Amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico foram tratadas com seis doses de Pb (0, 100, 200, 350, 1.200 e 2.400 mg kg-1 de solo) aplicadas como Pb(NO3)2 com e sem a aplicação de EDTA (0 e 0,5 g kg-1, respectivamente) e colocadas em vasos. A concentração de Pb2+, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, SO4(2-), H2PO4-, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ e COD (carbono orgânico dissolvido) foram determinadas no extrato de saturação (razão solo:água de 1:0,3) e utilizadas para especiação iônica através do software Visual-Minteq 2.30. A disponibilidade de Pb foi avaliada com solução extratora de ácido dietilenotriamino pentacético (DTPA). O solo tratado com EDTA apresentou maior concentração de Pb (como PbEDTA2-) e Fe (como FeEDTA-) na solução do solo levando a maior absorção destes elementos pelo feijão de porco. Por outro lado reduziu a concentração das espécies Pb-COD e Fe-COD. O EDTA também contribuiu com melhor nutrição da planta devido ao aumento da concentração de outros nutrientes (Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe e Mn) na parte aérea. A produção de matéria seca foi constante mesmo para as doses mais altas de Pb no solo. O feijão-de-porco possui potencial fitorremediador. O extrator DTPA foi efetivo em avaliar a disponibilidade de Pb para as plantas para todas as doses de Pb aplicadas.

Heavy metals extractability in a soil amended with sewage sludge

Few investigations have been carried out about the comparison of desorption rate and amount of heavy metals extracted successively by organic acid mixtures mimicking the rhizosphere and routine extractants in sewage sludge-amended soils. Extractions of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Cu were performed in samples of a sewage sludge-amended soil using seven extractants: four organic acid mixtures and three routine extractants (DTPA, Mehlich-I, and ammonium acetate). Results from single pass extractions, in which the extractable metal contents were determined by simply extracting the soil a single time, as well as from 15 successive extractions, in which the solid residues of the first extraction was successively extracted 14 additional times, of heavy metals were analyzed. The extractability of heavy metals in a single pass extraction was, in general, as follows: Mehlich-I > DTPA > organic acids > NH4OAc. The highest rates of extraction followed the general order: DTPA > Mehlich-I > organic acids > NH4OAc. While Mehlich-I presented the highest extractability of heavy metals among studied extractants, DTPA showed a high extractability of Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cu in a single extraction as well as the highest rates of extraction among the studied extractants. The transfer of heavy metals from soil to organic acid solutions is slower than to DTPA and Mehlich-I extractants.

Poucos trabalhos têm sido realizados sobre a comparação da taxa de dessorção e da quantidade de metais extraídos sucessivamente por misturas de ácidos orgânicos que imitam a composição da rizosfera e por extratores usados na rotina em amostras de solo tratado com lodo de esgoto. Extrações de Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr e Cu foram realizadas em amostras de um solo de carga variável tratado com lodo de esgoto usando-se sete extratores: quatro misturas com ácidos orgânicos e três extratores usados na rotina (DTPA, Mehlich-I e acetato de amônio). Os resultados para uma única extração, em que o conteúdo de metais extraíveis foi determinado simplesmente extraindo-os do solo uma única vez, bem como após 15 extrações sucessivas, em que o resíduo sólido da primeira extração foi extraído sucessivamente por mais 14 vezes, foram analisados. A extractabilidade dos metais em uma extração simples foi, em geral, como segue: Mehlich-I > DTPA > ácidos orgânicos > NH4OAc. As mais elevadas taxas de extração seguiram a ordem: DTPA > Mehlich-I > ácidos orgânicos > NH4OAc. A maior extração de metais foi obtida com Mehlich-I, enquanto, o DTPA também extraiu alta quantidade de Zn, Cd, Ni e Cu em uma extração simples, bem como obteve as mais altas taxas de extração entre os extratores estudados. A transferência de metais do solo para as soluções de ácidos orgânicos foi mais lenta que para os extratores DTPA e Mehlich-I.

Heavy metals extractability in a soil amended with sewage sludge

Few investigations have been carried out about the comparison of desorption rate and amount of heavy metals extracted successively by organic acid mixtures mimicking the rhizosphere and routine extractants in sewage sludge-amended soils. Extractions of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Cu were performed in samples of a sewage sludge-amended soil using seven extractants: four organic acid mixtures and three routine extractants (DTPA, Mehlich-I, and ammonium acetate). Results from single pass extractions, in which the extractable metal contents were determined by simply extracting the soil a single time, as well as from 15 successive extractions, in which the solid residues of the first extraction was successively extracted 14 additional times, of heavy metals were analyzed. The extractability of heavy metals in a single pass extraction was, in general, as follows: Mehlich-I > DTPA > organic acids > NH4OAc. The highest rates of extraction followed the general order: DTPA > Mehlich-I > organic acids > NH4OAc. While Mehlich-I presented the highest extractability of heavy metals among studied extractants, DTPA showed a high extractability of Zn, Cd, Ni, and Cu in a single extraction as well as the highest rates of extraction among the studied extractants. The transfer of heavy metals from soil to organic acid solutions is slower than to DTPA and Mehlich-I extractants.

Poucos trabalhos têm sido realizados sobre a comparação da taxa de dessorção e da quantidade de metais extraídos sucessivamente por misturas de ácidos orgânicos que imitam a composição da rizosfera e por extratores usados na rotina em amostras de solo tratado com lodo de esgoto. Extrações de Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr e Cu foram realizadas em amostras de um solo de carga variável tratado com lodo de esgoto usando-se sete extratores: quatro misturas com ácidos orgânicos e três extratores usados na rotina (DTPA, Mehlich-I e acetato de amônio). Os resultados para uma única extração, em que o conteúdo de metais extraíveis foi determinado simplesmente extraindo-os do solo uma única vez, bem como após 15 extrações sucessivas, em que o resíduo sólido da primeira extração foi extraído sucessivamente por mais 14 vezes, foram analisados. A extractabilidade dos metais em uma extração simples foi, em geral, como segue: Mehlich-I > DTPA > ácidos orgânicos > NH4OAc. As mais elevadas taxas de extração seguiram a ordem: DTPA > Mehlich-I > ácidos orgânicos > NH4OAc. A maior extração de metais foi obtida com Mehlich-I, enquanto, o DTPA também extraiu alta quantidade de Zn, Cd, Ni e Cu em uma extração simples, bem como obteve as mais altas taxas de extração entre os extratores estudados. A transferência de metais do solo para as soluções de ácidos orgânicos foi mais lenta que para os extratores DTPA e Mehlich-I.

Chelating agents to solubilize heavy metals from Oxisols contaminated by the addition of organic and inorganic residues

Phytoremediation is an attractive technique for soils contaminated with heavy metals, especially in conjunction with chelating agents to assist metal phytoextraction. Nevertheless, their studies in Brazil are rare. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of the chelating agents EDDS and EDTA for the solubilization of heavy metals from two Oxisols contaminated by organic sources in Jaguariúna (LVJ) and inorganic sources in Paulínia (LVP), São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil. First, the soil samples were fractionated and the DTPA method was used to quantify heavy metals available forms. The results indicated that the metals were highly available in the soil fractions and could be solubilized by the chelating agents. The soil was suspended for 24 h in a chelating agent solution (EDTA or EDDS) at rates of 0, 250, 500 and 750 mg kg-1 of soil. The concentration of solubilized heavy metals was determined in the resulting solution. The extent of metal solubilization varied according to soil type, the chelating agent added and the specific metal. The amount of iron solubilized, as compared to the total iron (LVJ) was 11% (EDTA) and 19% (EDDS). EDDS solubilized more Cu than EDTA in both soils but more Ni in LVJ, while EDTA solubilized more Zn in both soils but more Cd in LVP. Both EDTA and EDDS may be useful for phytoextraction from soils, although the iron content is an important factor regarding the phytoextraction of heavy metals with chelating agents in Oxisols.

A fitoextração tem sido uma opção atrativa para remediar solos contaminados com metais pesados, principalmente quando associada à aplicação de quelantes ao solo, embora no Brasil seus estudos sejam muito incipientes. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos quelantes EDTA e EDDS na solubilização de metais pesados em Latossolos contaminados por Cu, Zn, Cd e Ni, cujas fontes de contaminação foram: orgânica em Jaguariúna (LVJ) e inorgânica em Paulínia (LVP). Antes da solubilização dos metais com os quelantes as amostras de solo foram submetidas ao fracionamento seqüencial e à extração dos metais pesados pelo método do DTPA. Ainda, as amostras dos dois solos foram agitadas com as soluções dos quelantes, por 24 h, usando as seguintes doses: 0, 250, 500 e 750 mg kg-1 de solo, realizando-se a determinação dos metais pesados no sobrenadante. Tanto a extração com DTPA como o fracionamento seqüencial indicaram que os metais estavam nas frações disponíveis que poderiam ser solubilizados pelos quelantes. As quantidades solubilizadas de Cu, Fe, Zn e Ni variaram em função do tipo de solo, dos quelantes e das doses aplicadas. A solubilização do Fe em relação ao seu teor total no LVJ foi de 11% (EDTA) e 19% (EDDS). O EDDS solubilizou mais Cu em ambos os solos e Ni no LVJ, enquanto o EDTA apresentou maior solubilização do Zn também em ambos os solos e do Cd no LVP. Portanto, a utilização de tais complexantes pode ser promissora na fitoextração de metais em solos, mas a avaliação da concentração de Fe no solo torna-se importante quando se utiliza a técnica de fitoextração assistida por quelantes para remediar Latossolos contaminados com metais.

Chelating agents to solubilize heavy metals from Oxisols contaminated by the addition of organic and inorganic residues

Phytoremediation is an attractive technique for soils contaminated with heavy metals, especially in conjunction with chelating agents to assist metal phytoextraction. Nevertheless, their studies in Brazil are rare. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of the chelating agents EDDS and EDTA for the solubilization of heavy metals from two Oxisols contaminated by organic sources in Jaguariúna (LVJ) and inorganic sources in Paulínia (LVP), São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil. First, the soil samples were fractionated and the DTPA method was used to quantify heavy metals available forms. The results indicated that the metals were highly available in the soil fractions and could be solubilized by the chelating agents. The soil was suspended for 24 h in a chelating agent solution (EDTA or EDDS) at rates of 0, 250, 500 and 750 mg kg-1 of soil. The concentration of solubilized heavy metals was determined in the resulting solution. The extent of metal solubilization varied according to soil type, the chelating agent added and the specific metal. The amount of iron solubilized, as compared to the total iron (LVJ) was 11% (EDTA) and 19% (EDDS). EDDS solubilized more Cu than EDTA in both soils but more Ni in LVJ, while EDTA solubilized more Zn in both soils but more Cd in LVP. Both EDTA and EDDS may be useful for phytoextraction from soils, although the iron content is an important factor regarding the phytoextraction of heavy metals with chelating agents in Oxisols.

A fitoextração tem sido uma opção atrativa para remediar solos contaminados com metais pesados, principalmente quando associada à aplicação de quelantes ao solo, embora no Brasil seus estudos sejam muito incipientes. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos quelantes EDTA e EDDS na solubilização de metais pesados em Latossolos contaminados por Cu, Zn, Cd e Ni, cujas fontes de contaminação foram: orgânica em Jaguariúna (LVJ) e inorgânica em Paulínia (LVP). Antes da solubilização dos metais com os quelantes as amostras de solo foram submetidas ao fracionamento seqüencial e à extração dos metais pesados pelo método do DTPA. Ainda, as amostras dos dois solos foram agitadas com as soluções dos quelantes, por 24 h, usando as seguintes doses: 0, 250, 500 e 750 mg kg-1 de solo, realizando-se a determinação dos metais pesados no sobrenadante. Tanto a extração com DTPA como o fracionamento seqüencial indicaram que os metais estavam nas frações disponíveis que poderiam ser solubilizados pelos quelantes. As quantidades solubilizadas de Cu, Fe, Zn e Ni variaram em função do tipo de solo, dos quelantes e das doses aplicadas. A solubilização do Fe em relação ao seu teor total no LVJ foi de 11% (EDTA) e 19% (EDDS). O EDDS solubilizou mais Cu em ambos os solos e Ni no LVJ, enquanto o EDTA apresentou maior solubilização do Zn também em ambos os solos e do Cd no LVP. Portanto, a utilização de tais complexantes pode ser promissora na fitoextração de metais em solos, mas a avaliação da concentração de Fe no solo torna-se importante quando se utiliza a técnica de fitoextração assistida por quelantes para remediar Latossolos contaminados com metais.

Assessment of heavy metals in soils of a vineyard region with the use of principal component analysis

Agricultural management with chemicals may contaminate the soil with heavy metals. The objective of this study was to apply Principal Component Analysis and geoprocessing techniques to identify the origin of the metals Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd as potential contaminants of agricultural soils. The study was developed in an area of vineyard cultivation in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples were collected and GPS located under different uses and coverings. The metal concentrations in the soils were determined using the DTPA method. The Cu and Zn content was considered high in most of the samples, and was larger in the areas cultivated with vineyards that had been under the application of fungicides for several decades. The concentrations of Cu and Zn were correlated. The geoprocessing techniques and the Principal Component Analysis confirmed the enrichment of the soil with Cu and Zn because of the use and management of the vineyards with chemicals in the preceding decades.

O manejo agrícola com agroquímicos pode levar a contaminação dos solos por metais pesados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a Análise dos Componentes Principais e técnicas de geoprocessamento para identificar a origem dos metais pesados Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr e Cd como contaminantes potenciais em solos agrícolas. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma área cultivada com vinhedos no Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Amostras de solos foram coletadas e georeferenciadas por GPS sob diferentes usos e coberturas. As concentrações dos metais nos solos foram obtidas pelo método de extração com DTPA. As concentrações de Cu e Zn foram consideradas altas na maioria das amostras pesquisadas, sendo maiores nas áreas cultivadas com vinhedos sob aplicações de fungicidas por décadas. As concentrações de Cu e Zn apresentaram correlação. As técnicas de geoprocessamento e a Análise dos Componentes Principais indicaram enriquecimento do solo com Cu e Zn devido ao uso e manejo dos vinhedos com agroquímicos nas décadas anteriores.

Assessment of heavy metals in soils of a vineyard region with the use of principal component analysis

Agricultural management with chemicals may contaminate the soil with heavy metals. The objective of this study was to apply Principal Component Analysis and geoprocessing techniques to identify the origin of the metals Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd as potential contaminants of agricultural soils. The study was developed in an area of vineyard cultivation in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples were collected and GPS located under different uses and coverings. The metal concentrations in the soils were determined using the DTPA method. The Cu and Zn content was considered high in most of the samples, and was larger in the areas cultivated with vineyards that had been under the application of fungicides for several decades. The concentrations of Cu and Zn were correlated. The geoprocessing techniques and the Principal Component Analysis confirmed the enrichment of the soil with Cu and Zn because of the use and management of the vineyards with chemicals in the preceding decades.

O manejo agrícola com agroquímicos pode levar a contaminação dos solos por metais pesados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a Análise dos Componentes Principais e técnicas de geoprocessamento para identificar a origem dos metais pesados Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr e Cd como contaminantes potenciais em solos agrícolas. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma área cultivada com vinhedos no Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Amostras de solos foram coletadas e georeferenciadas por GPS sob diferentes usos e coberturas. As concentrações dos metais nos solos foram obtidas pelo método de extração com DTPA. As concentrações de Cu e Zn foram consideradas altas na maioria das amostras pesquisadas, sendo maiores nas áreas cultivadas com vinhedos sob aplicações de fungicidas por décadas. As concentrações de Cu e Zn apresentaram correlação. As técnicas de geoprocessamento e a Análise dos Componentes Principais indicaram enriquecimento do solo com Cu e Zn devido ao uso e manejo dos vinhedos com agroquímicos nas décadas anteriores.

Copper and zinc quantification in contaminated soil as evaluated by chemical extractants

Trace elements are potentially toxic to the environment. Their toxicity in soils relies on their type of chemical associations. Hence it is important to determine the chemical form they occur in the soils in order to assess their quantities. The objective the present work was to evaluate the possibility of using the concentrations of Cu and Zn in different soil fractions and the total concentration as predictors of their quantification by comparing the classical extractants DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl. Comparisons were made also with the concentrations of absorbed by rice and soybean in contaminated soil. Seven soil samples with a different degree of contamination were studied using a randomized experimental design, with four replicates. By using an ICP-OES we analyzed the concentrations of Cu and Zn in the diagnostic leafs, at the end of the cycle (LCE) and several of its content in the soil: available extracted with the DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl extractants, soluble+exchangeable contents, bound to organic matter, to oxides and the total content. For both, soybean and rice, the concentrations of Cu and Zn extracted from the sequential extraction was found to be correlated with the concentration in LCE. For soybean, Zn concentration extracted with DTPA was correlated with the total concentration, while Cu concentration extracted with three extractors, DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl, correlated with the total concentration, probably due to the high concentration of Cu and Zn in this soil. For rice, both Cu and Zn concentration as extracted by the three extracting solutions correlated with the concentration of all the fractions and with the total concentration.

Os elementos traços são potencialmente tóxicos para o meio ambiente. Estas toxicidades dependem de suas associações químicas. Por isso a determinação da forma química destes elementos no solo é importante para quantificá-lo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de se utilizar teores de Cu e Zn nas diferentes frações do solo para prognosticar suas disponibilidades. Para isso, compararam-se as mesmas com soluções extratoras clássicas, como DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, e com teores absorvidos por plantas de arroz e soja em materiais de solos contaminados. Foram estudadas sete amostras de solos com diferentes graus de contaminação empregando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Utilizando a técnica de ICP-OES, foram avaliados teores de Cu e Zn em folha diagnóstico e folha em final de ciclo (LCE) e no solo: teores disponíveis utilizando as soluções extratoras DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, teores nas frações de solo solúvel+trocável, ligados à matéria orgânica e ligados a óxidos e o teor total. Para a soja e arroz, os teores de Cu e Zn extraídos do fracionamento correlacionaram significativamente com os teores obtidos na LCE. Para a soja, os teores de Zn extraídos com DTPA apresentaram alta correlação com os teores totais, enquanto que os teores de Cu extraídos pelos três extratores, DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, correlacionaram com o teor total, provavelmente devido aos altos teores de Cu e Zn neste solo. Para o arroz, os teores de Cu e Zn extraídos pelas três soluções correlacionaram com teores em todas as frações e com o teor total.

Copper and zinc quantification in contaminated soil as evaluated by chemical extractants

Trace elements are potentially toxic to the environment. Their toxicity in soils relies on their type of chemical associations. Hence it is important to determine the chemical form they occur in the soils in order to assess their quantities. The objective the present work was to evaluate the possibility of using the concentrations of Cu and Zn in different soil fractions and the total concentration as predictors of their quantification by comparing the classical extractants DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl. Comparisons were made also with the concentrations of absorbed by rice and soybean in contaminated soil. Seven soil samples with a different degree of contamination were studied using a randomized experimental design, with four replicates. By using an ICP-OES we analyzed the concentrations of Cu and Zn in the diagnostic leafs, at the end of the cycle (LCE) and several of its content in the soil: available extracted with the DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl extractants, soluble+exchangeable contents, bound to organic matter, to oxides and the total content. For both, soybean and rice, the concentrations of Cu and Zn extracted from the sequential extraction was found to be correlated with the concentration in LCE. For soybean, Zn concentration extracted with DTPA was correlated with the total concentration, while Cu concentration extracted with three extractors, DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl, correlated with the total concentration, probably due to the high concentration of Cu and Zn in this soil. For rice, both Cu and Zn concentration as extracted by the three extracting solutions correlated with the concentration of all the fractions and with the total concentration.

Os elementos traços são potencialmente tóxicos para o meio ambiente. Estas toxicidades dependem de suas associações químicas. Por isso a determinação da forma química destes elementos no solo é importante para quantificá-lo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de se utilizar teores de Cu e Zn nas diferentes frações do solo para prognosticar suas disponibilidades. Para isso, compararam-se as mesmas com soluções extratoras clássicas, como DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, e com teores absorvidos por plantas de arroz e soja em materiais de solos contaminados. Foram estudadas sete amostras de solos com diferentes graus de contaminação empregando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Utilizando a técnica de ICP-OES, foram avaliados teores de Cu e Zn em folha diagnóstico e folha em final de ciclo (LCE) e no solo: teores disponíveis utilizando as soluções extratoras DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, teores nas frações de solo solúvel+trocável, ligados à matéria orgânica e ligados a óxidos e o teor total. Para a soja e arroz, os teores de Cu e Zn extraídos do fracionamento correlacionaram significativamente com os teores obtidos na LCE. Para a soja, os teores de Zn extraídos com DTPA apresentaram alta correlação com os teores totais, enquanto que os teores de Cu extraídos pelos três extratores, DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, correlacionaram com o teor total, provavelmente devido aos altos teores de Cu e Zn neste solo. Para o arroz, os teores de Cu e Zn extraídos pelas três soluções correlacionaram com teores em todas as frações e com o teor total.

Schistosomiasis haematobia in Brazilian patients: clinical and renal functional evaluation with 99mTc-DTPA

The present study was carried out at the Army Central Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from September 2000 to December 2001, employing diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc-DTPA) to evaluate the renal function of nineteen symptomatic patients infected with S. haematobium during a peace mission in Mozambique. Results evidenced that the most frequent clinical manifestations were hematuria (68.4%) and low back pain (68.4%) and 73.7% patients had altered dynamic renal scintigraphy expressed by an increase in the excretory phase independently of the symptoms duration; furthermore, none of them had mechanical obstructive pattern. Schistosoma haematobium glomerulopathy could be considered a pathological finding without correlation with the disease clinical manifestations.