Effects of renal denervation on endogenous ouabain in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose: To investigate the role of renal denervation (RDN) on endogenous ouabain (EO) secretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: Sixteen 12-week-old male SHR were randomly separated into the renal denervation group (RDNX group) and sham operation group (sham group), and eight age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were served as control group. EO concentrations, the Na+- K+-ATPaseactivity, and the expression of Na+-K+-ATPase were assessed. Results: EO levels in serum, kidneys and hypothalamus of sham group were higher than in RDNX group (p < 0.05). Renal Na+-K+-ATPase activity subjected to denervation surgery showed significantly reduction when compared with the sham groups (p < 0.05). A positive correlation existed between norepinephrine (NE) content and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the kidney (r2 = 0.579). Renal Na+-K+-ATPase α1 subunit mRNA expression was down-regulated in the RDNX group compared with the sham group (P < 0.05), while renal Na+-K+-ATPase α1 subunit mRNA expression was no statistical significance between the groups (P = 0.63). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the renal expression of Na+-K+-ATPasebetween the three groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These experiments demonstrate that RDN exerted an anti-hypertensive effect with reduction of EO levels and Na+-K+-ATPase activity and Na+-K+-ATPase α1 subunit expression of kidney in SHR.

Denervação articular aberta em cadela / Open articular denervation in bitch

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma afecção de cães e gatos definida como uma doença hereditária biomecânica ou adquirida, representada pela disparidade entre a massa muscular primária e o rápido crescimento ósseo, que pode levar à doença articular degenerativa (DAD). Com a evolução do quadro, os animais apresentarão perda da cartilagem, evoluindo para um desgaste, deformação da cabeça do fêmur e do acetábulo, levando a um quadro de dor e dificuldade de locomoção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar uma abordagem cirúrgica como tratamento de DCF e DAD de uma cadela da raça labrador. O diagnóstico foi obtido através do histórico, exame físico e exame radiológico. Na radiografia verificouse diminuição de espaço articular em ambos os membros posteriores, artrose do quadril e sub-luxação. O tratamento definitivo instituído para a correção da DCF foi a intervenção cirúrgica usando a técnica de denervação coxofemoral com abordagem aberta, com principal objetivo de amenizar a dor, prevenir a progressão da enfermidade articular degenerativa e restaurar a função normal da articulação. O tratamento se mostrou eficiente, garantindo conforto ao paciente e retorno da função articular e dos membros.

Hip dysplasia (DCF) is a condition of dogs and cats defined as a hereditary biomechanical or acquired disease, represented by the disparity between primary muscle mass and rapid bone growth, which can lead to degenerative joint disease (DAD). With the development of the condition, these animals will present loss of cartilage, evolving to a wear and tear, and deformation of the head of the femur and acetabulum, leading to a picture of pain and difficulty in locomotion. The aim of the present study was to report a surgical approach as treatment of DCF and DAD of a Labrador bitch. The diagnosis is obtained through history, physical examination and radiological examination. Radiography revealed decreased joint space in both hind limbs, hip arthrosis and sub-dislocation. The definitive treatment instituted for the correction of FDD was surgical intervention using the hip denervation technique with open approach, with the main objective of alleviating pain, preventing the progression of degenerative joint disease and restoring normal joint function. The treatment proved to be efficient, ensuring patient comfort and return of joint and limb function.

Denervação articular aberta em cadela / Open articular denervation in bitch

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma afecção de cães e gatos definida como uma doença hereditária biomecânica ou adquirida, representada pela disparidade entre a massa muscular primária e o rápido crescimento ósseo, que pode levar à doença articular degenerativa (DAD). Com a evolução do quadro, os animais apresentarão perda da cartilagem, evoluindo para um desgaste, deformação da cabeça do fêmur e do acetábulo, levando a um quadro de dor e dificuldade de locomoção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar uma abordagem cirúrgica como tratamento de DCF e DAD de uma cadela da raça labrador. O diagnóstico foi obtido através do histórico, exame físico e exame radiológico. Na radiografia verificouse diminuição de espaço articular em ambos os membros posteriores, artrose do quadril e sub-luxação. O tratamento definitivo instituído para a correção da DCF foi a intervenção cirúrgica usando a técnica de denervação coxofemoral com abordagem aberta, com principal objetivo de amenizar a dor, prevenir a progressão da enfermidade articular degenerativa e restaurar a função normal da articulação. O tratamento se mostrou eficiente, garantindo conforto ao paciente e retorno da função articular e dos membros.(AU)

Hip dysplasia (DCF) is a condition of dogs and cats defined as a hereditary biomechanical or acquired disease, represented by the disparity between primary muscle mass and rapid bone growth, which can lead to degenerative joint disease (DAD). With the development of the condition, these animals will present loss of cartilage, evolving to a wear and tear, and deformation of the head of the femur and acetabulum, leading to a picture of pain and difficulty in locomotion. The aim of the present study was to report a surgical approach as treatment of DCF and DAD of a Labrador bitch. The diagnosis is obtained through history, physical examination and radiological examination. Radiography revealed decreased joint space in both hind limbs, hip arthrosis and sub-dislocation. The definitive treatment instituted for the correction of FDD was surgical intervention using the hip denervation technique with open approach, with the main objective of alleviating pain, preventing the progression of degenerative joint disease and restoring normal joint function. The treatment proved to be efficient, ensuring patient comfort and return of joint and limb function.(AU)

A new experimental model of intrinsic denervation in ileum from wistar rats through intramural microinjections of benzalkonium chloride / Um novo modelo experimental de desnervação intrínseca em íleo de ratos wistar através de micro injeções intramurais de cloreto de benzalcônio

Extensive literature is available about the intrinsic denervation of segments of the digestive tube through the application of CB in the serosa of the viscera. However, this technique has some disadvantages like causing peritonitis, flanges and high mortality, limiting its use in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of benzalkonium chloride (CB) to induce intrinsic chemical denervation, through applications of CB in the intramural ileum of wistar rats, as well as deepen the knowledge about the evolution of neuronal injury caused in the process. We used 40 rats, divided into two groups (control-GC and benzalkonium-GB) of 20 animals each, divided into four sub-groups according to the time of postoperative assessment of 24, 48 hours, 30 and 90 days. The animals were submitted to intramural microinjections of sterile saline solution 0.9% (GC) or benzalkonium chloride (GB) in ileal portion, and subsequent histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of neuronal injury. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was found of the neuronal myenteric count over time in groups, GB3, GB4 and GB2. The specific positive immunolabeling for H2AX and Caspase-3 confirmed the results obtained in the histopathological evaluation, denoting the ignition of irreversible cell injury in 24 hours, evolving into neuronal apoptosis in 48 hours after application of the CB 0.3%. Under the conditions in which this work was conducted, it can be concluded that the application of CB 0.3% by means of microinjections intramural in the ileal wall is able to induce intrinsic chemical denervation of the diverticulum of wistar rats and that the main mechanism of neuronal death is induction of apoptosis.(AU)

Existe vasta literatura sobre a desnervação intrínseca de segmentos do tubo digestório através da aplicação de CB na serosa da víscera. Entretanto, essa técnica tem a desvantagem de causar peritonite, formação de bridas e alta mortalidade, não sendo factível para eventuais utilizações em humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do Cloreto de benzalcônio (CB) induzir desnervação química intrínseca, por meio de aplicações intramurais em íleo de ratos wistar, além de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a evolução da lesão neuronal causada neste processo. Foram utilizados 40 ratos, distribuídos em dois grupos (controle- GC e benzalcônio- GB) de 20 animais cada, subdivididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o tempo de avaliação pós-operatória de 24, 48 horas, 30 e 90 dias. Os animais foram submetidos à microinjeções intramurais de solução salina estéril 0,9% (GC) ou de cloreto de benzalcônio (GB) em porção ileal, e posterior análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica, para avaliação da lesão neuronal. Houve diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na contagem neuronal mientérica ao longo do tempo nos grupos GB2, GB3 e GB4. A imunomarcação específica positiva para H2AX e Caspase-3 confirmou os resultados obtidos na avaliação histopatológica, denotando início da lesão celular irreversível em 24 horas, evoluindo para apoptose neuronal em 48 horas após a aplicação do CB 0,3%. Nas condições em que este trabalho foi conduzido, é possível concluir que a aplicação de CB 0,3% por meio de microinjeções intramurais na parede ileal é capaz de induzir desnervação química intrínseca da porção ileal de ratos wistar e que o principal mecanismo de morte neuronal é a indução de apoptose.(AU)

A new experimental model of intrinsic denervation in ileum from wistar rats through intramural microinjections of benzalkonium chloride / Um novo modelo experimental de desnervação intrínseca em íleo de ratos wistar através de micro injeções intramurais de cloreto de benzalcônio

Extensive literature is available about the intrinsic denervation of segments of the digestive tube through the application of CB in the serosa of the viscera. However, this technique has some disadvantages like causing peritonitis, flanges and high mortality, limiting its use in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of benzalkonium chloride (CB) to induce intrinsic chemical denervation, through applications of CB in the intramural ileum of wistar rats, as well as deepen the knowledge about the evolution of neuronal injury caused in the process. We used 40 rats, divided into two groups (control-GC and benzalkonium-GB) of 20 animals each, divided into four sub-groups according to the time of postoperative assessment of 24, 48 hours, 30 and 90 days. The animals were submitted to intramural microinjections of sterile saline solution 0.9% (GC) or benzalkonium chloride (GB) in ileal portion, and subsequent histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of neuronal injury. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was found of the neuronal myenteric count over time in groups, GB3, GB4 and GB2. The specific positive immunolabeling for H2AX and Caspase-3 confirmed the results obtained in the histopathological evaluation, denoting the ignition of irreversible cell injury in 24 hours, evolving into neuronal apoptosis in 48 hours after application of the CB 0.3%. Under the conditions in which this work was conducted, it can be concluded that the application of CB 0.3% by means of microinjections intramural in the ileal wall is able to induce intrinsic chemical denervation of the diverticulum of wistar rats and that the main mechanism of neuronal death is induction of apoptosis.(AU)

Existe vasta literatura sobre a desnervação intrínseca de segmentos do tubo digestório através da aplicação de CB na serosa da víscera. Entretanto, essa técnica tem a desvantagem de causar peritonite, formação de bridas e alta mortalidade, não sendo factível para eventuais utilizações em humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do Cloreto de benzalcônio (CB) induzir desnervação química intrínseca, por meio de aplicações intramurais em íleo de ratos wistar, além de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a evolução da lesão neuronal causada neste processo. Foram utilizados 40 ratos, distribuídos em dois grupos (controle- GC e benzalcônio- GB) de 20 animais cada, subdivididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o tempo de avaliação pós-operatória de 24, 48 horas, 30 e 90 dias. Os animais foram submetidos à microinjeções intramurais de solução salina estéril 0,9% (GC) ou de cloreto de benzalcônio (GB) em porção ileal, e posterior análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica, para avaliação da lesão neuronal. Houve diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na contagem neuronal mientérica ao longo do tempo nos grupos GB2, GB3 e GB4. A imunomarcação específica positiva para H2AX e Caspase-3 confirmou os resultados obtidos na avaliação histopatológica, denotando início da lesão celular irreversível em 24 horas, evoluindo para apoptose neuronal em 48 horas após a aplicação do CB 0,3%. Nas condições em que este trabalho foi conduzido, é possível concluir que a aplicação de CB 0,3% por meio de microinjeções intramurais na parede ileal é capaz de induzir desnervação química intrínseca da porção ileal de ratos wistar e que o principal mecanismo de morte neuronal é a indução de apoptose.(AU)

Botulinum toxin as a treatment for short bowel syndrome in rats

Purpose: The denervation of the intestine with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) reduces mortality and improves weight gain in rats with short bowel syndrome (SBS). Nevertheless, translating these promising findings from bench to bedside is not feasible because BAC promotes peritonitis and irreversible denervation which may be followed by an uncontrolled dilatation of the viscera. The use of botulinum toxin (BT) instead of BAC to achieve the denervation of the remaining small intestine in SBS could be an interesting option because it leads to a mild and transient denervation of the intestine. Methods: Here we evaluated the effects of the ileal denervation with BT in rats with SBS by verifying the body weight variation and intestinal morphological parameters. Four groups with 6 animals each were submitted to enterectomy with an ileal injection of saline (group E) or BT (group EBT). Control groups were submitted to simulated surgery with an ileal injection of BT (group BT) or saline (group C control). Results: We observed that the treatment of the remaining ileum with BT completely reversed the weight loss associated to extensive small bowel resection. Conclusion: This may provide a new promising approach to the surgical treatment of SBS.(AU)

Síndrome navicular / Navicular syndrome

The navicular syndrome is a high relevance pathology. It is one of the chronic disease that most attacks equines 4 to 15 years. Several factors as faulty genetic predisposition in the blood circulation for the region of the navicular, biomechanical factors, imperfect resignation and instability of the hoof are proposed like as etiological actors. The aim of this study was report a case of navicular bone syndrome in equine and bring forward the discussed therapeutic conducts. In the physical exam, the animal presented accented claudication on step and the illness was diagnosed through the x-ray and from there, neurectomia was carried out. After the surgical treatment, the animal was treated and discharged for not demonstrating painful signs. There is no remedial treatment for the illness, therefore when the first clinical signs appear, it must be taken the proper steps so does not compromising the life of the animal.

Síndrome navicular / Navicular syndrome

The navicular syndrome is a high relevance pathology. It is one of the chronic disease that most attacks equines 4 to 15 years. Several factors as faulty genetic predisposition in the blood circulation for the region of the navicular, biomechanical factors, imperfect resignation and instability of the hoof are proposed like as etiological actors. The aim of this study was report a case of navicular bone syndrome in equine and bring forward the discussed therapeutic conducts. In the physical exam, the animal presented accented claudication on step and the illness was diagnosed through the x-ray and from there, neurectomia was carried out. After the surgical treatment, the animal was treated and discharged for not demonstrating painful signs. There is no remedial treatment for the illness, therefore when the first clinical signs appear, it must be taken the proper steps so does not compromising the life of the animal.(AU)

Assessment of pain submission in dogs submitted to dorsal acetabular denervation

Background: Hip dysplasia is a disease characterized by laxity of the joint and subsequent development of osteoarthritis.Pain is initially caused by joint looseness and instability. Dorsal acetabular denervation surgery have been used with ananalgesic objective. The technique initially proposed was modified, by performing a larger area of denervation. There areno studies referring to the pain parameters accepted by researchers regarding the assessment of this technique are availablein the literature. The aim of this research was express by cortisol and serum glycemia levels, the remission of pain in thepatients submitted to acetabular denervation.Materials, Methods & Results: The serum levels of cortisol and glycemia were analyzed in 11 dogs with hip dysplasiaat moments 0 (M0), I (M1), II (M2) and III (M3), which were respectively the moment of the diagnosis, 2, 7 and 15 daysafter the surgical procedure. All the patients were sumitted to the surgical intervention called dorsal acetabular denervation.The colorimetric enzymatic method was used for glucose measurement and the reading was performed using a spectrumphotometer. For the serum measurement of cortisol the ELISA method was used. The statistical analyses were processedwith the help of a computerized statistical program (Minitab Release 13). The final data obtained were analyzed regardingtheir parametric distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The analyzed data presented a parametric distributionand had means compared by the Tukeys analysis of variance. Differences with P values equal or smaller than 0.05 wereconsidered significant. The correlation between the glycemia and serum cortisol values was evaluated by the Pearson test.The statistical analysis of the results points out a significant difference regarding the cortisol levels (μg/dL) at moments M1and M2 regarding the moment M0, and at moment M3 regarding the other moments. There was no significant statistical...(AU)

Assessment of pain submission in dogs submitted to dorsal acetabular denervation

Background: Hip dysplasia is a disease characterized by laxity of the joint and subsequent development of osteoarthritis.Pain is initially caused by joint looseness and instability. Dorsal acetabular denervation surgery have been used with ananalgesic objective. The technique initially proposed was modified, by performing a larger area of denervation. There areno studies referring to the pain parameters accepted by researchers regarding the assessment of this technique are availablein the literature. The aim of this research was express by cortisol and serum glycemia levels, the remission of pain in thepatients submitted to acetabular denervation.Materials, Methods & Results: The serum levels of cortisol and glycemia were analyzed in 11 dogs with hip dysplasiaat moments 0 (M0), I (M1), II (M2) and III (M3), which were respectively the moment of the diagnosis, 2, 7 and 15 daysafter the surgical procedure. All the patients were sumitted to the surgical intervention called dorsal acetabular denervation.The colorimetric enzymatic method was used for glucose measurement and the reading was performed using a spectrumphotometer. For the serum measurement of cortisol the ELISA method was used. The statistical analyses were processedwith the help of a computerized statistical program (Minitab Release 13). The final data obtained were analyzed regardingtheir parametric distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The analyzed data presented a parametric distributionand had means compared by the Tukey’s analysis of variance. Differences with P values equal or smaller than 0.05 wereconsidered significant. The correlation between the glycemia and serum cortisol values was evaluated by the Pearson test.The statistical analysis of the results points out a significant difference regarding the cortisol levels (μg/dL) at moments M1and M2 regarding the moment M0, and at moment M3 regarding the other moments. There was no significant statistical...

Quantificação da atividade física voluntária utilizando acelerômetro em cães com displasia coxofemoral e submetidos a denervação acetabular: resultados a curto prazo

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Haws Syndrome in cats / Síndrome de Haw em gatos

Background: Haws syndrome is an uncommon but underdiagnosed disease that affects cats. It occurs due to changes in the innervation of the third eyelid causing protrusion. These changes may occur due to some change in sympathetic innervation efferent to the eye and its annexes. The diagnosis is based on the instillation of sympathomimetic agents. The palliative treatment is based on the instillation of sympathomimetic agents only if the protrusion is preventing eyesight. The aim of this study is to report the clinical management of three cats with this syndrome, emphasizing its clinical, diagnostic and treatment demonstration. Case: Three cats were referred to the Department of Ophthalmology Veterinary of the Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), two with undefined breeds (male and female) and a Siamese (male), aged between 2 and 4 years, with bilateral protrusion of the third eyelid. The owners reported that the animals ate well, were active and did not observe any other problems concomitantly, with the exception of diarrhea In one of the animals a week ago, but that had passed. The animals underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination where they were evaluated since the symmetry orbits until intraocular pressure, Schirmer tear test, fluorescein test and lissamine green, without any obvious change, with values within the normal range for the species, except for...(AU)

Haws Syndrome in cats / Síndrome de Haw em gatos

Background: Haws syndrome is an uncommon but underdiagnosed disease that affects cats. It occurs due to changes in the innervation of the third eyelid causing protrusion. These changes may occur due to some change in sympathetic innervation efferent to the eye and its annexes. The diagnosis is based on the instillation of sympathomimetic agents. The palliative treatment is based on the instillation of sympathomimetic agents only if the protrusion is preventing eyesight. The aim of this study is to report the clinical management of three cats with this syndrome, emphasizing its clinical, diagnostic and treatment demonstration. Case: Three cats were referred to the Department of Ophthalmology Veterinary of the Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), two with undefined breeds (male and female) and a Siamese (male), aged between 2 and 4 years, with bilateral protrusion of the third eyelid. The owners reported that the animals ate well, were active and did not observe any other problems concomitantly, with the exception of diarrhea In one of the animals a week ago, but that had passed. The animals underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination where they were evaluated since the symmetry orbits until intraocular pressure, Schirmer tear test, fluorescein test and lissamine green, without any obvious change, with values within the normal range for the species, except for...

Denervação articular coxofemoral em cães com doença articular degenerativa secundária à displasia / Joint hip denervation in dogs with degenerative joint disease secondary to dysplasia

A técnica de denervação coxofemoral é realizada em cães displásicos, com o intuito de aliviar a dor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alívio da dor, melhora da função articular, reabilitação muscular e progressão da instabilidade em 10 cães displásicos submetidos à técnica de denervação da articulação coxofemoral. A graduação da apresentação clínica foi realizada através de avaliações específicas da andadura, testes de estação bípede, de rotação com abdução externa e de iliopsoas. A reabilitação muscular foi avaliada através da circunferência da coxa e exame físico. A avaliação da instabilidade foi feita através de técnica radiográfica para índice de distração. Na graduação da claudicação e teste de estação bípede foi verificado que houve redução significante a partir de um mês pós-cirúrgico. Já nos testes de abdução com rotação externa, houve redução da dor a partir do sétimo dia pós-cirúrgico; no teste de iliopsoas houve redução significante da dor, em todos os tempos do pós-cirúrgico. Houve aumento significante da circunferência da coxa a partir do sétimo dia. Foi observado que 90% tiveram redução do índice de distração, refletindo melhora da instabilidade. A técnica é eficaz no alívio da dor, na reabilitação muscular após a melhora na capacidade de exercitar-se e na redução da instabilidade, sendo motivo de satisfação para os proprietários.

The hip denervation technique has been performed in dysplasic dogs, demonstrating to be efficient in the relief of pain. The objective of this work was to evaluate pain relief, improvement of joint function, muscular rehabilitation and instability progression in 10 dysplasic dogs submitted to the hip joint denervation technique. The grading of the clinical presentation was performed according to specific evaluation of walking, biped station, rotation with external abduction, subluxation and iliopsoas. The muscular rehabilitation was evaluated through the circumference of the thigh and physical examination. The instability was evaluated through the values of distraction index (DI). In the claudication graduation and the biped station test, we verified that there was a significant reduction after one month post-surgery. In the abduction with external rotation tests, there was a reduction in pain after the seventh day; in the iliopsoas test there was a significant reduction in pain in all the post-surgery times. There was a significant increase in thigh circumference after the seventh day. We observed that 90% of the articulations had a reduction in their DI, reflecting an improvement of their instability. The technique is efficient in the relief of pain, muscular rehabilitation after the improvement of the ability to exercise, and in reduction of instability, being the cause of owner satisfaction.

Denervação articular coxofemoral em cães com doença articular degenerativa secundária à displasia / Joint hip denervation in dogs with degenerative joint disease secondary to dysplasia

A técnica de denervação coxofemoral é realizada em cães displásicos, com o intuito de aliviar a dor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alívio da dor, melhora da função articular, reabilitação muscular e progressão da instabilidade em 10 cães displásicos submetidos à técnica de denervação da articulação coxofemoral. A graduação da apresentação clínica foi realizada através de avaliações específicas da andadura, testes de estação bípede, de rotação com abdução externa e de iliopsoas. A reabilitação muscular foi avaliada através da circunferência da coxa e exame físico. A avaliação da instabilidade foi feita através de técnica radiográfica para índice de distração. Na graduação da claudicação e teste de estação bípede foi verificado que houve redução significante a partir de um mês pós-cirúrgico. Já nos testes de abdução com rotação externa, houve redução da dor a partir do sétimo dia pós-cirúrgico; no teste de iliopsoas houve redução significante da dor, em todos os tempos do pós-cirúrgico. Houve aumento significante da circunferência da coxa a partir do sétimo dia. Foi observado que 90% tiveram redução do índice de distração, refletindo melhora da instabilidade. A técnica é eficaz no alívio da dor, na reabilitação muscular após a melhora na capacidade de exercitar-se e na redução da instabilidade, sendo motivo de satisfação para os proprietários.(AU)

The hip denervation technique has been performed in dysplasic dogs, demonstrating to be efficient in the relief of pain. The objective of this work was to evaluate pain relief, improvement of joint function, muscular rehabilitation and instability progression in 10 dysplasic dogs submitted to the hip joint denervation technique. The grading of the clinical presentation was performed according to specific evaluation of walking, biped station, rotation with external abduction, subluxation and iliopsoas. The muscular rehabilitation was evaluated through the circumference of the thigh and physical examination. The instability was evaluated through the values of distraction index (DI). In the claudication graduation and the biped station test, we verified that there was a significant reduction after one month post-surgery. In the abduction with external rotation tests, there was a reduction in pain after the seventh day; in the iliopsoas test there was a significant reduction in pain in all the post-surgery times. There was a significant increase in thigh circumference after the seventh day. We observed that 90% of the articulations had a reduction in their DI, reflecting an improvement of their instability. The technique is efficient in the relief of pain, muscular rehabilitation after the improvement of the ability to exercise, and in reduction of instability, being the cause of owner satisfaction.(AU)

Effect of renal denervation procedure on left ventricular hypertrophy of hypertensive rats and its mechanisms / Efeito da denervação renal na hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo de ratos hipertensos e seu mecanismo

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of renal denervation (RDN) on the blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial expression of TLR4/NF-κB in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS: A total of 36 SHR were randomly assigned into control group (D0), RDN group (D) and sham group (S). 12 WKY rats of same age served as controls (WKY group). Rats in the D0 and WKY groups were sacrificed, but rats in the D and S group were sacrificed at one week and six weeks after surgery. The heart was collected and the left ventricle weighted followed by calculation of left ventricular mass index (LVMI). RESULTS: In the D0 group, the blood pressure, LVMI and protein expression of TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-6 in the myocardium were markedly higher than that in the WKY group (p<0.05). In the D1 and D2 group, the LVMI, NE and protein expression of TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-6 in the myocardium were significantly reduced (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Renal denervation can significantly delay the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats, which may be attributed to the not only the suppression of sympathetic activity and attenuation of pressure load but the improvement of myocardial immuno-inflammation.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da denervação renal na pressão sanguínea, na hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo e a expressão miocárdica de TLR4/NF-kB em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis SHR ratos foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em grupo controle, grupo denervação renal (D) e grupo sham(S). 12 WKY ratos de mesma idade serviram de controle. Os ratos controles foram sacrificados, mas os ratos com denervação renal e sham foram sacrificados uma semana e seis semanas após a cirurgia. O coração foi retirado e o ventrículo esquerdo pesado seguido pelo cálculo da massa ventricular (LVMI). RESULTADOS: No grupo DO, a pressão sanguínea, LVMI e a expressão proteica de TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α e IL-6, no miocárdio foram marcadamente maiores do que o grupo WKY (p<0,05). Nos grupos D1 e D2, o LVMI, NE e a expressão proteica de TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α e IL-6 no miocárdio foi significantemente reduzido (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A denervação renal pode significantemente retardar a progressão da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos, o que pode ser atribuído não apenas pela supressão da atividade simpática e atenuação da pressão, mas pela melhora na imunoinflamação miocárdica.(AU)

Bradicardia e assistolia após anestesia epidural: relato de caso

Introdução: A anestesia epidural é uma técnica de bloqueio do neuroeixo amplamente utilizada em medicina veterinária, erroneamente considerada livre de efeitos deletérios. Bradicardia severa e assistolia são complicações que podem ocorrer após a anestesia epidural sendo desencadeadas pelo aumento da atividade vagal decorrente da redução da pré-carga. Este relato tem como objetivo descrever um episódio de bradicardia e assistolia após a realização da anestesia epidural em um canino.Caso: Animal da raça Rottwailer, 8 anos, macho, hígido, temperamento agressivo, portador de displasia coxofemoral atendido no Hospital Veterinário UNIPSJC sendo encaminhado para a realização de denervação coxofemoral. O animal foi pré medicado com acepromazina 0,05 mg/kg e meperidina 3mg/kg, induzido com propofol 4 mg/kg, intubado e submetido a anestesia inalatória com isoflurano em plano superficial. A monitoração foi realizada através de eletrocardiografi a, oximetria de pulso e pressão arterial não invasiva, apresentando valores normais antes da anestesia epidural. A anestesia epidural foi efetuada com o animal em decúbito ventral e a punção foi realizada com uma agulha de Tuohy 18G, utilizando a prova da gota pendente para a certifi cação do correto posicionamento da agulha. Após aspiração da gota, foi realizada a injeção da associação de morfi na 0,07 mg/kg, fentanil 1,5 mcg/kg e lidocaína 5,2 m

INFLUÊNCIA DO LASER DE BAIXA INTENSIDADE COM POTÊNCIA DE 100mW NA LESÃO DO NERVO ISQUIÁTICO E NA RECUPERAÇÃO FUNCIONAL DE RATOS

Lesões periféricas nervosas têm alta incidência dentre os traumas, resultando em esmagamento do nervo ou transecção, causando incapacidade funcional significativo, com consequências ao longo da vida. Este tipo de desordem clínica é desafiadora, levando a deficiências sensoriais e motora. Assim, a utilização de uma intervenção, o laser ganha força no tratamento dessas moléstias, interage com as células e tecidos estimula certas funções celulares, sua maior potência média do emissor poderá ofertar maior energia sobre o tecido em menor tempo e o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se o laser de 100mW influenciará na regeneração do nervo isquiático em ratos. Foram submetidos ao experimento, 40 ratos, divididos em 4 grupos (n=10), todos animais foram sofrerão a denervação do nervo isquiático O laser de baixa intensidade (LBI) foi aplicado no grupo 1 : comprimento de onda 660nm com densidade de energia de 54J/cm², grupo 2: comprimento de 808nm e densidade de energia de 54J/cm², grupo 3: falso tratado e grupo 4: controle. Foram avaliados por imagem no scanner afim de analisar o índice funcional estático do nervo isquiático nos períodos pré-operatório, 1°, 7°, 14° e 21° pós-operatório, pelo programa IMAGE J para verificar a evolução funcional do membro lesado. Foi realizado o teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5% e os valores médios do índice estático do isquiático no pré, 1°, 7°, 14° e 21° dias pós-operatórios os resultados foram respectivamente, grupo 660nm (-6.86, -84.32, -76.86 e -4.94), grupo 808nm (5.33, -87.66, -67.88, -71,70 e -11, 36), Grupo controle (1.50, -80.72, -79.62, -72,35 e -9.64), grupo falso tratado ou Sham (-4.48, -78.77, -70.48, -71.51 e -7.81) os valores foram comparados entre grupo e períodos, identificando que os períodos do pré-operatório e 21° mostraram se estátisticamente iguais em todos os grupos, assim como os de 1° a 14° pós-operatório. Mostrando que o laser de 100Mw não melhora a função estática dos animais submetidos a lesão parcial do nervo isquiático.

Peripheral nerve lesions have a high incidence among traumas, resulting in nerve crushing or transection, causing significant functional disability, with consequences throughout life. This type of clinical disorder is challenging, leading to sensory and motor deficiencies. Thus, the use of an intervention, the laser gains force in the treatment of these diseases, interacts with the cells and tissues stimulates certain cellular functions, its greater average power of the emitter can offer more energy on the tissue in less time and the objective of the work was to verify whether the 100mW laser will influence the regeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats. 40 rats, divided into 4 groups (n = 10), were all submitted to denervation of the sciatic nerve. The low intensity laser (LBI) was applied in group 1: 660nm wavelength with energy density of 54J / cm², group 2: length of 808nm and energy density of 54J / cm², group 3: false treated and group 4: control. They were evaluated by image in the scanner in order to analyze the static index of the sciatic nerve in the preoperative periods, 1 °, 7 °, 14 ° and 21 ° postoperatively, by the IMAGE J program to verify the functional evolution of the injured limb. The Tukey test was performed with significance level of 5% and the mean values of the functional index of the pre, 1°, 7°, 14° and 21° postoperative days were, respectively, group 660nm (-6.86, -84.32, -76.86 and -4.94), group 808nm (5.33, -87.66, -67.88, -71.70 and -11.36), control group (1.50, -80.72, -79.62, -72.35 and -9.64), the Sham group ( -4.48, -78.77, -70.48, -71.51 and -7.81), the values were compared between groups and periods, indicating that the preoperative periods and 21 ° showed to be statistically equal in all groups, as well as those of 1 ° to 14th postoperative period. The results show that the 100MW laser does not improve the static function of animals submitted to partial lesion of the sciatic nerve.

Muscle reinnervation in one or two stages?: experimental study in rats with end-to-side nerve graft / Reinervação muscular em um ou dois estágios?: estudo experimental em ratos com enxerto de nervo término-lateral

PURPOSE: To compare muscle reinnervation in one and two surgical stages using end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN) without donor nerve injury. METHODS: The experiment was performed on four groups of 20 rats. Group 1 (G1), one stage, received the graft which was sutured to the tibial nerve, with ESN, and its free stump was sutured end-to-end to the distal stump of the sectioned peroneal nerve (PN), all in the same operation. In Group 2 (G2), two stages, the nerve graft was sutured to the tibial nerve, with ESN. Two months later the PN was sectioned and its distal stump connected to the distal stump of the graft as in G1. Normal control group (Gn) received the graft only sutured to the tibial nerve, with ESN. Denervated control group (Gd), as well received the graft and had the PN sectioned and its two stumps buried in adjacent musculature, with the aim of denervating the cranial tibial muscle (CTM), the target of this study. The parameters used to evaluate CTM reinnervation were muscle mass, muscle fiber's minimum diameter and area. RESULTS: The mean CTM mass, the average of the muscular fibers areas and the average of the muscular fiber minimum diameters was higher (all p<0.0001) in G2 than in G1. Comparing the four groups, these parameters had their maximum expression in Gn and the minimum in Gd, as expected. CONCLUSION: The two stages showed better muscle reinnervation than one stage.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Comparar a reinervação muscular com enxerto de nervo em um e dois tempos operatórios, utilizando a neurorrafia término-lateral (NTL) sem lesão do nervo doador. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos. O grupo 1 (G1), um estágio, recebeu o enxerto que foi suturado ao nervo tibial (NT), por meio de NTL, e seu coto livre foi suturado por NTL ao coto distal do nervo peroneal (NP), seccionado a um centímetro do NT, na mesma cirurgia. O grupo 2 (G2), dois estágios, recebeu o enxerto de nervo na primeira cirurgia, como já descrito. Dois meses depois, na segunda cirurgia, o NP foi seccionado e seu coto distal ligado ao coto distal do enxerto como em G1. O grupo controle de normalidade (Gn) recebeu o enxerto da mesma forma, apenas. E o grupo controle de denervação (Gd), além de receber o enxerto, teve o NP seccionado e seus cotos sepultados na musculatura adjacente, com a finalidade de denervar o músculo tibial cranial (MTC), alvo deste estudo. Os parâmetros utilizados para avaliar a reinervação do MTC foram massa muscular, diâmetro mínimo da fibra muscular e área. RESULTADOS: O grupo G2 apresentou superioridade (p<0,0001) em relação ao G1 na massa do MTC, no diâmetro mínimo e na área das fibras musculares. Na comparação entre os quatro grupos, estes mesmos parâmetros tiveram sua expressão máxima em Gn e mínima em Gd, como era esperado. CONCLUSÃO: A reinervação muscular em dois estágios apresenta melhor resultado quando comparada à técnica em um tempo.(AU)

Surgical procedures used for post-traumatic neurogenic bladder in a cat: report case / Procedimentos cirúrgicos utilizados no tratamento da bexiga neurogênica em um gato: relato de caso

A 1-year-old castrated crossbred male cat was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of urinary retention associated with a subluxation at T12-T13 caused by a car accident. Urethral sphincter denervation by transection of hypogastric and pudendal nerves was performed to allow bladder emptying, but after three months post operation the cat had a urinary retention recurrence. Endoscopic urethral sphincterotomy was done resulting in urinary incontinence for four months.(AU)

Um gato de um ano de idade, macho, castrado, sem raça definida, foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário Escola para avaliação de retenção urinária associada à subluxação nas vértebras T12-T13, que foi causada por um acidente automobilístico. Realizou-se a denervação do esfíncter uretral, por transecção dos nervos pudendo e hipogástrico, para permitir o esvaziamento da bexiga, porém três meses após a cirurgia inicial o animal apresentou recorrência da retenção urinária. Esfincterotomia endoscópica uretral foi então realizada, resultando em incontinência urinária por quatro meses.(AU)