Effects of renal denervation on endogenous ouabain in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose: To investigate the role of renal denervation (RDN) on endogenous ouabain (EO) secretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: Sixteen 12-week-old male SHR were randomly separated into the renal denervation group (RDNX group) and sham operation group (sham group), and eight age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were served as control group. EO concentrations, the Na+- K+-ATPaseactivity, and the expression of Na+-K+-ATPase were assessed. Results: EO levels in serum, kidneys and hypothalamus of sham group were higher than in RDNX group (p < 0.05). Renal Na+-K+-ATPase activity subjected to denervation surgery showed significantly reduction when compared with the sham groups (p < 0.05). A positive correlation existed between norepinephrine (NE) content and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the kidney (r2 = 0.579). Renal Na+-K+-ATPase α1 subunit mRNA expression was down-regulated in the RDNX group compared with the sham group (P < 0.05), while renal Na+-K+-ATPase α1 subunit mRNA expression was no statistical significance between the groups (P = 0.63). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the renal expression of Na+-K+-ATPasebetween the three groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These experiments demonstrate that RDN exerted an anti-hypertensive effect with reduction of EO levels and Na+-K+-ATPase activity and Na+-K+-ATPase α1 subunit expression of kidney in SHR.

Denervação articular aberta em cadela / Open articular denervation in bitch

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma afecção de cães e gatos definida como uma doença hereditária biomecânica ou adquirida, representada pela disparidade entre a massa muscular primária e o rápido crescimento ósseo, que pode levar à doença articular degenerativa (DAD). Com a evolução do quadro, os animais apresentarão perda da cartilagem, evoluindo para um desgaste, deformação da cabeça do fêmur e do acetábulo, levando a um quadro de dor e dificuldade de locomoção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar uma abordagem cirúrgica como tratamento de DCF e DAD de uma cadela da raça labrador. O diagnóstico foi obtido através do histórico, exame físico e exame radiológico. Na radiografia verificouse diminuição de espaço articular em ambos os membros posteriores, artrose do quadril e sub-luxação. O tratamento definitivo instituído para a correção da DCF foi a intervenção cirúrgica usando a técnica de denervação coxofemoral com abordagem aberta, com principal objetivo de amenizar a dor, prevenir a progressão da enfermidade articular degenerativa e restaurar a função normal da articulação. O tratamento se mostrou eficiente, garantindo conforto ao paciente e retorno da função articular e dos membros.

Hip dysplasia (DCF) is a condition of dogs and cats defined as a hereditary biomechanical or acquired disease, represented by the disparity between primary muscle mass and rapid bone growth, which can lead to degenerative joint disease (DAD). With the development of the condition, these animals will present loss of cartilage, evolving to a wear and tear, and deformation of the head of the femur and acetabulum, leading to a picture of pain and difficulty in locomotion. The aim of the present study was to report a surgical approach as treatment of DCF and DAD of a Labrador bitch. The diagnosis is obtained through history, physical examination and radiological examination. Radiography revealed decreased joint space in both hind limbs, hip arthrosis and sub-dislocation. The definitive treatment instituted for the correction of FDD was surgical intervention using the hip denervation technique with open approach, with the main objective of alleviating pain, preventing the progression of degenerative joint disease and restoring normal joint function. The treatment proved to be efficient, ensuring patient comfort and return of joint and limb function.

Denervação articular aberta em cadela / Open articular denervation in bitch

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma afecção de cães e gatos definida como uma doença hereditária biomecânica ou adquirida, representada pela disparidade entre a massa muscular primária e o rápido crescimento ósseo, que pode levar à doença articular degenerativa (DAD). Com a evolução do quadro, os animais apresentarão perda da cartilagem, evoluindo para um desgaste, deformação da cabeça do fêmur e do acetábulo, levando a um quadro de dor e dificuldade de locomoção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar uma abordagem cirúrgica como tratamento de DCF e DAD de uma cadela da raça labrador. O diagnóstico foi obtido através do histórico, exame físico e exame radiológico. Na radiografia verificouse diminuição de espaço articular em ambos os membros posteriores, artrose do quadril e sub-luxação. O tratamento definitivo instituído para a correção da DCF foi a intervenção cirúrgica usando a técnica de denervação coxofemoral com abordagem aberta, com principal objetivo de amenizar a dor, prevenir a progressão da enfermidade articular degenerativa e restaurar a função normal da articulação. O tratamento se mostrou eficiente, garantindo conforto ao paciente e retorno da função articular e dos membros.(AU)

Hip dysplasia (DCF) is a condition of dogs and cats defined as a hereditary biomechanical or acquired disease, represented by the disparity between primary muscle mass and rapid bone growth, which can lead to degenerative joint disease (DAD). With the development of the condition, these animals will present loss of cartilage, evolving to a wear and tear, and deformation of the head of the femur and acetabulum, leading to a picture of pain and difficulty in locomotion. The aim of the present study was to report a surgical approach as treatment of DCF and DAD of a Labrador bitch. The diagnosis is obtained through history, physical examination and radiological examination. Radiography revealed decreased joint space in both hind limbs, hip arthrosis and sub-dislocation. The definitive treatment instituted for the correction of FDD was surgical intervention using the hip denervation technique with open approach, with the main objective of alleviating pain, preventing the progression of degenerative joint disease and restoring normal joint function. The treatment proved to be efficient, ensuring patient comfort and return of joint and limb function.(AU)

A new experimental model of intrinsic denervation in ileum from wistar rats through intramural microinjections of benzalkonium chloride / Um novo modelo experimental de desnervação intrínseca em íleo de ratos wistar através de micro injeções intramurais de cloreto de benzalcônio

Extensive literature is available about the intrinsic denervation of segments of the digestive tube through the application of CB in the serosa of the viscera. However, this technique has some disadvantages like causing peritonitis, flanges and high mortality, limiting its use in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of benzalkonium chloride (CB) to induce intrinsic chemical denervation, through applications of CB in the intramural ileum of wistar rats, as well as deepen the knowledge about the evolution of neuronal injury caused in the process. We used 40 rats, divided into two groups (control-GC and benzalkonium-GB) of 20 animals each, divided into four sub-groups according to the time of postoperative assessment of 24, 48 hours, 30 and 90 days. The animals were submitted to intramural microinjections of sterile saline solution 0.9% (GC) or benzalkonium chloride (GB) in ileal portion, and subsequent histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of neuronal injury. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was found of the neuronal myenteric count over time in groups, GB3, GB4 and GB2. The specific positive immunolabeling for H2AX and Caspase-3 confirmed the results obtained in the histopathological evaluation, denoting the ignition of irreversible cell injury in 24 hours, evolving into neuronal apoptosis in 48 hours after application of the CB 0.3%. Under the conditions in which this work was conducted, it can be concluded that the application of CB 0.3% by means of microinjections intramural in the ileal wall is able to induce intrinsic chemical denervation of the diverticulum of wistar rats and that the main mechanism of neuronal death is induction of apoptosis.(AU)

Existe vasta literatura sobre a desnervação intrínseca de segmentos do tubo digestório através da aplicação de CB na serosa da víscera. Entretanto, essa técnica tem a desvantagem de causar peritonite, formação de bridas e alta mortalidade, não sendo factível para eventuais utilizações em humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do Cloreto de benzalcônio (CB) induzir desnervação química intrínseca, por meio de aplicações intramurais em íleo de ratos wistar, além de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a evolução da lesão neuronal causada neste processo. Foram utilizados 40 ratos, distribuídos em dois grupos (controle- GC e benzalcônio- GB) de 20 animais cada, subdivididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o tempo de avaliação pós-operatória de 24, 48 horas, 30 e 90 dias. Os animais foram submetidos à microinjeções intramurais de solução salina estéril 0,9% (GC) ou de cloreto de benzalcônio (GB) em porção ileal, e posterior análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica, para avaliação da lesão neuronal. Houve diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na contagem neuronal mientérica ao longo do tempo nos grupos GB2, GB3 e GB4. A imunomarcação específica positiva para H2AX e Caspase-3 confirmou os resultados obtidos na avaliação histopatológica, denotando início da lesão celular irreversível em 24 horas, evoluindo para apoptose neuronal em 48 horas após a aplicação do CB 0,3%. Nas condições em que este trabalho foi conduzido, é possível concluir que a aplicação de CB 0,3% por meio de microinjeções intramurais na parede ileal é capaz de induzir desnervação química intrínseca da porção ileal de ratos wistar e que o principal mecanismo de morte neuronal é a indução de apoptose.(AU)

A new experimental model of intrinsic denervation in ileum from wistar rats through intramural microinjections of benzalkonium chloride / Um novo modelo experimental de desnervação intrínseca em íleo de ratos wistar através de micro injeções intramurais de cloreto de benzalcônio

Extensive literature is available about the intrinsic denervation of segments of the digestive tube through the application of CB in the serosa of the viscera. However, this technique has some disadvantages like causing peritonitis, flanges and high mortality, limiting its use in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of benzalkonium chloride (CB) to induce intrinsic chemical denervation, through applications of CB in the intramural ileum of wistar rats, as well as deepen the knowledge about the evolution of neuronal injury caused in the process. We used 40 rats, divided into two groups (control-GC and benzalkonium-GB) of 20 animals each, divided into four sub-groups according to the time of postoperative assessment of 24, 48 hours, 30 and 90 days. The animals were submitted to intramural microinjections of sterile saline solution 0.9% (GC) or benzalkonium chloride (GB) in ileal portion, and subsequent histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of neuronal injury. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was found of the neuronal myenteric count over time in groups, GB3, GB4 and GB2. The specific positive immunolabeling for H2AX and Caspase-3 confirmed the results obtained in the histopathological evaluation, denoting the ignition of irreversible cell injury in 24 hours, evolving into neuronal apoptosis in 48 hours after application of the CB 0.3%. Under the conditions in which this work was conducted, it can be concluded that the application of CB 0.3% by means of microinjections intramural in the ileal wall is able to induce intrinsic chemical denervation of the diverticulum of wistar rats and that the main mechanism of neuronal death is induction of apoptosis.(AU)

Existe vasta literatura sobre a desnervação intrínseca de segmentos do tubo digestório através da aplicação de CB na serosa da víscera. Entretanto, essa técnica tem a desvantagem de causar peritonite, formação de bridas e alta mortalidade, não sendo factível para eventuais utilizações em humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do Cloreto de benzalcônio (CB) induzir desnervação química intrínseca, por meio de aplicações intramurais em íleo de ratos wistar, além de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a evolução da lesão neuronal causada neste processo. Foram utilizados 40 ratos, distribuídos em dois grupos (controle- GC e benzalcônio- GB) de 20 animais cada, subdivididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o tempo de avaliação pós-operatória de 24, 48 horas, 30 e 90 dias. Os animais foram submetidos à microinjeções intramurais de solução salina estéril 0,9% (GC) ou de cloreto de benzalcônio (GB) em porção ileal, e posterior análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica, para avaliação da lesão neuronal. Houve diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na contagem neuronal mientérica ao longo do tempo nos grupos GB2, GB3 e GB4. A imunomarcação específica positiva para H2AX e Caspase-3 confirmou os resultados obtidos na avaliação histopatológica, denotando início da lesão celular irreversível em 24 horas, evoluindo para apoptose neuronal em 48 horas após a aplicação do CB 0,3%. Nas condições em que este trabalho foi conduzido, é possível concluir que a aplicação de CB 0,3% por meio de microinjeções intramurais na parede ileal é capaz de induzir desnervação química intrínseca da porção ileal de ratos wistar e que o principal mecanismo de morte neuronal é a indução de apoptose.(AU)

Botulinum toxin as a treatment for short bowel syndrome in rats

Purpose: The denervation of the intestine with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) reduces mortality and improves weight gain in rats with short bowel syndrome (SBS). Nevertheless, translating these promising findings from bench to bedside is not feasible because BAC promotes peritonitis and irreversible denervation which may be followed by an uncontrolled dilatation of the viscera. The use of botulinum toxin (BT) instead of BAC to achieve the denervation of the remaining small intestine in SBS could be an interesting option because it leads to a mild and transient denervation of the intestine. Methods: Here we evaluated the effects of the ileal denervation with BT in rats with SBS by verifying the body weight variation and intestinal morphological parameters. Four groups with 6 animals each were submitted to enterectomy with an ileal injection of saline (group E) or BT (group EBT). Control groups were submitted to simulated surgery with an ileal injection of BT (group BT) or saline (group C control). Results: We observed that the treatment of the remaining ileum with BT completely reversed the weight loss associated to extensive small bowel resection. Conclusion: This may provide a new promising approach to the surgical treatment of SBS.(AU)

The effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on mice myocardial morphology / O efeito do 1-metil-4-fenil-1, 2, 3, 6 tetrahidropiridina (MPTP) na morfologia do miocárdio de camundongo

Studies have demonstrated sympathetic cardiac denervation in the MPTP mouse model. MPTP toxicity causes sympathetic nerve damage and depletion of heart norepinephrine. Previous evaluations of impairments in heart innervation have been based on imaging, electrophysiological and biochemical methods. However, these studies lacked information that can be obtained from morphoquantitative analyses. Thus, this study aimed to apply a design-based stereological method for evaluating the morphoquantitative alterations of myocardium following treatment with the neurotoxin MPTP in the C57/BL mouse. Our results showed that MPTP reduced the number of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle.(AU)

Estudos têm demonstrado a desnervação simpática cardíaca no modelo da administração do MPTP em camundongo. A toxicidade do MPTP causa lesão ao nervo simpático e depleção da norepinefrina. As avaliações dos danos na inervação do coração são baseadas em métodos de imagem, eletrofisiológico e bioquímico. Contudo, estes estudos carecem de informações provenientes de análises morfoquantitativas. Assim, objetivou-se aplicar métodos estereológicos para avaliar as alterações morfoquantitativas do miocárdio após o tratamento com a neurotoxina MPTP no camundongo C57/BL. Nossos resultados mostraram que o MPTP causa redução no número de cardiomiócitos no ventrículo esquerdo.(AU)

The effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on mice myocardial morphology / O efeito do 1-metil-4-fenil-1, 2, 3, 6 tetrahidropiridina (MPTP) na morfologia do miocárdio de camundongo

Studies have demonstrated sympathetic cardiac denervation in the MPTP mouse model. MPTP toxicity causes sympathetic nerve damage and depletion of heart norepinephrine. Previous evaluations of impairments in heart innervation have been based on imaging, electrophysiological and biochemical methods. However, these studies lacked information that can be obtained from morphoquantitative analyses. Thus, this study aimed to apply a design-based stereological method for evaluating the morphoquantitative alterations of myocardium following treatment with the neurotoxin MPTP in the C57/BL mouse. Our results showed that MPTP reduced the number of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle.(AU)

Estudos têm demonstrado a desnervação simpática cardíaca no modelo da administração do MPTP em camundongo. A toxicidade do MPTP causa lesão ao nervo simpático e depleção da norepinefrina. As avaliações dos danos na inervação do coração são baseadas em métodos de imagem, eletrofisiológico e bioquímico. Contudo, estes estudos carecem de informações provenientes de análises morfoquantitativas. Assim, objetivou-se aplicar métodos estereológicos para avaliar as alterações morfoquantitativas do miocárdio após o tratamento com a neurotoxina MPTP no camundongo C57/BL. Nossos resultados mostraram que o MPTP causa redução no número de cardiomiócitos no ventrículo esquerdo.(AU)

Síndrome navicular / Navicular syndrome

The navicular syndrome is a high relevance pathology. It is one of the chronic disease that most attacks equines 4 to 15 years. Several factors as faulty genetic predisposition in the blood circulation for the region of the navicular, biomechanical factors, imperfect resignation and instability of the hoof are proposed like as etiological actors. The aim of this study was report a case of navicular bone syndrome in equine and bring forward the discussed therapeutic conducts. In the physical exam, the animal presented accented claudication on step and the illness was diagnosed through the x-ray and from there, neurectomia was carried out. After the surgical treatment, the animal was treated and discharged for not demonstrating painful signs. There is no remedial treatment for the illness, therefore when the first clinical signs appear, it must be taken the proper steps so does not compromising the life of the animal.

Síndrome navicular / Navicular syndrome

The navicular syndrome is a high relevance pathology. It is one of the chronic disease that most attacks equines 4 to 15 years. Several factors as faulty genetic predisposition in the blood circulation for the region of the navicular, biomechanical factors, imperfect resignation and instability of the hoof are proposed like as etiological actors. The aim of this study was report a case of navicular bone syndrome in equine and bring forward the discussed therapeutic conducts. In the physical exam, the animal presented accented claudication on step and the illness was diagnosed through the x-ray and from there, neurectomia was carried out. After the surgical treatment, the animal was treated and discharged for not demonstrating painful signs. There is no remedial treatment for the illness, therefore when the first clinical signs appear, it must be taken the proper steps so does not compromising the life of the animal.(AU)

MICROINJEÇÕES INTRAMURAIS DE CLORETO DE BENZALCÔNIO NA SÍNDROME DO INTESTINO CURTO EM RATOS WISTAR APÓS ENTERECTOMIA EXTENSA.

A síndrome do intestino curto (SIC) representa uma condição clínica grave, caracterizada pela deficiente absorção intestinal de nutrientes, causada pela perda extensa do intestino delgado, culminando em altas taxas de mortalidade tanto em pacientes humanos quanto veterinários. Os tratamentos disponíveis não possuem, até então, resultados satisfatórios para resolução desta importante afecção e consistem em terapias paliativas. Diversos estudos demostraram que o método de desnervação intestinal intrínseca, com utilização do Cloreto de Benzalcônio (CB), consiste em promissora esperança na busca de terapias menos invasivas e eficazes no tratamento da SIC, permitindo melhora nas condições pós-cirúrgicas e prognóstico dos pacientes, por aumentar a área absortiva do intestino. Objetivou-se, com esse trabalho, avaliar a população de células neuroendócrinas, caliciformes e serotoninérgicas na Síndrome do Intestino Curto, a fim de compreender de que maneira a desnevação mientérica com Cloreto de Benzalcônio 0,3% no íleo poderia influenciar no tratamento de pacientes portadores de SIC. Foram utilizados 18 ratos, distribuídos em três grupos (GC - Grupo Controle; GE Grupo Enterectomia-enteroanastomose e GECB - Grupo enterectomia/enteroanastomose com uso do CB) contendo seis animais cada. Os animais do GC receberam microinjeções intramurais de solução salina estéril 0,9%, os animais do GE foram submetidos à ressecção intestinal extensa e os animais do GECB foram submetidos também à ressecção intestinal extensa, porém, receberam microinjeções intramurais de CB. Posteriormente, foi realizada a análise histopatológica, histoquímica e imunoistoquímica, para avaliação da população de células neuroendócrinas no jejuno e íleo. Houve aumento significativo (p<0,05) na contagem de células serotoninérgicas no GECB nos dois segmentos intestinais estudados e não houve alteração significativa na população de células caliciformes nos diferentes grupos. Os resultados obtidos foram possíveis por meio da avaliação da marcação específica positiva para PAS na histoquímica para as células caliciformes e Anticorpo anti-serotoninérgico na imunoistoquímica para as células serotoninérgicas. Nas condições em que este trabalho fora conduzido é possível concluir que o tratamento com microinjeções intramurais de CB 0,3% no íleo de ratos Wistar não foi suficiente para alterar a população de células caliciformes nos segmentos jejunais e ileais. Conclui-se também que o CB foi capaz de promover aumento da população de células serotoninérgicas, o que por sua vez, pode auxiliar no aumento das funções promovidas pela serotonina no intestino, auxiliando no trânsito intestinal de pacientes com SIC.

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) represents a serious clinical condition in medicine, characterized by deficient intestinal absorption of nutrients, caused by extensive loss of the small intestine, culminating in high mortality rates in both human and veterinary patients. The available treatments do not have, until then, satisfactory results for the resolution of this important condition and consist of palliative therapies. Several studies have shown that the intrinsic intestinal denervation method, with the use of Benzalconium Chloride (BC), consists of promising hope in the search for less invasive and effective therapies in the treatment of SBS, allowing improvement in the post-surgical conditions and prognosis of patients, by increasing the absorptive area of the intestine. The objective of this work was to evaluate the population of neuroendocrine, callic and serotonergic cells in SBS, in order to understand how myenteric destination with 0.3% BC in the ileum may influence the treatment of patients with SBS. 18 rats were divided into three groups (CG - Control Group; EGEnterectomy-enteroanastomosis group and GEBC - Enterectomy/enteroanastomosis group using BC) containing six animals each. The animals of the CG received intramural microinjections of 0.9% sterile saline solution, the eg animals were submitted to extensive intestinal resection and the GEBC animals were also submitted to extensive intestinal resection, but received intramural microinjections of BC. Subsequently, histopathological, histochemistry and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the population of neuroendocrine cells in the jejunum and ileus. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the count of serotonergic cells in the GEBC in the two intestinal segments studied and there was no significant change in the population of goblet cells in the different groups. The results obtained were possible by evaluating the specific positive marking for SBP in histochemistry for the goblet cells and anti-serotonergic antibody in immunohistochemistry for serotonin cells. Under the conditions in which this study was conducted, it is possible to conclude that treatment with intramural microinjections of 0.3% BC in the ileum of Wistar rats was not sufficient to alter the population of goblet cells in the jejunal and ileasegments. It is also concluded that it was able to promote an increase in the population of serotonergic cells, which in turn can help in increasing the functions promoted by serotonin in the intestine, assisting in the intestinal transit of patients with SIC.

Assessment of pain submission in dogs submitted to dorsal acetabular denervation

Background: Hip dysplasia is a disease characterized by laxity of the joint and subsequent development of osteoarthritis.Pain is initially caused by joint looseness and instability. Dorsal acetabular denervation surgery have been used with ananalgesic objective. The technique initially proposed was modified, by performing a larger area of denervation. There areno studies referring to the pain parameters accepted by researchers regarding the assessment of this technique are availablein the literature. The aim of this research was express by cortisol and serum glycemia levels, the remission of pain in thepatients submitted to acetabular denervation.Materials, Methods & Results: The serum levels of cortisol and glycemia were analyzed in 11 dogs with hip dysplasiaat moments 0 (M0), I (M1), II (M2) and III (M3), which were respectively the moment of the diagnosis, 2, 7 and 15 daysafter the surgical procedure. All the patients were sumitted to the surgical intervention called dorsal acetabular denervation.The colorimetric enzymatic method was used for glucose measurement and the reading was performed using a spectrumphotometer. For the serum measurement of cortisol the ELISA method was used. The statistical analyses were processedwith the help of a computerized statistical program (Minitab Release 13). The final data obtained were analyzed regardingtheir parametric distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The analyzed data presented a parametric distributionand had means compared by the Tukeys analysis of variance. Differences with P values equal or smaller than 0.05 wereconsidered significant. The correlation between the glycemia and serum cortisol values was evaluated by the Pearson test.The statistical analysis of the results points out a significant difference regarding the cortisol levels (μg/dL) at moments M1and M2 regarding the moment M0, and at moment M3 regarding the other moments. There was no significant statistical...(AU)

Assessment of pain submission in dogs submitted to dorsal acetabular denervation

Background: Hip dysplasia is a disease characterized by laxity of the joint and subsequent development of osteoarthritis.Pain is initially caused by joint looseness and instability. Dorsal acetabular denervation surgery have been used with ananalgesic objective. The technique initially proposed was modified, by performing a larger area of denervation. There areno studies referring to the pain parameters accepted by researchers regarding the assessment of this technique are availablein the literature. The aim of this research was express by cortisol and serum glycemia levels, the remission of pain in thepatients submitted to acetabular denervation.Materials, Methods & Results: The serum levels of cortisol and glycemia were analyzed in 11 dogs with hip dysplasiaat moments 0 (M0), I (M1), II (M2) and III (M3), which were respectively the moment of the diagnosis, 2, 7 and 15 daysafter the surgical procedure. All the patients were sumitted to the surgical intervention called dorsal acetabular denervation.The colorimetric enzymatic method was used for glucose measurement and the reading was performed using a spectrumphotometer. For the serum measurement of cortisol the ELISA method was used. The statistical analyses were processedwith the help of a computerized statistical program (Minitab Release 13). The final data obtained were analyzed regardingtheir parametric distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The analyzed data presented a parametric distributionand had means compared by the Tukey’s analysis of variance. Differences with P values equal or smaller than 0.05 wereconsidered significant. The correlation between the glycemia and serum cortisol values was evaluated by the Pearson test.The statistical analysis of the results points out a significant difference regarding the cortisol levels (μg/dL) at moments M1and M2 regarding the moment M0, and at moment M3 regarding the other moments. There was no significant statistical...

Haws Syndrome in cats / Síndrome de Haw em gatos

Background: Haws syndrome is an uncommon but underdiagnosed disease that affects cats. It occurs due to changes in the innervation of the third eyelid causing protrusion. These changes may occur due to some change in sympathetic innervation efferent to the eye and its annexes. The diagnosis is based on the instillation of sympathomimetic agents. The palliative treatment is based on the instillation of sympathomimetic agents only if the protrusion is preventing eyesight. The aim of this study is to report the clinical management of three cats with this syndrome, emphasizing its clinical, diagnostic and treatment demonstration. Case: Three cats were referred to the Department of Ophthalmology Veterinary of the Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), two with undefined breeds (male and female) and a Siamese (male), aged between 2 and 4 years, with bilateral protrusion of the third eyelid. The owners reported that the animals ate well, were active and did not observe any other problems concomitantly, with the exception of diarrhea In one of the animals a week ago, but that had passed. The animals underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination where they were evaluated since the symmetry orbits until intraocular pressure, Schirmer tear test, fluorescein test and lissamine green, without any obvious change, with values within the normal range for the species, except for...(AU)

Haws Syndrome in cats / Síndrome de Haw em gatos

Background: Haws syndrome is an uncommon but underdiagnosed disease that affects cats. It occurs due to changes in the innervation of the third eyelid causing protrusion. These changes may occur due to some change in sympathetic innervation efferent to the eye and its annexes. The diagnosis is based on the instillation of sympathomimetic agents. The palliative treatment is based on the instillation of sympathomimetic agents only if the protrusion is preventing eyesight. The aim of this study is to report the clinical management of three cats with this syndrome, emphasizing its clinical, diagnostic and treatment demonstration. Case: Three cats were referred to the Department of Ophthalmology Veterinary of the Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), two with undefined breeds (male and female) and a Siamese (male), aged between 2 and 4 years, with bilateral protrusion of the third eyelid. The owners reported that the animals ate well, were active and did not observe any other problems concomitantly, with the exception of diarrhea In one of the animals a week ago, but that had passed. The animals underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination where they were evaluated since the symmetry orbits until intraocular pressure, Schirmer tear test, fluorescein test and lissamine green, without any obvious change, with values within the normal range for the species, except for...

Intoxicação e uso racional da Prosopis juliflora casos espontâneos em bovinos e caprinos no estado da Bahia

Objetivou-se com este estudo descrever a ocorrência de surtos de intoxicação espontânea pelo consumo de vagens de Prosopis juliflora (algaroba), em bovinos e caprinos no Estado da Bahia. Os dados referentes à epidemiologia, histórico e sinais clínicos dos surtos foram obtidos com os proprietários ou pelo médico veterinário responsável. O primeiro surto (PS) ocorreu em maio de 2011 em uma propriedade localizada no município de Juazeiro e acometeu um rebanho composto por 150 caprinos. O segundo surto (SS) ocorreu em fevereiro de 2015 no município de Iaçu e atingiu um rebanho composto por 20 caprinos. O terceiro surto (TS) ocorreu em julho e setembro de 2014, em uma propriedade rural localizada no município de Tucano e afetou um rebanho formado por 30 bovinos. O quarto surto (QS) aconteceu em agosto de 2016, em uma propriedade composta por um rebanho de 110 bovinos. Dos sete animais que apresentavam quadro clínico grave e prognóstico ruim, seis tiveram eutanásia e foram necropsiados para confirmação diagnóstica, sendo quatro caprinos (C1-PS, C2-PS, C3-SS e C4-SS) e dois bovinos (B1-TS e B2-TS). Nos surtos estudados, os achados clínicos (PS, SS, TS e QS) e histopatológicos (PS, SS e TS) foram compatíveis com intoxicaçãos por algaroba. Clinicamente observou-se principalmente progressiva perda de peso, atrofia dos músculos da mastigação, mandíbula pendulosa, protrusão de língua, dificuldade de apreensão e mastigação dos alimentos, inclinação da cabeça (cara torta) durante a mastigação ou ruminação e salivação excessiva. À necropsia observaram-se caquexia, atrofia e palidez do músculo masseter, além de fragmentos reconhecíveis de vagens de algaroba no rúmen e/ou retículo. A avaliação histopatológica revelou degeneração do núcleo motor do nervo trigêmeo e atrofia por desnervação do músculo masseter com substituição por tecido fibroso. Medidas de controle e profilaxia da intoxicação, bem com orientações sobre possível comercialização das vagens e a exploração da madeira da algaroba informadas aos produtores. Comprovou-se que surtos de intoxicação natural por algaroba ocorrem em bovinos e caprinos no estado da Bahia em áreas ainda não mapeadas, sendo essa intoxicação comprovada, pela primeira vez, com base em exames necroscópicos e histopatológicos.

The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of outbreaks of spontaneous intoxication due to the consumption of Prosopis juliflora pods in cattle and goats in the State of Bahia. The history of ingestion of "mesquite beans" pods along with classic clinical signs of the "jaw and tonque trouble" and epidemiological data of the four outbreaks were obtained from technical visits, with the assistance of Veterinary Doctors of the CDP / UFBA and UFRB responsible for the visits and by rural staff. The first outbreak (PS) occurred in May 2011 at a property located in the municipality of Juazeiro and affected a herd of 150 goats. The Second Surge (SS) occurred in February 2015 in the municipality of Iaçu and reached a herd composed of 20 goats. The third outbreak (TS) occurred in July and September 2014, in a rural property located in the municipality of Tucano and affected a herd of 30 cattle. The Outbreak Room (QS) happened in August of 2016, in a property consisting of a herd of 110 cattle. Of the seven animals that presented a severe clinical condition and poor prognosis, six were euthanized and necropsied for diagnostic confirmation, four goats (C1-PS, C2-PS, C3-SS and C4-SS) and two bovines (B1-TS and B2 -TS), a bovine (B3-QS) was not allowed its euthanasia. During necropsy samples of the CNS and masseter muscle fixed in 10% formalin were collected. The clinical findings (PS, SS, TS and QS) and histopathological findings (PS, SS and TS) verified in the outbreaks reported here were compatible with algaroba intoxications. Clinically we observed mainly progressive weight loss, atrophy of chewing muscles, pendulous mandible, tongue protrusion, difficulty in seizing and chewing food, tilting of the "jaw and tonque trouble" head during chewing or rumination and excessive salivation. In the laboratory tests of the animals evaluated (C3-SS, C4-SS and B3-QS) anemia and hypoproteinemia were observed. At necropsy he observed cachexia, atrophy, paleness of the masseter muscle and recognizable fragments of "mesquite beans" pods. Histologically, it observed degeneration of the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and atrophy by denervation of the masseter muscle with replacement by fibrous tissue. Control measures and prophylaxis of intoxication and management with "algaroba", it is discussed the need to develop research to determine the economic viability and sustainability of the algaroba exploiting its forage potential (animal feeding and commercialization of pods) and timber (production of firewood, coal, cuttings and mourners). P. juliflora intoxication with necroscopic and histopathological record in cattle and goats was reported for the first time in BA. Showing to be an important disease for both species in the State.

ASSOCIAÇÃO DAS TÉCNICAS TENECTOMIA PECTÍNEA, TENOTOMIA DO ILIOPSOAS E DESNERVAÇÃO ACETABULAR VENTRAL E CRÂNIO LATERAL EM CÃES COM DISPLASIA COXOFEMORAL

A técnica de desnervação crânio lateral da articulação coxofemoral em cães displásicos vem sendo realizada com bons resultados no alívio da dor. Recentemente foi estudada a técnica de desnervação ventral associada à técnica de miectomia pectínea. Teve-se como objetivo avaliar o alívio da dor após realização da associação das técnicas cirúrgicas tenectomia pectínea, tenotomia do iliopsoas e desnervação ventral e crânio lateral acetabular em cães com displasia coxofemoral coxofemoral, assim como avaliar duas metodologias utilizando balanças domésticas para realizar avaliação cinética e cinemática. Foi realizada a técnica de desnervação crânio lateral na articulação coxofemoral direita, e no membro esquerdo a associação das técnicas de tenectomia pectínea, tenotomia do iliopsoas e desnervação ventral e crânio lateral em 20 cães displásicos. Foi feita avaliação da musculatura e a graduação da dor foi através da avaliação da andadura e testes específicos. A avaliação cinemática modificada foi realizada através de filmagens dos animais em deambulação, medindo os ângulos nas articulações coxofemorais e escapuloumerais. Para a cinética modificada os cães foram colocados sobre quatro balanças de uso doméstica quando foi quantificado o peso correspondente ao apoio de cada membro. A redução da claudicação e o aumento da musculatura foi significante nos dois membros, sendo maior no direito. Na avaliação da abdução com rotação externa foi observada redução da dor a partir de 30 dias nos dois membros. A avaliação da abdução com extensão mostrou melhora no membro direito no sétimo dia, enquanto que no esquerdo com 30 dias. As diferenças nas intensidades de redução da dor, comparando os dois lados nestes dois testes não foram relevantes. O alívio da dor muscular foi significante na origem do músculo iliopsoas nos dois grupos aos 30 dias. No ventre deste músculo o alívio foi significante em todos os retornos, apesar de ter uma leve elevação aos 60 dias. A melhora da claudicação foi mais significante no antímero direito e a melhora na posição da cabeça sugeriu a redistribuição de peso. Houve aumento significante das angulações nas duas articulações devido à elevação na extensão, sendo mais pronunciada no membro direito. Interpretamos este achado como uma maior capacidade deste membro de impulsionar o corpo para frente. As balanças mostraram uma redistribuição do peso, que no pré-operatório foi verificado nos membros torácicos 73,8% e membros pélvicos 26,2% do peso. Após 60 dias das cirurgias foi verificado, respectivamente 68,6% e 31,4% (p<0,05). O membro pélvico direito teve uma maior elevação na carga de peso (3,6%), comparativamente ao membro contralateral (1,6%). A realização da desnervação crânio lateral acetabular é suficiente para promover alívio da dor em cães com displasia coxofemoral, não havendo necessidade de associar as técnicas de desnervação ventral, tenectomia do pectíneo e tenotomia do iliopsoas. As avaliações cinemática e cinética modificada utilizando matérias de baixo custo são eficazes em avaliar os benefícios da técnica de desnervação crânio lateral em cães com dor causada por displasia coxofemoral.

The craniolateral denervation of the hip joint in dysplastic dogs has been performed and shows great results regarding pain control. Recently, the ventral denervation associated with the pectineal myectomy approach was studied. This work aimed to evaluate the pains relief in the postoperative period of the pectineus tenectomy, iliopsoas tenotomy, ventral and craniolateral acetabulars denervation surgery approach, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of two methodologies to assess kinetic and kinematic functions. The methodology used was the craniolateral denervation of the right joint and the pectineal myectomy, iliopsoas tenotomy, and the craniolateral and ventral denervation of the left limb on 20 dysplastic dogs. The pain grading was done through specific tests. The modified kinematic evaluation was performed through video-analysis of the animals walking, while measuring the angles formed by the hip and scapuloumeral joints. The lameness were also analyzed. For modified kinetics the dogs were placed on four scales and the weight on each limb was measured. The improvement of the lameness, and the gain of lean body mass was statistically significant (p<0.05) on both limbs, but greater on the right. The evaluation of the abduction with external rotation, a decrease in pain was observed after 30 days on both limbs. On the other hand, the abduction with extension showed improvement in the right limb on the seventh day, whereas in the left limb a improvement was only noted after 30 days. Difference on pain intensity when these two exams were compared between both limbs was not relevant. Muscle pain relief was remarkable at the iliopsoas muscles insertion on both groups at 30 days. On the ventral aspect of the iliopsoas muscle, the relief was significant in all check-up visits, showing a mild improvement at 60 days of surgery. Lameness improvement was more significant on the right antimer as well as the head position suggested a weight redistribution. There was a significant angle increase of both joints due to the greater amplitude of the member during extension, which was more pronounced on the right limb. Thus, this result might suggest a greater ability of the limb to propel the body forward. The scales showed a redistribution of the weight, which in the preoperative was verified to be overloading the forelimbs (thoracic limbs - 73.8% and pelvic limbs - 26.2%). On the 60 day of the surgery we verified that the beared weight was, respectively, 68.6% and 31.4%. The right hindlimb had a greater increase on weight load (3.6%), compared to the contralateral limb (1.6%). The denervation of the acetabular nerves is enough to promote pain relief in dogs with hip dysplasia. Therefore, it is not required to associate the surgical techniques as proposed by this work. The kinematics and modified kinetic evaluations adapted with low cost materials are effective to evaluate the results of the lateral denervation approach as a therapy to treat pain in dogs with hip dysplasia.

Denervação articular coxofemoral em cães com doença articular degenerativa secundária à displasia / Joint hip denervation in dogs with degenerative joint disease secondary to dysplasia

A técnica de denervação coxofemoral é realizada em cães displásicos, com o intuito de aliviar a dor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alívio da dor, melhora da função articular, reabilitação muscular e progressão da instabilidade em 10 cães displásicos submetidos à técnica de denervação da articulação coxofemoral. A graduação da apresentação clínica foi realizada através de avaliações específicas da andadura, testes de estação bípede, de rotação com abdução externa e de iliopsoas. A reabilitação muscular foi avaliada através da circunferência da coxa e exame físico. A avaliação da instabilidade foi feita através de técnica radiográfica para índice de distração. Na graduação da claudicação e teste de estação bípede foi verificado que houve redução significante a partir de um mês pós-cirúrgico. Já nos testes de abdução com rotação externa, houve redução da dor a partir do sétimo dia pós-cirúrgico; no teste de iliopsoas houve redução significante da dor, em todos os tempos do pós-cirúrgico. Houve aumento significante da circunferência da coxa a partir do sétimo dia. Foi observado que 90% tiveram redução do índice de distração, refletindo melhora da instabilidade. A técnica é eficaz no alívio da dor, na reabilitação muscular após a melhora na capacidade de exercitar-se e na redução da instabilidade, sendo motivo de satisfação para os proprietários.

The hip denervation technique has been performed in dysplasic dogs, demonstrating to be efficient in the relief of pain. The objective of this work was to evaluate pain relief, improvement of joint function, muscular rehabilitation and instability progression in 10 dysplasic dogs submitted to the hip joint denervation technique. The grading of the clinical presentation was performed according to specific evaluation of walking, biped station, rotation with external abduction, subluxation and iliopsoas. The muscular rehabilitation was evaluated through the circumference of the thigh and physical examination. The instability was evaluated through the values of distraction index (DI). In the claudication graduation and the biped station test, we verified that there was a significant reduction after one month post-surgery. In the abduction with external rotation tests, there was a reduction in pain after the seventh day; in the iliopsoas test there was a significant reduction in pain in all the post-surgery times. There was a significant increase in thigh circumference after the seventh day. We observed that 90% of the articulations had a reduction in their DI, reflecting an improvement of their instability. The technique is efficient in the relief of pain, muscular rehabilitation after the improvement of the ability to exercise, and in reduction of instability, being the cause of owner satisfaction.

Denervação articular coxofemoral em cães com doença articular degenerativa secundária à displasia / Joint hip denervation in dogs with degenerative joint disease secondary to dysplasia

A técnica de denervação coxofemoral é realizada em cães displásicos, com o intuito de aliviar a dor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alívio da dor, melhora da função articular, reabilitação muscular e progressão da instabilidade em 10 cães displásicos submetidos à técnica de denervação da articulação coxofemoral. A graduação da apresentação clínica foi realizada através de avaliações específicas da andadura, testes de estação bípede, de rotação com abdução externa e de iliopsoas. A reabilitação muscular foi avaliada através da circunferência da coxa e exame físico. A avaliação da instabilidade foi feita através de técnica radiográfica para índice de distração. Na graduação da claudicação e teste de estação bípede foi verificado que houve redução significante a partir de um mês pós-cirúrgico. Já nos testes de abdução com rotação externa, houve redução da dor a partir do sétimo dia pós-cirúrgico; no teste de iliopsoas houve redução significante da dor, em todos os tempos do pós-cirúrgico. Houve aumento significante da circunferência da coxa a partir do sétimo dia. Foi observado que 90% tiveram redução do índice de distração, refletindo melhora da instabilidade. A técnica é eficaz no alívio da dor, na reabilitação muscular após a melhora na capacidade de exercitar-se e na redução da instabilidade, sendo motivo de satisfação para os proprietários.(AU)

The hip denervation technique has been performed in dysplasic dogs, demonstrating to be efficient in the relief of pain. The objective of this work was to evaluate pain relief, improvement of joint function, muscular rehabilitation and instability progression in 10 dysplasic dogs submitted to the hip joint denervation technique. The grading of the clinical presentation was performed according to specific evaluation of walking, biped station, rotation with external abduction, subluxation and iliopsoas. The muscular rehabilitation was evaluated through the circumference of the thigh and physical examination. The instability was evaluated through the values of distraction index (DI). In the claudication graduation and the biped station test, we verified that there was a significant reduction after one month post-surgery. In the abduction with external rotation tests, there was a reduction in pain after the seventh day; in the iliopsoas test there was a significant reduction in pain in all the post-surgery times. There was a significant increase in thigh circumference after the seventh day. We observed that 90% of the articulations had a reduction in their DI, reflecting an improvement of their instability. The technique is efficient in the relief of pain, muscular rehabilitation after the improvement of the ability to exercise, and in reduction of instability, being the cause of owner satisfaction.(AU)

Morphology and immunohistochemistry of the myenteric plexus of valves constructed in the colon of rats submitted to abdominoperineal amputation and perineal colostomy

PURPOSE: To investigate immunohistochemical aspects of the myenteric plexus of valves constructed in the colon of rats to verify whether any denervation occurs both at the operative site and in those areas adjacent to the third valve. METHODS: Thirty six male Wistar rats divided into the following three groups were used: Control Group (CG); Amputated Group (AG); Amputated Group with Valves (AGWV). In AG was held in the rectum amputation and the colon was sutured to the skin elaborating the perineal colostomy. In AGWV was held in the rectum amputation. A laparotomy was performed for the manufacture of valves (seromyotomy) in the colon. After this step, the colon was sutured to the skin elaborating the perineal colostomy. The density of the neural elements in the muscular wall as marked specifically using Protein Gene Product (PGP) 9.5 and utilising the proper tools of the KS300 software for measuring the area. From these measurements, a relation and three proportions were drawn and analysed according to the mean of the averages obtained from the measured images. RESULTS: Immunoexpression of PGP 9.5 demonstrated a total absence of neural elements and myenteric plexus at the valve site. The density of the neural elements in the circular muscular layer at sites adjacent to the 3rd valve was lesser, however, was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: The immunohistochemical study of valves constructed in the colon of rats submitted to abdominoperineal amputation and perineal colostomy revealed denervation at the seromyotomy site.(AU)