Edaphic entomofauna associated with coconut crops in the eastern Amazon / Entomofauna edáfica associada a lavouras de coqueiro na Amazônia oriental

In the Eastern Amazon is the largest continuous coconut crop area in the world. This region is known for its high precipitation levels and an ecosystem of extensive insect biodiversity. It is important to know the local entomofauna and to know whether there is a balance between the different insect groups. This study aimed to understand the influence of seasonality on the dynamics of edaphic insect families, comparing the environment as a whole and in different commercial coconut crop areas and riparian forests in the Eastern Amazon. Forty pitfall traps were installed in the ground at an average distance of 1 m from the coconut stipe. They were filled with 200 ml of an aqueous solution of liquid neutral soap and 70% alcohol. Traps were installed in eight areas: an area of riparian forest (A1) and seven in commercial coconut cropareas (A2 to A8), in the Amazon dry and rainy season. The similarity between the insects was measured using Euclidean distance. The abundance of families in each collection area used qualitative similarity. For family dominance, quantitative similarity was used. Diversity analyses were performed to justify the similarities of the clusters through the Shannon and Simpson Indices. In total, 252,313 individuals, 118 families, and 9 orders were collected. There were many Formicidae in both climatic periods because itis a social insect and has edaphic habits. The families with the most individuals in the collections were Drosophilidae, Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Phoridae, Nitidulidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogomidae, and Platyogastridae. The riparian forest area (A1) showed the greatest diversity and least dominance. The oldest cultivated areas A2 and A3 (7 years) showed the greatest diversity in the dry season. In the rainy season, the most diversified areas were those with the highest land slope (A6 and A7).The most dominant [...].

Na Amazônia Oriental, está localizado a maior área contínua de plantio de coqueiro do mundo. Essa região é conhecida por ter elevados índices de precipitação e um ecossistema de extensa biodiversidade de insetos. É importante conhecer a entomofauna do local, para saber se há equilíbrio entre os diferentes grupos de insetos. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a influência da sazonalidade na dinâmica das famílias de insetos edáficos, comparando o ambiente como um todo e diferentes áreas de plantios comerciais de coqueiro e mata ciliar na Amazônia Oriental. Foram instaladas no solo 40 armadilhas do tipo pitfall a uma distância média de 1 m do estipe, preenchidas com 200 ml com solução aquosa de sabão líquido neutro e álcool 70%, em oito áreas: uma área de mata ciliar (A1) e sete em áreas de lavoura comercial de coqueiro (A2 a A8) nos períodos seco e chuvoso amazônico. A similaridade entre os insetos foi medida através da distância Euclidiana. A abundância de famílias em cada área de coleta, utilizou a similaridade qualitativa. Para dominância de famílias utilizou similaridade quantitativa. Foram realizadas análises de diversidade para justificar as similaridades dos agrupamentos, através do Índice de Shannon e Índice de Simpson. Foram coletados 252.313 indivíduos, 118 famílias e 9 ordens. Houve um grande número de Formicidae em ambos os períodos climáticos, por se tratar de um inseto social e que tem hábitos edáfico. As famílias com maior número nas coletas foram: Drosophilidae, Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Phoridae, Nitidulidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogomidae e Platyogastridae. A área de mata ciliar (A1) apresentou maior diversidade e menor dominância. As áreas cultivadas mais antigas A2 e A3 (7 anos) apresentaram a maior diversidade na estação seca. No período chuvoso, as mais diversificadas foram áreas que apresentaram maior declividade do terreno - A6 e A7. As áreas com maior dominância foram A5 e A8, onde o maior [...].

Edaphic entomofauna associated with coconut crops in the eastern Amazon / Entomofauna edáfica associada a lavouras de coqueiro na Amazônia oriental

In the Eastern Amazon is the largest continuous coconut crop area in the world. This region is known for its high precipitation levels and an ecosystem of extensive insect biodiversity. It is important to know the local entomofauna and to know whether there is a balance between the different insect groups. This study aimed to understand the influence of seasonality on the dynamics of edaphic insect families, comparing the environment as a whole and in different commercial coconut crop areas and riparian forests in the Eastern Amazon. Forty pitfall traps were installed in the ground at an average distance of 1 m from the coconut stipe. They were filled with 200 ml of an aqueous solution of liquid neutral soap and 70% alcohol. Traps were installed in eight areas: an area of riparian forest (A1) and seven in commercial coconut cropareas (A2 to A8), in the Amazon dry and rainy season. The similarity between the insects was measured using Euclidean distance. The abundance of families in each collection area used qualitative similarity. For family dominance, quantitative similarity was used. Diversity analyses were performed to justify the similarities of the clusters through the Shannon and Simpson Indices. In total, 252,313 individuals, 118 families, and 9 orders were collected. There were many Formicidae in both climatic periods because itis a social insect and has edaphic habits. The families with the most individuals in the collections were Drosophilidae, Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Phoridae, Nitidulidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogomidae, and Platyogastridae. The riparian forest area (A1) showed the greatest diversity and least dominance. The oldest cultivated areas A2 and A3 (7 years) showed the greatest diversity in the dry season. In the rainy season, the most diversified areas were those with the highest land slope (A6 and A7).The most dominant [...].(AU)

Na Amazônia Oriental, está localizado a maior área contínua de plantio de coqueiro do mundo. Essa região é conhecida por ter elevados índices de precipitação e um ecossistema de extensa biodiversidade de insetos. É importante conhecer a entomofauna do local, para saber se há equilíbrio entre os diferentes grupos de insetos. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a influência da sazonalidade na dinâmica das famílias de insetos edáficos, comparando o ambiente como um todo e diferentes áreas de plantios comerciais de coqueiro e mata ciliar na Amazônia Oriental. Foram instaladas no solo 40 armadilhas do tipo pitfall a uma distância média de 1 m do estipe, preenchidas com 200 ml com solução aquosa de sabão líquido neutro e álcool 70%, em oito áreas: uma área de mata ciliar (A1) e sete em áreas de lavoura comercial de coqueiro (A2 a A8) nos períodos seco e chuvoso amazônico. A similaridade entre os insetos foi medida através da distância Euclidiana. A abundância de famílias em cada área de coleta, utilizou a similaridade qualitativa. Para dominância de famílias utilizou similaridade quantitativa. Foram realizadas análises de diversidade para justificar as similaridades dos agrupamentos, através do Índice de Shannon e Índice de Simpson. Foram coletados 252.313 indivíduos, 118 famílias e 9 ordens. Houve um grande número de Formicidae em ambos os períodos climáticos, por se tratar de um inseto social e que tem hábitos edáfico. As famílias com maior número nas coletas foram: Drosophilidae, Staphylinidae, Bostrichidae, Phoridae, Nitidulidae, Scolytidae, Tenebrionidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogomidae e Platyogastridae. A área de mata ciliar (A1) apresentou maior diversidade e menor dominância. As áreas cultivadas mais antigas A2 e A3 (7 anos) apresentaram a maior diversidade na estação seca. No período chuvoso, as mais diversificadas foram áreas que apresentaram maior declividade do terreno - A6 e A7. As áreas com maior dominância foram A5 e A8, onde o maior [...].(AU)

Toxic effects of Drimia maritima (Asparagaceae) ethanolic extracts on the mortality, development, sexual behaviour and oviposition behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Drimia maritima is a toxic Mediterranean plant and is considered a commercially important drug by its medicinal values and pharmacological properties. In this work, we seek to evaluate the direct and delayed effects of the ethanol extracts of this plant on vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster), an excellent laboratory model. The treatment was carried out by ingestion on second-stage larvae (L2) and then we evaluated the impact of this treatment on mortality, development, sexual behaviour, on female's oviposition choice, fecundity, and fertility of adults. The results showed that mortality rates can reach 100% after 15 days of treatment as we recorded an acceleration of the flies' development. After treatment, we observed incomplete nuptial courtship and a significant decrease in eggs laid number and larvae number of the first generation treated. This study indicates that D. maritima ethanolic extract has a neurotoxic property, our results confirmed the presence of toxic secondary metabolites in the extract studied.(AU)

Toxic effects of Drimia maritima (Asparagaceae) ethanolic extracts on the mortality, development, sexual behaviour and oviposition behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Drimia maritima is a toxic Mediterranean plant and is considered a commercially important drug by its medicinal values and pharmacological properties. In this work, we seek to evaluate the direct and delayed effects of the ethanol extracts of this plant on vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster), an excellent laboratory model. The treatment was carried out by ingestion on second-stage larvae (L2) and then we evaluated the impact of this treatment on mortality, development, sexual behaviour, on female's oviposition choice, fecundity, and fertility of adults. The results showed that mortality rates can reach 100% after 15 days of treatment as we recorded an acceleration of the flies' development. After treatment, we observed incomplete nuptial courtship and a significant decrease in eggs laid number and larvae number of the first generation treated. This study indicates that D. maritima ethanolic extract has a neurotoxic property, our results confirmed the presence of toxic secondary metabolites in the extract studied.

Cinco especies nuevas de Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) relacionadas con Araceae

RESUMEN Drosophila anthurium sp. nov., Drosophila tsachila sp. nov., Drosophila guajalito sp. nov., Drosophila deloscolorados sp. nov. y Drosophila cartucho sp. nov. fueron capturadas en inflorescencias de la familia Araceae entre los 1800 y 2200 m de altitud en la Estación Científica Río Guajalito, provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Las especies nuevas presentan surestilo y edeago largo, y apodema del edeago muy corto. Los análisis de la morfología externa y de la terminalia masculina indican que las cinco especies nuevas no pertenecen a ninguno de los grupos de Drosophila asociados a flores.

ABSTRACT Drosophila anthurium sp. nov., Drosophila tsachila sp. nov., Drosophila guajalito sp. nov., Drosophila deloscolorados sp. nov. and Drosophila cartucho sp. nov. were captured in inflorescences of the family Araceae between 1800 and 2200 m of altitude in the Scientific Station Rio Guajalito, province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. The new species present surstylus and aedeagus elongated, and aedeagal apodeme very short. Analysis of external morphology and male terminalia indicate that the five new species do not belong to any of the Drosophila groups associated with flowers.

Infestation index of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in small fruit in southern Brazil / Índice de infestação de Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) em pequenas frutas no sul do Brasil

The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is considered the main insect pest of small fruit in the world. Identifying susceptible hosts is essential to develop management strategies. The aim of this study was to verify the level of D. suzukii infestation in blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, cattley guava and Surinam cherry fruits cultivated in the southern region in Brazil, and to determine the infestation index (II) per fruit. The studies were carried out during two harvests (2015/16 and 2016/17) in three areas with organic cultivation of small fruit. The highest level of D. suzukii natural infestation was observed in blackberry (40 to 65% infestation), and strawberry (approximately 30% infestation) fruits. In contrast, blueberries were less preferred (< 7% infestation). For native fruit of the region (cattley guava and Surinam cherry), it was also verified infestation of the fly, demonstrating they are hosts for multiplication in the off-season periods of the other crops. In relation to II, blackberry and Surinam cherry provided a higher average number of insects per gram of fruit (≈ 1.6 adults of D. suzukii). In contrast, blueberries and cattley guava had the lowest insect ratio per gram of fruit (≈ 0.7 adults per gram). The period between late spring to mid-autumn was considered ideal for the pest occurrence in the field. The knowledge of natural infestation levels is essential for understanding the behavior of the pest in the field, which will assist in the design of management strategies.(AU)

A drosófila-da-asa-manchada, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, é considerada o principal inseto-praga de pequenos frutos no mundo. A identificação de hospedeiros suscetíveis é essencial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o nível de infestação de D. suzukii em frutos de amoreira-preta, mirtileiro, morangueiro, araçazeiro e pitangueira cultivados na região no sul do Brasil e determinar os índices de infestação (II) por fruto. Os estudos foram realizados durante duas safras (2015/16 e 2016/17) em três áreas com cultivo orgânico de pequenas frutas. O maior nível de infestação natural de D. suzukii foi observado em amora-preta (40 a 65% de infestação) e morango (aproximadamente 30% de infestação). Em contraste, o mirtilo foi menos preferido (< 7% de infestação). Para as frutas nativas da região (araçá e pitanga), também ocorreu infestação da mosca, demonstrando serem hospedeiros potenciais para a multiplicação da praga nos períodos de entressafras. Em relação ao II, amoras e pitangas proporcionaram um maior número médio de insetos por grama de fruto (≈ 1,6 adultos de D. suzukii). Por outro lado, mirtilos e araçás apresentaram a menor relação de insetos emergidos por gramas de frutos (≈ 0,7 adultos por grama). O período entre final da primavera até meados do outono foi considerado ideal para a ocorrência da praga no campo. O conhecimento dos níveis de infestação natural é fundamental para o entendimento do comportamento da praga no campo, o que auxiliará no delineamento de estratégias de manejo.(AU)

Cinco especies nuevas de Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) relacionadas con Araceae / Five new species of Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) related with Araceae

Drosophila anthurium sp. nov., Drosophila tsachila sp. nov., Drosophila guajalito sp. nov., Drosophila deloscolorados sp. nov. y Drosophila cartucho sp. nov. fueron capturadas en inflorescencias de la familia Araceae entre los 1800 y 2200 m de altitud en la Estación Científica Río Guajalito, provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Las especies nuevas presentan surestilo y edeago largo, y apodema del edeago muy corto. Los análisis de la morfología externa y de la terminalia masculina indican que las cinco especies nuevas no pertenecen a ninguno de los grupos de Drosophila asociados a flores.(AU)

Drosophila anthurium sp. nov., Drosophila tsachila sp. nov., Drosophila guajalito sp. nov., Drosophila deloscolorados sp. nov. and Drosophila cartucho sp. nov. were captured in inflorescences of the family Araceae between 1800 and 2200 m of altitude in the Scientific Station Rio Guajalito, province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. The new species present surstylus and aedeagus elongated, and aedeagal apodeme very short. Analysis of external morphology and male terminalia indicate that the five new species do not belong to any of the Drosophila groups associated with flowers.(AU)

Cinco especies nuevas de Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) relacionadas con Araceae / Five new species of Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) related with Araceae

Drosophila anthurium sp. nov., Drosophila tsachila sp. nov., Drosophila guajalito sp. nov., Drosophila deloscolorados sp. nov. y Drosophila cartucho sp. nov. fueron capturadas en inflorescencias de la familia Araceae entre los 1800 y 2200 m de altitud en la Estación Científica Río Guajalito, provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Las especies nuevas presentan surestilo y edeago largo, y apodema del edeago muy corto. Los análisis de la morfología externa y de la terminalia masculina indican que las cinco especies nuevas no pertenecen a ninguno de los grupos de Drosophila asociados a flores.

Drosophila anthurium sp. nov., Drosophila tsachila sp. nov., Drosophila guajalito sp. nov., Drosophila deloscolorados sp. nov. and Drosophila cartucho sp. nov. were captured in inflorescences of the family Araceae between 1800 and 2200 m of altitude in the Scientific Station Rio Guajalito, province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. The new species present surstylus and aedeagus elongated, and aedeagal apodeme very short. Analysis of external morphology and male terminalia indicate that the five new species do not belong to any of the Drosophila groups associated with flowers.

Infestation index of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in small fruit in southern Brazil / Índice de infestação de Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) em pequenas frutas no sul do Brasil

The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is considered the main insect pest of small fruit in the world. Identifying susceptible hosts is essential to develop management strategies. The aim of this study was to verify the level of D. suzukii infestation in blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, cattley guava and Surinam cherry fruits cultivated in the southern region in Brazil, and to determine the infestation index (II) per fruit. The studies were carried out during two harvests (2015/16 and 2016/17) in three areas with organic cultivation of small fruit. The highest level of D. suzukii natural infestation was observed in blackberry (40 to 65% infestation), and strawberry (approximately 30% infestation) fruits. In contrast, blueberries were less preferred (< 7% infestation). For native fruit of the region (cattley guava and Surinam cherry), it was also verified infestation of the fly, demonstrating they are hosts for multiplication in the off-season periods of the other crops. In relation to II, blackberry and Surinam cherry provided a higher average number of insects per gram of fruit (≈ 1.6 adults of D. suzukii). In contrast, blueberries and cattley guava had the lowest insect ratio per gram of fruit (≈ 0.7 adults per gram). The period between late spring to mid-autumn was considered ideal for the pest occurrence in the field. The knowledge of natural infestation levels is essential for understanding the behavior of the pest in the field, which will assist in the design of management strategies.(AU)

A drosófila-da-asa-manchada, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, é considerada o principal inseto-praga de pequenos frutos no mundo. A identificação de hospedeiros suscetíveis é essencial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o nível de infestação de D. suzukii em frutos de amoreira-preta, mirtileiro, morangueiro, araçazeiro e pitangueira cultivados na região no sul do Brasil e determinar os índices de infestação (II) por fruto. Os estudos foram realizados durante duas safras (2015/16 e 2016/17) em três áreas com cultivo orgânico de pequenas frutas. O maior nível de infestação natural de D. suzukii foi observado em amora-preta (40 a 65% de infestação) e morango (aproximadamente 30% de infestação). Em contraste, o mirtilo foi menos preferido (< 7% de infestação). Para as frutas nativas da região (araçá e pitanga), também ocorreu infestação da mosca, demonstrando serem hospedeiros potenciais para a multiplicação da praga nos períodos de entressafras. Em relação ao II, amoras e pitangas proporcionaram um maior número médio de insetos por grama de fruto (≈ 1,6 adultos de D. suzukii). Por outro lado, mirtilos e araçás apresentaram a menor relação de insetos emergidos por gramas de frutos (≈ 0,7 adultos por grama). O período entre final da primavera até meados do outono foi considerado ideal para a ocorrência da praga no campo. O conhecimento dos níveis de infestação natural é fundamental para o entendimento do comportamento da praga no campo, o que auxiliará no delineamento de estratégias de manejo.(AU)

The flower flies and the unknown diversity of Drosophilidae (Diptera): a biodiversity inventory in the Brazilian fauna

Diptera is a megadiverse order, reaching its peak of diversity in Neotropics, although our knowledge of dipteran fauna from this region is grossly lacking. This applies even to the most studied families, such as Drosophilidae. Despite its prominence, most aspects of the biology of these insects are still poorly understood, especially those linked to natural communities. Field studies on drosophilids are highly biased towards fruit-breeding species. Flower-breeding drosophilids, however, are worldwide distributed, especially in tropical regions, although being mostly neglected. The present paper shows the results of a biodiversity inventory of flower-breeding drosophilids carried out in several localities in Brazil, based on samples of 125 plant species, from 47 families. Drosophilids were found in flowers of 56 plant species, from 18 families. The fauna discovered turned out to be mostly unknown, comprising 28 species, with 12 of them (> 40%) still undescribed. Not taking into account opportunistic species, two-thirds of the flower-exclusive diversity was undescribed. The Drosophila bromeliae species group was the most representative taxon, with eight species (six undescribed), including four polyphagous and four Solanum-specialized species. This specialization on Solanum is reported for the first time for Drosophilidae. Other taxa of restricted flower-breeding drosophilids were the Drosophila lutzii species group and two species of the genus Zygothrica Wiedemann. Some specimens of the genera Cladochaeta Coquillett, Rhinoleucophenga Hendel and Scaptomyza Hardy were found, but their relations to flowers are unclear. Additionally, ten species of broad niche were found using flowers opportunistically. Localities and host plants were recorded for all species collected.

The flower flies and the unknown diversity of Drosophilidae (Diptera): a biodiversity inventory in the Brazilian fauna

Diptera is a megadiverse order, reaching its peak of diversity in Neotropics, although our knowledge of dipteran fauna from this region is grossly lacking. This applies even to the most studied families, such as Drosophilidae. Despite its prominence, most aspects of the biology of these insects are still poorly understood, especially those linked to natural communities. Field studies on drosophilids are highly biased towards fruit-breeding species. Flower-breeding drosophilids, however, are worldwide distributed, especially in tropical regions, although being mostly neglected. The present paper shows the results of a biodiversity inventory of flower-breeding drosophilids carried out in several localities in Brazil, based on samples of 125 plant species, from 47 families. Drosophilids were found in flowers of 56 plant species, from 18 families. The fauna discovered turned out to be mostly unknown, comprising 28 species, with 12 of them (> 40%) still undescribed. Not taking into account opportunistic species, two-thirds of the flower-exclusive diversity was undescribed. The Drosophila bromeliae species group was the most representative taxon, with eight species (six undescribed), including four polyphagous and four Solanum-specialized species. This specialization on Solanum is reported for the first time for Drosophilidae. Other taxa of restricted flower-breeding drosophilids were the Drosophila lutzii species group and two species of the genus Zygothrica Wiedemann. Some specimens of the genera Cladochaeta Coquillett, Rhinoleucophenga Hendel and Scaptomyza Hardy were found, but their relations to flowers are unclear. Additionally, ten species of broad niche were found using flowers opportunistically. Localities and host plants were recorded for all species collected.(AU)

Mycophagous Drosophilidae (Diptera) guild and their hosts in the Brazilian Amazon

The composition and potential hosts of mycophagous Drosophilidae from a section of the Brazilian Amazon forest in the Caxiuanã National forest were investigated. Sampling was performed in three different periods at long the wet season (January (beginning) and July (end) 2013 and May (middle) 2014). The samples were collected from existing trails by actively searching for fungal fruiting bodies where Drosophilidae were present. We present composition and richness analysis over two years of sampling sampling Drosophilidae and Fungi. We evaluate sampling completeness using asymptotic species richness estimators. Out of 159 fruiting body samples and 64 fungal species, 5,124 drosophilids belonging to 55 species and 5 genera were collected. The mycophagous Drosophilidae richness values estimated by Jackknife 1 and Bootstrap were 69 and 61, respectively. The estimated fly richness correlated positively with fungal richness and abundance. Among the Drosophilidae species identified in this study, approximately 5% represent new occurrences for Brazil and 56% represent new species. Four genera belonging to the Zygothrica genus group are found in the Amazon region, and these genera represent 80% of the fungus-associated fauna known to date for the tropics. In conclusion, our results show that the fungal richness and abundance were the factors that determined the high diversity of mycophagous Drosophilidae.

Níveis de infestação de Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) em diferentes frutos hospedeiros / Infestation levels of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in different host fruits

A mosca-do-figo, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) é uma espécie generalista, mas importante economicamente na cultura do figo, onde é considerada praga primária. Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar os níveis de infestação natural de Z. indianus em frutos de amora, araçá, fisális, goiaba, mirtilo, morango e pitanga na região sul do Brasil. Os índices foram calculados por meio do número de moscas emergidas por fruto e do número de moscas por massa (kg) de fruto. Os maiores índices de infestação (mosca/kg) foram verificados em amoras (1295), araçás (1253) e pitangas (1016), enquanto que para o segundo índice (M/n) os maiores índices foram verificados em goiabas (26,17), araçás (11,87) e morangos (10,27). Frutos coletados diretamente da planta foram mais infestados em relação a frutos coletados no solo, o que pode ser devido ao ataque inicial de Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) e Anastrepha spp., pragas já disseminadas na região.

The fig fly, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a generalist species, but economically important in the fig culture, in which it is considered a primary pest. This study aimed to verify the levels of natural infestation of Z. indianus in blackberry, strawberry guava, Physalis, guava, blueberry, strawberry and Surinam cherry fruits in southern Brazil. The indexes were calculated through the number of flies emerged per fruit and the number of flies per mass (Kg) of fruit. The highest rates of infestation (fly/Kg) were observed in blackberries (1295), strawberry guavas (1253) and Surinam cherries (1016); for the second index, (M/n) in guavas (26.17), strawberry guavas (11.87) and strawberries (10.27). Fruits collected directly from the plant were more infested compared with fruits collected from the soil, which may be due to the initial attack of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Anastrepha spp., pests already disseminated in the region.

Níveis de infestação de Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) em diferentes frutos hospedeiros / Infestation levels of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in different host fruits

A mosca-do-figo, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) é uma espécie generalista, mas importante economicamente na cultura do figo, onde é considerada praga primária. Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar os níveis de infestação natural de Z. indianus em frutos de amora, araçá, fisális, goiaba, mirtilo, morango e pitanga na região sul do Brasil. Os índices foram calculados por meio do número de moscas emergidas por fruto e do número de moscas por massa (kg) de fruto. Os maiores índices de infestação (mosca/kg) foram verificados em amoras (1295), araçás (1253) e pitangas (1016), enquanto que para o segundo índice (M/n) os maiores índices foram verificados em goiabas (26,17), araçás (11,87) e morangos (10,27). Frutos coletados diretamente da planta foram mais infestados em relação a frutos coletados no solo, o que pode ser devido ao ataque inicial de Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) e Anastrepha spp., pragas já disseminadas na região.(AU)

The fig fly, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a generalist species, but economically important in the fig culture, in which it is considered a primary pest. This study aimed to verify the levels of natural infestation of Z. indianus in blackberry, strawberry guava, Physalis, guava, blueberry, strawberry and Surinam cherry fruits in southern Brazil. The indexes were calculated through the number of flies emerged per fruit and the number of flies per mass (Kg) of fruit. The highest rates of infestation (fly/Kg) were observed in blackberries (1295), strawberry guavas (1253) and Surinam cherries (1016); for the second index, (M/n) in guavas (26.17), strawberry guavas (11.87) and strawberries (10.27). Fruits collected directly from the plant were more infested compared with fruits collected from the soil, which may be due to the initial attack of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Anastrepha spp., pests already disseminated in the region.(AU)

Mycophagous Drosophilidae (Diptera) guild and their hosts in the Brazilian Amazon

The composition and potential hosts of mycophagous Drosophilidae from a section of the Brazilian Amazon forest in the Caxiuanã National forest were investigated. Sampling was performed in three different periods at long the wet season (January (beginning) and July (end) 2013 and May (middle) 2014). The samples were collected from existing trails by actively searching for fungal fruiting bodies where Drosophilidae were present. We present composition and richness analysis over two years of sampling sampling Drosophilidae and Fungi. We evaluate sampling completeness using asymptotic species richness estimators. Out of 159 fruiting body samples and 64 fungal species, 5,124 drosophilids belonging to 55 species and 5 genera were collected. The mycophagous Drosophilidae richness values estimated by Jackknife 1 and Bootstrap were 69 and 61, respectively. The estimated fly richness correlated positively with fungal richness and abundance. Among the Drosophilidae species identified in this study, approximately 5% represent new occurrences for Brazil and 56% represent new species. Four genera belonging to the Zygothrica genus group are found in the Amazon region, and these genera represent 80% of the fungus-associated fauna known to date for the tropics. In conclusion, our results show that the fungal richness and abundance were the factors that determined the high diversity of mycophagous Drosophilidae.(AU)

Ampliação da área ocorrência de Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) em Santa Catarina, Brasil / Enlargement of occurrence area of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in Santa Catarina, Brazil

A drosófila-de-asa-manchada possui elevada importância econômica por danificar frutos de epicarpo delgado os quais possuem elevado valor comercial agregado, principalmente para o consumo in natura. Os relatos da praga mostram que ela está distribuída em diferentes locais estados do Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal e Minas Gerais). Nosso estudo teve como objetivo ampliar a área de ocorrência da espécie na região Serrana de Santa Catarina. Para o monitoramento de sua ocorrência foram utilizadas armadilhas tipo PET, iscadas com vinagre de maçã em um cultivo orgânico de morango conduzido em sistema semi-hidropônico no município de Frei Rogério. As armadilhas monitoraram 8.600 plantas durante dez dias e o material coletado foi avaliado em microscópio estereoscópico. Foram coletados diversos insetos de Drosophilidae e destes, noventa e oito fêmeas e quatro machos de Drosophila suzukii revelando assim a presença da praga na região Serrana de Santa Catarina.(AU)

The spotted wing Drosophila has significant economy relevance due to attacking thin epicarp fruits, which have high commercial value, mainly for “in natura” consumption. The Brazilian pest reports to date are distributed in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Goiás, and Minas Gerais. Our study aimed to record the enlargement of occurrence area of this species in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina. For this, traps PET type baited with apple cider vinegar in an organic strawberry crop in a semi-hydroponic system in the municipality Frei Rogério. Traps monitored 8.600 plants for ten days, and the collected material was evaluated with a stereoscopic microscope. Several insects of Drosophilidae family were collected, of which ninety-eight females and four males of Drosophila suzukii, thus revealing the enlargement of pest presence in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina.(AU)

Ampliação da área ocorrência de Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) em Santa Catarina, Brasil / Enlargement of occurrence area of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in Santa Catarina, Brazil

A drosófila-de-asa-manchada possui elevada importância econômica por danificar frutos de epicarpo delgado os quais possuem elevado valor comercial agregado, principalmente para o consumo in natura. Os relatos da praga mostram que ela está distribuída em diferentes locais estados do Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal e Minas Gerais). Nosso estudo teve como objetivo ampliar a área de ocorrência da espécie na região Serrana de Santa Catarina. Para o monitoramento de sua ocorrência foram utilizadas armadilhas tipo PET, iscadas com vinagre de maçã em um cultivo orgânico de morango conduzido em sistema semi-hidropônico no município de Frei Rogério. As armadilhas monitoraram 8.600 plantas durante dez dias e o material coletado foi avaliado em microscópio estereoscópico. Foram coletados diversos insetos de Drosophilidae e destes, noventa e oito fêmeas e quatro machos de Drosophila suzukii revelando assim a presença da praga na região Serrana de Santa Catarina.

The spotted wing Drosophila has significant economy relevance due to attacking thin epicarp fruits, which have high commercial value, mainly for “in natura” consumption. The Brazilian pest reports to date are distributed in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Goiás, and Minas Gerais. Our study aimed to record the enlargement of occurrence area of this species in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina. For this, traps PET type baited with apple cider vinegar in an organic strawberry crop in a semi-hydroponic system in the municipality Frei Rogério. Traps monitored 8.600 plants for ten days, and the collected material was evaluated with a stereoscopic microscope. Several insects of Drosophilidae family were collected, of which ninety-eight females and four males of Drosophila suzukii, thus revealing the enlargement of pest presence in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina.

Toxic effects of Cleome arabica L. (Capparidaceae) aqueous extracts on mortality and sexual behavior of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Cleome arabica is a spontaneous plant in arid zones,toxic and has hallucinogenic effects. In this work, we seek toevaluate the direct and delayed effect of the aqueous extractson the vinegar fly Dorsophila melanogaster, laboratory modelpar excellence. Treatment is by ingestion on second instarlarvae (L2). The results show that mortality rates can reach90% after 15 days of treatment as we recorded a disturbanceof fly development. Observation of sexual behavior intreatment-emergent adults indicates that C. arabica actsnegatively on the course of the different sequences leading tomating in Drosophila.(AU)

Toxic effects of Cleome arabica L. (Capparidaceae) aqueous extracts on mortality and sexual behavior of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Cleome arabica is a spontaneous plant in arid zones,toxic and has hallucinogenic effects. In this work, we seek toevaluate the direct and delayed effect of the aqueous extractson the vinegar fly Dorsophila melanogaster, laboratory modelpar excellence. Treatment is by ingestion on second instarlarvae (L2). The results show that mortality rates can reach90% after 15 days of treatment as we recorded a disturbanceof fly development. Observation of sexual behavior intreatment-emergent adults indicates that C. arabica actsnegatively on the course of the different sequences leading tomating in Drosophila.