Avaliação ultrassonográfica das vias biliares em cães e gatos: coletas e análises de registros médicos veterinários / Ultrasonographic evaluation of the bile ducts in dogs and cats: Collections and analyses of veterinary medical records

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar achados ultrassonográficos de cães e gatos diagnosticados com colestase, correlacionando alterações concomitantes com espécies, sexo, idade, peso, sinais clínicos e dilatação das vias biliares. O sistema biliar de pequenos animais é composto pela vesícula biliar e a árvore biliar. Desta forma, os felinos apresentam mais alterações nestas estruturas devido à anatomia diferenciada. A redução do fluxo biliar, conhecida como colestase, ocorre por inúmeras situações, sendo o ultrassom o principal exame diagnóstico empregado na medicina veterinária. Ductos biliares de 4 e 3mm de diâmetro são considerados normais para felinos e caninos, respectivamente. Neste estudo, os sistemas biliares de 41 animais, incluindo felinos e caninos, foram avaliados por ultrassonografia no Setor de Diagnóstico por Imagem do Hospital Veterinário de janeiro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, demonstrando a presença de cálculos vesicais em ambas as populações, assim como alterações em ducto cístico associados à pancreatite em cães.

This study aimed to evaluate ultrasound findings of dogs and cats diagnosed with cholestasis, correlating concomitant alterations with species, sex, age, weight, clinical signs, and dilation of bile ducts. The biliary system of small animals is composed of the gallbladder and the biliary tree. Thus, the felines show more alterations in these structures due to their differentiated anatomy. The reduction of the bile flow, known as cholestasis, occurs as a result of numerous situations, with ultrasound being the main diagnostic exam applied in veterinary medicine. Bile ducts of 4 and 3mm diameter are considered normal for felines and canines, respectively. In this study, the biliary systems of 41 animals, including felines and canines, were evaluated using ultrasound at the Diagnostic Imaging Sector of the Veterinary Hospital from January 2019 to February 2020, demonstrating the presence of bladder stones in both populations, as well as changes in the cystic duct associated with pancreatitis in dogs.

Contribuição da ultrassonografia no diagnóstico da platinosomose felina / Contribution of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of platinosome feline / Contribución de la ultrasonografía en el diagnóstico de platinosomosis felina

A platinosomose é uma importante enfermidade hepatobiliar parasitária que acomete felinos, sendo eles de vida livre ou semi domiciliados. O agente etiológico é o trematódeo Platynosomum spp. E a doença é popularmente conhecida como "envenenamento por lagartixa". As manifestações clínicas da platinosomose são inespecíficas assim como é incomum a observação de lesões hepáticas, o que dificulta o diagnóstico. Felinos possuem o hábito de caça e ao ingerir esses pequenos invertebrados, podem dar continuidade ao ciclo da platinosomose, uma vez que esses animais são os hospedeiros definitivos deste parasito. Esse trematódeo se aloja com frequência no trato biliar dos gatos, causando lesões e possível obstrução do ducto biliar. O grau de comprometimento das lesões hepáticas está na dependência tanto da imunidade, quanto da carga parasitária do animal. O diagnóstico de eleição é o exame parasitológico de fezes, embora ainda seja considerado pouco sensível, sendo relevante a utilização de outras ferramentas diagnósticas. O exame ultrassonográfico permite a observação de alterações hepáticas e até mesmo do próprio parasito no interior do ducto biliar, contribuindo para elucidação dessa enfermidade. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário "Luiz Quintiliano de Oliveira", um felino com histórico de icterícia, e ao exame clínico observou-se escore corporal magro e desidratação em 8%. Após avaliação clínica do animal, o mesmo foi encaminhado para o setor de Diagnóstico por Imagem para avaliação ultrassonográfica abdominal, durante o exame visibilizou-se aumento das dimensões hepáticas, edema de parede em vesícula biliar e a presença pequena de estrutura filiforme, hiperecogênica, em seu interior.(AU)

Platinosomiasis is an importante parasitic hepatobiliary disease that affects felines, whether they live freely or semi-domiciled. The etiological agent is the trematode Platynosomum spp. And the disease is popularly known as "lizard poisoning". The clinical manifestations of platinosomiasis are non-specific and the observation of liver lesions observed are, which makes the diagnosis difficult. Felines have a hunting habit and by ingesting these small invertebrates, they can continuing the platinosomiasis cycle, since these animals are the definitive hosts of this parasite.This trematode frequently lodges in the biliary tract of cats, causing injury and possible obstruction of the bile duct. The degree of involvement of liver lesions is in dependence on both immunity and the parasite load of the animal. The diagnosis of choice is the parasitological examination of feces, although it is still considered not very sensitive, and the use of other diagnostic tools is relevant. The ultrasonographic examination allows the observation of hepatic alterations and even the parasite itself inside the bile duct, contributing to the elucidation of this disease. He was treated at the "Luiz Quintiliano de Oliveira", a feline with a history of jaundice, and the clinical examination showed a lean body score and dehydration of 8%. After clinical evaluation of the animal, he was referred to the Diagnostic Imaging Department for abdominal ultrasonography evaluation, during the exam it was seen an increase in the hepatic dimensions, edema of the gallbladder wall and the small presence of a filiform, hyperecogenic structure inside.(AU)

La platinosomosis es una importante enfermedad parasitaria hepatobiliar que afecta a los gatos, ya sean de vida libre o semi-domiciliados. El agente etiológico es el trematodo Platynosomum spp. Y la enfermedad se conoce popularmente como "envenenamiento por gecko". Las manifestaciones clínicas de la platinosomosis son inespecíficas y la observación de lesione hepáticas es poco frecuente, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico. Los felinos tienen el hábito de la caza y al ingerir estos pequeños invertebrados pueden continuar el ciclo de platinosomosis, ya que estos animales son los hospedadores definitivos de este parásito. Este trematodo se aloja con frecuencia en el tracto biliar de los gatos, provocando lesiones y posible obstrucción del conducto biliar. El grado de afectación de las lesiones hepáticas depende tanto de la inmunidad como de la carga parasitaria del animal. El diagnóstico de elección es el examen parasitológico de heces, aunque todavía se considera insensible, siendo relevante el uso de otras herramientas diagnósticas. El examen ecográfico permite la observación de alteraciones hepáticas e incluso del propio parásito fuera de la vía biliar, contribuyendo al esclarecimiento de esta enfermedad. Un felino con antecedentes de ictericia, fue atendido en el Hospital Veterinario "Luiz Quintiliano de Oliveira", y el examen clínico mostró un índice corporal magro y deshidratación en 8%. Después de la evaluación clínica del animal, se derivó al sector de Diagnóstico por Imagen para evaluación de ecografía abdominal, durante el examen se observó aumento de las dimensiones hepáticas, edema de la pared vesicular y pequeña presencia de una estructura filiforme hiperecogénica em su interior.(AU)

Hematological and biochemical changes in a cow with metastatic cholangiocarcinoma

We describe here hematological and biochemical findings in a cow with metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. On physical examination, apathy with congested mucous membranes, tachycardia and enlarged abdomen; hypoperistalsis in rumen, abomasum and intestines. In hematological examination, icteric plasma with leukocytosis by neutrophilia with regenerative left shift and inversion of the proportion between lymphocytes and segmented neutrophils, and hypofibrinemia. In serum biochemistry: hyperproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, low albumin/globulin ratio and high levels of aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase. The cow died and in necropsy was observed a severe and diffuse increase in volume predominantly on the hepatic right lobe and moderate increase of volume in mesenteric lymph nodes. Which was diagnosed microscopically as a cholangiocarcinoma, characterized by arrangements in irregular and coalescent ducts. In conclusion, cholangiocarcinoma may cause important hematological and biochemical changes in cattle.(AU)

Cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiasis with secondary necrotizing hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis in a dairy cow

Biliary calculi are rare in cattle and occur usually in the gallbladder, without clinical signs. In humans, cholelithiasis is a common cause of hepatic abscess due calculi microbiota. Here is described a case of cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiasis in a 10-year-old female mixed breed dairy cow. The animal died during physical examination with signs as cachexia, icterus, and fever. At necropsy, a large number of green calculi were observed in the gallbladder, common duct lumen and in markedly distended biliary ducts. The liver was firm and decreased in volume with multiple abscess and multiple red foci measuring 0.5 cm in diameter in the hepatic parenchyma. Microscopically in the liver, marked ductal proliferation and abscedative cholangiohepatitis with abundant fibrosis and multiple foci of hepatocytes necrosis. In conclusion, choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiasis may occur in cattle and cause significant clinical signs and pathological alterations.(AU)

Cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiasis with secondary necrotizing hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis in a dairy cow

Biliary calculi are rare in cattle and occur usually in the gallbladder, without clinical signs. In humans, cholelithiasis is a common cause of hepatic abscess due calculi microbiota. Here is described a case of cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiasis in a 10-year-old female mixed breed dairy cow. The animal died during physical examination with signs as cachexia, icterus, and fever. At necropsy, a large number of green calculi were observed in the gallbladder, common duct lumen and in markedly distended biliary ducts. The liver was firm and decreased in volume with multiple abscess and multiple red foci measuring 0.5 cm in diameter in the hepatic parenchyma. Microscopically in the liver, marked ductal proliferation and abscedative cholangiohepatitis with abundant fibrosis and multiple foci of hepatocytes necrosis. In conclusion, choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiasis may occur in cattle and cause significant clinical signs and pathological alterations.

Platinossomose em felino doméstico no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil / Platinosomosis in feline domestic in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil / Platinosomosis en felinos domésticos en el municipio de Pelotas, RS, Brasil

Platynosomum spp. é um trematódeo, da família Dicrocoeliidae, que tem como hospedeiros definitivos, os felídeos, mas também pode parasitar primatas e aves silvestres. Animais que possuem o hábito de se alimentar de répteis ou anfíbios, são mais susceptíveis. Acomete principalmente o fígado e os ductos biliares, mas pode ser eventualmente encontrado também no intestino delgado, ductos pancreáticos, pulmões e outros tecidos. A fisiopatologia inclui quadro de colangite crônica, podendo se estender e acometer o parênquima hepático e culminar com colangiohepatite, fibrose biliar, cirrose e obstrução biliar. Os sinais clínicos variam conforme a gravidade do caso e duração da infecção. As manifestações clínicas incluem anorexia, letargia, perda de peso, hepatomegalia, distensão abdominal e vômitos, podendo ocorrer, ainda, icterícia e alteração de consistência das fezes. Os gatos adultos, não domiciliados ou domiciliados com acesso à rua que possuem hábitos de caça, são mais predispostos. O diagnóstico definitivo pode ser feito pela pesquisa parasitológica e presença de ovos em análise coproparasitológica, pela identificação de ovos na bile e mais frequentemente por histopatologia hepática. O tratamento consiste no uso de anti-helmínticos, sendo que o mais eficaz é o praziquantel. Além disso, medidas preventivas devem ser adotadas, como evitar que os gatos tenham acesso aos hospedeiros intermediários. O presente relato, consiste no diagnóstico coproparasitológico de platinossomose em dois felinos domésticos, no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil.

Platynosomumspp. is a trematode, from the family Dicrocoeliidae, which has felids as its definitive host, but can also parasite primates and wild birds. Animals that have a habit of feeding on reptiles or amphibians are more susceptible. It mainly affects the liver and bile ducts, but it can eventually be found also in the small intestine, pancreatic ducts, lungs and other tissues. Pathophysiology includes chronic cholangitis, which may extend and affect the liver parenchyma and culminate in cholangiohepatitis, biliary fibrosis, cirrhosis and biliary obstruction. Clinical signs vary according to the severity of the case and the duration of the infection. Clinical manifestations include anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, hepatomegaly, bloating and vomiting, and jaundice and alteration of stool consistency may also occur. Adult cats, homeless or homeless with access to the street who have hunting habits, are more predisposed. The definitive diagnosis can be made through parasitological research and presence of eggs in coproparasitological analysis, by identifying eggs in the bile and more often through hepatic histopathology. Treatment consists of the use of anthelmintics, the most effective of which is praziquantel. In addition, preventive measures must be adopted, such as preventing cats from having access to intermediate hosts. The present report consists of the coproparasitological diagnosis of platinosomosis in two domestic cats, in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil.

Platynosomum spp. es un trematodo, de la familia Dicrocoeliidae, que tiene a los felinos como hospedadores definitivos, pero también puede parasitar primates y aves silvestres. Los animales que tienen la costumbre de alimentarse de reptiles o anfibios, sonmás susceptibles. Afecta principalmente al hígado y los conductos biliares, pero eventualmente también se puede encontrar en el intestino delgado, los conductos pancreáticos, los pulmones y otros tejidos. La fisiopatología incluye la colangitis crónica, que puede extenderse y afectar el parénquima hepático y culminar en colangiohepatitis, fibrosis biliar, cirrosis y obstrucción biliar. Los signos clínicos varían según la gravedad del caso y la duración de la infección. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen anorexia, letargo, pérdida de peso, hepatomegalia, distensión abdominal y vómitos, e ictericia y alteración de la consistencia de las heces. Los gatos adultos, sin hogar o sin hogar con acceso a la calle que tienen hábitos de caza, están más predispuestos. El diagnóstico definitivo se puede realizar mediante la investigación parasitológica y la presencia de huevos en el análisis coproparasitológico, mediante la identificación de los huevos en la bilis y más a menudo mediante la histopatología hepática. El tratamiento consiste en el uso de antihelmínticos, el más eficaz de los cuales es el praziquantel. Además, se deben adoptar medidas preventivas, como evitar que los gatos tengan acceso a huéspedes intermediarios. El presente informe consiste en el diagnóstico coproparasitológico de platinosomosa en dos gatos domésticos, en el municipio de Pelotas, RS, Brasil.

Platinossomose em felino doméstico no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil / Platinosomosis in feline domestic in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil / Platinosomosis en felinos domésticos en el municipio de Pelotas, RS, Brasil

Platynosomum spp. é um trematódeo, da família Dicrocoeliidae, que tem como hospedeiros definitivos, os felídeos, mas também pode parasitar primatas e aves silvestres. Animais que possuem o hábito de se alimentar de répteis ou anfíbios, são mais susceptíveis. Acomete principalmente o fígado e os ductos biliares, mas pode ser eventualmente encontrado também no intestino delgado, ductos pancreáticos, pulmões e outros tecidos. A fisiopatologia inclui quadro de colangite crônica, podendo se estender e acometer o parênquima hepático e culminar com colangiohepatite, fibrose biliar, cirrose e obstrução biliar. Os sinais clínicos variam conforme a gravidade do caso e duração da infecção. As manifestações clínicas incluem anorexia, letargia, perda de peso, hepatomegalia, distensão abdominal e vômitos, podendo ocorrer, ainda, icterícia e alteração de consistência das fezes. Os gatos adultos, não domiciliados ou domiciliados com acesso à rua que possuem hábitos de caça, são mais predispostos. O diagnóstico definitivo pode ser feito pela pesquisa parasitológica e presença de ovos em análise coproparasitológica, pela identificação de ovos na bile e mais frequentemente por histopatologia hepática. O tratamento consiste no uso de anti-helmínticos, sendo que o mais eficaz é o praziquantel. Além disso, medidas preventivas devem ser adotadas, como evitar que os gatos tenham acesso aos hospedeiros intermediários. O presente relato, consiste no diagnóstico coproparasitológico de platinossomose em dois felinos domésticos, no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil.(AU)

Platynosomumspp. is a trematode, from the family Dicrocoeliidae, which has felids as its definitive host, but can also parasite primates and wild birds. Animals that have a habit of feeding on reptiles or amphibians are more susceptible. It mainly affects the liver and bile ducts, but it can eventually be found also in the small intestine, pancreatic ducts, lungs and other tissues. Pathophysiology includes chronic cholangitis, which may extend and affect the liver parenchyma and culminate in cholangiohepatitis, biliary fibrosis, cirrhosis and biliary obstruction. Clinical signs vary according to the severity of the case and the duration of the infection. Clinical manifestations include anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, hepatomegaly, bloating and vomiting, and jaundice and alteration of stool consistency may also occur. Adult cats, homeless or homeless with access to the street who have hunting habits, are more predisposed. The definitive diagnosis can be made through parasitological research and presence of eggs in coproparasitological analysis, by identifying eggs in the bile and more often through hepatic histopathology. Treatment consists of the use of anthelmintics, the most effective of which is praziquantel. In addition, preventive measures must be adopted, such as preventing cats from having access to intermediate hosts. The present report consists of the coproparasitological diagnosis of platinosomosis in two domestic cats, in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil.(AU)

Platynosomum spp. es un trematodo, de la familia Dicrocoeliidae, que tiene a los felinos como hospedadores definitivos, pero también puede parasitar primates y aves silvestres. Los animales que tienen la costumbre de alimentarse de reptiles o anfibios, sonmás susceptibles. Afecta principalmente al hígado y los conductos biliares, pero eventualmente también se puede encontrar en el intestino delgado, los conductos pancreáticos, los pulmones y otros tejidos. La fisiopatología incluye la colangitis crónica, que puede extenderse y afectar el parénquima hepático y culminar en colangiohepatitis, fibrosis biliar, cirrosis y obstrucción biliar. Los signos clínicos varían según la gravedad del caso y la duración de la infección. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen anorexia, letargo, pérdida de peso, hepatomegalia, distensión abdominal y vómitos, e ictericia y alteración de la consistencia de las heces. Los gatos adultos, sin hogar o sin hogar con acceso a la calle que tienen hábitos de caza, están más predispuestos. El diagnóstico definitivo se puede realizar mediante la investigación parasitológica y la presencia de huevos en el análisis coproparasitológico, mediante la identificación de los huevos en la bilis y más a menudo mediante la histopatología hepática. El tratamiento consiste en el uso de antihelmínticos, el más eficaz de los cuales es el praziquantel. Además, se deben adoptar medidas preventivas, como evitar que los gatos tengan acceso a huéspedes intermediarios. El presente informe consiste en el diagnóstico coproparasitológico de platinosomosa en dos gatos domésticos, en el municipio de Pelotas, RS, Brasil.(AU)

A practical new strategy to prevent bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A single-center experience with 5539 cases

Purpose Bile duct injury (BDI) is a catastrophic complication of cholecystectomy, and misidentification of the cystic anatomy is considered to be the main cause. Although several techniques have been developed to prevent BDI, such as the critical view of safety, the infundibular technique, the rates remain higher during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) than during open surgery. We, here, propose a practical new strategy for ductal identification, that can help to prevent laparoscopic bile duct injury. Methods A retrospective study of 5539 patients who underwent LC from March 2007 to February 2019 at a single institution was conducted. The gallbladder infundibulum was classified by its position located on an imaginary clock with the gallbladder neck as the center point of the dial, 3-oclock position as cranial, 6-oclock as dorsal, 9-oclock as caudal, and 12-oclock as ventral, as well as the axial position. Patient demographics, pathologic variables and infundibulum classification were evaluated. Detailed analysis of ductal identification based on gallbladder infundibulum position was performed in this study. All infundibulum positions were recorded by intraoperative laparoscopic video or photographic images. Results All the patients successfully underwent LC during the study period. No conversion or serious complications such as biliary injury occurred. Gallbladders with infundibulum of 3-oclock position, 6-oclock position, 9-oclock position, 12-oclock position, axial position were 12.3%, 23.4%, 28.0%, 4.2%, and 32.1%, respectively. The 3-oclock and 12-oclock position were pitfalls that might cause biliary injury. Conclusion The gallbladder infundibulum as a navigator is useful for ductal identification to reduce BDI and improve the safety of LC.(AU)

Cholangiocarcinoma in an Australian goose

Cholangiocarcinomas are neoplasms originating from the biliary epithelium. This report describes the gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical findings in a case of cholangiocarcinoma in an Australian goose (Cereopsisnovaehollandiae). The animal had cachexia and ascites. The liver and gallbladder had cystic masses that was diagnosed as acholangiocarcinoma.(AU)

Cholangiocarcinoma in an Australian goose

Cholangiocarcinomas are neoplasms originating from the biliary epithelium. This report describes the gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical findings in a case of cholangiocarcinoma in an Australian goose (Cereopsisnovaehollandiae). The animal had cachexia and ascites. The liver and gallbladder had cystic masses that was diagnosed as acholangiocarcinoma.

Pathological and immunohistochemical aspects of primary hepatobiliary neoplasms in cats / Aspectos patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de neoplasias hepatobiliares primárias em gatos

Primary hepatobiliary neoplasms (PHN) are uncommon in cats, and originate in hepatocytes, intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, mesenchymal cells, and cells of neuroendocrine origin. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of PHN in cats diagnosed in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil, for a period of 17 years, determining their epidemiological, anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects. Necropsy reports of 2.090 cats were analyzed, 125 were diagnosed with primary hepatobiliary diseases, of which 15 were cases of PHN, representing 12% of the specific hepatobiliary conditions and 0.7% of the necropsies. All PHN were malignant, of which 93.3% had epithelial origin and 6.7% presented mesenchymal origin. Cholangiocarcinoma was the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm, followed by hepatocellular carcinoma and hemangiosarcoma. In general, cats with no defined breed were the most affected. Concerning sex, 60% were females and 40% males. Age ranged from five to 18 years, with a mean age of 10.5 years (median of ten years). Grossly, cholangiocarcinoma and hemangiosarcoma were multinodular and hepatocellular carcinoma was massive. Microscopically, cholangiocarcinomas were arranged in acini and ducts, whereas hepatocellular carcinomas were arranged in solid sheets or trabeculae. On immunohistochemistry, cholangiocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and hemangiosarcomas were positive for the antibodies CK 7, Hep Par-1, and vimentin and von Willebrand factor, respectively.(AU)

Neoplasias hepatobiliares primárias (NHP) são incomuns em gatos e se originam de hepatócitos, células dos ductos biliares intra e extra-hepáticos, células mesenquimais e ainda células de origem neuroendócrina. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a frequência das NHP em gatos diagnosticados na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, no período de 17 anos, abordando seus aspectos epidemiológicos, anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos (IHQ). Foram analisados os laudos de necropsia de 2.090 gatos sendo que 125 foram diagnosticados com doenças hepatobiliares primárias, destes 15 foram casos de NHP, representando 12% das condições hepatobiliares específicas e 0,7% do total de necropsias. Todos os diagnósticos de NHP eram malignos, destes 93,3% apresentaram origem epitelial e 6,7% mesenquimal. Colangiocarcinoma foi a neoplasia mais diagnosticada, seguido do carcinoma hepatocelular e hemangiossarcoma. De uma maneira geral, os gatos sem raça definida foram os mais acometidos. Em relação ao sexo 60% eram fêmeas e 40% machos. A idade variou de cinco a 18 anos, com a idade média de 10,5 anos (mediana de 10 anos). Macroscopicamente o colangiocarcinoma e hemangiossarcoma eram multinodulares, e o carcinoma hepatocelular, maciço. À histologia, houve predomínio do arranjo acinar e ductal nos colangiocarcinomas e sólido, no carcinoma hepatocelular. Na IHQ os colangiocarcinomas foram reativos para CK 7, carcinoma hepatocelular para Hep Par-1 e hemangiossarcoma para vimentina e fator de von Willebrand.(AU)

Pathological and immunohistochemical aspects of primary hepatobiliary neoplasms in cats / Aspectos patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de neoplasias hepatobiliares primárias em gatos

Primary hepatobiliary neoplasms (PHN) are uncommon in cats, and originate in hepatocytes, intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, mesenchymal cells, and cells of neuroendocrine origin. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of PHN in cats diagnosed in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil, for a period of 17 years, determining their epidemiological, anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects. Necropsy reports of 2.090 cats were analyzed, 125 were diagnosed with primary hepatobiliary diseases, of which 15 were cases of PHN, representing 12% of the specific hepatobiliary conditions and 0.7% of the necropsies. All PHN were malignant, of which 93.3% had epithelial origin and 6.7% presented mesenchymal origin. Cholangiocarcinoma was the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm, followed by hepatocellular carcinoma and hemangiosarcoma. In general, cats with no defined breed were the most affected. Concerning sex, 60% were females and 40% males. Age ranged from five to 18 years, with a mean age of 10.5 years (median of ten years). Grossly, cholangiocarcinoma and hemangiosarcoma were multinodular and hepatocellular carcinoma was massive. Microscopically, cholangiocarcinomas were arranged in acini and ducts, whereas hepatocellular carcinomas were arranged in solid sheets or trabeculae. On immunohistochemistry, cholangiocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and hemangiosarcomas were positive for the antibodies CK 7, Hep Par-1, and vimentin and von Willebrand factor, respectively.(AU)

Neoplasias hepatobiliares primárias (NHP) são incomuns em gatos e se originam de hepatócitos, células dos ductos biliares intra e extra-hepáticos, células mesenquimais e ainda células de origem neuroendócrina. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a frequência das NHP em gatos diagnosticados na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, no período de 17 anos, abordando seus aspectos epidemiológicos, anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos (IHQ). Foram analisados os laudos de necropsia de 2.090 gatos sendo que 125 foram diagnosticados com doenças hepatobiliares primárias, destes 15 foram casos de NHP, representando 12% das condições hepatobiliares específicas e 0,7% do total de necropsias. Todos os diagnósticos de NHP eram malignos, destes 93,3% apresentaram origem epitelial e 6,7% mesenquimal. Colangiocarcinoma foi a neoplasia mais diagnosticada, seguido do carcinoma hepatocelular e hemangiossarcoma. De uma maneira geral, os gatos sem raça definida foram os mais acometidos. Em relação ao sexo 60% eram fêmeas e 40% machos. A idade variou de cinco a 18 anos, com a idade média de 10,5 anos (mediana de 10 anos). Macroscopicamente o colangiocarcinoma e hemangiossarcoma eram multinodulares, e o carcinoma hepatocelular, maciço. À histologia, houve predomínio do arranjo acinar e ductal nos colangiocarcinomas e sólido, no carcinoma hepatocelular. Na IHQ os colangiocarcinomas foram reativos para CK 7, carcinoma hepatocelular para Hep Par-1 e hemangiossarcoma para vimentina e fator de von Willebrand.(AU)

Protective effect of Echinochrome against intrahepatic cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate in rats / Efeito protetor de Echinochrome contra colestase intra-hepática induzida por isotiocianato de alfa-naftilo em ratos

The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of echinochrome (Ech) on intrahepatic cholestasis in rats induced by a single (i.p.) injection of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) (75 mg/kg body weight). The rats were pre-treated orally for 48hr (one dose / 24hr) with Ech (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) 80 mg/kg body weight drug then, injected with ANIT. ANIT markedly increased serum activities of alanine amino transaminase (ALT), aspartate amino transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which was accompanied by a massive inflammation of epithelial cells on bile duct at 24h after ANIT injection. ANIT also increased the levels of total protein (TP), total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB), indirect bilirubin (IB), however decrease albumin content (ALB). In addition ANIT increased hepatic MDA and NO level and decreased GSH level and GST activity. The Ech exerted hepatoprotective and anticholestatic effects as assessed by a significant decrease in the activities of serum AST, ALT and ALP, and the levels of TP, TB, DB and IB as well as liver MDA level and NO level. In conclusion, Ech was found to possess hepatoprotective effect against intrahepatic cholestasis induced by hepatotoxin such as ANIT.(AU)

O presente estudo destinou-se a avaliar os efeitos protetores do Ech na colestase intra-hepática em ratos induzidos por uma única injeção (i.p.) de alfa-naftilisotiocianato (ANIT) (75 mg / kg de peso corporal). Os ratos foram pré-tratados oralmente durante 48 horas (uma dose / 24 horas) com cada (1, 5 e 10 mg / kg de peso corporal) e ácido ursodeoxicólico (UDCA) 80 mg / kg de peso corporal, em seguida, injetado com ANIT. ANIT atividades de soro marcadamente aumentadas de alanina amino transaminasa (ALT), aspartato de amino transaminases (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), que foi acompanhada por uma inflamação maciça de células epiteliais no ducto biliar às 24h após a injeção de ANIT. A ANIT também aumentou os níveis de proteína total (TP), bilirrubina total (TB), bilirrubina direta (DB), bilirrubina indireta (IB), no entanto, diminuem o teor de albumina (ALB). Além disso, a ANIT aumentou o nível de MDA hepático e NO e diminuiu o nível de GSH e a atividade de GST. O Ech exerceu efeitos hepatoprotectores e anticolestáticos como avaliado por uma diminuição significativa nas atividades de AST sérica, ALT e ALP e os níveis de TP, TB, DB e IB, bem como o nível de MDA no fígado e o nível de NO. Ech foi encontrado para possuir efeito protetor no fígado contra a colestase intra-hepática induzida por hepatotoxina, como a ANIT.(AU)

Descriptive Anatomy of Hepatic and Portal Veins with Special Reference to Biliary Duct System in Broiler Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus): A Recent Illustration

Chickens have a great participation in meat and egg production. The anatomical scientific data of poultry is important to support the recent researches either for illustrations in academic studies or clinically in diagnosis and treatment of some poultry nutritional diseases. The current investigation was performed on twenty broiler chickens of both sexes. The chickens were anaesthetized, slaughtered then the venous system was flushed with a normal saline to anatomically investigate the distribution of hepatic portal veins both intra and extrahepatic, as well as the hepatic venous and biliary duct systems. The fowl had two hepatic portal veins draining the gastrointestinal tract with its associated organs as spleen and pancreas. The left hepatic portal vein was small, restricted to a limited portion of left hepatic lobe and had been constituted by five main venous tributaries draining the proventriculus, gizzard and pylorus, while the right hepatic portal vein was the largest, receiving the proventriculosplenic, gastropancreaticoduodenal and common mesenteric veins then piercing the right hepatic lobe to be distributed in both hepatic segments through right and left divisions. The fowl has two hepatic portal veins differed in size and distribution. A characteristic imaginary trapezoid shape was formed by some tributaries draining the caudoventral part of the gizzard. There are three ileocecal veins; cranial, caudal and the ileocecal tributary of the cranial mesenteric vein. The wall of gall bladder and the common hepatoenteric duct was characterized by the presence of well-defined longitudinal folds or striations.(AU)

Descriptive Anatomy of Hepatic and Portal Veins with Special Reference to Biliary Duct System in Broiler Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus): A Recent Illustration

Chickens have a great participation in meat and egg production. The anatomical scientific data of poultry is important to support the recent researches either for illustrations in academic studies or clinically in diagnosis and treatment of some poultry nutritional diseases. The current investigation was performed on twenty broiler chickens of both sexes. The chickens were anaesthetized, slaughtered then the venous system was flushed with a normal saline to anatomically investigate the distribution of hepatic portal veins both intra and extrahepatic, as well as the hepatic venous and biliary duct systems. The fowl had two hepatic portal veins draining the gastrointestinal tract with its associated organs as spleen and pancreas. The left hepatic portal vein was small, restricted to a limited portion of left hepatic lobe and had been constituted by five main venous tributaries draining the proventriculus, gizzard and pylorus, while the right hepatic portal vein was the largest, receiving the proventriculosplenic, gastropancreaticoduodenal and common mesenteric veins then piercing the right hepatic lobe to be distributed in both hepatic segments through right and left divisions. The fowl has two hepatic portal veins differed in size and distribution. A characteristic imaginary trapezoid shape was formed by some tributaries draining the caudoventral part of the gizzard. There are three ileocecal veins; cranial, caudal and the ileocecal tributary of the cranial mesenteric vein. The wall of gall bladder and the common hepatoenteric duct was characterized by the presence of well-defined longitudinal folds or striations.

The application of Compont gel in chronic obstructive jaundice rats model

Purpose: To establish a new rat model, the pathogenesis of which is closer to the clinical occurrence of chronic obstructive jaundice with liver fibrosis. Methods: 90 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group A common bile duct ligation, group B common bile duct injection compont and group C injection saline. The serum of three groups was extracted, and the liver function was detected by ELISA. HE staining, Masson staining and immunohistochemistry were used to detect liver pathology. Results: Group B showed a fluctuant development of jaundice, obstructive degree reached a peak at 2 weeks, and decreased from 3 weeks. HA, LA and PCIII were significantly higher than control group. 3 weeks after surgery, liver tissue fibrosis occurred in group B, and a wide range of fiber spacing was formed at 5 weeks. Immunohistochemistry showed that hepatic stellate cells were more active than the control group. Conclusion: Intra-biliary injection of Compont gel is different from the classic obstructive jaundice animal model caused by classic bile duct ligation, which can provide an ideal rat model of chronic obstructive jaundice with liver fibrosis.(AU)

Relationship between serum MMP-9 level and prognosis after radical resection for Hilar cholangiocarcinoma patients

Purpose: To analyze the preoperative serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) undergoing radical resection. Methods: Preoperative serum MMP-9 levels in patients with HC undergoing radical resection were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ROC curve assay was used to analyze the preoperative serum MMP-9 level to determine the most valuable cut-off point. The relationship between MMP-9 and clinicopathological features of HC patients was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the prognostic factors, and COX regression model was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting prognosis. Results: Preoperative serum MMP-9 levels were significantly elevated in the death patients compared with the survival patients. The most valuable cut-off point for preoperative serum MMP-9 for prognosis was 201.93 ng/mL. Preoperative serum MMP-9 was associated with Bismuth-Corlette classification) and lymph node metastasis. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that MMP-9, Bismuth-Corlette classification, Lymph node metastasis, Portal vein invasion, Hepatic artery invasion, Liver invasion, Incised margin, and Preoperative biliary drainage were related to prognosis. Cox regression model confirmed that hepatic artery invasion, liver invasion, incised margin, and MMP-9 have the potential to independence predicate prognosis in HC patients. Conclusion: Preoperative serum MMP-9 has high predictive value for prognosis and is an independent influencing factor for the prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.(AU)

Protective effect of Echinochrome against intrahepatic cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate in rats

Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of echinochrome (Ech) on intrahepatic cholestasis in rats induced by a single (i.p.) injection of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) (75 mg/kg body weight). The rats were pre-treated orally for 48hr (one dose / 24hr) with Ech (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) 80 mg/kg body weight drug then, injected with ANIT. ANIT markedly increased serum activities of alanine amino transaminase (ALT), aspartate amino transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which was accompanied by a massive inflammation of epithelial cells on bile duct at 24h after ANIT injection. ANIT also increased the levels of total protein (TP), total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB), indirect bilirubin (IB), however decrease albumin content (ALB). In addition ANIT increased hepatic MDA and NO level and decreased GSH level and GST activity. The Ech exerted hepatoprotective and anticholestatic effects as assessed by a significant decrease in the activities of serum AST, ALT and ALP, and the levels of TP, TB, DB and IB as well as liver MDA level and NO level. In conclusion, Ech was found to possess hepatoprotective effect against intrahepatic cholestasis induced by hepatotoxin such as ANIT.

Resumo O presente estudo destinou-se a avaliar os efeitos protetores do Ech na colestase intra-hepática em ratos induzidos por uma única injeção (i.p.) de alfa-naftilisotiocianato (ANIT) (75 mg / kg de peso corporal). Os ratos foram pré-tratados oralmente durante 48 horas (uma dose / 24 horas) com cada (1, 5 e 10 mg / kg de peso corporal) e ácido ursodeoxicólico (UDCA) 80 mg / kg de peso corporal, em seguida, injetado com ANIT. ANIT atividades de soro marcadamente aumentadas de alanina amino transaminasa (ALT), aspartato de amino transaminases (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), que foi acompanhada por uma inflamação maciça de células epiteliais no ducto biliar às 24h após a injeção de ANIT. A ANIT também aumentou os níveis de proteína total (TP), bilirrubina total (TB), bilirrubina direta (DB), bilirrubina indireta (IB), no entanto, diminuem o teor de albumina (ALB). Além disso, a ANIT aumentou o nível de MDA hepático e NO e diminuiu o nível de GSH e a atividade de GST. O Ech exerceu efeitos hepatoprotectores e anticolestáticos como avaliado por uma diminuição significativa nas atividades de AST sérica, ALT e ALP e os níveis de TP, TB, DB e IB, bem como o nível de MDA no fígado e o nível de NO. Ech foi encontrado para possuir efeito protetor no fígado contra a colestase intra-hepática induzida por hepatotoxina, como a ANIT.

Colecistoduodenostomia devido a obstrução total de ducto biliar comum em felino: relato de caso / Colecistoduodenostomia due total obstruction of common biliary duct in feline: case report

As doenças do trato biliar são as patologias hepato-biliares de maior ocorrência em felinos, comumente associadas a processos inflamatórios intestinais e pancreáticos. A obstrução do ducto biliar comum está associada a alta mortalidade e morbidade e pode ocorrer devido doenças inflamatórias, colelitíases, neoplasias, dentre outras causas menos comum. As manifestações clínicas iniciais são inespecíficas, mas a progressão da doença leva a icterícia, emese, anorexia, perda de peso e fezes acólicas. O diagnóstico se dá através de exames laboratoriais e ultrassonografia. A definição de obstrução total do ducto biliar comum requer intervenção cirúrgica, e a definição da técnica irá depender da possível desobstrução do ducto ou restabelecimento do fluxo biliar através da colecistoduodenostomia, ou colecistojejunostomia, associadas a um grande risco cirúrgico e anestésico. Este relato apresenta um caso de um paciente com obstrução total do ducto biliar comum, diagnosticado através da ultrassonografia, sinais clínicos e exames laboratoriais e sua resolução cirúrgica através da técnica de colecistoduodenostomia, que se mostrou efetiva para a melhora clínica do paciente.

Diseases of the biliary tract are the most frequent hepatic biliary diseases in felines, commonly associated with inflammatory bowel and pancreatic processes. Obstruction of the common bile duct is associated with high mortality and morbidity and can occur due to inflammatory diseases, cholelithiasis, neoplasias, among other less common causes. Initial clinical manifestations are nonspecific, but progression of the disease leads to jaundice, emesis, anorexia, weight loss, and stool. The diagnosis is made through laboratory tests and ultrasonography. The definition of total obstruction of the common bile duct requires surgical intervention, and the definition of the technique will depend on the possible duct clearance or reestablishment of the biliary flow through cholecystoduodenostomy, or cholecystochejunostomy, associated with a great surgical and anesthetic risk. This report presents a case of a patient with total obstruction of the common bile duct, diagnosed through ultrasonography, clinical signs and laboratory tests and their surgical resolution through the cholecystoduodenostomy technique, which proved to be effective for the patient’s clinical improvement.

Colecistoduodenostomia devido a obstrução total de ducto biliar comum em felino: relato de caso / Colecistoduodenostomia due total obstruction of common biliary duct in feline: case report

As doenças do trato biliar são as patologias hepato-biliares de maior ocorrência em felinos, comumente associadas a processos inflamatórios intestinais e pancreáticos. A obstrução do ducto biliar comum está associada a alta mortalidade e morbidade e pode ocorrer devido doenças inflamatórias, colelitíases, neoplasias, dentre outras causas menos comum. As manifestações clínicas iniciais são inespecíficas, mas a progressão da doença leva a icterícia, emese, anorexia, perda de peso e fezes acólicas. O diagnóstico se dá através de exames laboratoriais e ultrassonografia. A definição de obstrução total do ducto biliar comum requer intervenção cirúrgica, e a definição da técnica irá depender da possível desobstrução do ducto ou restabelecimento do fluxo biliar através da colecistoduodenostomia, ou colecistojejunostomia, associadas a um grande risco cirúrgico e anestésico. Este relato apresenta um caso de um paciente com obstrução total do ducto biliar comum, diagnosticado através da ultrassonografia, sinais clínicos e exames laboratoriais e sua resolução cirúrgica através da técnica de colecistoduodenostomia, que se mostrou efetiva para a melhora clínica do paciente.(AU)

Diseases of the biliary tract are the most frequent hepatic biliary diseases in felines, commonly associated with inflammatory bowel and pancreatic processes. Obstruction of the common bile duct is associated with high mortality and morbidity and can occur due to inflammatory diseases, cholelithiasis, neoplasias, among other less common causes. Initial clinical manifestations are nonspecific, but progression of the disease leads to jaundice, emesis, anorexia, weight loss, and stool. The diagnosis is made through laboratory tests and ultrasonography. The definition of total obstruction of the common bile duct requires surgical intervention, and the definition of the technique will depend on the possible duct clearance or reestablishment of the biliary flow through cholecystoduodenostomy, or cholecystochejunostomy, associated with a great surgical and anesthetic risk. This report presents a case of a patient with total obstruction of the common bile duct, diagnosed through ultrasonography, clinical signs and laboratory tests and their surgical resolution through the cholecystoduodenostomy technique, which proved to be effective for the patients clinical improvement.(AU)