Toxicological evaluation of different pesticides in Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

The stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula is an important pollinator of different agricultural and native crops. This study evaluated changes in the relative activity of esterases and critical electrolyte concentration in brain cells after exposure to pesticides malathion and thiamethoxam. Lethal concentration 50% showed greater toxicity of thiamethoxam in relation to malathion. Esterases EST-3 and EST-4 (carboxylesterase) were partially inhibited after contamination by contact and ingestion of malathion and contamination by contact with thiamethoxam, suggesting participation of these esterases in the metabolization of these compounds. The lowest critical electrolyte concentration (CEC) was found after contamination by malathion ingestion (0.15 M), indicating changes in gene expression. The alterations observed in the intensity of EST-3 and EST-4 and the chromatin structure indicate that pesticides can act in gene expression and be used as biomarkers of contaminant residues. Furthermore, knowing the susceptibility of T. angustulabees to pesticides, it would be possible to use this species for biomonitoring environmental quality in preserved areas and agroecosystems.(AU)

A new species of Dilophochila Bates, 1888 with comments on natural history and distribution of the genus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Rutelinae)

A new species, Dilophochila glabrasp. nov. is described from the Sierra Norte, Oaxaca, Mexico. Diagnosis and im-ages (dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus, and genitalia) of the taxonomic characters are provided. Affinities with their clos-est congeners and the general distribution pattern of the genus are discussed, considering that it presents a typical Mountain Paleoamerican sub-pattern. The modifications in the mouthparts of this genus due to the specialization in the intake of pine needles are commented, as well as in two other different taxa within Anomalini.(AU)

Reproductive behavior of Pantaneiros sheep, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The objective was to evaluate fertility, cyclicality behavior, and sexual performance of Pantaneiro sheep throughout the year's photoperiods in Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment one, the ewes used aged between 2 and 4 years, distributed in three homogeneous groups of 54 animals and subjected to reproductive evaluation in three different predefined luminosity periods, consisting of autumn (11h 45 min.), spring (12h 30 min.), and summer (12h 55 min.). The characteristics studied were body weight (BW), body condition score (BCC), estrus distribution (EST), percentage of pregnant females per cycle (%P), plasma progesterone (PP), and fertility (F) in the three predefined seasons. The mating system used was controlled natural nocturnal and lasted for 45 days. Experiment two, evaluated the ram sexual activity. The males (10) were individually exposed to four ovariectomized ewes. The ewes cycled during evaluated seasons, and the highest fertility was observed in animals with BCC >2.75. The PP concentration differed among periods, and higher conception rates (F) were observed in autumn and spring. The rams (75%) had a medium of sexual performance when they performed more than two ejaculations in 20 min throughout the seasons. Pantaneiro sheep of both genders had a similar fertility index, with early and constant activity throughout the year, displaying no photoperiodism or seasonality.

Comparative toxicity of fipronil, malathion, and thiamethoxam on the stingless bee Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Schwarz, 1938)

Stingless bees are important pollinators for various plant crops. We investigated the susceptibility of Tetragonisca fiebrigito sublethal concentrations of insecticides fipronil, malathion, and thiamethoxam (administered through contact and ingestion) by determining the LC50values after 24hoursof exposure and analyzing changes in the activity of esterase isoenzymes and the chromatin in brain cells. The LC50values showed that all three insecticides were highly toxic through contact and ingestion. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that the relative EST-4 (carboxylesterase) activity in T. fiebrigi was partially inhibited by malathion and fipronil ingestion. Moreover, the EST-4 band intensity was increased following high-concentration thiamethoxam (contact) exposure, indicating the increased relative activity of this isoenzyme to detoxify the compound. In the cytochemical analysis of brain cells, the critical electrolyte concentration (CEC) points for the control stingless bees and malathion ingestion-exposed and thiamethoxam-exposed (contact and ingestion) stingless bees were in the range of 0.20-0.30 M MgCl2, whereas that for malathion contact-exposed bees was 0.15 M MgCl2, indicating chromatin relaxation and suggesting an increase in gene expression. In conclusion, T. fiebrigistingless bees are susceptible to the insecticides tested, and the parameters analyzed may be used as biomarkers to detect the presence of these compounds.(AU)

Natural infection and molecular detection of Cytauxzoon felis in a free-ranging Puma concolor in the state of Goiás, Brazil / Infecção natural e detecção molecular de Cytauxzoon felis em Puma concolor de vida livre no estado de Goiás, Brasil

The puma (Puma concolor Linnaeus, 1771), the most widely distributed felid species in the Americas, can be found in all Brazilian biomes. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on hemoparasites in this species. Cytauxzoon felis, a hemoparasite that can infect domestic cats, has also been described in wild felids in Brazil. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to diagnose the natural infection and molecular detection of C. felis in a P. concolor in the state of Goiás. This animal presented non-regenerative anemia and inclusion suggestive of piroplasmids within red blood cells. The amplified 551 bp fragment of partial Piroplasmida 18S rRNA gene sequence was 100% identical to corresponding sequences of C. felis available in GenBank. No specific treatment for cytauxzoonosis was administered, and after rehabilitation, the animal was reintroduced into the wild. This finding provides some evidence that P. concolor may act as a natural host of the parasite. The epidemiology, vector and pathogenicity of this hemoparasite in wild and domestic cats in Brazil deserves further investigation.

O puma (Puma concolor Linnaeus, 1771) tem a maior distribuição entre os felídeos das Américas e é encontrado em todos os biomas do Brasil. No entanto, poucos estudos têm se concentrado nos hemoparasitos nesta espécie. Cytauxzoon felis, um hemoparasito que pode infectar gatos domésticos, também foi descrito em felídeos selvagens no Brasil. A saber, este estudo é o primeiro diagnóstico de infecção natural e detecção molecular de C. felis em um P. concolor do estado de Goiás. Este animal apresentou anemia arregenerativa e inclusão de piroplasmídeos nos glóbulos vermelhos. A amplificação do fragmento de 551 pb da sequência parcial do gene Piroplasmorida 18S rRNA foi 100% idêntica a sequências correspondentes de C. felis disponíveis no GenBank. Nenhum tratamento específico para citauxzoonose foi administrado e, após a reabilitação, o animal foi reintroduzido na natureza. Essa descoberta fornece algumas evidências de que P. concolor pode atuar como um hospedeiro natural do parasito. A epidemiologia, vetor e patogenicidade deste hemoparasito em gatos selvagens e domésticos no Brasil merecem uma investigação mais aprofundada.

Development of microsatellite loci and population genetics in the bumblebee catfish species Pseudopimelodus atricaudus and Pseudopimelodus magnus (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae)

The Neotropical freshwater catfish Pseudopimelodus atricaudus and Pseudopimelodus magnus are two recently discovered species endemic to the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca River basin. In this study, a set of 13 microsatellite loci were developed by using next generation sequence technology to assess the genetic diversity and population structure in P. atricaudus and test for cross-species amplification in P. magnus. Both species exhibited high genetic diversity (P. atricaudus: Na: 9.000 - 9.769 alleles/locus, Ho: 0.760 - 0.804, HE: 0.804 - 0.840; P. magnus: Na: 12.8 - 5.4 alleles/locus, Ho: 0.638 - 0.683, HE: 0.747 - 0.755) compared to the mean levels of genetic diversity reported for Neotropical Siluriformes, and lack of genetic differentiation among sampling sites within the Cauca River (P. atricaudus: F'ST=0.013 - 0.017, P > 0.05, D'est= -0.004 - 0.023, P > 0.05; P. magnus: F'ST= 0.031, P= 0.055; D'est= 0.045, P= 0.058). This work is the first insight on the diversity and the population genetics of species of the family Pseudopimelodidae and provides a framework to further population genetic and conservation analyses needed in this poorly studied family at the microevolutionary level.(AU)

Los bagres neotropicales Pseudopimelodus atricaudus y Pseudopimelodus magnus son dos especies recientemente descubiertas, endémicas de la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca en Colombia. En este estudio, se desarrollaron 13 loci microsatélites usando tecnología de secuenciación de próxima generación para evaluar la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional de P. atricaudus y evaluar su amplificación cruzada en P. magnus. Ambas especies exhibieron altos valores de diversidad genética (P. atricaudus: Na: 9.000 - 9.769 alelos/locus, HO: 0.760 - 0.804, HE: 0.804 - 0.840; P. magnus: Na: 12.8 - 5.4 alelos/locus, HO: 0.638 - 0.683, HE: 0.747 - 0.755) comparados con los valores promedios de diversidad genética reportados para Siluriformes neotropicales, y ausencia de estructura genética entre los sitios analizados (P. atricaudus: F'ST= 0.013 - 0.017, P > 0.05, D'est= -0.004 - 0.023, P > 0.05; P. magnus: F'ST= 0.031, P= 0.055; D'est= 0.045, P= 0.058). Este trabajo representa la primera aproximación a la diversidad y genética poblacional de especies de la familia Pseudopimelodidae y proporciona un marco de referencia para futuros estudios genético-poblacionales y de conservación, requeridos en esta familia de bagres poco estudiada en el nivel microevolutivo.(AU)

Development of microsatellite loci and population genetics in the bumblebee catfish species Pseudopimelodus atricaudus and Pseudopimelodus magnus (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae)

The Neotropical freshwater catfish Pseudopimelodus atricaudus and Pseudopimelodus magnus are two recently discovered species endemic to the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca River basin. In this study, a set of 13 microsatellite loci were developed by using next generation sequence technology to assess the genetic diversity and population structure in P. atricaudus and test for cross-species amplification in P. magnus. Both species exhibited high genetic diversity (P. atricaudus: Na: 9.000 - 9.769 alleles/locus, Ho: 0.760 - 0.804, HE: 0.804 - 0.840; P. magnus: Na: 12.8 - 5.4 alleles/locus, Ho: 0.638 - 0.683, HE: 0.747 - 0.755) compared to the mean levels of genetic diversity reported for Neotropical Siluriformes, and lack of genetic differentiation among sampling sites within the Cauca River (P. atricaudus: F'ST=0.013 - 0.017, P > 0.05, D'est= -0.004 - 0.023, P > 0.05; P. magnus: F'ST= 0.031, P= 0.055; D'est= 0.045, P= 0.058). This work is the first insight on the diversity and the population genetics of species of the family Pseudopimelodidae and provides a framework to further population genetic and conservation analyses needed in this poorly studied family at the microevolutionary level.(AU)

Los bagres neotropicales Pseudopimelodus atricaudus y Pseudopimelodus magnus son dos especies recientemente descubiertas, endémicas de la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca en Colombia. En este estudio, se desarrollaron 13 loci microsatélites usando tecnología de secuenciación de próxima generación para evaluar la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional de P. atricaudus y evaluar su amplificación cruzada en P. magnus. Ambas especies exhibieron altos valores de diversidad genética (P. atricaudus: Na: 9.000 - 9.769 alelos/locus, HO: 0.760 - 0.804, HE: 0.804 - 0.840; P. magnus: Na: 12.8 - 5.4 alelos/locus, HO: 0.638 - 0.683, HE: 0.747 - 0.755) comparados con los valores promedios de diversidad genética reportados para Siluriformes neotropicales, y ausencia de estructura genética entre los sitios analizados (P. atricaudus: F'ST= 0.013 - 0.017, P > 0.05, D'est= -0.004 - 0.023, P > 0.05; P. magnus: F'ST= 0.031, P= 0.055; D'est= 0.045, P= 0.058). Este trabajo representa la primera aproximación a la diversidad y genética poblacional de especies de la familia Pseudopimelodidae y proporciona un marco de referencia para futuros estudios genético-poblacionales y de conservación, requeridos en esta familia de bagres poco estudiada en el nivel microevolutivo.(AU)

Parasitism of Meloidogyne exigua races 1 and 2 in coffee plants derived from Timor Hybrid / Parasitismo de Meloidogyne exigua raças 1 e 2 em cafeeiros derivados do Híbrido de Timor

To investigate the degree of parasitism of two populations of Meloidogyne exigua, the gall index (GI) and the reproduction factor (RF) of M. exigua races 1 (Est E2) and 2 (Est E1) were analyzed in 47 progenies on F3:4 or F4:5 generation derived from the crossing between Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Amarelo and Timor Hybrid. C. canephora cv. Apoatã IAC 2258 and C. arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 were used as resistance and susceptibility checks, respectively. The genotypes that were classified as resistant or susceptible by RF were similarly classified by GI, showing a close relationship between both methodologies. The data also indicated no differences in virulence between the nematode populations, since the progenies showed similar resistance reactions to the M. exigua races 1 and 2. According to GI from the 47 mother plants evaluated, 27 progenies (57.4%) were classified as resistant to M. exigua races 1 and 2, with GI ranging from 0.0 to 1.4 and 20 progenies (42.6%) were susceptible with GI from 2.6 to 4.4. These results showed that most of the evaluated germplasm was very promising in relation to the development of new Arabica coffee cultivars with resistance to M. exigua.(AU)

Com o objetivo de investigar o grau de parasitismo de duas populações de Meloidogyne exigua, o índice de galhas (IG) e o fator de reprodução (FR) de M. exigua raças 1 (Est E2) e 2 (Est E1) foram analisados em 47 progênies na geração F3:4 ou F4:5, derivadas do cruzamento entre Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Amarelo e Híbrido de Timor. Plantas de C. canephora cv. Apoatã IAC 2258 e C. arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 foram usadas como padrão de resistência e de suscetibilidade, respectivamente. Os genótipos que foram classificados como resistentes ou suscetíveis pelo FR foram similarmente classificados pelo IG, mostrando uma estreita relação entre as duas metodologias para a avaliação da resistência. Os dados também indicaram que não houve diferenças quanto à virulência entre as duas populações do nematoide, uma vez que as progênies mostraram similar reação de resistência a M. exigua raça 1 e 2. De acordo com o IG, das 47 plantas-mãe avaliadas, 27 progenies (57,4%) foram classificadas como resistentes a M. exigua raças 1 e 2, com IG variando de 0,0 a 1,4 e 20 progenies (42,6%) foram suscetíveis, com IG variando de 2,6 a 4,4. Esses resultados mostraram que a maioria dos germoplasmas avaliados foi muito promissora em relação ao desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de café Arábica com resistência a M. exigua.(AU)

Serological and molecular detection of Theileria equi in horses from Sinop, Mato Grosso state, Brazil / Detecção sorológica e molecular de Theileria equi em equinos oriundos de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil

Equine piroplasmosis is the most important tick-borne disease to affect horses in Brazil. Theileria equi is one of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis. Chronic cases are expected, in which the animals show no apparent signs of infection and remain asymptomatic but constitute a source of the infectious agent that ticks can spread. This study was conducted across 81 ranches located in the municipality of Sinop, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A sample calculation was performed to estimate the apparent prevalence of T. equi among horses. A total of 1,853 animals were included in the sampling analysis based on the information available from the Institute of Agricultural and Livestock Defense of Mato Grosso State. The serological analysis of 367 serum samples using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-T. equi antibodies revealed that 337 animals were positive, representing a frequency of 90.70%. The molecular analysis to amplify the EMA-1 gene showed positivity in 20 of 89 tested samples. The fragments of four samples were sequenced and analyzed to determine their similarities to sequences from other species, based on sequences deposited at GenBank. All showed 100% similarity with T. equi. Our study represents the first report of T. equi antibodies among the equids in north-central region of Mato Grosso, revealing the widespread distribution of seropositive animals.(AU)

A piroplasmose equina é a doença transmitida por carrapatos mais importante em cavalos no Brasil. Theileria equi é um dos agentes causadores da piroplasmose equina. São esperados casos crônicos, nos quais os animais não apresentam sinais aparentes de infecção e permanecem assintomáticos, mas constituem uma fonte de infecção e disseminação por carrapatos. Este estudo foi realizado em 81 fazendas localizadas no município de Sinop, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Um cálculo amostral foi realizado para estimar a prevalência aparente de T. equi entre cavalos. No total, 1.853 animais foram incluídos na análise amostral com base nas informações disponíveis no Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado de Mato Grosso. A análise sorológica de 367 amostras de soro por meio de ensaio imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA) para detecção de anticorpos anti-T. equi revelou que 337 animais eram positivos, representando uma frequência de 90,70%. A análise molecular para o gene EMA-1 mostrou positividade em 20 das 89 amostras testadas. Os fragmentos de quatro amostras foram sequenciados e analisados para determinar suas semelhanças com sequências de outras espécies, a partir das sequências depositadas no GenBank. Todos mostraram 100% de similaridade com T. equi. Nosso estudo representa o primeiro relato de anticorpos contra T. equi entre os equídeos na região centro norte de Mato Grosso, revelando a ampla distribuição de animais soropositivos.(AU)

Serological and molecular detection of Theileria equi in horses from Sinop, Mato Grosso state, Brazil / Detecção sorológica e molecular de Theileria equi em equinos oriundos de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil

Equine piroplasmosis is the most important tick-borne disease to affect horses in Brazil. Theileria equi is one of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis. Chronic cases are expected, in which the animals show no apparent signs of infection and remain asymptomatic but constitute a source of the infectious agent that ticks can spread. This study was conducted across 81 ranches located in the municipality of Sinop, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A sample calculation was performed to estimate the apparent prevalence of T. equi among horses. A total of 1,853 animals were included in the sampling analysis based on the information available from the Institute of Agricultural and Livestock Defense of Mato Grosso State. The serological analysis of 367 serum samples using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-T. equi antibodies revealed that 337 animals were positive, representing a frequency of 90.70%. The molecular analysis to amplify the EMA-1 gene showed positivity in 20 of 89 tested samples. The fragments of four samples were sequenced and analyzed to determine their similarities to sequences from other species, based on sequences deposited at GenBank. All showed 100% similarity with T. equi. Our study represents the first report of T. equi antibodies among the equids in north-central region of Mato Grosso, revealing the widespread distribution of seropositive animals.

A piroplasmose equina é a doença transmitida por carrapatos mais importante em cavalos no Brasil. Theileria equi é um dos agentes causadores da piroplasmose equina. São esperados casos crônicos, nos quais os animais não apresentam sinais aparentes de infecção e permanecem assintomáticos, mas constituem uma fonte de infecção e disseminação por carrapatos. Este estudo foi realizado em 81 fazendas localizadas no município de Sinop, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Um cálculo amostral foi realizado para estimar a prevalência aparente de T. equi entre cavalos. No total, 1.853 animais foram incluídos na análise amostral com base nas informações disponíveis no Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado de Mato Grosso. A análise sorológica de 367 amostras de soro por meio de ensaio imunoenzimático indireto (ELISA) para detecção de anticorpos anti-T. equi revelou que 337 animais eram positivos, representando uma frequência de 90,70%. A análise molecular para o gene EMA-1 mostrou positividade em 20 das 89 amostras testadas. Os fragmentos de quatro amostras foram sequenciados e analisados para determinar suas semelhanças com sequências de outras espécies, a partir das sequências depositadas no GenBank. Todos mostraram 100% de similaridade com T. equi. Nosso estudo representa o primeiro relato de anticorpos contra T. equi entre os equídeos na região centro norte de Mato Grosso, revelando a ampla distribuição de animais soropositivos.

Host status of soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne species / Reação de genótipos de soja a espécies de Meloidogyne

This study aimed to evaluate the host status of soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne javanica (Est J3), Meloidogyne sp.0 (Est R0), and M. graminicola (Est VS1). In the first experiment, all tested genotypes (BMX Potência RR, BMX Valente RR, BMX Icone IPRO, PELBR10-6049 RR, and TECIRGA 6070 RR) were susceptible to M. javanica, with reproduction factor (RF) >1.0, and resistant to Meloidogyne sp.0 (0.01 > RF RF < 0.43).

No presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a reação de genótipos de soja a Meloidogyne javanica (Est J3), Meloidogyne sp.0 (Est R0) e M. graminicola (Est VS1). No primeiro experimento, todos os genótipos (BMX Potência RR, BMX Valente RR, BMX Icone IPRO, PELBR10-6049 RR, and TECIRGA 6070 RR) testados mostraram-se suscetíveis a M. javanica, com fator de reprodução (FR) >1.0, e resistentes a Meloidogyne sp.0 (0.01 > FR FR < 0.43).

Host status of soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne species

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the host status of soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne javanica (Est J3), Meloidogyne sp.0 (Est R0), and M. graminicola (Est VS1). In the first experiment, all tested genotypes (BMX Potência RR, BMX Valente RR, BMX Icone IPRO, PELBR10-6049 RR, and TECIRGA 6070 RR) were susceptible to M. javanica, with reproduction factor (RF) >1.0, and resistant to Meloidogyne sp.0 (0.01 > RF 0.15), whereas in the second experiment, all genotypes (BRS 246 RR, PELBR11-6038 RR, PELBR11-6001 RR, PELBR10-6005 RR, BMX Apolo RR, PELBR11-6028 RR, PF11651, PF103251, PELBR11-6035 RR, PELBR10-6050 RR, PELBR11-6042 RR, PELBR10-6017 RR, PELBR11-6007 RR, PELBR10-6016 RR, and PELBR10-6049 RR) were resistant to M. graminicola (0.06 > RF 0.43).

RESUMO: No presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a reação de genótipos de soja a Meloidogyne javanica (Est J3), Meloidogyne sp.0 (Est R0) e M. graminicola (Est VS1). No primeiro experimento, todos os genótipos (BMX Potência RR, BMX Valente RR, BMX Icone IPRO, PELBR10-6049 RR, and TECIRGA 6070 RR) testados mostraram-se suscetíveis a M. javanica, com fator de reprodução (FR) >1.0, e resistentes a Meloidogyne sp.0 (0.01 > FR 0.15), enquanto no segundo experimento, todos os genótipos (BRS 246 RR, PELBR11-6038 RR, PELBR11-6001 RR, PELBR10-6005 RR, BMX Apolo RR, PELBR11-6028 RR, PF11651, PF103251, PELBR11-6035 RR, PELBR10-6050 RR, PELBR11-6042 RR, PELBR10-6017 RR, PELBR11-6007 RR, PELBR10-6016 RR, and PELBR10-6049 RR) testados comportaram-se como resistentes a M. graminicola (0.06 > FR 0.43).

Host status of soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne species / Reação de genótipos de soja a espécies de Meloidogyne

This study aimed to evaluate the host status of soybean genotypes to Meloidogyne javanica (Est J3), Meloidogyne sp.0 (Est R0), and M. graminicola (Est VS1). In the first experiment, all tested genotypes (BMX Potência RR, BMX Valente RR, BMX Icone IPRO, PELBR10-6049 RR, and TECIRGA 6070 RR) were susceptible to M. javanica, with reproduction factor (RF) >1.0, and resistant to Meloidogyne sp.0 (0.01 > RF < 0.15), whereas in the second experiment, all genotypes (BRS 246 RR, PELBR11-6038 RR, PELBR11-6001 RR, PELBR10-6005 RR, BMX Apolo RR, PELBR11-6028 RR, PF11651, PF103251, PELBR11-6035 RR, PELBR10-6050 RR, PELBR11-6042 RR, PELBR10-6017 RR, PELBR11-6007 RR, PELBR10-6016 RR, and PELBR10-6049 RR) were resistant to M. graminicola (0.06 > RF < 0.43).(AU)

No presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a reação de genótipos de soja a Meloidogyne javanica (Est J3), Meloidogyne sp.0 (Est R0) e M. graminicola (Est VS1). No primeiro experimento, todos os genótipos (BMX Potência RR, BMX Valente RR, BMX Icone IPRO, PELBR10-6049 RR, and TECIRGA 6070 RR) testados mostraram-se suscetíveis a M. javanica, com fator de reprodução (FR) >1.0, e resistentes a Meloidogyne sp.0 (0.01 > FR < 0.15), enquanto no segundo experimento, todos os genótipos (BRS 246 RR, PELBR11-6038 RR, PELBR11-6001 RR, PELBR10-6005 RR, BMX Apolo RR, PELBR11-6028 RR, PF11651, PF103251, PELBR11-6035 RR, PELBR10-6050 RR, PELBR11-6042 RR, PELBR10-6017 RR, PELBR11-6007 RR, PELBR10-6016 RR, and PELBR10-6049 RR) testados comportaram-se como resistentes a M. graminicola (0.06 > FR < 0.43).(AU)

Effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide and high eggshell temperature during late incubation on antioxidant activity, thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones and some blood metabolites in broiler hatchlings

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium (Nano-Se) and nano-zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) and high eggshell temperature (EST) during late incubation on blood parameters of broiler hatchlings. A total of 750 fertile eggs, were weighed and randomly distributed among 5 treatment groups on each of 5 replicate tray levels. The injection was performed on 17 d of incubation. Treatments included of: 1) Eggs not injected and incubated at normal EST (control); 2) Eggs not injected and incubated at high EST; 3) Eggs injected NaCl solution and incubated at high EST (sham); 4) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 40 µg Nano-Se and incubated at high EST; 5) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 500 µg Nano-ZnO and incubated at high EST. EST of 37.8ºC (normal) or 38.9ºC (high) was applied from d 19 to 21 of incubation. In ovo injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO significantly increased activity of GSH-Px and SOD and total protein, but decreased the levels of corticosterone, cortisol, T4 and T3 at high EST. Injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO had a significant role in alleviating the negative effects of high temperature incubation and heat stress by increased antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress.(AU)

Effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide and high eggshell temperature during late incubation on antioxidant activity, thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones and some blood metabolites in broiler hatchlings

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium (Nano-Se) and nano-zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) and high eggshell temperature (EST) during late incubation on blood parameters of broiler hatchlings. A total of 750 fertile eggs, were weighed and randomly distributed among 5 treatment groups on each of 5 replicate tray levels. The injection was performed on 17 d of incubation. Treatments included of: 1) Eggs not injected and incubated at normal EST (control); 2) Eggs not injected and incubated at high EST; 3) Eggs injected NaCl solution and incubated at high EST (sham); 4) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 40 µg Nano-Se and incubated at high EST; 5) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 500 µg Nano-ZnO and incubated at high EST. EST of 37.8ºC (normal) or 38.9ºC (high) was applied from d 19 to 21 of incubation. In ovo injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO significantly increased activity of GSH-Px and SOD and total protein, but decreased the levels of corticosterone, cortisol, T4 and T3 at high EST. Injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO had a significant role in alleviating the negative effects of high temperature incubation and heat stress by increased antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress.

Effects of biopesticides in Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) pollinators / Efeitos de biopesticidas em polinizadores Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) / Efectos de los bioplaguicidas sobre los polinizadores Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae)

Stingless bees Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) are pollinators of native and cultivated plants and are therefore in contact with areas contaminated by pesticides. These native bees were evaluated for changes in gene expression of esterase isoenzymes (EST) and peptides after contamination by contact with growth regulators from insecticides Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem and Azamax after 48, 120, 168 hours, 30 and 60 days. EST-4 presented an increase in relative activity after contamination with Gallaxy® EC 100 at 6.2 × 10-2 g a.i./mL; Natuneem at 7.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL; and Azamax at 1.2 × 10-3 g a.i/mL after 60 days, 48 h, and 60 days, respectively. Inhibition of the relative activity of EST-4 was detected after contamination by Natuneem at 1.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL and Azamax at 1.2 × 10-3 g a.i./mL after 48 h and 30 days, respectively. The insecticide growth regulators promoted changes in protein synthesis of T. angustula adult workers resulting in an increase or decrease in the relative intensity of bands, and the appearance of new peptides when compared with controls. Changes in protein synthesis have been identified mainly after long period of contamination, 120 and 168 h with the IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (at 0.78 and 1.25 g a.i./mL), Azamax (at 1.2 × 10-3 and 6 × 10-3 g a.i./mL), and Natuneem (at 7.5 × 10-5 and 3 × 10-3 g a.i./mL), and at 60 days with Natuneem (at 1.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL).(AU)

Abelhas sem ferrão Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) são polinizadores de plantas nativas e cultivadas e, portanto, estão em contato com áreas contaminadas por biopesticidas. Essas abelhas nativas foram avaliadas quanto a alterações na expressão gênica de isoenzimas esterases (EST) e peptídeos após contaminação por contato com reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem e Azamax após 48, 120, 168 horas, 30 e 60 dias. A EST-4 apresentou um aumento na atividade relativa após a contaminação com Gallaxy® 100 EC em 6,2 × 10-2 g i.a./mL, Natuneem em 7,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL e Azamax em 1,2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL após 60 dias, 48 h e 60 dias, respectivamente. A inibição da atividade relativa de EST-4 foi detectada após contaminação pelo Natuneem a 1,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL e Azamax a 1,2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL após 48 he 30 dias, respectivamente. Os reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas promoveram alterações na síntese protéica de trabalhadores adultos de T. angustula, resultando em um aumento ou diminuição da intensidade relativa das bandas e no aparecimento de novos peptídeos em comparação com os controles. Alterações na síntese de proteínas foram identificadas principalmente após um longo período de contaminação, 120 e 168 h com o IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (0,78 e 1,25 g i.a./mL), Azamax (1,2 × 10-3 e 6 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) e Natuneem (7,5 × 10-5 e 3 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) e 60 dias com Natuneem (1,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL).(AU)

Las abejas sin aguijón Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) son polinizadores de plantas nativas y cultivadas y, por lo tanto, están en contacto con áreas contaminadas por bioplaguicidas. Estas abejas nativas fueron evaluadas para detectar cambios en la expresión génica de isoenzimas esterasa (EST) y péptidos después de la contaminación por contacto con los reguladores del crecimiento insecticidas Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem y Azamax después de 48, 120, 168 horas, 30 y 60 días. EST-4 mostró un aumento en la actividad relativa después de la contaminación con Gallaxy® 100 EC a 6.2 × 10-2 g i.a./mL, Natuneem a 7.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL y Azamax a 1.2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL después de 60 días, 48 hy 60 días, respectivamente. La inhibición de la actividad relativa de EST-4 se detectó después de la contaminación por Natuneem a 1.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL y Azamax a 1.2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL después de 48 hy 30 días. respectivamente. Los insecticidas reguladores del crecimiento promovieron cambios en la síntesis de proteínas de trabajadores adultos de T. angustula, resultando en un aumento o disminución de la intensidad relativa de las bandas y en la aparición de nuevos péptidos en relación a los controles. Los cambios en la síntesis de proteínas se identificaron principalmente después de un largo período de contaminación, 120 y 168 h con IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (0.78 y 1.25 g i.a./mL), Azamax (1.2 × 10-3 y 6 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) y Natuneem (7.5 × 10-5 y 3 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) y 60 días con Natuneem (1.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL).(AU)

Effects of biopesticides in Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) pollinators / Efeitos de biopesticidas em polinizadores Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) / Efectos de los bioplaguicidas sobre los polinizadores Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae)

Stingless bees Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) are pollinators of native and cultivated plants and are therefore in contact with areas contaminated by pesticides. These native bees were evaluated for changes in gene expression of esterase isoenzymes (EST) and peptides after contamination by contact with growth regulators from insecticides Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem and Azamax after 48, 120, 168 hours, 30 and 60 days. EST-4 presented an increase in relative activity after contamination with Gallaxy® EC 100 at 6.2 × 10-2 g a.i./mL; Natuneem at 7.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL; and Azamax at 1.2 × 10-3 g a.i/mL after 60 days, 48 h, and 60 days, respectively. Inhibition of the relative activity of EST-4 was detected after contamination by Natuneem at 1.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL and Azamax at 1.2 × 10-3 g a.i./mL after 48 h and 30 days, respectively. The insecticide growth regulators promoted changes in protein synthesis of T. angustula adult workers resulting in an increase or decrease in the relative intensity of bands, and the appearance of new peptides when compared with controls. Changes in protein synthesis have been identified mainly after long period of contamination, 120 and 168 h with the IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (at 0.78 and 1.25 g a.i./mL), Azamax (at 1.2 × 10-3 and 6 × 10-3 g a.i./mL), and Natuneem (at 7.5 × 10-5 and 3 × 10-3 g a.i./mL), and at 60 days with Natuneem (at 1.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL).(AU)

Abelhas sem ferrão Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) são polinizadores de plantas nativas e cultivadas e, portanto, estão em contato com áreas contaminadas por biopesticidas. Essas abelhas nativas foram avaliadas quanto a alterações na expressão gênica de isoenzimas esterases (EST) e peptídeos após contaminação por contato com reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem e Azamax após 48, 120, 168 horas, 30 e 60 dias. A EST-4 apresentou um aumento na atividade relativa após a contaminação com Gallaxy® 100 EC em 6,2 × 10-2 g i.a./mL, Natuneem em 7,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL e Azamax em 1,2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL após 60 dias, 48 h e 60 dias, respectivamente. A inibição da atividade relativa de EST-4 foi detectada após contaminação pelo Natuneem a 1,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL e Azamax a 1,2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL após 48 he 30 dias, respectivamente. Os reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas promoveram alterações na síntese protéica de trabalhadores adultos de T. angustula, resultando em um aumento ou diminuição da intensidade relativa das bandas e no aparecimento de novos peptídeos em comparação com os controles. Alterações na síntese de proteínas foram identificadas principalmente após um longo período de contaminação, 120 e 168 h com o IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (0,78 e 1,25 g i.a./mL), Azamax (1,2 × 10-3 e 6 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) e Natuneem (7,5 × 10-5 e 3 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) e 60 dias com Natuneem (1,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL).(AU)

Las abejas sin aguijón Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) son polinizadores de plantas nativas y cultivadas y, por lo tanto, están en contacto con áreas contaminadas por bioplaguicidas. Estas abejas nativas fueron evaluadas para detectar cambios en la expresión génica de isoenzimas esterasa (EST) y péptidos después de la contaminación por contacto con los reguladores del crecimiento insecticidas Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem y Azamax después de 48, 120, 168 horas, 30 y 60 días. EST-4 mostró un aumento en la actividad relativa después de la contaminación con Gallaxy® 100 EC a 6.2 × 10-2 g i.a./mL, Natuneem a 7.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL y Azamax a 1.2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL después de 60 días, 48 hy 60 días, respectivamente. La inhibición de la actividad relativa de EST-4 se detectó después de la contaminación por Natuneem a 1.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL y Azamax a 1.2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL después de 48 hy 30 días. respectivamente. Los insecticidas reguladores del crecimiento promovieron cambios en la síntesis de proteínas de trabajadores adultos de T. angustula, resultando en un aumento o disminución de la intensidad relativa de las bandas y en la aparición de nuevos péptidos en relación a los controles. Los cambios en la síntesis de proteínas se identificaron principalmente después de un largo período de contaminación, 120 y 168 h con IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (0.78 y 1.25 g i.a./mL), Azamax (1.2 × 10-3 y 6 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) y Natuneem (7.5 × 10-5 y 3 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) y 60 días con Natuneem (1.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL).(AU)

Genetic characterization of silkworm (Bombyx mori L. ) strains (Lepidoptera: Bombicidae) with different geographical originon the basis of isozyme markers

The aim of the present study was to assess genetics variations within and among strains with different geographical origin, belonging to Bulgarian germplasm bank of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx moriL.)and to establish their relationships using isoenzyme markers. Polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to study the isoenzymes of nonspecific esterases (EST), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and acid phosphatase (ACP) from haemolymph, phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and hexokinase (HK) from silk glands and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from midgut of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx moriL.). Variability was evident in all of these enzyme systems among twelve strains from Bulgarian germplasm resources of B. mori.Total of nine lociwere detected. All of them (100%) were polymorphic. “Null” alleles in four lociwere determined. Intra-and inter-strain polymorphism was obtained. The degree of polymorphism ranged from 0% to 77.80%. Low levels of observed heterozygosity in comparison with the expected one have been calculated in almost all of strainsas well as deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in almost all analyzed loci, resultingof excess of homozygotes. The value of FSTwas 0.4903. The dendrogram constructed with the values of genetic distance manifests that Romanian strain Cislau Tokay is formed one main clade while the rest strains studied (from Bulgaria, Japan, China, Vietnam, Spain, Syria and Egypt) are formed the other clade withsubclades. The genetic data of the tested strains from different geographical regions, would be used for identifying suitable parents for breeding programs with a view to yield improvement in this species with economic significance.

Season effects on the composition of milk produced by a Holstein herd managed under semi-confinement followed by compost bedded dairy barn management / Efeito das estações do ano sobre a composição do leite de rebanho Holandês manejado em semiconfinamento e posteriormente em compost bedded dairy barn

Here, we studied the composition of milk produced by a Holstein herd in the municipality of Nova Boa Vista, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The herd was first managed under a semi-confinement system and subsequently, in a compost bedded dairy barn system to facilitate animal management and, more importantly, family work. We monitored milk production by the herd under a semi-confinement system from January 2013 through September 2015, and then under a compost bedded dairy barn system from October 2015 through December 2017. The seasons of the year were spring (October to December), summer (January to March), autumn (April to June), and winter (July to September). Our results showed an increase in somatic cell count and total bacterial count with the change from semi-confinement to the compost bedded dairy barn system, possibly due to management factors; however, no changes were observed for any other of the variables under study, including lactose, fat, protein, and total solids. In addition, season markedly influenced milk composition and quality; thus, in winter and spring, milk was of a higher quality, whereas in the hotter months of summer and autumn fodder quality and availability, and the incidence of mastitis, as reflected by somatic cell count, affected milk quality negatively.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar a composição do leite de um rebanho da raça Holandês no município de Nova Boa Vista - RS que era manejado em sistema semiconfinado e posteriormente evoluiu para Compost Bedded Dairy Barn (CBDB) como forma de facilitar o manejo dos animais e principalmente amenizar o trabalho da família. Os dados utilizados são referentes à composição e qualidade do leite entre os meses de janeiro de 2013 a outubro de 2015 em sistema semiconfinado e de novembro de 2015 a dezembro de 2017 em sistema confinado CBDB. As estações do ano foram consideradas da seguinte forma: Primavera (outubro, novembro e dezembro), Verão (janeiro, fevereiro e março), Outono (abril, maio e junho) e Inverno (julho, agosto e setembro). Os resultados mostraram um aumento da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e da contagem bacteriana (CBT) com a mudança do sistema semiconfinado para o CBDB, ou seja, estes indicadores foram prejudicados quando as vacas estavam em sistema de CBDB, possivelmente em função dos fatores de manejo, porém, não havendo diferenças para as demais variáveis (lactose, gordura, proteína e EST). Além disso, as estações do ano influenciam a qualidade e composição do leite, sendo que no inverno e na primavera o leite apresentava melhor qualidade uma vez que nos meses mais quentes (verão e outono) a qualidade das forragens e a insciência de mastites (refletida na CCS) foram fatores determinantes.(AU)

Molecular detection and occurrence of equine theileriosis in Arabian horses in Al-Najaf province/Iraq / Detecção molecular e prevalência de teileriose equina em cavalos árabes na província de Al-Najaf/Iraque

This study was designed to detect equine piroplasmosis using the molecular technique in Al-Najaf province during the season that showed an increment in tick activities. Blood samples were collected from 110 horses with more than two signs of piroplasmosis. After DNA extraction, the product was examined by a polymerase chain reaction to amplify 18SrRNA. The results showed that the overall percentage of equine theileriosis was 38.18%. According to gender, the percentage of infection was 43.48% and 29.27% in females and males, respectively. Significant variations appeared between infected horses according to age, and the percentage of infection was 50% and 35.22% in less than 2 years and more than 2 years age, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of infection was 62.5% and 19.35% in animals with and without acariasis, respectively. Significant variations were also seen in equine theileriosis according to geographical areas, and the higher percentage was reported in Hera district (60.87%), while the lowest percentage was in the center of Al-Najaf (21.43%). This difference may be due to different distribution of vector of disease (tick), which may be the availability of the suitable weather that helped in the multiplication of the intermediate vectors. In conclusion, this study proved the variations in the occurrences of equine piroplasmosis according to gender, age, and geographical areas.(AU)

Este estudo foi desenvolvido para detectar piroplasmose equina usando a técnica molecular na província de Al-Najaf durante o período do ano com maior ocorrência de carrapatos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 110 cavalos que apresentaram mais de dois sinais de piroplasmose. Após a extração do DNA, o produto foi examinado por reação em cadeia da polimerase para amplificar o 18SrRNA. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem geral de teileriose equina foi de 38, 18%. De acordo com o sexo, o percentual de infecção foi 43,48% e 29,27% no sexo feminino e masculino, respectivamente. Apareceram variações significativas entre os cavalos infectados de acordo com a idade, e a porcentagem de infecção foi 50% e 35,22% em menos de 2 anos e mais de 2 anos, respectivamente. Além disso, as porcentagens de infecção foram 62, 5% e 19, 35% em animais com e sem acariasis, respectivamente. Também foram observadas variações significativas na teileriose dos equídeos, de acordo com as áreas geográficas, e o maior percentual foi relatado no distrito de Hera (60, 87%), enquanto o menor percentual foi no centro de Al-Najaf (21,43%). Essa diferença pode ser devido à distribuição diferente do vetor da doença (carrapato), que pode ser a disponibilidade do clima adequado que ajuda na multiplicação dos vetores intermediários. Em conclusão, este estudo provou as variações nas ocorrências de piroplasmose eqüina de acordo com sexo, idade e áreas geográficas.(AU)