Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equinos tratados com eletrocauterização / Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in horses treated with electrocautery

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horse’s owner didn’t authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...

Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equinos tratados com eletrocauterização / Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in horses treated with electrocautery

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horses owner didnt authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...(AU)

Elective laparoscopic ovariectomy in domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus)

Background: In the last years the number of exotic company animals has been increased, and the demand for neuteringservices for these animals has become greater. By the author’s knowledge, there are no records of elective ovariectomyin domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus). The current paper reports a case of elective laparoscopic ovariectomy in adomestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus).Case: A 4-month-old domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus), weighing 45 kg was referred to elective video-laparoscopicovariectomy at the Veterinary Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV - UFRGS). Physicalexamination and laboratory tests, including hemogram and biochemistry (alanine aminotransferase - ALT, serum albumin and creatinine), were within normal range for the species. Ketamine hydrochloride (Cetamin®) 10 mg.kg-1, xylazinehydrochloride (Xilazin®) 2 mg.kg-1, and midazolam (Midazolam®) 0.5 mg.kg-1 were administered intramuscularly (IM)as pre-anesthetic medication. The anesthetic induction was performed with intravenous (IV) propofol (Propovan®) andanesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (Isoforine®) diluted in O2 by a universal vaporizer with a partial gas rebreathinganesthetic system. Throughout the procedure, were monitoring constantly the invasive blood pressure (IBP), electrocardiogram (ECG) in lead II, peripheral arterial saturation with O2 (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2),and esophageal temperature. The abdominal cavity was accessed through the insertion of three portals (one of 10 mm ofdiameter and other two of 5 mm of diameter). The cavity was inflated with medicinal CO2 until the pressure of 10 mmHgwas achieved. The uterine body and ovaries were identified. The right ovary was suspended and, by a bipolar clamp, theovarian vessels were occluded through electrocoagulation in three distinct locations with approximately 0,5 cm betweenthemselves...

Elective laparoscopic ovariectomy in domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus)

Background: In the last years the number of exotic company animals has been increased, and the demand for neuteringservices for these animals has become greater. By the authors knowledge, there are no records of elective ovariectomyin domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus). The current paper reports a case of elective laparoscopic ovariectomy in adomestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus).Case: A 4-month-old domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus), weighing 45 kg was referred to elective video-laparoscopicovariectomy at the Veterinary Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV - UFRGS). Physicalexamination and laboratory tests, including hemogram and biochemistry (alanine aminotransferase - ALT, serum albumin and creatinine), were within normal range for the species. Ketamine hydrochloride (Cetamin®) 10 mg.kg-1, xylazinehydrochloride (Xilazin®) 2 mg.kg-1, and midazolam (Midazolam®) 0.5 mg.kg-1 were administered intramuscularly (IM)as pre-anesthetic medication. The anesthetic induction was performed with intravenous (IV) propofol (Propovan®) andanesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (Isoforine®) diluted in O2 by a universal vaporizer with a partial gas rebreathinganesthetic system. Throughout the procedure, were monitoring constantly the invasive blood pressure (IBP), electrocardiogram (ECG) in lead II, peripheral arterial saturation with O2 (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2),and esophageal temperature. The abdominal cavity was accessed through the insertion of three portals (one of 10 mm ofdiameter and other two of 5 mm of diameter). The cavity was inflated with medicinal CO2 until the pressure of 10 mmHgwas achieved. The uterine body and ovaries were identified. The right ovary was suspended and, by a bipolar clamp, theovarian vessels were occluded through electrocoagulation in three distinct locations with approximately 0,5 cm betweenthemselves...(AU)

Trans-endoscopic ventriculocordectomy in horses using monopolar electrocautery / Ventriculocordectomia trans-endoscópica em equinos, com uso de eletrocautério monopolar

Laryngeal hemiplegia is one of the most common upper airway affections in horses. Laringoplasty is indicated in high-performance animals, and when the only complaint is noisy breathing, ventriculectomy and cordectomy can be performed. This study aimed to establish a minimally invasive surgical approach to ventriculocordectomy in horses, through a videoendoscopic procedure. The technique was developed in two stages, the first one was a cadaveric study and the second one was in vivo, both using two flexible endoscopes. A bilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in two cadavers, totaling the removal of four vocal cords. In the second stage, a left unilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in three animals with laryngeal hemiplegia. The vocal cords were pulled by one of the endoscopes with 3.2mm grasping forceps, while the second equipment was used for the resection of vocal cords with a flexible electrode adapted for monopolar electrosurgery (electrocautery). The average time for removal of the vocal cords was 23±5 minutes. In the postoperative care, moderate inflammation around the surgical wound was observed, with complete healing in 21 days in one horse and 28 days in the other two. One animal presented exuberant granulation tissue on the surgical site. Other complications due to the tested technique were not noticed; therefore, it could be a less invasive option for ventriculocordectomy in horses. The developed technique proved to be effective for ventriculocordectomy execution in horses. The main advantages of this approach were reduced surgical time, shorter healing average time, no need for daily dressings and return to normal activities in a shorter period when compared to other surgical approaches. The limitation of the technique consists of the need for two endoscopes for its accomplishment. Further studies, with more animals, are needed to improve the technique.(AU)

Hemiplegia de laringe representa uma das afecções mais frequentes em vias aéreas anteriores de cavalos. Em animais de alto desempenho esportivo a laringoplastia é indicada, e nos casos em que a única queixa é o ruído respiratório recomenda-se realizar a ventriculectomia e a cordectomia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer uma abordagem cirúrgica minimamente invasiva, através de videocirurgia, para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. A técnica cirúrgica foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, sendo a primeira cadavérica e a segunda in vivo, ambas utilizando videoendoscópios flexíveis. A primeira consistiu na realização de ventriculocordectomia bilateral em dois cadáveres, para padronização da técnica, totalizando quatro cordas vocais removidas. Na segunda, procedeu-se a ventriculocordectomia unilateral esquerda em três animais naturalmente afetados pela hemiplegia de laringe. As cordas vocais foram tracionadas utilizando uma pinça de preensão de 3,2mm, através do canal de trabalho de endoscópio flexível, e com o segundo equipamento similar, realizou-se a ressecção da corda vocal com eletrodo flexível monopolar adaptado para eletrocirurgia (eletrocautério), também através do canal de trabalho. O tempo médio dos procedimentos foi de 23±5 minutos. No período pós-operatório observou-se moderada inflamação ao redor da incisão, sendo o tempo de cicatrização total de 21 dias em um cavalo e 28 dias nos outros dois. Um dos animais apresentou tecido de granulaçãoexuberante no local de excisão da corda vocal, que foi tratado com infiltração de corticosteróide. Nãoforam observadas outras intercorrências inerentes à técnica proposta, sendo esta uma opção poucoinvasiva, que dispensa a realização da laringotomia. A técnica desenvolvida no presente trabalhomostrou-se promissora para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. As principais vantagensdesta abordagem foram: tempo trans cirúrgico reduzido, tempo médio de cicatrização menor...(AU)

Description and Executability of a Novel Pre-tied Mini Ligature (Miniloop) in Laparocopic Ovariectomy in Cats

Background: Ovariectomy(OVE) and ovariohysterectomy (OVH) are the most performed surgical procedures in Veterinary Medicine. In videosurgery, both in stray animals at sterilization campaigns and in the increasing demand of tutors to perform the technique. Laparoscopy results in reduced tissue damage, due to minimal organ manipulation and surgical access hemostasis can be performed by several methods, such as electro-coagulation, clips, and intra and extracorporeal ligatures. A pre-tied ligature system, or endoloop, is a haemostatic technique comprised of a slipknot and knot pusher, which is inserted into the abdominal cavity through one of the laparoscopic ports. The aim of this study was to describe a novel OVE technique in cats, in which haemostasis was performed using miniloop, aimed at reducing the number of ports needed for knot tying.Material, Methods & Results: Ten healthy not spayed female cats, aged 6 months to 5 years, were selected for this study. They were submitted to an OVE using miniloop as haemostasis method. Access to the peritoneal cavity was through two 5 mm ports on the midline of the ventral abdomen, 5 cm apart, with one immediately caudal to the umbilical scar and the other in between the last pair of teats. The first trocar was inserted at the caudal incision using the Hasson technique and a 5 mm zero-degree optics attached to a camera was introduced

Description and executability of a novel pre-tied mini ligature (miniloop) in laparocopic ovariectomy in cats

Background: Ovariectomy(OVE) and ovariohysterectomy (OVH) are the most performed surgical procedures in Veterinary Medicine. In videosurgery, both in stray animals at sterilization campaigns and in the increasing demand of tutors to perform the technique. Laparoscopy results in reduced tissue damage, due to minimal organ manipulation and surgical access hemostasis can be performed by several methods, such as electro-coagulation, clips, and intra and extracorporeal ligatures. A pre-tied ligature system, or endoloop, is a haemostatic technique comprised of a slipknot and knot pusher, which is inserted into the abdominal cavity through one of the laparoscopic ports. The aim of this study was to describe a novel OVE technique in cats, in which haemostasis was performed using miniloop, aimed at reducing the number of ports needed for knot tying.Material, Methods & Results: Ten healthy not spayed female cats, aged 6 months to 5 years, were selected for this study. They were submitted to an OVE using miniloop as haemostasis method. Access to the peritoneal cavity was through two 5 mm ports on the midline of the ventral abdomen, 5 cm apart, with one immediately caudal to the umbilical scar and the other in between the last pair of teats. The first trocar was inserted at the caudal incision using the Hasson technique and a 5 mm zero-degree optics attached to a camera was introduced through it. The placement of the second access port was video assisted. For ovary exposure, the patients were positioned in lateral recumbency on the contralateral side to the ovary being removed. The miniloop was composed of a 2 mm diameter minitrocar, a 1.8 mm knot pusher, and a pre-tied slipknot. It was introduced percutaneously at the lateral abdominal wall. It was inserted attached to a pre-tied loop ligature.[...]

Description and executability of a novel pre-tied mini ligature (miniloop) in laparocopic ovariectomy in cats

Background: Ovariectomy(OVE) and ovariohysterectomy (OVH) are the most performed surgical procedures in Veterinary Medicine. In videosurgery, both in stray animals at sterilization campaigns and in the increasing demand of tutors to perform the technique. Laparoscopy results in reduced tissue damage, due to minimal organ manipulation and surgical access hemostasis can be performed by several methods, such as electro-coagulation, clips, and intra and extracorporeal ligatures. A pre-tied ligature system, or endoloop, is a haemostatic technique comprised of a slipknot and knot pusher, which is inserted into the abdominal cavity through one of the laparoscopic ports. The aim of this study was to describe a novel OVE technique in cats, in which haemostasis was performed using miniloop, aimed at reducing the number of ports needed for knot tying.Material, Methods & Results: Ten healthy not spayed female cats, aged 6 months to 5 years, were selected for this study. They were submitted to an OVE using miniloop as haemostasis method. Access to the peritoneal cavity was through two 5 mm ports on the midline of the ventral abdomen, 5 cm apart, with one immediately caudal to the umbilical scar and the other in between the last pair of teats. The first trocar was inserted at the caudal incision using the Hasson technique and a 5 mm zero-degree optics attached to a camera was introduced through it. The placement of the second access port was video assisted. For ovary exposure, the patients were positioned in lateral recumbency on the contralateral side to the ovary being removed. The miniloop was composed of a 2 mm diameter minitrocar, a 1.8 mm knot pusher, and a pre-tied slipknot. It was introduced percutaneously at the lateral abdominal wall. It was inserted attached to a pre-tied loop ligature.[...](AU)

Electrocautery technique for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in Labrador retriever puppies: experimental study / Técnica de eletrocauterização para epifisiodese proximal da tíbia em cães filhotes da raça Labrador Retriever: estudo experimental

There are few studies about the treatment options for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in growing dogs, especially with epiphysiodesis techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the electrocautery technique for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in Labrador retriever puppies. The novel electrocautery technique was compared with the screw technique regarding the efficacy for tibial plateau leveling in growing dogs. Six healthy Labrador retriever puppies were divided into two groups. The screw technique was used in one group and the electrocautery technique was used in the other group. Both proximal tibial epiphysiodesis techniques for tibial plateau leveling were effective in achieving reduced tibial plateau angle and did not cause significant joint changes. The screw technique was more invasive and caused slightly greater morbidity than the electrocautery technique. The electrocautery technique seems to be a good alternative for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in young dogs.(AU)

São descritos poucos estudos sobre as opções de tratamento para a ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cães na fase de crescimento, especialmente em relação às técnicas de epifisiodese. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a técnica de eletrocauterização para epifisiodese proximal da tíbia em cães filhotes da raça Labrador Retriever. A nova técnica de eletrocauterização foi comparada com a do parafuso em relação à eficácia para nivelamento do platô tibial em cães na fase de crescimento. Seis filhotes saudáveis da raça Labrador foram selecionados e divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. A técnica do parafuso foi usada em um grupo, enquanto no outro foi usada a da eletrocauterização. Ambas as técnicas de epifisiodese proximal da tíbia para nivelamento do platô tibial foram eficazes na redução do ângulo do platô tibial e não causaram alterações articulares importantes. A técnica do parafuso foi considerada mais invasiva e causou morbidade um pouco mais acentuada do que a da eletrocauterização. Assim, a técnica da eletrocauterização parece ser uma boa alternativa para a epifisiodese proximal da tíbia em cães jovens.(AU)

Electrocautery technique for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in Labrador retriever puppies: experimental study / Técnica de eletrocauterização para epifisiodese proximal da tíbia em cães filhotes da raça Labrador Retriever: estudo experimental

There are few studies about the treatment options for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in growing dogs, especially with epiphysiodesis techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the electrocautery technique for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in Labrador retriever puppies. The novel electrocautery technique was compared with the screw technique regarding the efficacy for tibial plateau leveling in growing dogs. Six healthy Labrador retriever puppies were divided into two groups. The screw technique was used in one group and the electrocautery technique was used in the other group. Both proximal tibial epiphysiodesis techniques for tibial plateau leveling were effective in achieving reduced tibial plateau angle and did not cause significant joint changes. The screw technique was more invasive and caused slightly greater morbidity than the electrocautery technique. The electrocautery technique seems to be a good alternative for proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in young dogs.(AU)

São descritos poucos estudos sobre as opções de tratamento para a ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial em cães na fase de crescimento, especialmente em relação às técnicas de epifisiodese. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a técnica de eletrocauterização para epifisiodese proximal da tíbia em cães filhotes da raça Labrador Retriever. A nova técnica de eletrocauterização foi comparada com a do parafuso em relação à eficácia para nivelamento do platô tibial em cães na fase de crescimento. Seis filhotes saudáveis da raça Labrador foram selecionados e divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. A técnica do parafuso foi usada em um grupo, enquanto no outro foi usada a da eletrocauterização. Ambas as técnicas de epifisiodese proximal da tíbia para nivelamento do platô tibial foram eficazes na redução do ângulo do platô tibial e não causaram alterações articulares importantes. A técnica do parafuso foi considerada mais invasiva e causou morbidade um pouco mais acentuada do que a da eletrocauterização. Assim, a técnica da eletrocauterização parece ser uma boa alternativa para a epifisiodese proximal da tíbia em cães jovens.(AU)

Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in a growing dog / Epifisiodese tibial proximal em um cão em crescimento

Background: It is believed that the inclined tibial plateau angle to be a major cause of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture, and the treatment of this disease is the tibial plateau leveling for decrease the cranial tibial thrust. However, there are breeds predisposed to rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament and in this patterns breed the tibial plateau is more inclined due to the conformation of the limb. The aim of this communication was to evaluate the effectiveness of the locking screw and cauterizing the growth plate of the tibial plateau as a preventive method of cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Case: In a young dog, one stifle joint randomly chosen for placing a screw in order to block the tibial plateau growth line. There was placed a 3.5 mm x 20 mm cancellous bone screw in the dorsocranial surface of the tibial plateau of the left hindlimb. Two months after the first surgical intervention, the contralateral limb was cauterized in the tibial plateau growth line. Electrocauterization was performed with a spatula electrode set at 60 watts, performing ablation on the cranial third of the tibial plateau physis with access to the medial and lateral surfaces of the proximal tibia. The electrode was placed against the physis for 10 seconds at each site. Both members were followed radiographically to measure the tibial plateau angle and observed the angle reduction. [...]

Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in a growing dog / Epifisiodese tibial proximal em um cão em crescimento

Background: It is believed that the inclined tibial plateau angle to be a major cause of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture, and the treatment of this disease is the tibial plateau leveling for decrease the cranial tibial thrust. However, there are breeds predisposed to rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament and in this patterns breed the tibial plateau is more inclined due to the conformation of the limb. The aim of this communication was to evaluate the effectiveness of the locking screw and cauterizing the growth plate of the tibial plateau as a preventive method of cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Case: In a young dog, one stifle joint randomly chosen for placing a screw in order to block the tibial plateau growth line. There was placed a 3.5 mm x 20 mm cancellous bone screw in the dorsocranial surface of the tibial plateau of the left hindlimb. Two months after the first surgical intervention, the contralateral limb was cauterized in the tibial plateau growth line. Electrocauterization was performed with a spatula electrode set at 60 watts, performing ablation on the cranial third of the tibial plateau physis with access to the medial and lateral surfaces of the proximal tibia. The electrode was placed against the physis for 10 seconds at each site. Both members were followed radiographically to measure the tibial plateau angle and observed the angle reduction. [...](AU)

Swine manure digestate treatment using electrocoagulation

Anaerobic biodigestion is an appropriate alternative for the treatment of swine wastewater due to its biogas generation properties and the possibility of its application as a source of energy for heating or electricity. However, digestate can still contain high levels of turbidity, organic carbon and nutrients and must be correctly managed as a biofertilizer, or treated to avoid any impact on the environment. Considering this, electrocoagulation (EC) shows promise as a technology because of its ease of handling and high efficiency in effluent remediation. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of EC in a batch system in the treatment of swine wastewater digestate. The wastewater used in the treatment was sampled from a 10 m3 biodigestor effluent (digestate) located at Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. A batch-scale experiment was carried out to evaluate the following two variables: electrode distance (ED) and voltage applied (V). The removal efficiency levels (%) for the best operational condition (2 cm, 5 V) after 30 min were: 97 %, 98 %, 77 % and 10 % for color, turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. The EC batch system produced efficient results, underlining its promise as an alternative to be applied in the treatment of digestate.

Swine manure digestate treatment using electrocoagulation

Anaerobic biodigestion is an appropriate alternative for the treatment of swine wastewater due to its biogas generation properties and the possibility of its application as a source of energy for heating or electricity. However, digestate can still contain high levels of turbidity, organic carbon and nutrients and must be correctly managed as a biofertilizer, or treated to avoid any impact on the environment. Considering this, electrocoagulation (EC) shows promise as a technology because of its ease of handling and high efficiency in effluent remediation. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of EC in a batch system in the treatment of swine wastewater digestate. The wastewater used in the treatment was sampled from a 10 m3 biodigestor effluent (digestate) located at Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. A batch-scale experiment was carried out to evaluate the following two variables: electrode distance (ED) and voltage applied (V). The removal efficiency levels (%) for the best operational condition (2 cm, 5 V) after 30 min were: 97 %, 98 %, 77 % and 10 % for color, turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. The EC batch system produced efficient results, underlining its promise as an alternative to be applied in the treatment of digestate.(AU)

Metabolismo Oxidativo e Função Fagocítica de Neutrófilos em Cadelas Submetidas à Ovário-Histerectomia Eletiva Convencional ou Videoassistida com Diferentes Métodos de Hemostasia

A ováriohisterectomia (OVH) é procedimento comum em pequenos animais, sendo diversas as técnicas descritas. O procedimento cirúrgico resulta em alterações orgânicas, a citar os neutrófilos, que se afetados, aumentam a susceptibilidade a patógenos. Este trabalho teve objetivo de verificar o efeito de diferentes métodos cirúrgicos (aberto ou videoassistido) e hemostático (ligadura ou coagulação bipolar) na OVH de caninos em relação à atividade dos neutrófilos, sendo para tal, as pacientes alocadas em três grupos conforme a técnica cirúrgica. Realizou-se coleta de sangue antes do procedimento e após duas, seis, 12, 24, 48 horas e sete dias após a cirurgia. Foi realizada contagem dos neutrófilos totais, a avaliação do metabolismo oxidativo e a atividade fagocítica destas células, com e sem estimulação, pelo teste de redução do NBT. Observou-se que às 12 horas de pós-operatório, a atividade de neutrófilos é mais afetada, e que dentre as técnicas, a celiotomia e hemostasia por coagulação bipolar provocou maior comprometimento da atividade dos neutrófilos

Ovarian hysterectomy (OVH) is a common procedure in small animals, with several techniques described. The surgical procedure results in organic changes, including neutrophils, which, if affected, increase the susceptibility to pathogens. This study aimed to verify the effect of different surgical methods (open or video-assisted) and hemostatic (bipolar ligation or coagulation) on canine OVH in relation to neutrophil activity. . Blood collection was performed before the procedure and after two, six, 12, 24, 48 hours and seven days after surgery. Total neutrophil counts, assessment of oxidative metabolism and phagocytic activity of these cells were performed, with and without stimulation, by the NBT reduction test. It was observed that at 12 hours after surgery, neutrophil activity is more affected, and that among the techniques, celiotomy and hemostasis by bipolar coagulation caused greater impairment of neutrophil activity

The efficiency of electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodesin treating wastewater from a dairy industry / Eficiência da eletrocoagulação no tratamento de efluente de uma indústria de laticínios usando eletrodos de alumínio

This research deals with the investigation of electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of wastewater from a dairy plant using aluminum electrodes. Electrolysis time, pH, current density and distance between electrodes were considered to assess the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS) and their fractions and turbidity. Samples were collected from the effluent of a dairy plant using a sampling methodology proportional to the flow. The treatments were applied according to design factorial of half fraction with two levels of treatments and 3 repetitions at the central point. The optimization of parameters for treating dairy industry effluent by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes showed that electric current application for 21 minutes, an initial sample pH near 5.0 and a current density of 61.6A m-2 resulted in a significant reduction in COD by 57%; removal of turbidity by 99%, removal of total suspended solids by 92% and volatile suspended solids by 97%; and a final treated effluent pH of approximately 10. Optimum operating condition was used for cost calculations show that operating cost is approximately 3.48R$ m-3.(AU)

Eletrodos de alumínio foram usados para o tratamento de efluente de uma indústria de laticínios por eletrocoagulação. Tempo de eletrólise, pH, densidade de corrente elétrica e distância entre eletrodos foram os parâmetros operacionais usados para avaliar a eficiência de remoção da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), sólidos totais (ST) e suas frações e turbidez. Amostras foram coletadas usando a metodologia de amostragem composta, proporcional à vazão. Os tratamentos foram aplicados segundo um delineamento fatorial de meia fração com dois níveis e 3 repetições no ponto central. As melhores condições operacionais foram tempo de eletrólise de 21 minutos, pH inicial de aproximadamente 5,0 e densidade de corrente elétrica de 61,6A m-2, resultando em redução de 57% de DQO, remoção de turbidez de 99%, remoção de sólidos suspensos totais de 92% e sólidos suspensos voláteis de 97%. O pH do efluente tratado foi de aproximadamente 10. Para a condição otimizada, o custo operacional foi de aproximadamente 3, 48 R$ m-3.(AU)

METABOLISMO OXIDATIVO EM FÊMEAS CANINAS SUBMETIDAS À OVARIOHISTERECTOMIA POR CELIOTOMIA E LIDADURA, CELIOTOMIA E COAGULAÇÃO POR DIATERMIA BIPOLAR E CELIOTOMIA VIDEOASSISTIDA COM DIATERMIA BIPOLAR

O estresse oxidativo é um desequilíbrio entre a produção de radicais livres e defesas antioxidantes. Assim como as doenças, os procedimentos cirúrgicos podem induzir o estresse oxidativo, o qual pode causar danos a tecidos e órgãos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes acessos e hemostasia nas técnicas de OVH de celiotomia mediana e ligadura (GL, n= 9), celiotomia mediana e eletrocoagulação bipolar (GB, n= 10) ou a técnica video assistida com dois portais e eletrocoagulação bipolar (GV, n= 8) sobre o metabolismo oxidativo. Os tempos cirúrgicos e tamanho das feridas foram considerados. Foram avaliados quatro biomarcadores antioxidantes, sendo eles a capacidade de redução férrica do plasma (FRAP), capacidade antioxidante de redução cúprica (CUPRAC), capacidade antioxidante de trolox (TEACH) e tióis séricos. A oxidação foi avaliada por meio de um biomarcador oxidante, a oxidação avançada de produtos proteicos (AOPP). As amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes do procedimento cirúrgico, às duas, seis, 12, 24, 48, 96 horas e após sete dias de pósoperatório. Tempos operatórios mais elevados e menor tamanho de ferida cirúrgica foram observados no GV. Os níveis de CUPRAC, FRAP e tióis não apresentaram variações entre os grupos avaliados. O GV apresentou maiores valores de TEACH em relação ao GB. Referente ao AOOP, o GV teve maior concentração quando comparado ambos os grupos de celiotomia. Todas as técnicas tiveram variações similares dos biomarcadores antioxidantes, sendo que o GV apresentou valores elevados do componente oxidante proteico avaliado

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant defenses. As well as some diseases, surgical procedures can induce oxidative stress, which can cause damage to tissues and organs. The objective of this researchwas to evaluate the effects of different access and hemostasis in the OVH techniques of median celiotomy and ligation (GL, n= 9), median celiotomy and bipolar electrocoagulation (GB, n= 10) or the assisted video technique with two portals and electrocoagulation bipolar (GV, n= 8) regarding to the effects on the oxidative metabolism. Surgical times and wound size were considered. Four antioxidant biomarkers were evaluated, being plasma ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEACH) and serum thiols. Oxidation was evaluated using an oxidizing biomarker, the advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). Blood samples were collected before the surgical procedure, at two, six, 12, 24, 48, 96 hours and seven days after the operation. Higher operative times and smaller surgical wound size were observed to GV. The levels of CUPRAC, FRAP and thiols did not vary between the groups. GV showed higher concentrations of TEACH in relation to the animals of GB. Regarding to AOOP, the GV showed higher concentration when comparing to both groups of celiotomy. All the techniques showed similar variations of the antioxidant biomarkers, and animals underwent to videosurgery presented high values of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products.

Application of high frequency bipolar electrocoagulation LigaSureTM in appendix vermiformis of rabbits with or without acute inflammatory process / Aplicação do eletrocoagulador bipolar de alta frequência LigaSureTM no apêndice vermiforme na vigência ou não de processo inflamatório agudo

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of the use of LigaSureTM in appendectomy, with or without acute inflammatory process, and to compare with simple ligature and conventional therapy. METHODS: A total of 30 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) randomly allocated in two groups, group A and B, of 15 animals each were used. The group A without acute appendicitis and the group B with acute appendicitis were submitted to appendectomy. After, the groups were subdivided into three groups, each group containing five rabbits submitted to simple ligature, conventional therapy and application of LigaSureTM. We assessed macroscopic and microscopy parameters of appendiceal stump and operative wound. RESULTS: The group with acute appendicitis that LigaSureTM was applied had fibrosis in 100% of animals, as well as in the other operative techniques used. It suggested that application of LigaSureTM is efficient as other techniques used in healing of appendiceal stump. CONCLUSIONS: The application of LigaSureTM induces the formation of fibrosis in the appendiceal stump. The technique proved efficacy to induce enough fibrous tissue to obstruct leakage of enteric content.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da utilização do LigaSureTM na apendicectomia, com ou sem a presença de processo inflamatório agudo, comparando com ligadura simples ou técnica tradicional. MÉTODOS: Um total de 30 coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) foi alocado em dois grupos, grupos A e B, cada um composto por 15 animais. O grupo A não apresentava apendicite aguda e o grupo B com apendicite aguda, sendo os animais submetidos à apendicitectomia. Cada grupo foi divido em três subgrupos, cada um com cinco animais onde foram então submetidos à ligadura simples, técnica tradicional ou utilização do LigaSureTM. Foram avaliados parâmetros macroscópicos assim como microscópicos do coto apendicular assim como da ferida operatória. RESULTADOS: No grupo que apresentava apendicite aguda onde foi utilizado o LigaSureTM, foi observado fibrose em 100% dos animais, assim como nos outros dois grupos. Com isto mostrou-se que a aplicação do LigaSureTM é tão eficiente quanto as outras técnicas utilizadas na cicatrizaçãoo do coto apendicular. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização do LigaSureTM induz a formação de fibrose na região do coto apencicular. A técnica foi eficaz quanto à formação de tecido fibrótico evitando o extravassamento de conteúdo entérico.(AU)

Effects of electrocautery to provoke endovascular thermal injury / Efeitos do eletrocautério para provocar lesão térmica endovascular

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of a new electrocautery device to provoke endovascular venous thermal injury. METHODS: An experimental endovascular electrocautery was placed inside eight ex-vivo bovine saphenous veins models. Each one was divided in eight segments and progressive intensities of electric energy liberated. The macroscopic and microscopic effects were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty bovine saphenous veins segments were studied. The higher the electric energy applied the greater the nuclear picnosis and more intense the cytoplasmatic shrinkage and electrocoagulation effects. CONCLUSION: The experimental endovascular electrocautery device demonstrated to be both capable of inducing the destruction of the intimal layers of the studied vein model and provoke endovascular thermal injury.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos de um modelo experimental de eletrocautério em provocar lesão venosa térmica endovascular. MÉTODOS: O eletrocautério endovascular foi colocado dentro de oito modelos experimentais de veia safena bovina. Cada uma foi dividida em oito segmentos e intensidades progressivas de energia elétrica liberada. Os efeitos macroscópicos e microscópicos foram analisados. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados quarenta segmentos de veia safena bovina. Quanto maior a energia elétrica aplicada pelo eletrocauterizador endovascular maiores foram as alteraçoes de picnose nuclear e mais intensa a retração citoplasmática observada. CONCLUSÃO: O eletrocautério endovascular experimental demonstrou ser capaz de induzir a destruição da camada íntima e provocar lesão térmica endovascular.(AU)

Clinical importance and prevalence of testicular microlithiasis in pediatric patients / Importância clínica e prevalência de microlititíase testicular em pacientes pediátricos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of testicular microlithiasis among pediatric patients with inguinoscrotal affections. METHODS: Between January 2005 and January 2010, we evaluated, prospectively 1504 children ranging from 1 to 15 years with inguinoscrotal affections with a high-frequency ultrasound system, which employs a 10-MHz transducer. RESULTS: Testicular microlithiasis was identified in 20 testes of eleven children (0.71% of 1504 patients evaluated), through an ultrasound scan. Testicular microlithiasis was found in 5 children with cryptorchidism (3.93% of 127 patients), 4 children with retractile testes (14.8% of 27 patients), 1 child with a hypotrophic testis (100% of 1 patient), and 1 child with inguinal hernia (0.07% of 1349 patients). The children with testicular microlithiasis were submitted to annual physical examinations and ultrasound evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular microlithiasis was a rare condition and occurred in 0.7% of the subjects studied. The association with cryptorchidism, retractile and hypotrophic testis was significant.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de microlitíase testicular entre pacientes pediátricos com afecções inguinoescrotais. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo entre janeiro de 2005 a janeiro de 2010, utilizando ultrasonografia escrotal em 1504 crianças (de 1 a 15 anos) com afecções inguinoescrotais. RESULTADOS: Microlitíase testicular foi identificada em 20 testículos de 11 crianças (0,71% dos 1504 pacientes). 5 crianças com criptorquidia (3,93% de 127 pacientes), 4 com testículo retrátil (14,8% de 27 pacientes), 1 com hipotrofia testicular e 1 com hérnia inguinal (0,07% de 1349 crianças). As crianças foram avaliadas anualmente com exame físico e ultrassonografia inguinoescrotal. CONCLUSÕES: A microlitíase testicular é uma entidade rara, ocorrendo em 0,7% dos pacientes pediátricos com afecções inguinoescrotais. A associação com a criptorquidia, testículo retrátil e a hipotrofia testicular foi significativa.(AU)