Disfunções endócrinas mais comuns e que podem afetar a atividade reprodutiva de cães / Endocrine dysfunctions that can affect reproductive activity in dogs

As disfunções hormonais podem interagir com eixo hipotalamo-hipófise-gônadas (H/H/G) resultando em alteração da espermatogênese e impactando negativamente a fertilidade dos machos. As endocrinopatias na espécie canina são mais frequentes nas fêmeas e muitas vezes os sinais clínicos iniciais envolvem alopecias e alterações de peso, comportamento e de metabolismo. As disfunções hormonais comuns em cães machos incluem o hipotireoidismo, hiperplasia prostática benigna e os tumores testiculares. Cães idosos geralmente apresentam alterações hormonais dependentes da idade, mas a literatura é escassa e conflitante em relação a esta condição, assim o objetivo dessa revisão é informar e atualizar conceitos relacionados às disfunções hormonais que podem causar infertilidade em cães machos com vistas a ferramentas mais modernas de diagnósticos e avaliação seminal.(AU)

Hormonal dysfunctions may interact with hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads (H/H/G) axis resulting in altered spermatogenesis and negatively impacting male fertility. Endocrinopathies in the canine species are more frequent in females and often the initial clinical signs involve alopecia and changes in weight, behavior, and metabolism. Common hormonal dysfunctions in male dogs include hypothyroidism, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and testicular tumors. Older dogs usually present age- dependent hormonal changes, but the literature is scarce and conflicting regarding this condition, thus the aim of this review is to inform and update concepts related to hormonal dysfunctions that can cause infertility in male dogs with a view to more modern diagnostic tools and seminal evaluation.(AU)

Juvenile panhypopituitarism in a dog - what are the therapeutic challenges?

Background: Juvenile panhypopituitarism is an endocrinopathy that affects young dogs and must be differentiated from other causes of height disorders, as one could have a deficiency of one or more adenohypophysis hormones, besides growth hormone. Diagnosis consists of excluding endocrine and non-endocrine causes. Treatment requires administration of heterologous porcine growth hormone or progestins, as well as supplementing other hormones that are deficient in the circulation. The prognosis for these patients tends to be unfavorable and they have a shorter life expectancy. The present case aimed to report the therapeutic challenges in a dog diagnosed with juvenile panhypopituitarism. Case: This study presents the case of a 6-month-old crossbred Labrador/Brazilian Fila dog, not neutered, 6.7 kg of body weight (body condition score 5/9), with a growth disorder and persistence of the puppy coat, when compared to other members of the same litter. During inspection, it was possible to observe an undersized dog and soft puppy coat, besides no bone irregularities or joint tenderness was noted. The other physical examination parameters were within the normal range for the species. No changes in complete blood count and only increases in urea, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase activity were observed. Thyroid and abdominal ultrasound (US) examination did not reveal any remarkable changes. After serum dosage of insulin-like growth factor, thyroxine, thyrostimulating hormone, and cortisol, the patient was diagnosed with juvenile panhypopituitarism and underwent therapy with medroxyprogesterone and thyroid hormone supplementation. Monitoring was instituted at intervals of 3, 6, and 12 weeks, and currently every 3 or 4 months and the IGF-1 values normalized after 6 months with. After 8 months of therapy, the patient had good body growth and bone mineralization compared to the time of diagnosis. However, skeletal development was completed only 12 months after hormone replacement, accompanied by the presence of vertebral osteophytes and coxofemoral osteoarticular alterations. Considering chronic use of progestins, ovariosalpingohysterectomy (OSH) was recommended, but for personal reasons, the owners chose to do not submit her to surgery. After 18 months of treatment, the dog starts to exhibit prostration, selective appetite, and increased abdominal volume. After imaging exam, she was forwarded for OSH, due to consistent findings of pyometra. Subsequently, even the supervision of possible comorbidities involved in the chronic use of progestins was maintained at half-yearly intervals, the bitch returned to the service with skin thickening, increased limb volume, and macroglossia after 60 months of therapy. At this point IGF-1 values were higher when compared to the previous measurements and the application of medroxyprogesterone was suspended. Its supplementation was reintroduced only after 8 months when IGF-1 was significantly reduced. To date, the patient is close to 6 years of age and with a good quality of life. Discussion: The greatest therapeutic challenge for these patients involves dealing with the adverse effects of progestins, mainly related to reproductive disorders and alopecia at the application site, as well as maintaining adequate hormone replacement in order to avoid hypersomatotropism. Although longevity is lower in these individuals, the patient in this report has achieved 6 years of age and has had an excellent quality of life so far.

Tumor ovariano de células de Sertoli em fêmea canina / Ovarian tumor of Sertoli cells in a female dog

O tumor de células de Sertoli, classificado como tumor do cordão sexual puro, é caracterizado por provocar manifestações clínicas endócrinas. É encontrado mais comumente em machos e é raro em fêmeas. O presente estudo objetivou relatar um caso de tumor ovariano de células de Sertoli em uma cadela. A paciente era uma fêmea canina, de cinco anos de idade da raça Shi Tzu, que apresentava queixa de "posição de prece" com frequência e anestro há dois anos. O exame físico determinou alopecia difusa e simétrica, hiperpigmentação de pele, pelos frágeis e comedões, com aumento de volume no flanco esquerdo e sensibilidade à palpação abdominal. O exame ultrassonográfico evidenciou estrutura arredondada, de bordas definidas em topografia de ovário esquerdo, medindo aproximadamente 5,27cm em seu maior eixo; além de piometra incipiente. Após ovariossalpingohisterectomia, realizou-se avaliação histopatológica do ovário, com diagnóstico de tumor do cordão sexual/estroma, com padrão de células de Sertoli infiltrativo. Conclui-se que, apesar de incomum, é importante incluir o tumor de células de Sertoli como diagnóstico diferencial, em casos de sinais de desregulação hormonal e alterações no ciclo estral e do pelame do animal. Ressalta-se a importância dos exames de imagem e histopatológicos para o diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento adequado.

Sertoli cells tumor, classified as a pure sexual cord tumor, is characterized by causing endocrine clinical manifestations. It is commonly found in males and is rare in females. The present study aimed to report a case of a Sertoli cell ovarian tumor in a female dog. The patient was a five-year-old female Shi Tzu dog, who complained of prayer position frequently and anestrus for two years. The physical examination determined diffuse and symmetrical alopecia, skin hyperpigmentation, fragile hair, and comedones, with increased volume in the left flank and sensitivity to abdominal palpation. The ultrasound examination evidenced the presence of a rounded structure, with defined edges in the topography of the left ovary, measuring approximately 5.27cm in its longest axis, in addition to incipient pyometra. After ovariosalpingohysterectomy, a histopathological evaluation of the ovary was performed with a diagnosis of sexual cord/stroma with an infiltrative Sertoli cell pattern. It is concluded that, although uncommon, it is important to include the Sertoli cell tumor as a differential diagnosis in cases of signs of hormonal dysregulation and changes in the estrous cycle, and animal's coat. The importance of imaging and histopathological exams for diagnosis, prognosis, and appropriate treatment is highlighted.

Aspectos clínicos e etiológicos da alopecia x em cães: uma revisão de literatura / Clinical and etiological aspects of alopecia X in dogs: A literature review

A alopecia X ou “aprisionamento do folículo piloso” é uma dermatopatia frequente em consultas dermatológicas veterinárias, caracterizada por um conjunto de manifestações cutâneas como a perda de pelame. Sua etiologia permanece desconhecida até os dias atuais, o que justifica a sua denominação. A suspeita é de que seja uma enfermidade de caráter hereditário, sendo interessante observar que, em áreas de trauma ou biópsia, ocorre recrescimento piloso. Acomete tanto fêmeas quanto machos, tendo predileção por machos não castrados entre um a cinco anos de idade. Atinge principalmente raças nórdicas como, por exemplo, o spitz alemão, malamute do Alasca, husky siberiano e samoieda. Pode estar relacionada a alterações endócrinas e vir acompanhada de doenças secundárias, devido à perda de proteção oferecida pela pelagem. O principal sinal clínico é a queda de pelos não inflamatória, bilateral e simétrica, pelo seco, sem brilho e com aspecto de lã, além de melanodermia e outras alterações inespecíficas. O diagnóstico pode ser dado a partir da resposta do paciente frente ao tratamento instituído. A castração dos animais acometidos é a terapia mais empregada atualmente. O médico-veterinário deve estar a par da ocorrência, sinais clínicos e tratamento dessa afecção, de maneira a orientar os tutores de forma correta. O objetivo do trabalho foi contribuir para o entendimento da alopecia X reunindo informações pertinentes.

Alopecia X or “hair follicle entrapment” is a common dermatopathy in veterinary dermatological consultations, characterized by a set of skin manifestations such as hair loss. Its etiology remains unknown to the present day, which justifies its name. The suspicion is that it is a hereditary disease, and it is interesting to note that, in areas of trauma or biopsy, hair regrowth occurs. It affects both females and males, with a predilection for uncastrated males between one to five years old. It mainly affects Nordic breeds such as the German Spitz, Alaskan Malamute, Siberian Husky and Samoyed. It may be related to endocrine disorders and be accompanied by secondary diseases, due to the loss of protection offered by the coat. The main clinical sign is non-inflammatory, bilateral and symmetric hair loss, dry and dull hair with a woolen appearance, in addition to melanoderma and other nonspecific alterations. The diagnosis can be made based on the patient’s response to the instituted treatment. Castration of affected animals is currently the most used therapy. The veterinarian must be aware of the occurrence, clinical signs and treatment of this condition, in order to guide tutors correctly. The objective of the work was to contribute to the understanding of alopecia X by gathering pertinent information.

Aspectos clínicos e etiológicos da alopecia x em cães: uma revisão de literatura / Clinical and etiological aspects of alopecia X in dogs: A literature review

A alopecia X ou “aprisionamento do folículo piloso” é uma dermatopatia frequente em consultas dermatológicas veterinárias, caracterizada por um conjunto de manifestações cutâneas como a perda de pelame. Sua etiologia permanece desconhecida até os dias atuais, o que justifica a sua denominação. A suspeita é de que seja uma enfermidade de caráter hereditário, sendo interessante observar que, em áreas de trauma ou biópsia, ocorre recrescimento piloso. Acomete tanto fêmeas quanto machos, tendo predileção por machos não castrados entre um a cinco anos de idade. Atinge principalmente raças nórdicas como, por exemplo, o spitz alemão, malamute do Alasca, husky siberiano e samoieda. Pode estar relacionada a alterações endócrinas e vir acompanhada de doenças secundárias, devido à perda de proteção oferecida pela pelagem. O principal sinal clínico é a queda de pelos não inflamatória, bilateral e simétrica, pelo seco, sem brilho e com aspecto de lã, além de melanodermia e outras alterações inespecíficas. O diagnóstico pode ser dado a partir da resposta do paciente frente ao tratamento instituído. A castração dos animais acometidos é a terapia mais empregada atualmente. O médico-veterinário deve estar a par da ocorrência, sinais clínicos e tratamento dessa afecção, de maneira a orientar os tutores de forma correta. O objetivo do trabalho foi contribuir para o entendimento da alopecia X reunindo informações pertinentes.(AU)

Alopecia X or “hair follicle entrapment” is a common dermatopathy in veterinary dermatological consultations, characterized by a set of skin manifestations such as hair loss. Its etiology remains unknown to the present day, which justifies its name. The suspicion is that it is a hereditary disease, and it is interesting to note that, in areas of trauma or biopsy, hair regrowth occurs. It affects both females and males, with a predilection for uncastrated males between one to five years old. It mainly affects Nordic breeds such as the German Spitz, Alaskan Malamute, Siberian Husky and Samoyed. It may be related to endocrine disorders and be accompanied by secondary diseases, due to the loss of protection offered by the coat. The main clinical sign is non-inflammatory, bilateral and symmetric hair loss, dry and dull hair with a woolen appearance, in addition to melanoderma and other nonspecific alterations. The diagnosis can be made based on the patients response to the instituted treatment. Castration of affected animals is currently the most used therapy. The veterinarian must be aware of the occurrence, clinical signs and treatment of this condition, in order to guide tutors correctly. The objective of the work was to contribute to the understanding of alopecia X by gathering pertinent information.(AU)

Epidermal renewal after treatment of primary canine hypothyroidism using levothyroxine

Background: Primary canine hypothyroidism, an endocrine disorder that causes imbalances in the hypothalamus-pituitarythyroid axis, is a common cause of endocrine dermatoses, which frequently presents with opaque dry brittle hair. Tissue changes are also visible, such as myxedema, hyperkeratosis, epidermal atrophy, alopecia, and others. This paper describes the skin changes caused by primary hypothyroidism in a female dog before and after treatment with levothyroxine. Case: This case study involved a 7-year-old Dalmatian bitch with a history of weight gain and changes such as rough dry brittle hair. For about a year, the dog also had also presented symmetrical erythematous and alopecia skin lesions in the regions of the hind limbs, lower back and tail, progressive lethargy and fatigue after exercise. A hemogram showed mild normocytic and normochromic regenerative anemia, as well as mild leukopenia and neutropenia. Biochemical tests revealed increased levels of creatinine, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Skin biopsy revealed the presence of comedones in the epidermis and acanthosis and trichilemmal keratinization. Hormonal tests revealed high TSH and low free T4 and total T4 levels. A cervical ultrasound scan showed changes in the thyroid glands, with hypoechoic parenchyma, in addition to increased size of the right lobe, suggesting thyroiditis. Based on these exams, the patient was diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism, and treatment with levothyroxine was instituted. Discussion: Around 90% of dogs with hypothyroidism show a decrease in total T4 and about 65-75% of them show an increase in TSH levels. In endocrinopathy, there is a decrease in the expression of T3 receptors in the keratinocytes and genes responsible for epidermal renewal. Also, molecules that affect epidermal differentiation bind to intracellular receptors belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily. In this study, however, the application of the minimum levothyroxine dose restored the normal epidermal pattern for the species and the remaining parameters returned to normal. The hormone T3 acts in the differentiation of keratinocytes, a fact that, although not yet proven, is believed to be indirect and mediated by the epidermal growth factor or by the expression of the genes responsible for the renewal of the epidermis. Besides, some effects on the epidermis caused by deficiency of thyroid hormones may be due to secondary vitamin A deficiency, which is necessary for epithelial differentiation and binding epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the cell. Still, there is a theory that sex hormones also affect the differentiation of the epidermis, as studies show that deficiency causes effects similar to those caused by hypothyroidism. Some studies indicate the investigation of the relationship between secondary vitamin D deficiency and the increased cellularity of the epidermis of the spayed hypothyroid female rats. Additionally, the mechanism of the formation of hyperkeratosis in hypothyroidism is not yet elucidated. T3 is known to regulate keratin gene expression and perhaps also epidermal maturation, epithelial cycle, and normal keratin synthesis. The single treatment with levothyroxine in the female dog was effective in promoting the restoration of gene expression to T3 in keratinocytes.

Técnica de microagulhamento para tratamento de alopecia x em cães / Microneedling technique for treatment of alopecia X in dogs

A alopecia X é uma dermatopatia hormonal que afeta principalmente raças nórdicas e tem como características a ocorrência de alopecia não inflamatória bilateral e simétrica, melanodérmica. Ela não afeta a região distal dos membros e cabeça, acometendo, sobretudo, a região cervical, dorsal e perianal. O diagnóstico é baseado nos sinais clínicos que o animal apresenta, na exclusão de dermatopatias endócrinas como hiperadrenocorticismo e hipotireoidismo, em exames laboratoriais e em biopsia cutânea. O tratamento consiste na castração, melatonina, trilostano e/ou hormônio do crescimento. Recentemente, o microagulhamento tem sido uma alternativa viável em pacientes com alopecia X. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar o uso da técnica de microagulhamento em cães com alopecia X. Foram acompanhados dois cães, machos, da raça Spitz Alemão, com 2 e 5 anos de idade respectivamente, com um quadro alopécico e melanodermia na região de dorso e flanco e região cervical, caudal e perianal há mais de 2 anos. Depois de caracterizados como pacientes alopécicos X, os animais foram conduzidos à técnica de microagulhamento, exibindo repilação nas áreas alopécicas. Conclui-se dessa forma que o microagulhamento é uma técnica promissora para o tratamento da alopecia X.

Alopecia X is a hormonal dermatopathy that affects mainly Nordic breeds and has as its characteristics the occurrence of bilateral and symmetrical, melanodermic non-inflammatory alopecia. It does not affect the distal region of the limbs and head, mainly affecting the cervical, dorsal and perianal regions. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs that the animal presents in the exclusion of endocrine dermatopathies such as hyperadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism, in laboratory tests and in cutaneous biopsy. Treatment consists of castration, melatonin, trilostan and/or growth hormone. Recently, microneedling has been a viable alternative in patients with alopecia X. The present work aimed to report the use of the microneedling technique in dogs with alopecia X. Two male German Spitz dogs, 2 and 5 years old respectively, with alopecia and melanodermia in the dorsum and flank region and cervical, caudal and perianal region for more than 2 years were followed. After being characterized as alopecia X patients, the animals were conducted to the microneedling technique, exhibiting repopulation in the alopecia areas. The conclusion is that microneedling is a promising technique for the treatment of alopecia X.

Técnica de microagulhamento para tratamento de alopecia x em cães / Microneedling technique for treatment of alopecia X in dogs

A alopecia X é uma dermatopatia hormonal que afeta principalmente raças nórdicas e tem como características a ocorrência de alopecia não inflamatória bilateral e simétrica, melanodérmica. Ela não afeta a região distal dos membros e cabeça, acometendo, sobretudo, a região cervical, dorsal e perianal. O diagnóstico é baseado nos sinais clínicos que o animal apresenta, na exclusão de dermatopatias endócrinas como hiperadrenocorticismo e hipotireoidismo, em exames laboratoriais e em biopsia cutânea. O tratamento consiste na castração, melatonina, trilostano e/ou hormônio do crescimento. Recentemente, o microagulhamento tem sido uma alternativa viável em pacientes com alopecia X. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar o uso da técnica de microagulhamento em cães com alopecia X. Foram acompanhados dois cães, machos, da raça Spitz Alemão, com 2 e 5 anos de idade respectivamente, com um quadro alopécico e melanodermia na região de dorso e flanco e região cervical, caudal e perianal há mais de 2 anos. Depois de caracterizados como pacientes alopécicos X, os animais foram conduzidos à técnica de microagulhamento, exibindo repilação nas áreas alopécicas. Conclui-se dessa forma que o microagulhamento é uma técnica promissora para o tratamento da alopecia X.(AU)

Alopecia X is a hormonal dermatopathy that affects mainly Nordic breeds and has as its characteristics the occurrence of bilateral and symmetrical, melanodermic non-inflammatory alopecia. It does not affect the distal region of the limbs and head, mainly affecting the cervical, dorsal and perianal regions. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs that the animal presents in the exclusion of endocrine dermatopathies such as hyperadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism, in laboratory tests and in cutaneous biopsy. Treatment consists of castration, melatonin, trilostan and/or growth hormone. Recently, microneedling has been a viable alternative in patients with alopecia X. The present work aimed to report the use of the microneedling technique in dogs with alopecia X. Two male German Spitz dogs, 2 and 5 years old respectively, with alopecia and melanodermia in the dorsum and flank region and cervical, caudal and perianal region for more than 2 years were followed. After being characterized as alopecia X patients, the animals were conducted to the microneedling technique, exhibiting repopulation in the alopecia areas. The conclusion is that microneedling is a promising technique for the treatment of alopecia X.(AU)

Acompanhamento clínico-laboratorial de obesidade associada ao hipotireoidismo em cão / Clinical-laboratory follow-up of obesity associated with hypothyroidism in a dog

O hipotireoidismo canino é uma endocrinopatia comumente diagnosticada em cães. Os principais sinais clínicos presentes são os metabólicos (letargia, ganho de peso e intolerância a exercícios) e dermatológicos (pelagem seca e quebradiça, alopecia endócrina e mixedema). No entanto, alterações neuromusculares, cardíacas e reprodutivas também podem estar presentes. O diagnóstico é realizado através de informações do histórico do animal, sinais clínicos, exames de triagem e testes hormonais. O tratamento de escolha é a suplementação com levotiroxina sódica e a resposta do tratamento é satisfatória com remissão dos sinais clínicos, em até 6 meses de suplementação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de hipotireoidismo em um cão. Uma paciente canina, SRD, fêmea, castrada, quatro anos e pesando 44,5kg foi encaminhada para a consulta endocrinológica apresentando letargia, ganho de peso, termofilia e discreta rarefação pilosa na cauda. No hemograma e nas dosagens bioquímicas (ALT, GGT, FA, triglicerídeos e colesterol) não foram observadas alterações significativas. As dosagens hormonais de TSH e T4 livre foram realizadas e os resultados mostraram um TSH acima dos valores de referência para a normalidade (3,58 ng/mL) e um T4 livre abaixo dos valores de referência para a normalidade (0,41 ng/mL), assim o diagnóstico foi de hipotireoidismo. O tratamento instituído foi com levotiroxina sódica na dose de 20 mcg/ kg uma vez ao dia. Após 60 dias foi realizado o teste de reposição com levotiroxina e a reavaliação da paciente. Houve resposta satisfatória ao tratamento, com remissão dos sinais clínicos de letargia, intolerância a exercícios e ganho de peso.(AU)

Canine hypothyroidism is an endocrinopathy usually diagnosed in dogs. The main clinical signs present are metabolic (lethargy, weight gain and exercise intolerance) and dermatologic (dry, brittle hair coat, endocrine alopecia and myxedema). However, neuromuscular, cardiac, and reproductive changes may also be present. The diagnosis is accomplished by history, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic and measurement of hormones. The treatment of choice is levothyroxine sodium supplementation and treatment response is satisfactory with remission of clinical signs within 6 months of supplementation. This study aimed to report a case of hypothyroidism in a dog. A canine, mixed-breed, female, neutered, 4 years and weight 44.5 kg was forwarded to endocrinology assignment showing lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance and discrete hair rarefaction on the tail. At the complete blood count and serum biochemistry (ALT, GGT, AP, triglycerides and cholesterol) no significant changes were observed. Baseline serum TSH and free T4 concentration were performed and the diagnosis of hypothyroidism was achieved by results of high TSH (3.58 ng / mL) and low free T4 (0.41 ng / mL). The treatment instituted was levothyroxine sodium dose of 20 mcg/ kg SID, after 60 days the replacement assay with levothyroxine and patient's evaluation was applied. There was a satisfactory response to the treatment by remission of clinical signs of lethargy, exercise intolerance and weight gain.(AU)

Acompanhamento clínico-laboratorial de obesidade associada ao hipotireoidismo em cão / Clinical-laboratory follow-up of obesity associated with hypothyroidism in a dog

O hipotireoidismo canino é uma endocrinopatia comumente diagnosticada em cães. Os principais sinais clínicos presentes são os metabólicos (letargia, ganho de peso e intolerância a exercícios) e dermatológicos (pelagem seca e quebradiça, alopecia endócrina e mixedema). No entanto, alterações neuromusculares, cardíacas e reprodutivas também podem estar presentes. O diagnóstico é realizado através de informações do histórico do animal, sinais clínicos, exames de triagem e testes hormonais. O tratamento de escolha é a suplementação com levotiroxina sódica e a resposta do tratamento é satisfatória com remissão dos sinais clínicos, em até 6 meses de suplementação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de hipotireoidismo em um cão. Uma paciente canina, SRD, fêmea, castrada, quatro anos e pesando 44,5kg foi encaminhada para a consulta endocrinológica apresentando letargia, ganho de peso, termofilia e discreta rarefação pilosa na cauda. No hemograma e nas dosagens bioquímicas (ALT, GGT, FA, triglicerídeos e colesterol) não foram observadas alterações significativas. As dosagens hormonais de TSH e T4 livre foram realizadas e os resultados mostraram um TSH acima dos valores de referência para a normalidade (3,58 ng/mL) e um T4 livre abaixo dos valores de referência para a normalidade (0,41 ng/mL), assim o diagnóstico foi de hipotireoidismo. O tratamento instituído foi com levotiroxina sódica na dose de 20 mcg/ kg uma vez ao dia. Após 60 dias foi realizado o teste de reposição com levotiroxina e a reavaliação da paciente. Houve resposta satisfatória ao tratamento, com remissão dos sinais clínicos de letargia, intolerância a exercícios e ganho de peso.

Canine hypothyroidism is an endocrinopathy usually diagnosed in dogs. The main clinical signs present are metabolic (lethargy, weight gain and exercise intolerance) and dermatologic (dry, brittle hair coat, endocrine alopecia and myxedema). However, neuromuscular, cardiac, and reproductive changes may also be present. The diagnosis is accomplished by history, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic and measurement of hormones. The treatment of choice is levothyroxine sodium supplementation and treatment response is satisfactory with remission of clinical signs within 6 months of supplementation. This study aimed to report a case of hypothyroidism in a dog. A canine, mixed-breed, female, neutered, 4 years and weight 44.5 kg was forwarded to endocrinology assignment showing lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance and discrete hair rarefaction on the tail. At the complete blood count and serum biochemistry (ALT, GGT, AP, triglycerides and cholesterol) no significant changes were observed. Baseline serum TSH and free T4 concentration were performed and the diagnosis of hypothyroidism was achieved by results of high TSH (3.58 ng / mL) and low free T4 (0.41 ng / mL). The treatment instituted was levothyroxine sodium dose of 20 mcg/ kg SID, after 60 days the replacement assay with levothyroxine and patient's evaluation was applied. There was a satisfactory response to the treatment by remission of clinical signs of lethargy, exercise intolerance and weight gain.

Tratamento prévio com trilostano e levotiroxina em subdose dificultam diagnóstico de hipotireoidismo canino / Previous treatment with trilostane and levotiroxin in subdosis difficult the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism

Background: hypothyroidism is a disease of clinical importance that causes multisystem disorders, which can be confused with other endocrinopathies. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is necessary in order to avoid worsening of the clinical manifestation. The use of drugs in a wrong way can directly imply the difficulty of the diagnostic approach, since they may cause changes in the biochemical profiles, which are of great importance as markers in diseases of animals with low thyroid function.Case: The case reports a German Spitz male, one year old and six months old, neutered, who presented bilateral do not cause itching alopecia, being treated by another professional for endocrine and fungal affections. In this same medical appointment were neglected biochemical and hematological profile exams. The exams that had been performed were skin scrapings, which showed growth of fungi and bacteria, besides the measurement of thyroid hormones as TSH, T4L (T4 free) e T3, and also the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. Based on the findings the therapy instituted by such professional was the administration of itraconazole (ITL®), levothyroxine sodium (compounded drugs) and trilostane (compounded drugs). With absence of clinical improvement, the guardian came to the hospital veterinary, in search of a second diagnostic opinion, where during the collection of information at the time of the anamnesis the patient presented lethargy, drowsiness and absence of hair on both sides. During the clinical examination, the animal presented mild bradycardia and a slightly diminished rectal temperature; in the dermatological evaluation the presence of pup pelt, cutaneous hyperpigmentation and hair thinning in the abdominal area were noted. From this evaluation, hematological exams were requested, which had altered the presence of lymphocytosis, and biochemical tests, where changes in the cholesterol and triglyceride levels were expected, but they were within the normal range.[...](AU)

Tratamento prévio com trilostano e levotiroxina em subdose dificultam diagnóstico de hipotireoidismo canino / Previous treatment with trilostane and levotiroxin in subdosis difficult the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism

Background: hypothyroidism is a disease of clinical importance that causes multisystem disorders, which can be confused with other endocrinopathies. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is necessary in order to avoid worsening of the clinical manifestation. The use of drugs in a wrong way can directly imply the difficulty of the diagnostic approach, since they may cause changes in the biochemical profiles, which are of great importance as markers in diseases of animals with low thyroid function.Case: The case reports a German Spitz male, one year old and six months old, neutered, who presented bilateral do not cause itching alopecia, being treated by another professional for endocrine and fungal affections. In this same medical appointment were neglected biochemical and hematological profile exams. The exams that had been performed were skin scrapings, which showed growth of fungi and bacteria, besides the measurement of thyroid hormones as TSH, T4L (T4 free) e T3, and also the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. Based on the findings the therapy instituted by such professional was the administration of itraconazole (ITL®), levothyroxine sodium (compounded drugs) and trilostane (compounded drugs). With absence of clinical improvement, the guardian came to the hospital veterinary, in search of a second diagnostic opinion, where during the collection of information at the time of the anamnesis the patient presented lethargy, drowsiness and absence of hair on both sides. During the clinical examination, the animal presented mild bradycardia and a slightly diminished rectal temperature; in the dermatological evaluation the presence of pup pelt, cutaneous hyperpigmentation and hair thinning in the abdominal area were noted. From this evaluation, hematological exams were requested, which had altered the presence of lymphocytosis, and biochemical tests, where changes in the cholesterol and triglyceride levels were expected, but they were within the normal range.[...]

Hipotireoidismo canino - relato de caso / Canine hypothyroidism - case report

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disease more diagnosed in dogs. The clinical signs most found are lethargy, weight gain, coat coarse and scanty, nonpruritic alopecia and cold intolerance. In this study, we aimed to report a case of canine hypothyroidism in order to clarify important points of this disease, thus contributing to future diagnosis of similar cases. A bitch of 6-year-old was taken to the vet presenting overweight, exercise intolerance, coat coarse, excess of coat loss and hyperpigmentation of skin. Based on exams accomplished as free T4 measurement was diagnosed hypothyroidism and instituted treatment was l-thyroxine indose rate of 11 μg/kg twice daily.

Hipotireoidismo canino - relato de caso / Canine hypothyroidism - case report

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disease more diagnosed in dogs. The clinical signs most found are lethargy, weight gain, coat coarse and scanty, nonpruritic alopecia and cold intolerance. In this study, we aimed to report a case of canine hypothyroidism in order to clarify important points of this disease, thus contributing to future diagnosis of similar cases. A bitch of 6-year-old was taken to the vet presenting overweight, exercise intolerance, coat coarse, excess of coat loss and hyperpigmentation of skin. Based on exams accomplished as free T4 measurement was diagnosed hypothyroidism and instituted treatment was l-thyroxine indose rate of 11 μg/kg twice daily.(AU)

Relation between the level of self-mutilation and the concentration of fecal metabolites of glucocorticoids incaptive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) / Relação do grau de automutilação com as concentrações de metabólitos fecais de glicocorticoides em chimpanzés (Pan troglodytes)

The influence of stress in an environment, according with the behavioral and endocrine variables of primates, are increasingly being studied by a diversity of authors, and have shown that abnormal behaviors associated with increased glucocorticoids may be directly related with the impairment of their well-being. In this work were used 22 adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 11 males and 11 females, kept in captivity in three different institutions. All animals had their behavior registered by focal session using a 30 seconds sample interval, during six months, totaling 4,800 registries per each animal. During this period, fecal samples were collected 3 times a week for the extraction and measurement of the concentration of fecal metabolites of glucocorticoid by radioimmunoassay. Of the total observed, stereotypical behaviors represented 13,45±2.76%, and among them, self-mutilation represented 38.28±3.98 %. The animals were classified into three different scores, according with the percentage of body surface with alopecia due to self-mutilation. It was found a positive correlation of high intensity between the scores of alopecia due to the observed mutilation and the average concentrations of fecal metabolites of glucocorticoids. This result strongly suggests that this measurement of self-mutilation in a chimpanzee can be used as an important auxiliary tool to evaluate de conditions of adaptation of an animal in captivity, functioning as a direct indicator of the presence of chronic stress.(AU)

A influência do estresse de um ambiente nas variáveis endócrino-comportamentais de primatas vem sendo cada vez mais estudada por diversos autores, e mostram que comportamentos anormais associados a aumentos de glicocorticóides podem estar diretamente relacionados ao comprometimento do bem-estar. Neste trabalho foram utilizados 22 chimpanzés (Pan troglodytes) adultos, sendo 11 machos e 11 fêmeas mantidos em cativeiro de três instituições diferentes. Todos os animais tiveram seus comportamentos registrados pelo método de amostragem focal por intervalo de tempo, durante seis meses, totalizando 4800 registros para cada animal. Amostras fecais foram coletadas três vezes por semana, durante este período, para extração e dosagem de metabólitos fecais de glicocorticoides por radioimunoensaio. Os comportamentos estereotipados representaram 13,45+2,76% do total observado, sendo que dentre estes comportamentos a automutilação representou 38,28+3,98%. Os animais foram classificados em três graus diferentes, de acordo com o percentual da superfície corpórea com alopecia decorrente da automutilação. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva de intensidade forte entre os graus de alopecia decorrentes de mutilação observados e as médias de concentrações de metabólitos fecais de glicocorticoides. Este resultado sugere fortemente que esta graduação de automutilação de um chimpanzé possa ser utilizada como uma ferramenta auxiliar importante nas avaliações das condições de adaptação do animal ao cativeiro, atuando como um indicador indireto da presença de estresse crônico.(AU)

Avaliação do microagulhamento na terapêutica da alopecia x em cães da raça spitz alemão

A alopecia X é uma dermatopatia não inflamatória e não pruriginosa, de etiopatogenia desconhecida, que afeta principalmente cães da raça Spitz Alemão (Lulu da Pomerânia). A doença caracteriza-se pela perda progressiva do pelame, poupando apenas a cabeça e membros em seus estádios mais avançados. A grande popularidade do Spitz Alemão, uma das raças de cães mais criada no Brasil, somada à elevada ocorrência da alopecia X nestes animais e ao sucesso apenas parcial dos tratamentos disponíveis, tornam prementes o desenvolvimento e avaliação de outras alternativas terapêuticas para esta enfermidade. Por estes motivos, o objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do microagulhamento no tratamento da alopecia X. A casuística foi composta por 23 cães da raça Spitz Alemão, diagnosticados com alopecia X. Todos os animais foram submetidos à técnica mista de microagulhamento, desenvolvida para este estudo, utilizando-se o rolo dérmico (região truncal) e a caneta dérmica (regiões cervical e perineal, membros pélvicos e cauda). Um novo método, o DAX-sa, foi desenvolvido e utilizado para estimar de forma objetiva a resposta terapêutica ao microagulhamento. Os índices de recrescimento piloso obtidos com o microagulhamento neste estudo foram: Excelente Recrescimento (80 a 100% de recrescimento piloso) em 14 cães (61%); Bom Recrescimento (60 a 80%) em 3 cães (13%); Razoável Recrescimento (40 a 60%) em 3 cães (13%); Mínimo Recrescimento (0 a 40%) em 3 cães (13%). O microagulhamento foi eficaz em promover o recrescimento piloso nos casos de alopecia X com perda severa do pelame (>80%), em casos crônicos (com duração superior a 24 meses) e em casos já tratados anteriormente com trilostano e melatonina, sem resposta. Estes resultados demonstraram que o microagulhamento é uma opção terapêutica satisfatória nos casos de alopecia X em cães da raça Spitz Alemão, com um elevado índice de recrescimento piloso e, portanto, uma alternativa viável aos tratamentos hormonais convencionais.

Alopecia X is a non-inflammatory and non-pruritic dermatopathy, of unknown etiopathogenesis, mainly affecting Pomeranians. The disease is characterized by progressive hair loss, sparing only the head and members in its most advanced stages. The great popularity of the Pomeranian, one of the most popular dog breeds in Brazil, coupled with the high occurrence of alopecia X in these animals and the only partial success of the available treatments, make of foremost importance the development and evaluation of therapeutic alternatives to this disease. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of microneedling in the treatment of alopecia X. The sample consisted of 23 Pomeranians, diagnosed with alopecia X. All animals were subjected to the mixed microneedling technique, developed for this study, using the dermal roller (trunk) and the dermal pen (cervical and perineal areas, pelvic limbs and tail). A new method, the DAX-p, was developed to objectively estimate the therapeutic response to the microneedling. The hair regrowth rates obtained with the microneedling in this study were: Excellent Regrowth (80 to 100% of recoating) in 14 dogs (61%); Good Regrowth (60 to 80%) in 3 dogs (13%); Reasonable Regrowth (40 to 60%) in 3 dogs (13%); Minimum Regrowth (0 to 40%) in 3 dogs (13%). The microneedling was effective in promoting the hair regrowth in Pomeranians with severe hair loss (>80%), in chronic cases (more than 24 months) and in cases already treated previously without success with trilostane and melatonin. These results demonstrated that the microneedling is a satisfactory therapeutic option for Pomeranians with alopecia X, with a high index of hair regrowth and therefore a viable alternative to conventional hormonal treatments.

EFEITOS TÓXICOS DA FINASTERIDA E TESTOSTERONA LIVRES E COMPLEXADAS A CICLODEXTRINA NA FISIOLOGIA E COMPORTAMENTO DE DANIO RERIO

A finasterida e a testosterona são hormônios que possuem ação anti-androgênica (inibição da 5-redutase) e androgênica respectivamente, que podem agir como disruptores endócrinos causando efeitos negativos aos animais aquáticos e suas proles. A finasterida foi desenvolvida inicialmente para tratar a hiperplasia prostática benigna, porém, foi apresentada como uma grande descoberta no tratamento da Alopecia androgenética (calvície), já a testosterona é o hormônio responsável pelas características sexuais secundárias e tem como metabólito mais ativo a di-hidrotestosterona, principal responsável pela calvície. Entretanto, a finasterida assim como a testosterona são comumente usadas em diversas situações, tanto por homens no tratamento contra a perda de cabelo (finasterida) ou na reversão sexual de peixes (testosterona), o que eleva as presenças desses hormônios no ambiente aquático. Uma vez no ambiente tanto a finasterida como a testosterona passam a ter ação de disruptores endócrinos, sendo um dos mais potentes poluentes aquáticos. Por possui propriedades hidrofóbicas que reduz suas biodisponibilidades, tais hormônios podem ser complexados a ciclodextrinas (CDs) o que reduzir esta limitação, logo sua utilização em complexos de inclusão aumentaria sua solubilidade e absorção, podendo alterar uma ou mais vias hormonais. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos tóxicos do complexo de inclusão Finasterida -ciclodextrina (-CD) e Testosterona -ciclodextrina (-CD), através da exposição crônica em concentrações subletais sob os e embriões e adultos de zebrafish (Danio rerio). Os embriões foram expostos por períodos de 96 horas pós-fertilização para a avaliação da mortalidade, efeitos teratogênicos e frequência cardíaca. Os grupos foram divididos em: controle, finasterida (FIN) e testosterona (T) livres nas concentrações de 280, 560, 1120, 2240, 4480 ng/L, e finasterida (FIN--CD) e testosterona (T--CD) complexadas a -CD nas concentrações de 280 e 4480 ng/L. Os adultos foram expostos por um período de 60 dias para a avaliar alterações comportamentais e sobrevivência diária relacionadas a exposição de finasterida (FIN) e testosterona (T) livres e complexadas (-CD) nas concentrações 280 e 4480 ng/L. Os embriões, não apresentaram mortalidade nas concentrações de 280 - 4480 ng/L em todo os todos os grupos expostos. Efeitos teratogênicos, de forma semelhante também não foram observados nos grupos nas diferentes concentrações. Nas frequências cardíacas dos embriões, foram constatadas variações significativas (p < 0,05) quando comparadas ao grupo controle em todos os grupos expostos. Os adultos expostos às concentrações de finasterida e testosterona livres e complexadas apresentaram modificações (p < 0,05) na frequência de exibição de comportamentos ativos como Nadar lento e Nadar rápido, como também nos comportamentos agonísticos. Conclui-se então, que em testes com os embriões, FIN e FIN--CD assim como T e T- -CD, podem modificar suas frequências cardíacas e que a exposição dos adultos aos mesmo hormônios promoveram uma redução na sua capacidade locomotora e um aumento na agressividade dos animais.

Finasteride and testosterone are hormones that have anti-androgenic action (inhibition of 5-reductase) and androgen respectively, which can act as endocrine disruptors causing negative effects on aquatic animals and their offspring. Finasteride was initially developed to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, however, was presented as a major discovery in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (baldness) already the testosterone is the hormone responsible for secondary sexual characteristics and has the most active metabolite the dihydrotestosterone, main responsible for baldness. However, finasteride as well as testosterone are commonly used in various situations, both by men in the treatment against hair loss (finasteride) or sexual reversal of fish (testosterone), which increases the presence of these hormones in the aquatic environment. Once in the environment both finasteride and testosterone begin to have action of endocrine disruptors, being one of the most powerful aquatic pollutants. Because it has hydrophobic properties which reduces their bioavailability, such hormones can be complexed to cyclodextrins (CDs) to reduce this limitation, therefore its use in inclusion complexes would increase its solubility and absorption, and may change one or more hormonal pathways. In view of the foregoing, the present study aims to evaluate the toxic effects of the inclusion complex Finasteride -cyclodextrin (-CD) and Testosterone -cyclodextrin (-CD), through chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations under the embryos and adults of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The work was aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of finasteride and testosterone free and complexed into cyclodextrin on the physiological and behavioral parameters of embryos and adults of the Danio rerio fish. The embryos were exposed for periods of 96 hours post-fertilization for the evaluation of mortality, teratogenic effects, and heart rate. The groups were divided into control, free finasteride (FIN) and testosterone (T) at the concentrations of 280, 560, 1120, 2240, 4480 ng/L, and finasteride (FIN--CD) and testosterone (T--CD) complexed into -CD at concentrations of 280 and 4480 ng/L. Adults were exposed for a period of 60 days to evaluate behavioral changes and daily survival related to exposure to free finasteride (FIN) and testosterone (T) complexed into -CD at concentrations 280 and 4480 ng/L. The embryos did not exhibit mortality at concentrations of 280 - 4480 ng/L in the all groups exposed. Similarly, it was not observed teratogenic effects in the groups exposed to different concentrations. In the heart frequencies of the embryos, significant variations were observed (p < 0 .05) when compared to the control group. Adults exposed to free and complexed finasteride and testosterone had significant alterations (p < 0.05) in the most active behaviors such as slow swim and fast swim, as well as in agonistic behaviors. It can be concluded that in tests with embryos, FIN and FIN--CD as well T and T- -CD, may interfere in the heart rate and the exposure of adults to the same hormones promoted a reduction in their locomotor capacity and can increase in the aggressiveness of the animals.

QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE COLÁGENO EM PELE DE CÃES COM DOENÇAS ENDÓCRINAS

A dermatologia e a endocrinologia veterinária são especialidades em ascensão. As dermatopatias endócrinas caninas representam 8,6% dos atendimentos dermatológicos, sendo o sintoma clássico a alopecia bilateral simétrica não pruriginosa. As doenças endócrinas sistêmicas mais frequentemente relacionadas às alterações cutâneas são o hipotireoidismo (HpT) e o hiperadrenocorticismo (HAC). Ainda não há um padrão histopatológico determinado das lesões cutâneas para cada uma dessas patogenias. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar morfologicamente por meio de análise macroscópica, microscópica e imunohistoquímica as lesões dermatológicas em cães com as endocrinopatias citadas. Foram utilizadas biópsias de peles de 24 cães que foram divididos em 3 grupos de 8 cães com HAC, Hpt e 8 cães pertencentes ao grupo controle, sem lesões dermatológicas evidentes. Esses fragmentos foram processados pelas técnicas habituais histológicas com posterior confecção de lâminas para análise ao microscópio. As colorações utilizadas foram Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE), Ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS), Azul de toluidina, Tricrômio de Masson (TM) e Picrossirius red (PSR). Outras secções foram marcadas por imunohistoquímica com anticorpos Tireoglobulina, TSH e ACTH e revelados pela diaminobenzidina (DAB). Todo o protocolo experimental foi submetido ao comitê de ética para experimentação animal (CEUA), protocolo nº 1534880-2016. Uma analise quantitativa aleatória foi realizada nas secoes de TM e PSR. Houve uma maior quantificação da percentagem de área de colágeno nos animais com endocrinopatias usando a técnica PSR (hipotireoidismo = 47 ± 0.89 e hiperadrenocorticismo = 44 ± 0.9). Houve um aumento estatisticamente significativo da percentagem de área de colágeno dérmico em animais endocrinopatas quando comparados aos animais do grupo controle (hipotireoidismo = 64 ± 0.082, hiperadrenocorticismo = 51 ± 1 e controle = 57 ± 0.64) usando a técnica de coloaração TM. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi observada entre entre a técnica TM e a PSR nos 3 grupos estudados, p <0.0001. Concluiu-se que que existe uma superprodução de colágeno em na pele de pacientes com hipotireoidismo e hiperadrenocorticismo.

Veterinary dermatology and endocrinology are specialties on rise. The canine endocrine dermatopathies account for 8.6% of dermatological consultations, the classic symptom being non-pruriginous symmetric bilateral alopecia. The systemic endocrine diseases most frequently related to skin changes are hypothyroidism (HpT) and hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). There is still no established histopathological pattern of skin lesions characteristic for each of these pathogens. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the dermatological lesions in dogs with the mentioned endocrinopathies by means of macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical analysis. Skin biopsies were used in 24 dogs that were divided into 3 groups of 8 dogs with HAC, 8 with Hpt and 8 dogs belonging to the control group, without evident dermatological lesions. These fragments were processed by the classic histology techniques with subsequent slides analysis. Stains used were Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Periodic Acid of Schiff (PAS), toluidine blue, Massons Trichrome (MT) and Picrossirius red (PSR). Other sections were marked by immunohistochemistry with antibodies Thyroglobulin, TSH and ACTH and revealed by diaminobenzidine (DAB). The entire experimental protocol was submitted to the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation (CEUA), Protocol No. 1534880-2016. Random quantitative analysis was performed on MT and PSR sections. There was a greater quantification of percentage of collagen area in endocrinopathic animals (hypothyroidism = 47 ± 0.89 and hyperadrenocorticism = 44 ± 0.9) using PSR. There was a statistically significant percentage of dermal collagen area in endocrinopathic animals when compared to control animals (hypothyroidism = 64 ± 0.082, hyperadrenocorticism = 51 ± 1 and control = 57 ± 0.64) using MT staining. An statistically significant difference was observed between Massons trichrome technique and picrosirius red staining technique under polarized light in the 3 groups studied , p <0.0001. Then, we may conclude that an overproduction of collagen was demonstrated in the skin of patients with hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism.

DIAGNÓSTICO DAS DOENÇAS DERMATOLÓGICAS EM PEQUENOS ANIMAIS: PRINCIPAIS DESAFIOS.

As doenças dermatológicas em pequenos animais podem ser consideradas um desafio para tutores, clínicos e patologistas. O objetivo desse estudo foi a pesquisa de condições que interferem no diagnóstico das dermatopatias não neoplásicas em cães e gatos. Esse trabalho foi dividido em três partes. Na primeira e na segunda parte do trabalho foram aplicados dois questionários, o primeiro a médicos veterinários de onze cidades do estado do Paraná e o segundo a tutores de pequenos animais com doença dermatológica em um hospital veterinário. Na terceira parte do trabalho foi realizada a avaliação dos aspectos histopatológicos que possam ser utilizados para a diferenciação das dermatopatias não neoplásicas em cães e gatos, fazendo sua correlação com os achados clínicos. Na primeira etapa do trabalho foi observado que a principal dificuldade encontrada na rotina dermatológica foi comprometimento do tutor do animal (54,95%). Recidivas de até 30% foram relatadas por 40% dos clínicos. Houve predomínio de tutores de classe média nos atendimentos clínicos (56%) e a maioria dos clínicos (84%) já utilizou o exame histopatológico e espera do mesmo a obtenção de diagnóstico (73,44%) e maior rapidez para o resultado (27,91%). Como principal sugestão na obtenção do diagnóstico foi a realização de exames complementares (48,33%). Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi observado que a maioria dos tutores buscou tratamento em até um mês (54%) do início da doença, entretanto 16% aguardaram dois meses e 30%, mais de seis meses para iniciarem um tratamento. Apenas 38% dos tutores relataram melhora do animal após o tratamento. Os tutores que não realizaram o tratamento (12%) justificaram o fato principalmente devido ao tratamento ser muito caro (33,33%) e por acharem que não estava melhorando (33,33%). A maioria dos tutores (60%) relata que não foi solicitada a realização de qualquer tipo de exame complementar antes do início do tratamento. Na terceira etapa da pesquisa, 40 animais foram biopsiados, e destes 95% eram cães e 5% eram gatos. Nos exames realizados em cães, 45% eram dermatopatias alérgicas, 12,5% eram imunomediadas, 7,5% eram endócrinas e 5% eram parasitárias. Outras dermatopatias totalizaram em 10% e os casos inconclusivos chegaram a 15%. Entre os cães alérgicos 38,89% eram sem raça definida. Segundo os tutores a doença alérgica iniciou entre menos de 1 ano a 3 anos de idade (66,67%) do animal e as primeiras lesões que surgiram eram principalmente eritematosas (27,78%), formavam crostas na pele (27,78%) em região ventral (44,44%) e membros (27,78%). Apenas 44,44% dos cães alérgicos chegaram ao diagnóstico definitivo, em 27,78% pacientes foram realizados protocolos diferentes e 27,78% dos cães não retornaram a consulta clínica. Entre os animas que chegaram ao diagnóstico, 50% foram compatíveis com hipersensibilidade alimentar, 37,5% com dermatite alérgica a picada de pulga e 12,5% com dermatite de contato. O principal ponto avaliado na histopatologia dos animais alérgicos foi o padrão inflamatório. As dermatopatias imunomediadas encontradas foi o lúpus eritematoso discóide (lesão em plano nasal e dorsal do focinho) e o pênfigo foliáceo (tronco, membros, cabeça e coxim). No exame histopatológico foi visualizado infiltrado inflamatório linfoplasmocitário em faixa e pústula eosinofília, respectivamente para essas doenças. A dermatopatia endócrina encontrada foi o hipotireoidismo (alopecia e hiperpigmentação generalizada) com predomínio de folículos telogênicos no exame histopatológico. Nos animais com dermatopatia parasitária (lesões em abdome, membros, dígitos, períneo, tórax e cauda) foi observado foliculite linfoplasmocitária estruturas intrafoliculares compatíveis com Demodex sp. no exame histopatológico. As outras dermatopatias encontradas foram a alopecia por diluição de cor, furunculose interdigital, acne canina e piodermite dos calos em um mesmo animal, Acanthosis Nigricans do Dachshund e reação a corpo estranho (granuloma causado por ceratina). As doenças dos felinos foram dermatite atópica (lesões em cabeça e bilateral flanco) e criptococose cutânea (lesões em face e base da orelha). Na histopatologia havia dermatite ulcerativa mastocitária e eosinofílica perivascular a intersticial e dermatite ulcerativa e piogranulomatosa com estruturas leveduriformes intralesionais, respectivamente. Concluímos que a dificuldade encontrada no diagnóstico das dermatopatias é por falta de padronização e/ou conhecimentos do médico veterinário e falha na comunicação entre o patologista, o clínico e o tutor do animal.

Dermatological diseases in small animals can be considered a challenge for tutors, clinicians and pathologists. The objective of this study was to investigate conditions that interfere in the diagnosis of non-neoplastic dermatopathies in dogs and cats. This work was divided into three parts. In the first and second part of the study, two questionnaires were applied, the first to veterinarian physician from 11 cities in the state of Paraná and the second to tutors of small animals with dermatological disease in a veterinary hospital. In the third part of the study, the evaluation of the histopathological aspects that could be used for the differentiation of non-neoplastic dermatopathies in dogs and cats was carried out, correlating with the clinical findings. In the first stage of the study, it was observed that the main difficulty found in the dermatological routine was commitment of the animal guardian (54.95%). Relapses of up to 30% were reported by 40% of clinicians. There was a predominance of middle-class tutors in clinical consultations (56%) and the majority of clinicians (84%) had already used the histopathological examination and expected diagnosis (73.44%) and faster results (27.91%). The main suggestion in the diagnosis was the performance of complementary tests (48.33%). In the second stage of the study, it was observed that most of the tutors sought treatment in up to one month (54%) of the onset of the disease, however, 16% waited two months and 30%, more than six months to start treatment. Only 38% of tutors reported improvement of the animal after treatment. The tutors who did not perform the treatment (12%) justified the fact mainly because the treatment was very expensive (33.33%) and because they thought it was not improving (33.33%). Most tutors (60%) report that no further type of examination was required prior to initiation of treatment. In the third stage of the research, 40 animals were biopsied, and these 95% were dogs and 5% were cats. In the examinations performed in dogs, 45% were allergic dermatopathies, 12.5% were immunomediated, 7.5% were endocrine and 5% were parasitic. Other dermatopathies totaled 10% and the inconclusive cases reached 15%. Among the allergic dogs 38.89% were undefined. According to the tutors the allergic disease started between less than 1 year to 3 years of age (66.67%) of the animal and the first lesions that appeared were mainly erythematous (27.78%), formed skin crusts (27.78% ) in the ventral region (44.44%) and limbs (27.78%). Only 44.44% of the allergic dogs arrived at the definitive diagnosis, 27.78% of the patients had different protocols, and 27.78% of the dogs did not return to the clinic. Among the groups that arrived at the diagnosis, 50% were compatible with food hypersensitivity, 37.5% with allergic dermatitis to flea bite and 12.5% with contact dermatitis. The main point evaluated in the histopathology of allergic animals was the inflammatory pattern. The immune-mediated skin diseases were discoid lupus erythematosus (lesion in the nasal and dorsal plane of the muzzle) and pemphigus foliaceus (trunk, limbs, head and cushion). In the histopathological examination, inflammatory lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in the band and pustule eosinophilia were visualized, respectively, for these diseases. The endocrine dermatopathy found was hypothyroidism (alopecia and generalized hyperpigmentation) with a predominance of telogenic follicles in histopathological examination. In animals with parasitic dermatopathy (lesions in abdomen, limbs, digits, perineum, thorax and tail) we observed lymphoplasmacytic folliculitis intrafollicular structures compatible with Demodex sp. Histopathological examination. The other dermatopathies found were color-diluted alopecia, interdigital furunculosis, canine acne and callus pyoderma in the same animal, Dachshund's Acanthosis Nigricans and foreign body reaction (granuloma caused by keratin). Feline diseases were atopic dermatitis (lesions on the head and bilateral flank) and cutaneous cryptococcosis (lesions on the face and base of the ear). In the histopathology there was ulcerative mastocytoma and eosinophilic perivascular to interstitial dermatitis and ulcerative and piogranulomatous dermatitis with intralesional yeast structures, respectively. We conclude that the difficulty found in the diagnosis of dermatopathies is due to the lack of standardization and / or knowledge of the veterinarian and the lack of communication between the pathologist, clinician and animal guardian.

Alopecia endócrina, síndrome da feminização do macho e mielotoxicidadepor hiperestrogenismo em um cão com sertolioma - relato de caso / Endocrine alopecia, feminizing syndrome and myelotoxicity due to hyperestrogenism in a dog with sertoli cell tumor - case report

O sertolioma é a neoplasia testicular mais comum em cães, sendo ainda mais frequente em testículos ectópicos. Normalmente manifesta-se em animais de idade avançada, sendo caracterizado como um tumor funcional, resultando no aumento da secreção de estrógeno. O hiperestrogenismo resultante é responsável por manifestações clínicas de dermatopatia endócrina, e a chamada síndrome da feminizaçãodo macho, caracterizada por ginecomastia, prepúcio penduloso, atração de outros machos e posição defêmea ao urinar. Em alguns casos, o hiperestrogenismo pode causar mielotoxidade, resultando em pancitopenia persistente e óbito. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar um caso de alopecia endócrina, síndromede feminizarão do macho e mielotoxicidade, secundários à sertolioma, em um cão. (AU)

The sertoli cell tumor is the most common testicular neoplasm in dogs, and is even more common in ectopic testis. They usually manifest in animals of advanced age, being characterized as functional tumors, commonly leading toincreased secretion of estrogen. The resulting hyperestrogenism is responsible for clinical manifestations of endocrine skin disease and the so-called male feminizing syndrome, characterized by gynecomastia, pendulous prepuce, attraction of other males and assuming a female position to urinate. In some cases, hyperestrogenism may lead tomielotoxicity, resulting in persistent pancytopenia and death. The aim of this paperwork was to report a case of endocrine alopecia, male feminization syndrome and myelotoxicity, secondary to sertoli cell tumor, in a mongrel dog. (AU)