Reprodução de peixes ornamentais de água doce / Reproduction of ornamental fish freshwater

Assim como em outras cadeias aquícolas, o domínio sobre as técnicas de reprodução é de suma importância para a piscicultura ornamental. Nesse sentido, o abastecimento do mercado de peixes possui, basicamente, três fontes: importação, pesca extrativista e produção em cativeiro. No Brasil, o abastecimento se dá pela importação de espécies e de variedades "melhoradas", pela pesca extrativa de espécies nativas, a maioria espécies amazônicas, e pela produção em cativeiro. A produção de peixes ornamentais em cativeiro é realizada no país, principalmente com espécies exó ticas, como o Betta (Betta splendens), o peixinho-dourado (Carassius auratus), as carpas (Cyprinus carpio) e os guppys. Para essas espécies, já existem pacotes tecnológicos desenvolvidos no exterior, sendo a Ásia a maior retentora desses pacotes. Também cabe destacar a produção de algumas espécies nativas, como o acará-disco (gênero Symphysodon) e o oscar (Astronotus ocellatus), as quais foram melhoradas no exterior e são exportadas para o Brasil. Assim, é evidente a falta de domínio sobre a reprodução dos peixes ornamentais no Brasil, principalmente das espécies nativas. Nesse contexto, a fim de que se tenha sucesso reprodutivo, faz-se necessário ter conhecimento das melhores condições para a manutenção dos peixes, uma vez que algumas espécies demandam adequações e alterações nas condições ambientais de manutenção para a reprodução. Além disso, existem espécies que não reproduzem naturalmente em cativeiro nem mesmo com a indução ambiental, exigindo tratamentos hormonais para que se possa atingir sucesso na reprodução. Assim, neste capítulo, serão apresentadas noções básicas da biologia, principalmente a reprodutiva, dos peixes, bem como serão discutidos protocolos de reprodução já desenvolvidos ou testados para espécies de peixes ornamentais.(AU)

Andrologia e geriatria: o que temos de novo na espécie canina? / Andrology and geriatrics: what is new in the canine specie?

Os cães, assim como os homens, passam por fases na vida chegando a idades avançadas. A senilidade é observada em diferentes processos dos sistemas do organismo incluindo o sistema reprodutivo. Fazem parte das alterações do sistema reprodutor masculino de cães senis a perda da função dos órgãos sexuais, perda de libido, alterações do sistema endócrino reprodutivo e alterações no sêmen, nos espermatozoides e resultando em infertilidade. A longevidade reprodutiva dos cães reprodutores depende de vários fatores internos e externos e sua manutenção pode ser feita com a utilização de manejo nutricional, sanitário e reprodutivo corretos, aplicação de biotecnologias aplicadas a reprodução.(AU)

Dogs, like men, go through stages in life, reaching advanced ages. Senility is observed in different processes of the body systems including the reproductive system. The changes in the male reproductive system of senile dogs include loss of function of the sexual organs, loss of libido, changes in the reproductive endocrine system and changes in semen and sperm, resulting in infertility. The reproductive longevity of the stud dogs depends on several internal and external factors and its maintenance can be done with the use of correct nutritional, sanitary, reproductive management and application of biotechnologies applied to reproduction.(AU)

Por que a Endocrinologia e a Nutrologia são essenciais para o sucesso da Prevenção e do Tratamento das lesões em Equinos? / Why Endocrinology and Nutrology are essential for the success of Prevention and Treatment of Equine Injuries?

A autora aborda o tema relativo à inflamação sistêmica em cavalos de esporte não apenas na parte relativa a recuperação clínica ou cirúrgica destes animais mas também em seu desempenho. Para tal, a análise de fatores e doenças ligadas a endocrinologia e a nutrologia dos equinos vem ganhando destaque na Medicina Veterinária, à semelhança da Medicina Humana. Assim, mostra informações relevantes quanto a alimentação dos cavalos, nos dias de hoje, e no que se refere às doenças endócrinas como a resistência à insulina, a disfunção da pars intermedia da pituitária (PPID) e hiperlipidemia, propondo um maneja adequado com exercícios físicos, mudança do padrão alimentar e tratamento medicamentoso.(AU)

Monitoramento do parto em éguas / Monitoring the parturition in mares

O objetivo do presente é explorar aspectos da fisiologia do final da gestação em éguas, com foco na maturação do feto e monitoramento do parto nessa espécie. Inúmeras são as particularidades na endocrinologia da gestação, que culminam em uma ampla variação no tempo de gestação na égua e uma tardia maturação orgânica no potro, que se completa somente após o nascimento. A primeira fase do parto é considerada prodrômica, marcada pela inquietação e desconforto na égua, e movimentação do potro para apresentação longitudinal anterior, posição dorso-sacra e atitude estendida. A segunda fase do parto é o momento crítico e rápido que inicia com a ruptura do corioalantóide e não deve ultrapassar 30 minutos, desde a ruptura da placenta até a expulsão completa do potro neonato. A terceira fase é caracterizada pela expulsão da placenta, a qual deve ser avaliada pelo obstetra. O monitoramento do potro neonato é marcado pela observação dos reflexos posturais e comportamentais, além do exame físico e exames complementares. O momento do parto é decisivo na vida do potro neonato, sendo necessária a compreensão que o monitoramento dessa etapa é uma estratégia de ação que só alcança sucesso quando realizado de forma continuada ao acompanhamento obstétrico sistemático.

The purpose of this article is to examine the physiological characteristics of the final third of pregnancy in mares, with a particular emphasis on fetal maturation and parturition monitoring. There are numerous peculiarities in the endocrinology of equine pregnancy, culminating in a wide variation in the length of gestation in the mare and a delayed systemic maturation in the foal, which is completed only after birth. The first stage of labor, also known as prodromal stage, is characterized by restlessness and discomfort of the mare, as well as the foal's transition to anterior longitudinal presentation, dorso-sacral position, and extended attitude. The second stage labor is a critical and rapid period that begins with the chorioallantois rupture and should last no more than 30 minutes, from the rupture of the placenta to the complete expulsion of the neonatal foal. The third stage is characterized by the elimination of the placenta, which must be evaluated by the veterinarian. The assessment of the neonatal foal is performed by the observation of righting reflexes, in addition to physical examination and complementary exams. The parturition is a decisive moment in the life of the foal, and it is necessary to understand that monitoring this stage is an action strategy that only achieves success when carried out continuously with systematic obstetric follow-up.

Blood metabolic and hematology parameters and survivorship in mice after application of the rabies challenge virus standard in vaccine potency test

Background: Rabies virus can cause intensive and lethal infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in animals andhumans. Metabolic examinations are conducted at the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and it has been found that many metabolicchanges occur during RABV infection. However, although it is a neurotropic virus, it can cause damage to extraneuraltissues - lungs, heart, kidneys and liver. This study aimed to determine differences in metabolic, endocrinology and hematologic parameters in blood of mice after application of rabies challenge with virus standard 27 strain (CVS-27).Materials, Methods & Results: This study included 30 survived, and 30 dead mice that were part of the standard procedureof NIH (National Institute of Health) test in Pasteur Institute in Novi Sad. Tests were performed in the following order: twogroups of mice were vaccinated in a 7 day period with different dilutions of standard vaccine and the examined vaccine.Seven days after the last vaccination, immunized animals and animals in the control group received test virus CVS-27.Blood samples were collected from a heart puncture. Differences in hematologic and biochemical parameters were determined by t-test. Due to a high number of blood parameters, we performed a joint analysis of multiple dependent variables.Higher pH value and higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK),albumin, urea, creatinine, α-amylase, magnesium (Mg), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)and lactate were noted in dead mice. Higher granulocytes and mean platelet volume (MPV) were noted in mice whichdied, but also reduced lymphocytes, erythrocytes, haemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets count. Higher values of insulin,cortisol and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance) were noted in the group of dead mice comparedto the surviving one. Reduced QUICKI...

Blood metabolic and hematology parameters and survivorship in mice after application of the rabies challenge virus standard in vaccine potency test

Background: Rabies virus can cause intensive and lethal infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in animals andhumans. Metabolic examinations are conducted at the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and it has been found that many metabolicchanges occur during RABV infection. However, although it is a neurotropic virus, it can cause damage to extraneuraltissues - lungs, heart, kidneys and liver. This study aimed to determine differences in metabolic, endocrinology and hematologic parameters in blood of mice after application of rabies challenge with virus standard 27 strain (CVS-27).Materials, Methods & Results: This study included 30 survived, and 30 dead mice that were part of the standard procedureof NIH (National Institute of Health) test in Pasteur Institute in Novi Sad. Tests were performed in the following order: twogroups of mice were vaccinated in a 7 day period with different dilutions of standard vaccine and the examined vaccine.Seven days after the last vaccination, immunized animals and animals in the control group received test virus CVS-27.Blood samples were collected from a heart puncture. Differences in hematologic and biochemical parameters were determined by t-test. Due to a high number of blood parameters, we performed a joint analysis of multiple dependent variables.Higher pH value and higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK),albumin, urea, creatinine, α-amylase, magnesium (Mg), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)and lactate were noted in dead mice. Higher granulocytes and mean platelet volume (MPV) were noted in mice whichdied, but also reduced lymphocytes, erythrocytes, haemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets count. Higher values of insulin,cortisol and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance) were noted in the group of dead mice comparedto the surviving one. Reduced QUICKI...(AU)

Monitoramento hormonal não invasivo em aves uma revisão / Non-invasive hormonal monitoring in birds a review

Para espécies silvestres, a coleta de amostras para monitorar o estresse e a função reprodutiva sempre foi um desafio. Coletas de sangue em animais silvestres são difíceis de serem realizadas, pois sempre exige a contenção física do animal, seguida ou não de sedação ou anestesia, que acaba dificultando ou impossibilitando coletas muito frequentes, tanto pelo estresse que causa ao animal como pelos cuidados clínicos que se dever ter no uso dessas drogas. As técnicas de dosagens hormonais não invasivas vieram como uma boa opção, realizando a análise destes hormônios ou seus metabólitos. Estes são excretados nas fezes, urina, excretas, pele, pelos ou saliva, permitindo o acompanhamento por longos períodos, pois em muitos casos, não exigem manipular o animal. As amostras mais utilizadas são fezes e urina e, no caso das aves, excretas. As técnicas mais utilizadas são os ensaios imunológicos, utilizado isótopos radioativos (radioimunoensaio) ou enzimas (enzimoimunoensaio). Nesta revisão, são apresentadas as principais vantagens da dosagem não invasiva, focando principalmente seu uso em aves, utilizando excretas e abordando também as principais técnicas de dosagem.(AU)

For wild species, sampling for monitoring stress and reproductive function has always been a challenge. Blood collections in wild animals are difficult to perform because they often require physical restraint of the animal, which causes stress, or at least sedation or anesthesia, which makes it difficult or impossible for frequent collections. Noninvasive hormone monitoring techniques came as a good option, performing analysis of these hormones or their metabolites. These are excreted in feces, urine, excreta, hair or saliva, allowing the collection for long periods, since in many cases they do not require to manipulate the animal. The most commonly used samples are feces and urine, and in the case of birds, excreta. The most commonly used techniques are immunological assays, radioactive isotopes (radioimmunoassay) or enzymes (enzymeimmunoassay). In this review, the main advantages of noninvasive hormonal monitoring are presented, focusing more on their use in birds, using excreta and also addressing the main dosage techniques.(AU)

Monitoramento hormonal não invasivo em aves – uma revisão / Non-invasive hormonal monitoring in birds – a review

Para espécies silvestres, a coleta de amostras para monitorar o estresse e a função reprodutiva sempre foi um desafio. Coletas de sangue em animais silvestres são difíceis de serem realizadas, pois sempre exige a contenção física do animal, seguida ou não de sedação ou anestesia, que acaba dificultando ou impossibilitando coletas muito frequentes, tanto pelo estresse que causa ao animal como pelos cuidados clínicos que se dever ter no uso dessas drogas. As técnicas de dosagens hormonais não invasivas vieram como uma boa opção, realizando a análise destes hormônios ou seus metabólitos. Estes são excretados nas fezes, urina, excretas, pele, pelos ou saliva, permitindo o acompanhamento por longos períodos, pois em muitos casos, não exigem manipular o animal. As amostras mais utilizadas são fezes e urina e, no caso das aves, excretas. As técnicas mais utilizadas são os ensaios imunológicos, utilizado isótopos radioativos (radioimunoensaio) ou enzimas (enzimoimunoensaio). Nesta revisão, são apresentadas as principais vantagens da dosagem não invasiva, focando principalmente seu uso em aves, utilizando excretas e abordando também as principais técnicas de dosagem.

For wild species, sampling for monitoring stress and reproductive function has always been a challenge. Blood collections in wild animals are difficult to perform because they often require physical restraint of the animal, which causes stress, or at least sedation or anesthesia, which makes it difficult or impossible for frequent collections. Noninvasive hormone monitoring techniques came as a good option, performing analysis of these hormones or their metabolites. These are excreted in feces, urine, excreta, hair or saliva, allowing the collection for long periods, since in many cases they do not require to manipulate the animal. The most commonly used samples are feces and urine, and in the case of birds, excreta. The most commonly used techniques are immunological assays, radioactive isotopes (radioimmunoassay) or enzymes (enzymeimmunoassay). In this review, the main advantages of noninvasive hormonal monitoring are presented, focusing more on their use in birds, using excreta and also addressing the main dosage techniques.

Síndrome do mau ajustamento neonatal em potros: foco em neuroesteróides / Foal mal adjustment syndrome: focus on neurosteroids

O processo de transição do feto para a vida extra-uterina é considerado um período crítico que requer complexas adaptações fisiológicas do potro neonato. Eventos estressores de origem hipóxicoisquêmicas no periparto podem desencadear um quadro de encefalopatia neonatal equina, também conhecida como síndrome do mau ajustamento neonatal. O diagnóstico é feito baseado na avaliação clínica e na anamnese e avaliação do histórico da gestação. Casos leves a moderados tem prognóstico favorável. É imprescindível o entendimento da endocrinologia da gestação, do papel dos neuroesteróides no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso fetal para que o estabelecimento precoce da terapia adequada seja realizado de maneira bem sucedida. Assim, o objetivo do presente é abordar os principais aspectos clínicos e fisiopatológicos da Síndrome do Mau Ajustamento Neonatal em neonatos equinos, com foco especial no papel dos neuroesteróides durante a maturação cerebral do feto no terço final da gestação e na transição para a vida extra-uterina.

The transition from fetus to extrauterine life is considered a critical period that requires complex physiological adaptations on the part of the newborn foal. Peripartum hypoxic-ischemic stressors can result in equine neonatal encephalopathy, also known to as neonatal maladjustment syndrome. The diagnosis is made based on clinical examination, anamnesis, and a review of the mare’s pregnancy history. Cases that are mild to moderate in severity have a favorable prognosis. It is critical to understand the endocrinology of pregnancy and the role of neurosteroids in the development of the fetal nervous system in order to successfully initiate appropriate therapy early. Thus, the purpose of this article is to discuss the major clinical and pathophysiological aspects of neonatal maladjustment syndrome in equine neonates, with a particular emphasis on the role of neurosteroids during fetal brain maturation in the final third of pregnancy and during the transition to extrauterine life.

Morphometry, topography and arterial supply of the thyroid gland in brazilian shorthair cat

Thyroid gland diseases are the most common endocrinopathies in feline practice. Diagnosis and surgical treatment must base on solid anatomical knowledge about the gland size, localization, and blood supply. However, some textbooks provide a general anatomical description of the thyroid gland of domestic carnivores. Thus, specific details of the feline gland are missing. The present study aimed to investigate the dimensions, topography, and arterial supply of the thyroid gland in Brazilian shorthair cats and, therefore, provide additional data to diagnose and treat feline thyroid diseases. Thirty Brazilian shorthair cats formalin-fixed cadavers (15 male and 15 female) were injected with red-stained latex solution by a canula in the thoracic aorta. The necropsy unit of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro donated the specimens. The study included only adult animals with no history of thyroid disease. After the fixation period, the cadavers were dissected to investigate the measurements (length, width at cranial and caudal poles, and thickness), topography, and in situ arterial supply of the thyroid lobes. The mean measurements of the length, cranial pole width, caudal pole width, and thickness in the right lobe were 19.39 ± 3.10 mm, 5.36 ± 1.40 mm, 3.67 ± 0.93 mm, and 1.30 ± 0.29 mm, respectively; and 20.29 ± 3.35 mm, 4.85 ± 1.58 mm, 3.88 ± 0.91 mm, 1.64 ± 0.65 mm in the left lobe, respectively. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.05) in the comparison of the measures between sexes or antimers (sides). Pearson's linear correlation detected a positive, moderate (r = 0.55), and significant (P < 0.05) correlation between the right and left lobe lengths. In 70% of the cats, both left and right lobes had the cranial poles located at the same level. Typically, the lobes extended between the first to the eighth tracheal ring. However, the cranial pole of some lobes located as cranially as the cricoid cartilage level, and the caudal pole as caudally as the 12th tracheal ring. Fifty-six percent of the cats had a ventrally located isthmus. In all the sampling, one single thyroid artery emerged as a branch of the common carotid artery and provided branches directly to the thyroid lobe, isthmus and the adjacent muscles and esophagus. Besides establishing average dimensions of normal thyroid lobes in Brazilian shorthair cats, this study detected no significant difference between the average measurements of right and left lobes. Also, a positive linear correlation between the length and width of the right and left lobes became evident. Therefore, the practitioner must consider suspicious any length asymmetry between right and left thyroid lobes until further endocrine test proves otherwise. Most of the cats had the right and left thyroid lobe positioned at the same transversal level; however, positional asymmetries are not uncommon. Unlike dogs, Brazilian shorthair cats have only a single artery to supply each lobe: the thyroid artery. In a feline thyroidectomy, the surgeon must avoid blindly ligating the thyroid artery since this vessel also provided numerous branches to adjacent muscles and esophagus. In a bilateral thyroidectomy, the ventral region between lobes should be thoroughly inspected for the common presence of an isthmus. Sometimes, the surgeon may need to extend the incision caudally beyond the 12th tracheal ring level to visualize the gland tissue entirely.(AU)

Anatomical investigation of the measurements, shape and arterial irrigation of the adrenal gland in New Zealand rabbits / Investigação anatômica das medidas, forma e irrigação arterial da glândula adrenal em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia

Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many studies. These studies are important for not only for veterinary clinicians, but also for researchers in different elds. The aim of this research was to describe gross morphological measurement, shape and arterial supply of the adrenal glands in healthy New Zealand rabbits. Dissections were performed in 30 adult rabbits, 15 males and 15 females, without macroscopic adrenal pathology. Adrenal measurements were made with a digital caliper: length, width, and thickness. The origin of the adrenal arteries was also determined. Both adrenal glands were localized cranially to the respective kidneys. The mean of the right adrenal gland was 0.88 cm length, 0.42 cm width and 0.16 cm thickness; the left gland measured 0.72 cm, 0.46 cm, and 0.17 cm, respectively. The right gland was significantly more elongated than the left (p = 0.0003) and the means of the measurements did not differ between sexes. Most of the right adrenal glands had a piriform shape (73.3%), whereas most of the left gland exhibited a bean-shaped aspect (60.0%). The arterial supply was found to arise from different arteries:  lumbar, aorta, renal, caudal mesenteric, and testicular or ovarian. Comparatively, the descriptions of shape, position and arterial irrigation of the adrenal gland in rabbits are similar to those available in rodents. The data from the pres

Coelhos têm sido utilizados como modelo experimental em muitos estudos. Esses estudos são importantes não apenas para médicos veterinários, mas também para pesquisadores de diferentes campos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever as medidas morfológicas macroscópicas, forma e suprimento arterial das glândulas adrenais em coelhos saudáveis da raça Nova Zelândia. As dissecções foram realizadas em 30 coelhos adultos, 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, sem sinais macroscópicos de patologia adrenal. As medidas adrenais foram realizadas com paquímetro digital: comprimento, largura e espessura. A origem das artérias adrenais também foi determinada. Ambas as glândulas adrenais foram localizadas cranialmente nos respectivos rins. A média da glândula adrenal direita foi de 0,88 cm de comprimento, 0,42 cm de largura e 0,16 cm de espessura; a glândula esquerda mediu 0,72 cm, 0,46 cm e 0,17 cm, respectivamente. A glândula direita foi significativamente mais alongada que a esquerda (p = 0,0003) e as médias das medidas não diferiram entre os sexos. A maioria das glândulas adrenais direitas tinha uma forma piriforme (73,3%), enquanto a maioria da glândula esquerda exibia um aspecto em “forma de feijão” (60,0%). Verificou-se que o suprimento arterial provém de diferentes artérias: lombar, aorta, renal, mesentérica caudal e testicular ou ovariana. Comparativamente, as descrições de forma, posição e irrigação arterial da glândula adrenal em coelhos são semelhantes às disponíveis em roedores. Os dados da presente investigação ajudarão na interpretação de achados patológicos e / ou experimentais em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia.(AU)

Anatomical investigation of the measurements, shape and arterial irrigation of the adrenal gland in New Zealand rabbits / Investigação anatômica das medidas, forma e irrigação arterial da glândula adrenal em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia

Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many studies. These studies are important for not only for veterinary clinicians, but also for researchers in different elds. The aim of this research was to describe gross morphological measurement, shape and arterial supply of the adrenal glands in healthy New Zealand rabbits. Dissections were performed in 30 adult rabbits, 15 males and 15 females, without macroscopic adrenal pathology. Adrenal measurements were made with a digital caliper: length, width, and thickness. The origin of the adrenal arteries was also determined. Both adrenal glands were localized cranially to the respective kidneys. The mean of the right adrenal gland was 0.88 cm length, 0.42 cm width and 0.16 cm thickness; the left gland measured 0.72 cm, 0.46 cm, and 0.17 cm, respectively. The right gland was significantly more elongated than the left (p = 0.0003) and the means of the measurements did not differ between sexes. Most of the right adrenal glands had a piriform shape (73.3%), whereas most of the left gland exhibited a bean-shaped aspect (60.0%). The arterial supply was found to arise from different arteries:  lumbar, aorta, renal, caudal mesenteric, and testicular or ovarian. Comparatively, the descriptions of shape, position and arterial irrigation of the adrenal gland in rabbits are similar to those available in rodents. The data from the pres

Coelhos têm sido utilizados como modelo experimental em muitos estudos. Esses estudos são importantes não apenas para médicos veterinários, mas também para pesquisadores de diferentes campos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever as medidas morfológicas macroscópicas, forma e suprimento arterial das glândulas adrenais em coelhos saudáveis da raça Nova Zelândia. As dissecções foram realizadas em 30 coelhos adultos, 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, sem sinais macroscópicos de patologia adrenal. As medidas adrenais foram realizadas com paquímetro digital: comprimento, largura e espessura. A origem das artérias adrenais também foi determinada. Ambas as glândulas adrenais foram localizadas cranialmente nos respectivos rins. A média da glândula adrenal direita foi de 0,88 cm de comprimento, 0,42 cm de largura e 0,16 cm de espessura; a glândula esquerda mediu 0,72 cm, 0,46 cm e 0,17 cm, respectivamente. A glândula direita foi significativamente mais alongada que a esquerda (p = 0,0003) e as médias das medidas não diferiram entre os sexos. A maioria das glândulas adrenais direitas tinha uma forma piriforme (73,3%), enquanto a maioria da glândula esquerda exibia um aspecto em “forma de feijão” (60,0%). Verificou-se que o suprimento arterial provém de diferentes artérias: lombar, aorta, renal, mesentérica caudal e testicular ou ovariana. Comparativamente, as descrições de forma, posição e irrigação arterial da glândula adrenal em coelhos são semelhantes às disponíveis em roedores. Os dados da presente investigação ajudarão na interpretação de achados patológicos e / ou experimentais em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia.

Rickets in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

Background: Calcium is essential for the healthy development of animals, especially regarding bone formation. Diversefactors influence calcium metabolism, and failure in any of these points may result in metabolic bone diseases. Ricketsis an uncommon disease of growing bones occurring exclusively in young animals, it is characterized by the failure ofosteoid to calcify and can be a result of lack of vitamin D, imbalance of calcium and phosphorus or hereditary conditions.Nutritional origin is more frequent in veterinary medicine, but it has become rarer after the availability of balanced commercial rations. This report describes the diagnosis and treatment of rickets in a crab-eating fox puppy.Case: A 3-month-old male crab-eating fox was presented with ataxia and angular deviation of the tibia and radius/ulnawith suspected osteometabolic disease. It was part of a group of three orphan siblings hand-raised. The other two siblingsdid not present any clinical signs. All three animals presented pale mucous membranes and were infected by ancylostoma,coccidia, toxocara, and sarcocystis. Radiographic findings of the affected animal showed generalized osteopenia of theentire skeleton associated with widening radiolucent distal physeal plates and cupping of the metaphysis, changes classical of rickets. The other two siblings presented no skeletal alterations and complete blood count and biochemistry of allthree animals were taken for comparison, including serum vitamin D and PTH. All three animals presented lymphopenia(5.4-9.3 x 103/uL, reference range 10.3-16.5 x 103/uL), hypoproteinemia (5.1-5.3 g/dL, reference range 5.9-8.2 g/dL),low levels of creatinine (0.4-0.6 mg/dL, reference range 0.7-1.2 mg/dL), increased ALP (181-285 U/L, reference range209.7-267 U/L) and CK (421-500 U/L, reference range for domestic dogs 16-140 U/L). The affected fox presented ionizedcalcium (10.9 mg/dL, reference range for domestic dogs 9.3-11.5 mg/dL) and vitamin...(AU)

Indução do estro e métodos para controle das fases do ciclo estral em cadelas / Induction of estrus and methods for control of estrous cycle in bitches

Os estudos referentes à manipulação do ciclo estral em cadelas aumentaram significativamente ao longo dos anos. Com a criação comercial de cães ganhando destaque a nível internacional, há uma busca por incrementação no manejo reprodutivo desses animais, bem como o tratamento de condições prejudiciais à fertilidade na cadela, outro motivo é o fato dos cães domésticos também poderem atuar como modelos experimentais para várias espécies de canídeos silvestres e para o homem. Isso tem sido associado a uma maior disponibilidade de fármacos indutores de estro, como agonistas dopaminérgicos, análogos do GnRH e protocolos com gonadotrofinas, a exemplo do eCG. A manipulação eficiente do ciclo estral é de grande valia para o aperfeiçoamento das biotecnologias da reprodução nessa espécie e, mesmo com o avanço das pesquisas, os fármacos ainda não foram suficientemente testados para se obter o conhecimento das suas completas ações, bem como para apontar seus pontos fortes e fracos. Essa revisão de literatura tem como objetivo ampliar as informações a respeito do assunto, abordando aspectos relacionados à fisiologia e endocrinologia reprodutiva na cadela, as particularidades do ciclo estral canino, descrevendo as alterações anatômicas, citológicas e hormonais, bem como os principais moduladores do ciclo estral de cadelas, apontando seus efeitos e controvérsias e proporcionando o surgimento de protocolos eficientes para a indução do estro nesses animais.

Studies on the manipulation of estrous cycle in bitches have increased significantly over the years. With the commercial breeding of dogs gaining prominence internationally, there has been a need for improvement of the reproductive management of these animals, as well as the treatment of conditions which are detrimental to bitches’ fertility. Another reason is that domestic dogs can also act as experimental models to several species of wild dogs and to man. This has been associated with a greater availability of estrus-induction pharmacological drugs, such as dopamine agonists, GnRH analogue and protocols with gonadotropin, such as eCG. Efficient manipulation of the estrous cycles is of great importance for the improvement of the reproductive biotechnology in this species. Notwithstanding the advances in research, the drugs have not yet been sufficiently tested in order to have their action fully understood, nor to identify their strengths and weakness. This literature review aims to expand the information on subject, addressing aspects related to the reproductive physiology and endocrinology in bitches, as well as the main modulators of the estrous cycle, pointing out their effects and differences and providing information for the creation of new efficient protocols for induction of estrus in those animals.

Rickets in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

Background: Calcium is essential for the healthy development of animals, especially regarding bone formation. Diversefactors influence calcium metabolism, and failure in any of these points may result in metabolic bone diseases. Ricketsis an uncommon disease of growing bones occurring exclusively in young animals, it is characterized by the failure ofosteoid to calcify and can be a result of lack of vitamin D, imbalance of calcium and phosphorus or hereditary conditions.Nutritional origin is more frequent in veterinary medicine, but it has become rarer after the availability of balanced commercial rations. This report describes the diagnosis and treatment of rickets in a crab-eating fox puppy.Case: A 3-month-old male crab-eating fox was presented with ataxia and angular deviation of the tibia and radius/ulnawith suspected osteometabolic disease. It was part of a group of three orphan siblings hand-raised. The other two siblingsdid not present any clinical signs. All three animals presented pale mucous membranes and were infected by ancylostoma,coccidia, toxocara, and sarcocystis. Radiographic findings of the affected animal showed generalized osteopenia of theentire skeleton associated with widening radiolucent distal physeal plates and cupping of the metaphysis, changes classical of rickets. The other two siblings presented no skeletal alterations and complete blood count and biochemistry of allthree animals were taken for comparison, including serum vitamin D and PTH. All three animals presented lymphopenia(5.4-9.3 x 103/uL, reference range 10.3-16.5 x 103/uL), hypoproteinemia (5.1-5.3 g/dL, reference range 5.9-8.2 g/dL),low levels of creatinine (0.4-0.6 mg/dL, reference range 0.7-1.2 mg/dL), increased ALP (181-285 U/L, reference range209.7-267 U/L) and CK (421-500 U/L, reference range for domestic dogs 16-140 U/L). The affected fox presented ionizedcalcium (10.9 mg/dL, reference range for domestic dogs 9.3-11.5 mg/dL) and vitamin...

Indução do estro e métodos para controle das fases do ciclo estral em cadelas / Induction of estrus and methods for control of estrous cycle in bitches

Os estudos referentes à manipulação do ciclo estral em cadelas aumentaram significativamente ao longo dos anos. Com a criação comercial de cães ganhando destaque a nível internacional, há uma busca por incrementação no manejo reprodutivo desses animais, bem como o tratamento de condições prejudiciais à fertilidade na cadela, outro motivo é o fato dos cães domésticos também poderem atuar como modelos experimentais para várias espécies de canídeos silvestres e para o homem. Isso tem sido associado a uma maior disponibilidade de fármacos indutores de estro, como agonistas dopaminérgicos, análogos do GnRH e protocolos com gonadotrofinas, a exemplo do eCG. A manipulação eficiente do ciclo estral é de grande valia para o aperfeiçoamento das biotecnologias da reprodução nessa espécie e, mesmo com o avanço das pesquisas, os fármacos ainda não foram suficientemente testados para se obter o conhecimento das suas completas ações, bem como para apontar seus pontos fortes e fracos. Essa revisão de literatura tem como objetivo ampliar as informações a respeito do assunto, abordando aspectos relacionados à fisiologia e endocrinologia reprodutiva na cadela, as particularidades do ciclo estral canino, descrevendo as alterações anatômicas, citológicas e hormonais, bem como os principais moduladores do ciclo estral de cadelas, apontando seus efeitos e controvérsias e proporcionando o surgimento de protocolos eficientes para a indução do estro nesses animais.(AU)

Studies on the manipulation of estrous cycle in bitches have increased significantly over the years. With the commercial breeding of dogs gaining prominence internationally, there has been a need for improvement of the reproductive management of these animals, as well as the treatment of conditions which are detrimental to bitches fertility. Another reason is that domestic dogs can also act as experimental models to several species of wild dogs and to man. This has been associated with a greater availability of estrus-induction pharmacological drugs, such as dopamine agonists, GnRH analogue and protocols with gonadotropin, such as eCG. Efficient manipulation of the estrous cycles is of great importance for the improvement of the reproductive biotechnology in this species. Notwithstanding the advances in research, the drugs have not yet been sufficiently tested in order to have their action fully understood, nor to identify their strengths and weakness. This literature review aims to expand the information on subject, addressing aspects related to the reproductive physiology and endocrinology in bitches, as well as the main modulators of the estrous cycle, pointing out their effects and differences and providing information for the creation of new efficient protocols for induction of estrus in those animals.(AU)

Anatomical investigation of the measurements, shape and arterial irrigation of the adrenal gland in New Zealand rabbits / Investigação anatômica das medidas, forma e irrigação arterial da glândula adrenal em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia

Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many studies. These studies are important not only for veterinary clinicians, but also for researchers in different fields. The aim of this research was to describe gross morphological measurement, shape and arterial supply of the adrenal glands in healthy New Zealand rabbits. Dissections were performed in 30 adult rabbits, 15 males and 15 females, without macroscopic adrenal pathology. Adrenal measurements were made with a digital caliper: length, width, and thickness. The origin of the adrenal arteries was also determined. Both adrenal glands were localized cranially to the respective kidneys. The mean of the right adrenal gland was 0.88 cm length, 0.42 cm width and 0.16 cm thickness; the left gland measured 0.72 cm, 0.46 cm, and 0.17 cm, respectively. The right gland was significantly more elongated than the left (p = 0.0003) and the means of the measurements did not differ between sexes. Most of the right adrenal glands had a piriform shape (73.3%), whereas most of the left gland exhibited a "bean-shaped" aspect (60.0%). The arterial supply was found to arise from different arteries: lumbar, aorta, renal, caudal mesenteric, and testicular or ovarian. Comparatively, the descriptions of shape, position and arterial irrigation of the adrenal gland in rabbits are similar to those available in rodents. The data from the present investigation will assist in the interpretation of pathological and / or experimental findings in New Zealand rabbits.

Coelhos têm sido utilizados como modelo experimental em muitos estudos. Esses estudos são importantes não apenas para médicos veterinários, mas também para pesquisadores de diferentes campos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever as medidas morfológicas macroscópicas, forma e suprimento arterial das glândulas adrenais em coelhos saudáveis da raça Nova Zelândia. As dissecções foram realizadas em 30 coelhos adultos, 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, sem sinais macroscópicos de patologia adrenal. As medidas adrenais foram realizadas com paquímetro digital: comprimento, largura e espessura. A origem das artérias adrenais também foi determinada. Ambas as glândulas adrenais foram localizadas cranialmente nos respectivos rins. A média da glândula adrenal direita foi de 0,88 cm de comprimento, 0,42 cm de largura e 0,16 cm de espessura; a glândula esquerda mediu 0,72 cm, 0,46 cm e 0,17 cm, respectivamente. A glândula direita foi significativamente mais alongada que a esquerda (p = 0,0003) e as médias das medidas não diferiram entre os sexos. A maioria das glândulas adrenais direitas tinha uma forma piriforme (73,3%), enquanto a maioria da glândula esquerda exibia um aspecto em "forma de feijão" (60,0%). Verificou-se que o suprimento arterial provém de diferentes artérias: lombar, aorta, renal, mesentérica caudal e testicular ou ovariana. Comparativamente, as descrições de forma, posição e irrigação arterial da glândula adrenal em coelhos são semelhantes às disponíveis em roedores. Os dados da presente investigação ajudarão na interpretação de achados patológicos e / ou experimentais em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia.

Concentração sérica de progesterona, pH da vagina e morfometria corpórea de cervas gestantes (Cervus unicolor) em cativeiro / Serum concentration of progesterone, pH of the vagina and body morphometryof pregnant deer (Cervus unicolor)in captivity

The aim was to study pregnant cervus in captivity, to obtain body morphometric data, serum progesterone concentrations, and pH of the vagina. Females of cervus (Cervus unicolor), (n=8) between 2 and 3 years old were used in November during breeding season. After sedation, in one collection, the following was measured: body weight 54.50 ± 18.70kg, body length 1.21 ± 0.16m, height at withers 0.75 ± 0.08m, thoracic perimeter 0.84 ± 0.12m, and body mass index 97.32 ± 10.50kg / m2. After sedation, blood samples were collected to measure progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay and the use of an indicator tape to obtain the pH of the vagina was performed eight times at four day intervals in the eight females, in a total of 64 samples for each exam. Data were analyzed, and significance was at 5%. There were no differences (P> 0.05) between measurements for serum progesterone concentrations and pH of the vagina. The correlations between body weight, progesterone, pH, and body mass index were not significant (P> 0.05). There was no significant oscillation of progesterone concentration and pH of the vagina in the pregnancy period studied.

Concentração sérica de progesterona, pH da vagina e morfometria corpórea de cervas gestantes (Cervus unicolor) em cativeiro / Serum concentration of progesterone, pH of the vagina and body morphometryof pregnant deer (Cervus unicolor)in captivity

The aim was to study pregnant cervus in captivity, to obtain body morphometric data, serum progesterone concentrations, and pH of the vagina. Females of cervus (Cervus unicolor), (n=8) between 2 and 3 years old were used in November during breeding season. After sedation, in one collection, the following was measured: body weight 54.50 ± 18.70kg, body length 1.21 ± 0.16m, height at withers 0.75 ± 0.08m, thoracic perimeter 0.84 ± 0.12m, and body mass index 97.32 ± 10.50kg / m2. After sedation, blood samples were collected to measure progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay and the use of an indicator tape to obtain the pH of the vagina was performed eight times at four day intervals in the eight females, in a total of 64 samples for each exam. Data were analyzed, and significance was at 5%. There were no differences (P> 0.05) between measurements for serum progesterone concentrations and pH of the vagina. The correlations between body weight, progesterone, pH, and body mass index were not significant (P> 0.05). There was no significant oscillation of progesterone concentration and pH of the vagina in the pregnancy period studied.(AU)

Concentração sérica de progesterona, pH da vagina e morfometria corpórea de cervas gestantes (Cervus unicolor) em cativeiro / Serum concentration of progesterone, pH of the vagina and body morphometryof pregnant deer (Cervus unicolor)in captivity

The aim was to study pregnant cervus in captivity, to obtain body morphometric data, serum progesterone concentrations, and pH of the vagina. Females of cervus (Cervus unicolor), (n=8) between 2 and 3 years old were used in November during breeding season. After sedation, in one collection, the following was measured: body weight 54.50 ± 18.70kg, body length 1.21 ± 0.16m, height at withers 0.75 ± 0.08m, thoracic perimeter 0.84 ± 0.12m, and body mass index 97.32 ± 10.50kg / m2. After sedation, blood samples were collected to measure progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay and the use of an indicator tape to obtain the pH of the vagina was performed eight times at four day intervals in the eight females, in a total of 64 samples for each exam. Data were analyzed, and significance was at 5%. There were no differences (P> 0.05) between measurements for serum progesterone concentrations and pH of the vagina. The correlations between body weight, progesterone, pH, and body mass index were not significant (P> 0.05). There was no significant oscillation of progesterone concentration and pH of the vagina in the pregnancy period studied.(AU)