Wort disinfection treatment with electron beam for bioethanol production

Microbial contamination of the wort during the fermentation process causes significant losses in ethanol production worldwide and creates a dependence of the industry on chemicals and antibiotics to control contamination. Therefore, this study used electron beam (e-beam) to disinfect wort from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) molasses and investigate the bioethanol fermentation. Four treatments (T0 - T3) were carried out using ionizing doses of radiation through the electron accelerator: 0 (control), 10, 20, and 40 kGy. Total mesophiles, total bacteria, sucrose, glucose, fructose, phenolics, flavonoids, hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and Furfural were measured. An alcoholic fermentation assay was performed after the irradiation process. The irradiated treatments showed no inversion of sugars and formation of the inhibitory by-products flavonoids, furfural and 5-HMF, except for the phenolic compounds. The lower dose tested (10 kGy) reduced more than 99.9 % of the total mesophiles and more than 99.99 % of the total bacteria in the substrate. In the fermentation, the irradiated worts presented similar (p > 0.05) yields (92, 93, and 94 %) and ethanol productivity levels (0.89, 0.88, and 0.87 g L-1 h-1, for T1, T2, and T3 respectively). However, all treatments presented higher yields and productivity (p < 0.05) when compared to the control (88 % and 0.85 g L-1 h-1), highlighting the possible use of e-beam in wort fermentation at a lower dose (10 kGy). This allows reduction in losses caused by microbial contamination, besides increasing fermentation yield and productivity with lower energy consumption.(AU)

Stable fly outbreaks in Brazil: a 50-year (1971-2020) retrospective / Surtos da mosca-dos-estábulos no Brasil: Retrospectiva 50 anos (1971-2020)

Over the last decades, stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks associated with agricultural and/or livestock production systems have become a serious problem in some Brazilian locations. This article presents a survey on the history, evolution and mapping of such outbreaks in Brazil over five decades (1971-2020). Outbreaks (n= 579) were recorded in 285 municipalities from 14 states, mainly associated with by-products from the ethanol industry (82.7%), in natura organic fertilizers (12.6%) and integrated crop-livestock systems (3.1%). Few cases were reported until the mid-2000s, progressively increasing since then. Outbreaks associated with ethanol mills occurred in 224 municipalities, mainly in Southeast and Midwest states, while those associated with organic fertilizers (mainly poultry litter and coffee mulch) affected 39 municipalities, mostly in the Northeast and Southeast states. More recently, outbreaks in integrated crop-livestock systems during the rainy season have occurred in Midwest states. This survey highlights the magnitude of the problem of stable fly outbreaks in Brazil and its relationship with environmental public policies, agricultural production chains and regional trends. Specific public actions and policies are urgently needed to prevent their occurrence and impact in the affected regions.(AU)

Nas últimas décadas, surtos da mosca-dos-estábulos (Stomoxys calcitrans), associados a sistemas de produção agrícola e/ou pecuária, tornaram-se um grave problema em algumas localidades brasileiras. Este artigo apresenta um levantamento sobre a história, evolução e mapeamento desses surtos no Brasil ao longo de cinco décadas (1971-2020). Surtos (n= 579) foram registrados em 285 municípios de 14 estados, principalmente associados a subprodutos da indústria do etanol (82,7%), fertilizantes orgânicos in natura (12,6%) e sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (3,1%). Poucos casos foram registrados até meados dos anos 2000, aumentando progressivamente desde então. Surtos associados a usinas de etanol ocorreram em 224 municípios, principalmente no Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, enquanto surtos associados a fertilizantes orgânicos (principalmente esterco aviário e palha de café) afetaram 39 municípios, principalmente nos estados do Nordeste e Sudeste. Mais recentemente, surtos em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária, durante a estação chuvosa, têm ocorrido no Centro-Oeste. Este levantamento ressalta a magnitude do problema dos surtos da mosca-dos-estábulos no Brasil e sua relação com políticas públicas ambientais, cadeias produtivas agrícolas e tendências regionais. Ações e políticas públicas específicas são urgentemente necessárias para prevenir sua ocorrência e impacto nas regiões afetadas.(AU)

Filter cake increases sugarcane yield / A torta de filtro aumenta a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar

Sugarcane cultivation stands out in Brazilian agribusiness, covering more than eight million hectares for the production of sugar, ethanol, and by-products. Fertilization is one of the limiting factors in sugarcane yield, for which filter cake is a viable solution to meet plant nutritional needs. This study aimed to assess the effect of enriched filter cake on gas exchange and yield in RB041443 sugarcane, cultivated in soils of the coastal tablelands of Paraíba, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the Monte Alegre S/A sugarcane mill, in the municipality of Mamanguape, using a randomized blocks experimental design, with 12 treatments (T1- cake, T2- cake + MAP, T3- cake + gypsum, T4 - cake + phosphate, T5- cake + bagasse, T6- cake + MAP + gypsum, T7- cake + MAP + phosphate, T8- cake + MAP + bagasse, T9- cake + gypsum + phosphate, T10- cake + gypsum + bagasse, T11- cake + phosphate + bagasse, and T12- control (only MAP)), and 4 replications, totaling 48 plots. A significant effect (5% probability) was also observed for the variables number of leaves and tons of stem per hectare (TSH). T1- cake, T4- cake + phosphate, T6- cake + MAP + gypsum and T10- cake + gypsum + bagasse, had the best results for TSH, with yields greater than 140 t ha-1. Regarding stomatal conductance, the highest values were obtained in T6 and T8, which, together with T11, had the highest gs values. Concerning the internal carbon concentration, T1, T2, T6, and T8 stood out. T6 also had a significant effect on transpiration. From this study, it was concluded that the use of enriched filter cake as a base fertilizer in sugarcane culture contributes to increasing the yield of the RB041443 variety, generating positive responses for plant gas exchange, being T1 and T10 indicated to increase the production in the sugar-energy sector.

A cultura da cana-de-açúcar ocupa uma posição de destaque para o agronegócio brasileiro, abrangendo mais de oito milhões de hectares na produção de açúcar, etanol e subprodutos. Um dos fatores limitantes na produtividade da cana-de-açúcar é a questão da adubação, sendo a torta de filtro uma solução viável para suprir as necessidades nutricionais da planta. Com esse estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do uso da torta de filtro enriquecida sob as trocas gasosas e produtividade da variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB041443 cultivada em solos dos tabuleiros costeiros da Paraíba. O experimento foi conduzido na Usina Monte Alegre S/A, no município de Mamanguape-PB, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 12 tratamentos (T1- Torta, T2- Torta + MAP, T3- Torta + Gesso, T4 - Torta + Fosfato, T5- Torta + Bagaço, T6- Torta + MAP + Gesso, T7- Torta + MAP + Fosfato, T8- Torta + MAP + Bagaço, T9- Torta + Gesso + Fosfato, T10- Torta + Gesso + Bagaço, T11 - Torta + Fosfato + Bagaço, e T12 - Testemunha (Apenas MAP)), 4 repetições, totalizando 48 parcelas. Efeito significativo a 5% também foi observado para a variável número de folhas e tonelada de colmo por hectare. Para a variável TCH, os melhores resultados foram obtidos nos tratamentos T1- Torta, T4-Torta + Fosfato, T6- Torta + MAP + Gesso e T10- Torta + Gesso + Bagaço, com produtividades superiores a 140 t ha-1. Para a condutância estomática, resultados superiores foram obtidos no T6 e T8, que, junto ao T11, agruparam-se com os maiores valores de gs. Em relação a concentração interna de carbono, destacaram-se os tratamentos T1, T2, T6 e T8. Para a variável transpiração, o T6 apresentou influência significativa da torta de filtro. Com o referido estudo, concluiu-se que a utilização da torta de filtro enriquecida como adubação de fundação na cultura da cana-de-açúcar possibilita aumento no rendimento produtivo da variedade RB 041443, bem como respostas positivas para as trocas gasosas da planta, sendo os tratamentos T1 e T10 indicados para aumentar a produção do setor sucroenergético.

Replacement of performance enhancers by propolis ethanol extract in broiler diets / Replacement of performance enhancers by propolis ethanol extract in broiler diets

The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.

Mixed silages of sugarcane and forage peanut treated with Lactobacillus buchneri / Silagens mistas de cana-de-açúcar e amendoim forrageiro tratadas com Lactobacillus buchneri

There is evidence for the beneficial effects of forage peanut on the nutritive value and fermentation profile of silages; however, its effects on sugarcane silage have not been determined. The objective of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, microbial composition, and dry matter recovery (DMR) of sugarcane silage containing various amounts of forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte) (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% on a fresh matter basis), treated or untreated with Lactobacillus buchneri. A completely randomized 4 × 2 factorial design was used with three replications. The interaction between forage peanut levels and inoculant influenced the concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, organic acids and ethanol, populations of lactic acid bacteria and yeast, gas and effluent losses, and DMR. Forage peanut levels had effects on dry matter, hemicellulose, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, pH, and ammonia nitrogen. Increasing proportions of forage peanut increased the protein content and decreased the fiber content in the silage, while also reducing the production of ethanol and effluent. We recommend the inclusion of 40%-75% forage peanut in the sugarcane ensilage to improve the chemical composition and fermentation profile. Furthermore, inoculation with L. buchneri associated with forage peanut increases the concentration of antifungal acids in the silage and decreases the yeast population and ethanol production.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar composição química, perfil fermentativo, população de microrganismos e recuperação de matéria seca (RMS) de silagem de cana-de-açúcar contendo níveis crescentes (0, 25, 50 e 75%, na base da matéria natural) de amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte), tratadas ou não com Lactobacillus buchneri. Usou-se o esquema fatorial 4×2, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Verificou-se efeito de interação níveis de amendoim forrageiro e inoculante para teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido, ácidos orgânicos e etanol, população de bactérias láticas e leveduras, perdas por gases e por efluente e RMS. Houve efeito de níveis de amendoim forrageiro no teor de hemicelulose, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido, pH e nitrogênio amoniacal. Verificou-se que o aumento de níveis de amendoim forrageiro incrementou teor de proteína e diminuiu teor de fibra, além de reduzir a produção de etanol e de efluente. Recomenda-se inclusão de 40% a 75% de amendoim forrageiro na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar para melhorar a composição química e o perfil de fermentação. A inoculação com L. buchneri associada ao amendoim forrageiro aumenta a concentração de ácidos antifúngicos na silagem e decresce a população de leveduras e a produção de etanol.

Prevalence of brucellosis in beef cattle in the northern region of Tocantins, Brazil, and implications of anatomopathological changes discovered during post mortem inspection of the carcass / Prevalência de brucelose em rebanhos bovinos de corte da região norte do Tocantins e implicações em alterações anatomopatológicas identificadas durante a inspeção post mortem da carcaça

Brucellosis is a infectious zoonosis with important health and economic impacts, both for animal production and public health. We aimed to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in beef cattle in the microregions of Araguaína and Bico do Papagaio in northern Tocantins and to verify whether there are post-mortem changes suggestive of brucellosis in the carcasses. A total of 2,871 serum samples (2,203 males and 668 females) were collected in the municipality of Araguaína between October and November 2019, from 76 beef cattle herds in 25 municipalities in the north of Tocantins. The screening for buffered acidified plate antigen test (BAPA) and confirmation test for 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) were conducted as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply (MAPA). Of the samples, 37.31% were reactive in the BAPA test, and of these, 26.24% were confirmed for 2-ME. Thus, 9.79% (281) of the total evaluated samples tested positive for the presence of brucellosis. The prevalence in males and females was 6.45% (142) and 20.81% (139), respectively. Among the herds evaluated, 77.6% (59) had at least one individual test positive for brucellosis, and at least one herd tested positive in each of the 25 municipalities sampled. As this study evaluated animals in a slaughterhouse, the higher prevalence of positive females may have been related to the disposal of animals with reproductive problems. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of brucellosis in slaughter cattle between the microregions evaluated (p > 0.05). No animals were reagent for brucellosis in ante-mortem documentation, and no anatomopathological changes suggestive of brucellosis were observed during post-mortem inspection. The most frequent post-mortem findings were contamination (43.91%), blood aspiration (17.36%), and pulmonary emphysema (15.98%). Considering the official results of the monitoring programs of the state of Tocantins and previous studies, post-mortem macroscopic inspection of carcasses may not be enough to detect animals with this zoonosis, and it may be necessary to take measures to promote animal and public health.(AU)

A brucelose é uma doença infectocontagiosa tendo impacto sanitário e econômico, tanto na produção animal quanto na saúde pública por ser uma zoonose. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de brucelose em bovinos de corte nas microrregiões de Araguaína e Bico do Papagaio no norte do Tocantins e verificar se havia ocorrência de alterações post mortem sugestivas de brucelose nas carcaças. Foram coletadas 2.871 amostras de soro, 2.203 de machos e 668 de fêmeas, durante a sangria em frigoríficos do município de Araguaína, entre outubro e novembro de 2019. Os animais foram oriundos de 76 rebanhos de corte de 25 municípios do norte do Tocantins. Foi realizada a prova de triagem do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) e a prova confirmatória do 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME) conforme preconizado pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). Das 2.871 amostras avaliadas, 37,31% foram reativas na prova do AAT, destas 26,24% foram confirmadas no 2-ME, o que representa 9,79% (281) do total avaliado. A prevalência em machos foi de 6,45% (142) e em fêmeas foi de 20,81% (139). Entre os rebanhos avaliados foi observada prevalência de brucelose em 77,6% (59), com pelo menos um rebanho com animais positivos em cada um dos 25 municípios amostrados. Como este estudo avaliou animais em frigorífico, a maior prevalência de fêmeas positivas pode estar relacionada com o descarte de animais com problemas reprodutivos. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre a prevalência de brucelose nos bovinos abatidos entre as microrregiões do estado de Tocantins avaliadas (p > 0,05). Durante o período de coleta de amostras nenhum animal foi notificado como positivo na documentação ante mortem e nenhuma alteração anatomopatológica sugestiva de brucelose foi observada durante a inspeção post mortem das carcaças de animais amostrados no presente estudo. Os achados post mortem mais frequentes foram contaminação (43,91%), aspiração de sangue (17,36%) e enfisema pulmonar (15,98%). Considerando os resultados oficiais dos programas de monitoramento do estado do Tocantins e estudos anteriores, foi possível observar que é preciso aprimorar e intensificar as ações para promoção de sanidade animal e, nesse caso, de saúde pública, uma vez que o processo de inspeção macroscópico post mortem das carcaças pode não ser suficiente para detectar animais com essa zoonose.(AU)

Replacement of performance enhancers by propolis ethanol extract in broiler diets

The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.(AU)

Replacement of performance enhancers by propolis ethanol extract in broiler diets

The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positivecontrol, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21,and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.(AU)

Enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates in by-products of processed rice / Hidrólise enzimática de carboidratos em coprodutos do arroz beneficiado

Over post-harvest steps of rice, from pre-cleaning to processing, a large amount of by-product is generated. Some of these by-products, due to their high starch and fiber content can be used in ethanol production. The objective was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions on the production of reducing sugars, from pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice, as well as the effect of the pre-treatment of its fibers, targeting the use of these residues in ethanol fuel production. The proximate analysis was performed, followed by the pre-treatment of samples. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted in two ways: using one enzyme at a time or applying them simultaneously. The starch content was 41.18 and 53.41%; the fibers were 30.44 and 23.39%, of which 6.53 and 4.41% were lignin, for the pre-cleaning residue and paddy rice, respectively. Alkaline pre-treatment reduce lignin content by 47.94 and 18.23% for the pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice, respectively. Hydrolysis efficiency was 22.61 and 15.32% for the cellulase enzyme, and 82.18 and 87.07% for the amylolytic enzymes in the pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice, respectively. The hydrolysis with the separated enzymes presented higher reducing sugar yields. Therefore, the pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice can be used for ethanol production by its enzymatic hydrolysis, aiming to add value and to increase the sustainability of the rice production chain.

Durante o processamento do arroz são gerados grandes volumes de resíduos, desde a pré-limpeza até o beneficiamento. Alguns destes resíduos, por apresentarem elevado teor de amido e fibras, podem ser utilizados na produção de etanol. O objetivo foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica do resíduo da pré-limpeza e do arroz em casca tipo III como matéria-prima para a produção de etanol, a partir da hidrólise enzimática. Foi analisada a composição centesimal dos resíduos e, em seguida, o pré-tratamento. A hidrólise enzimática foi realizada por dois procedimentos, o primeiro com as enzimas separadas e o segundo com as enzimas atuando simultaneamente. O teor de amido foi de 41,18 e 53,41%; de fibras 30,44% e 23,39%, dentre as quais 6,53 e 4,41% foi de lignina, para o resíduo da pré-limpeza e o arroz em casca, respectivamente. Com o pré-tratamento alcalino, a lignina reduziu em 47,94 e 18,23% para o resíduo da pré-limpeza e para o arroz em casca tipo III, respectivamente. A eficiência da hidrólise foi de 22,61 e 15,32% para a enzima celulase, e 82,18 e 87,07% para as enzimas amilolíticas no resíduo da pré-limpeza e no arroz em casca tipo III, respectivamente. A hidrólise com as enzimas separadas apresentou maior rendimento em açúcar redutor. Sendo assim, o resíduo da pré-limpeza e o arroz em casca do tipo III podem ser considerados matérias-primas viáveis para produção de etanol, visando agregação de valor e o aumento da sustentabilidade na cadeia produtiva do arroz.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates in by-products of processed rice / Hidrólise enzimática de carboidratos em coprodutos do arroz beneficiado

Over post-harvest steps of rice, from pre-cleaning to processing, a large amount of by-product is generated. Some of these by-products, due to their high starch and fiber content can be used in ethanol production. The objective was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions on the production of reducing sugars, from pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice, as well as the effect of the pre-treatment of its fibers, targeting the use of these residues in ethanol fuel production. The proximate analysis was performed, followed by the pre-treatment of samples. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted in two ways: using one enzyme at a time or applying them simultaneously. The starch content was 41.18 and 53.41%; the fibers were 30.44 and 23.39%, of which 6.53 and 4.41% were lignin, for the pre-cleaning residue and paddy rice, respectively. Alkaline pre-treatment reduce lignin content by 47.94 and 18.23% for the pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice, respectively. Hydrolysis efficiency was 22.61 and 15.32% for the cellulase enzyme, and 82.18 and 87.07% for the amylolytic enzymes in the pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice, respectively. The hydrolysis with the separated enzymes presented higher reducing sugar yields. Therefore, the pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice can be used for ethanol production by its enzymatic hydrolysis, aiming to add value and to increase the sustainability of the rice production chain.(AU)

Durante o processamento do arroz são gerados grandes volumes de resíduos, desde a pré-limpeza até o beneficiamento. Alguns destes resíduos, por apresentarem elevado teor de amido e fibras, podem ser utilizados na produção de etanol. O objetivo foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica do resíduo da pré-limpeza e do arroz em casca tipo III como matéria-prima para a produção de etanol, a partir da hidrólise enzimática. Foi analisada a composição centesimal dos resíduos e, em seguida, o pré-tratamento. A hidrólise enzimática foi realizada por dois procedimentos, o primeiro com as enzimas separadas e o segundo com as enzimas atuando simultaneamente. O teor de amido foi de 41,18 e 53,41%; de fibras 30,44% e 23,39%, dentre as quais 6,53 e 4,41% foi de lignina, para o resíduo da pré-limpeza e o arroz em casca, respectivamente. Com o pré-tratamento alcalino, a lignina reduziu em 47,94 e 18,23% para o resíduo da pré-limpeza e para o arroz em casca tipo III, respectivamente. A eficiência da hidrólise foi de 22,61 e 15,32% para a enzima celulase, e 82,18 e 87,07% para as enzimas amilolíticas no resíduo da pré-limpeza e no arroz em casca tipo III, respectivamente. A hidrólise com as enzimas separadas apresentou maior rendimento em açúcar redutor. Sendo assim, o resíduo da pré-limpeza e o arroz em casca do tipo III podem ser considerados matérias-primas viáveis para produção de etanol, visando agregação de valor e o aumento da sustentabilidade na cadeia produtiva do arroz.(AU)

Enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates in by-products of processed rice / Hidrólise enzimática de carboidratos em coprodutos do arroz beneficiado

ABSTRACT: Over post-harvest steps of rice, from pre-cleaning to processing, a large amount of by-product is generated. Some of these by-products, due to their high starch and fiber content can be used in ethanol production. The objective was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions on the production of reducing sugars, from pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice, as well as the effect of the pre-treatment of its fibers, targeting the use of these residues in ethanol fuel production. The proximate analysis was performed, followed by the pre-treatment of samples. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted in two ways: using one enzyme at a time or applying them simultaneously. The starch content was 41.18 and 53.41%; the fibers were 30.44 and 23.39%, of which 6.53 and 4.41% were lignin, for the pre-cleaning residue and paddy rice, respectively. Alkaline pre-treatment reduce lignin content by 47.94 and 18.23% for the pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice, respectively. Hydrolysis efficiency was 22.61 and 15.32% for the cellulase enzyme, and 82.18 and 87.07% for the amylolytic enzymes in the pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice, respectively. The hydrolysis with the separated enzymes presented higher reducing sugar yields. Therefore, the pre-cleaning residue and type III paddy rice can be used for ethanol production by its enzymatic hydrolysis, aiming to add value and to increase the sustainability of the rice production chain.

RESUMO: Durante o processamento do arroz são gerados grandes volumes de resíduos, desde a pré-limpeza até o beneficiamento. Alguns destes resíduos, por apresentarem elevado teor de amido e fibras, podem ser utilizados na produção de etanol. O objetivo foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica do resíduo da pré-limpeza e do arroz em casca tipo III como matéria-prima para a produção de etanol, a partir da hidrólise enzimática. Foi analisada a composição centesimal dos resíduos e, em seguida, o pré-tratamento. A hidrólise enzimática foi realizada por dois procedimentos, o primeiro com as enzimas separadas e o segundo com as enzimas atuando simultaneamente. O teor de amido foi de 41,18 e 53,41%; de fibras 30,44% e 23,39%, dentre as quais 6,53 e 4,41% foi de lignina, para o resíduo da pré-limpeza e o arroz em casca, respectivamente. Com o pré-tratamento alcalino, a lignina reduziu em 47,94 e 18,23% para o resíduo da pré-limpeza e para o arroz em casca tipo III, respectivamente. A eficiência da hidrólise foi de 22,61 e 15,32% para a enzima celulase, e 82,18 e 87,07% para as enzimas amilolíticas no resíduo da pré-limpeza e no arroz em casca tipo III, respectivamente. A hidrólise com as enzimas separadas apresentou maior rendimento em açúcar redutor. Sendo assim, o resíduo da pré-limpeza e o arroz em casca do tipo III podem ser considerados matérias-primas viáveis para produção de etanol, visando agregação de valor e o aumento da sustentabilidade na cadeia produtiva do arroz.

Composição bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis / Bromatologic composition and in vitro digestibility feeding of distiller’s dried grain with solubles

A demanda mundial por biocombustíveis fez com que as destilarias enxergassem na produção de etanol de milho uma opção à ociosidade na entressafra da cana de açúcar. Desse processo, a pecuária pode ser beneficiada com o coproduto, utilizando como fonte de proteína e energia na alimentação animal, o resíduo de destilaria de grãos. O objetivo foi avaliar grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (distillers dried grain with solubles - DDGS) de milho e/ou sorgo quanto à composição químico-bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro. Foram analisadas 11 amostras de DDGS de milho e/ou sorgo, coletadas entre abril de 2015 e maio de 2016, originadas de duas destilarias comerciais processadoras de grãos. Diante dos resultados, verificou-se que o DDGS é um ingrediente alternativo na dieta para ruminantes, porém, apresentaram variações de grande amplitude entre as amostras avaliadas, o que torna indispensável a análise bromatológica nas diferentes partidas para garantir sua correta utilização.

The global demand for biofuels has made distilleries see the production of corn ethanol as an option to idleness in the offseason of sugarcane. From this process, livestock can benefit from the co-product, which can be used as a source of protein and energy in animal feed, the grain distillery residue. The objective was to evaluate distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) of maize and/or sorghum for chemical-bromatological composition and in vitro digestibility. Eleven samples of DDGS from corn and/or sorghum, collected between April 2015 and May 2016, from two commercial grain processing distilleries, were analyzed. In view of the results, it was found that DDGS is an alternative ingredient in the diet for ruminants, however, it showed wide variations between the samples evaluated, which makes chemical analysis essential in the different batches to ensure its correct use.

Composição bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis / Bromatologic composition and in vitro digestibility feeding of distillers dried grain with solubles

A demanda mundial por biocombustíveis fez com que as destilarias enxergassem na produção de etanol de milho uma opção à ociosidade na entressafra da cana de açúcar. Desse processo, a pecuária pode ser beneficiada com o coproduto, utilizando como fonte de proteína e energia na alimentação animal, o resíduo de destilaria de grãos. O objetivo foi avaliar grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (distillers dried grain with solubles - DDGS) de milho e/ou sorgo quanto à composição químico-bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro. Foram analisadas 11 amostras de DDGS de milho e/ou sorgo, coletadas entre abril de 2015 e maio de 2016, originadas de duas destilarias comerciais processadoras de grãos. Diante dos resultados, verificou-se que o DDGS é um ingrediente alternativo na dieta para ruminantes, porém, apresentaram variações de grande amplitude entre as amostras avaliadas, o que torna indispensável a análise bromatológica nas diferentes partidas para garantir sua correta utilização.(AU)

The global demand for biofuels has made distilleries see the production of corn ethanol as an option to idleness in the offseason of sugarcane. From this process, livestock can benefit from the co-product, which can be used as a source of protein and energy in animal feed, the grain distillery residue. The objective was to evaluate distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) of maize and/or sorghum for chemical-bromatological composition and in vitro digestibility. Eleven samples of DDGS from corn and/or sorghum, collected between April 2015 and May 2016, from two commercial grain processing distilleries, were analyzed. In view of the results, it was found that DDGS is an alternative ingredient in the diet for ruminants, however, it showed wide variations between the samples evaluated, which makes chemical analysis essential in the different batches to ensure its correct use.(AU)

Attractivity of vinasse spraying to stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans in a sugarcane area

ABSTRACT: Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks have been associated with sugarcane mills in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the attractivity of vinasse, a liquid byproduct of ethanol production applied to postharvest sugarcane fields, to adult S. calcitrans. Stable fly abundance was monitored for 21 days in August-September 2014, at a sugarcane mill in the municipality of Nova Alvorada do Sul, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Following mechanized harvesting of sugarcane and the consequent deposition of large amounts of plant residue (straw) in the field, the study area (13.5ha) was surrounded by 22 sticky cylinder (alsynite) traps. The area was fertigated with vinasse immediately after the traps were placed. Insects caught in the traps were collected daily at 7:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m. and 15:00 p.m. A total of 83,593 specimens of S. calcitrans were caught, of which 5,516 (6.6%) were attracted within the first five hours after vinasse application. The highest number of S. calcitrans was caught in the first week following vinasse application, with a peak on the 4th day (12,818 flies), which was influenced by adverse weather conditions on the previous days. This study confirms that fertigation of sugarcane fields by spraying vinasse after the harvest attracts S. calcitrans, thus quickly increasing their abundance over the days following application.

RESUMO: Surtos da mosca-dos-estábulos (Stomoxys calcitrans) têm sido associados a usinas sucroalcooleiras no Brasil. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a atratividade da aspersão de vinhaça, um subproduto líquido da produção de etanol aplicado após a colheita em áreas canavieiras, a adultos de S. calcitrans. A abundância desta mosca foi monitorada em uma usina de cana-de-açúcar por 21 dias, entre agosto e setembro de 2014, em Nova Alvorada do Sul/MS. Após a colheita mecanizada da cana e consequente deposição de grande quantidade de palha no campo, a área de estudo (13,5ha) foi cercada com 22 armadilhas adesivas cilíndricas (alsynite). Fertirrigação com vinhaça foi iniciada imediatamente após instalação das armadilhas. A coleta das moscas capturadas nas armadilhas foi realizada diariamente às 7:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m. e 15:00 p.m. Foram capturados 83.593 espécimes de S. calcitrans, sendo 5.516 (6,6%) atraídos nas primeiras cinco horas após a aplicação da vinhaça. Maior número de S. calcitrans foi capturado na primeira semana do estudo (53.937 moscas), com pico no 4º dia (12.818 moscas), influenciado pelas condições climáticas adversas ocorridas nos dias anteriores. O presente estudo confirma que o processo de fertirrigação de áreas canavieiras com aspersão de vinhaça após a colheita é atrativo à S. calcitrans, aumentando rapidamente sua abundância nos dias subsequentes à aplicação.

Effect of row spacing and maturity at harvest on the fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and nutritional characteristics of biomass sorghum (BRS 716) silage in the semiarid region of Brazil

The objective was to evaluate the effects of maturity at harvest and row spacing on fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and nutritional value of biomass sorghum (BRS 716) silage. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot completely randomized block design with three row spacings (45, 70, and 90 cm) and four maturities at harvest (70, 100, 130, and 160 days) and eight replications. Polyvinyl chloride silos of known weight measuring 50 cm length and 10 cm diameter were used for silage production. Dry matter and total carbohydrate contents of the silage increased linearly, whereas crude protein and ash decreased linearly with maturity at harvest. Row spacing did not influence pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3 ), gas and effluent losses, and dry matter recovery of silage. The concentrations of malic, succinic, and acetic acids and ethanol responded quadratically to maturity at harvest. The levels of neutral detergent fiber, lignin, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber increased linearly with maturity at harvest. Ruminal degradation kinetics of dry matter of biomass sorghum silage was not influenced by row spacing. BRS 716 biomass sorghum should be planted at 70-cm row spacing and harvested at 160 days for silage production based on fermentative profile, dry matter losses, and nutritional characteristics.

Effect of 11CFT and 11C33 inoculants on the chemical and fermentation composition, and aerobic stability of corn silage during the feed out period / Efeito dos inoculantes 11CFT e 11C33 sobre a composição químico-fermentativa e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de milho durante o período de utilização da silagem

The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of two bacterial inoculants, 11CFT and 11C33, with different genera of lactic acid bacteria on the chemical and fermentation composition of the silage, and the temperature and pH behavior of the silage during the feed out period. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with three treatments: corn silage without inoculant (control); corn silage with 11CFT inoculant (consisting of strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. casei); and corn silage with 11C33 inoculant (consisting of strains of L. buchneri, L. plantarum and Enterococcus faecium). The use of both inoculants increased the concentration of lactic acid in the silage (22.42 g kg-1 for control against 36.00 and 33.33 g kg-1 for 11CFT and 11C33, respectively) and reduced aerobic dry matter losses. The silage treated with 11C33 obtained a higher concentration of acetic acid (17.44 g kg-1) and propionic acid (2.08 g kg-1). The 11CFT inoculant provided a lower concentration of ethanol, however, without differing from the silage with 11C33 (0.70 and 1.61 g kg-1, respectively). Even without variations in temperature and pH at silage unloading, the use of the 11C33 inoculant generated a higher concentration of acetic and propionic acid, providing better aerobic stability days after unloading. Both inoculants also improved the in situ ruminal digestibility of corn silage compared to control silage. They provide an increase in the content of lactic and propionic acids, which assist to reduce dry matter losses and ethanol production. There were no variations in temperature and pH at the silo unloading, however, the use of the 11C33 inoculant generated a higher concentration of acetic and propionic acids providing better aerobic stability after exposure to air.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de dois inoculantes bacterianos, 11CFT e 11C33, com diferentes gêneros de bactérias ácido láticas sobre a composição químico-fermentativa da silagem, bem como o comportamento da temperatura e pH da silagem durante sua utilização para alimentação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, composto por três tratamentos: silagem de milho sem inoculante (controle); silagem de milho com inoculante 11CFT (constituído por cepas de Lactobacillus buchneri e L. casei); e silagem de milho com inoculante 11C33 (constituído por cepas de L. buchneri, L. plantarum e Enterococcus faecium). A utilização de ambos inoculantes aumentou a concentração de ácido lático da silagem (22,42 g kg-1 para controle contra 36,00 e 33,33 g kg-1 para 11CFT e 11C33, respectivamente) e reduziram as perdas de matéria seca em aerobiose. A silagem tratada com 11C33 obteve maior concentração de ácido acético (17,44 g kg-1) e propiônico (2,08 g kg-1). O inoculante 11CFT proporcionou menor concentração de etanol, porém, sem diferir da silagem com 11C33 (0,70 e 1,61 g kg-1, respectivamente). Mesmo sem haver variações de temperatura e pH no momento da desensilagem, o uso do inoculante 11C33 gerou maior concentração de ácido acético e propiônico proporcionando melhor estabilidade aeróbia após a desensilagem. Ambos inoculantes também melhoraram a digestibilidade in situ da silagem de milho em comparação com a silagem controle. Eles proporcionam aumento no teor dos ácidos lático e propiônico, que auxiliaram na redução das perdas de matéria seca e produção de etanol. Não ocorreram variações de temperatura e pH logo após abertura do silo, porém, o uso do inoculante 11C33 gerou uma maior concentração de ácidos acético e propiônico proporcionando melhor estabilidade aeróbia após a exposição ao ar.(AU)

Performance and milk quality of cows fed triticale silage or intercropped with oats or legumes

The use of intercropped grass legumes provides a source of sustainable animal production as these vegetables contribute to an increase in forage yield by area, and substitute inorganic nitrogen and other components. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of silages and the yield and milk quality of Holstein cows fed triticale silages in monoculture or intercropped with either oats or legumes. The crops for silage production were triticale (TS), triticale in consortium with forage pea (TSP), and triticale in consortium with oats, forage peas and vetches (TSOPV). The silages showed no differences in dry matter content. The highest crude protein (13.06 %) and ethereal extract content was observed in TSOPV, but in the case of the latter, there was little difference when compared with TS (2.35 and 2.16 %, respectively) although the ash contents of the TSOPV and TSP silages did present a difference compared to TS silage. The neutral and acid detergent fibers (NDF and ADF) and cellulose fractions of TS silage were higher (68.60, 41.46 and 38.19 %, respectively) than those in TSOPV and TSP silages, which also had higher levels of soluble nitrogen, ethanol and acetic acid. Dry matter intake was higher in both TSOPV and TSP, which also provided a higher milk yield (21.19 and 20.45 L cow d−1) compared to that of TS silage (18.74 L cow d−1). Cows fed TS also produced milk with a lower N-ureic content (15.15 mg dL−1). The inclusion of legumes with triticale provided good fermentative quality for silage and increased milk production of cows without altering their concentrations of fat and protein.

Performance and milk quality of cows fed triticale silage or intercropped with oats or legumes

The use of intercropped grass legumes provides a source of sustainable animal production as these vegetables contribute to an increase in forage yield by area, and substitute inorganic nitrogen and other components. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of silages and the yield and milk quality of Holstein cows fed triticale silages in monoculture or intercropped with either oats or legumes. The crops for silage production were triticale (TS), triticale in consortium with forage pea (TSP), and triticale in consortium with oats, forage peas and vetches (TSOPV). The silages showed no differences in dry matter content. The highest crude protein (13.06 %) and ethereal extract content was observed in TSOPV, but in the case of the latter, there was little difference when compared with TS (2.35 and 2.16 %, respectively) although the ash contents of the TSOPV and TSP silages did present a difference compared to TS silage. The neutral and acid detergent fibers (NDF and ADF) and cellulose fractions of TS silage were higher (68.60, 41.46 and 38.19 %, respectively) than those in TSOPV and TSP silages, which also had higher levels of soluble nitrogen, ethanol and acetic acid. Dry matter intake was higher in both TSOPV and TSP, which also provided a higher milk yield (21.19 and 20.45 L cow d−1) compared to that of TS silage (18.74 L cow d−1). Cows fed TS also produced milk with a lower N-ureic content (15.15 mg dL−1). The inclusion of legumes with triticale provided good fermentative quality for silage and increased milk production of cows without altering their concentrations of fat and protein.(AU)

Attractivity of vinasse spraying to stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans in a sugarcane area / C Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), em área canavieira

Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks have been associated with sugarcane mills in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the attractivity of vinasse, a liquid byproduct of ethanol production applied to postharvest sugarcane fields, to adult S. calcitrans. Stable fly abundance was monitored for 21 days in August-September 2014, at a sugarcane mill in the municipality of Nova Alvorada do Sul, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Following mechanized harvesting of sugarcane and the consequent deposition of large amounts of plant residue (straw) in the field, the study area (13.5ha) was surrounded by 22 sticky cylinder ("alsynite") traps. The area was fertigated with vinasse immediately after the traps were placed. Insects caught in the traps were collected daily at 7:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m. and 15:00 p.m. A total of 83,593 specimens of S. calcitrans were caught, of which 5,516 (6.6%) were attracted within the first five hours after vinasse application. The highest number of S. calcitrans was caught in the first week following vinasse application, with a peak on the 4th day (12,818 flies), which was influenced by adverse weather conditions on the previous days. This study confirms that fertigation of sugarcane fields by spraying vinasse after the harvest attracts S. calcitrans, thus quickly increasing their abundance over the days following application.(AU)

Surtos da mosca-dos-estábulos (Stomoxys calcitrans) têm sido associados a usinas sucroalcooleiras no Brasil. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a atratividade da aspersão de vinhaça, um subproduto líquido da produção de etanol aplicado após a colheita em áreas canavieiras, a adultos de S. calcitrans. A abundância desta mosca foi monitorada em uma usina de cana-de-açúcar por 21 dias, entre agosto e setembro de 2014, em Nova Alvorada do Sul/MS. Após a colheita mecanizada da cana e consequente deposição de grande quantidade de palha no campo, a área de estudo (13,5ha) foi cercada com 22 armadilhas adesivas cilíndricas ("alsynite"). Fertirrigação com vinhaça foi iniciada imediatamente após instalação das armadilhas. A coleta das moscas capturadas nas armadilhas foi realizada diariamente às 7:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m. e 15:00 p.m. Foram capturados 83.593 espécimes de S. calcitrans, sendo 5.516 (6,6%) atraídos nas primeiras cinco horas após a aplicação da vinhaça. Maior número de S. calcitrans foi capturado na primeira semana do estudo (53.937 moscas), com pico no 4º dia (12.818 moscas), influenciado pelas condições climáticas adversas ocorridas nos dias anteriores. O presente estudo confirma que o processo de fertirrigação de áreas canavieiras com aspersão de vinhaça após a colheita é atrativo à S. calcitrans, aumentando rapidamente sua abundância nos dias subsequentes à aplicação.(AU)

Attractivity of vinasse spraying to stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans in a sugarcane area / C Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), em área canavieira

Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) outbreaks have been associated with sugarcane mills in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the attractivity of vinasse, a liquid byproduct of ethanol production applied to postharvest sugarcane fields, to adult S. calcitrans. Stable fly abundance was monitored for 21 days in August-September 2014, at a sugarcane mill in the municipality of Nova Alvorada do Sul, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Following mechanized harvesting of sugarcane and the consequent deposition of large amounts of plant residue (straw) in the field, the study area (13.5ha) was surrounded by 22 sticky cylinder ("alsynite") traps. The area was fertigated with vinasse immediately after the traps were placed. Insects caught in the traps were collected daily at 7:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m. and 15:00 p.m. A total of 83,593 specimens of S. calcitrans were caught, of which 5,516 (6.6%) were attracted within the first five hours after vinasse application. The highest number of S. calcitrans was caught in the first week following vinasse application, with a peak on the 4th day (12,818 flies), which was influenced by adverse weather conditions on the previous days. This study confirms that fertigation of sugarcane fields by spraying vinasse after the harvest attracts S. calcitrans, thus quickly increasing their abundance over the days following application.(AU)

Surtos da mosca-dos-estábulos (Stomoxys calcitrans) têm sido associados a usinas sucroalcooleiras no Brasil. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a atratividade da aspersão de vinhaça, um subproduto líquido da produção de etanol aplicado após a colheita em áreas canavieiras, a adultos de S. calcitrans. A abundância desta mosca foi monitorada em uma usina de cana-de-açúcar por 21 dias, entre agosto e setembro de 2014, em Nova Alvorada do Sul/MS. Após a colheita mecanizada da cana e consequente deposição de grande quantidade de palha no campo, a área de estudo (13,5ha) foi cercada com 22 armadilhas adesivas cilíndricas ("alsynite"). Fertirrigação com vinhaça foi iniciada imediatamente após instalação das armadilhas. A coleta das moscas capturadas nas armadilhas foi realizada diariamente às 7:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m. e 15:00 p.m. Foram capturados 83.593 espécimes de S. calcitrans, sendo 5.516 (6,6%) atraídos nas primeiras cinco horas após a aplicação da vinhaça. Maior número de S. calcitrans foi capturado na primeira semana do estudo (53.937 moscas), com pico no 4º dia (12.818 moscas), influenciado pelas condições climáticas adversas ocorridas nos dias anteriores. O presente estudo confirma que o processo de fertirrigação de áreas canavieiras com aspersão de vinhaça após a colheita é atrativo à S. calcitrans, aumentando rapidamente sua abundância nos dias subsequentes à aplicação.(AU)